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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
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3 | Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::05_Authentication - Catalyst Tutorial - Chapter 5: Authentication |
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4 | |
5 | |
6 | =head1 OVERVIEW |
7 | |
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8 | This is B<Chapter 5 of 10> for the Catalyst tutorial. |
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9 | |
10 | L<Tutorial Overview|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial> |
11 | |
12 | =over 4 |
13 | |
14 | =item 1 |
15 | |
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16 | L<Introduction|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::01_Intro> |
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17 | |
18 | =item 2 |
19 | |
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20 | L<Catalyst Basics|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::02_CatalystBasics> |
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21 | |
22 | =item 3 |
23 | |
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24 | L<More Catalyst Basics|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::03_MoreCatalystBasics> |
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25 | |
26 | =item 4 |
27 | |
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28 | L<Basic CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::04_BasicCRUD> |
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29 | |
30 | =item 5 |
31 | |
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32 | B<05_Authentication> |
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33 | |
34 | =item 6 |
35 | |
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36 | L<Authorization|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::06_Authorization> |
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37 | |
38 | =item 7 |
39 | |
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40 | L<Debugging|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::07_Debugging> |
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41 | |
42 | =item 8 |
43 | |
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44 | L<Testing|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::08_Testing> |
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45 | |
46 | =item 9 |
47 | |
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48 | L<Advanced CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::09_AdvancedCRUD> |
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49 | |
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50 | =item 10 |
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51 | |
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52 | L<Appendices|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::10_Appendices> |
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53 | |
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54 | =back |
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55 | |
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56 | |
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57 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
58 | |
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59 | Now that we finally have a simple yet functional application, we can |
60 | focus on providing authentication (with authorization coming next in |
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61 | L<Chapter 6|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::06_Authorization>). |
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62 | |
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63 | This chapter of the tutorial is divided into two main sections: 1) |
64 | basic, cleartext authentication and 2) hash-based authentication. |
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65 | |
66 | You can checkout the source code for this example from the catalyst |
67 | subversion repository as per the instructions in |
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68 | L<Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::01_Intro>. |
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69 | |
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70 | |
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71 | =head1 BASIC AUTHENTICATION |
72 | |
73 | This section explores how to add authentication logic to a Catalyst |
74 | application. |
75 | |
76 | |
77 | =head2 Add Users and Roles to the Database |
78 | |
79 | First, we add both user and role information to the database (we will |
80 | add the role information here although it will not be used until the |
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81 | authorization section, Chapter 6). Create a new SQL script file by |
82 | opening C<myapp02.sql> in your editor and insert: |
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83 | |
84 | -- |
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85 | -- Add users and role tables, along with a many-to-many join table |
d442cc9f |
86 | -- |
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87 | PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON; |
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88 | CREATE TABLE users ( |
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89 | id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, |
90 | username TEXT, |
91 | password TEXT, |
92 | email_address TEXT, |
93 | first_name TEXT, |
94 | last_name TEXT, |
95 | active INTEGER |
96 | ); |
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97 | CREATE TABLE role ( |
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98 | id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, |
99 | role TEXT |
100 | ); |
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101 | CREATE TABLE user_role ( |
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102 | user_id INTEGER REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE, |
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103 | role_id INTEGER REFERENCES role(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE, |
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104 | PRIMARY KEY (user_id, role_id) |
105 | ); |
106 | -- |
107 | -- Load up some initial test data |
108 | -- |
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109 | INSERT INTO users VALUES (1, 'test01', 'mypass', 't01@na.com', 'Joe', 'Blow', 1); |
110 | INSERT INTO users VALUES (2, 'test02', 'mypass', 't02@na.com', 'Jane', 'Doe', 1); |
111 | INSERT INTO users VALUES (3, 'test03', 'mypass', 't03@na.com', 'No', 'Go', 0); |
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112 | INSERT INTO role VALUES (1, 'user'); |
113 | INSERT INTO role VALUES (2, 'admin'); |
114 | INSERT INTO user_role VALUES (1, 1); |
115 | INSERT INTO user_role VALUES (1, 2); |
116 | INSERT INTO user_role VALUES (2, 1); |
117 | INSERT INTO user_role VALUES (3, 1); |
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118 | |
119 | Then load this into the C<myapp.db> database with the following command: |
120 | |
121 | $ sqlite3 myapp.db < myapp02.sql |
122 | |
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123 | |
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124 | =head2 Add User and Role Information to DBIC Schema |
125 | |
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126 | Although we could manually edit the DBIC schema information to include |
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127 | the new tables added in the previous step, let's use the |
128 | C<create=static> option on the DBIC model helper to do most of the work |
129 | for us: |
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130 | |
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131 | $ script/myapp_create.pl model DB DBIC::Schema MyApp::Schema \ |
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132 | create=static components=TimeStamp dbi:SQLite:myapp.db \ |
133 | on_connect_do="PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON" |
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134 | exists "/root/dev/MyApp/script/../lib/MyApp/Model" |
135 | exists "/root/dev/MyApp/script/../t" |
136 | Dumping manual schema for MyApp::Schema to directory /root/dev/MyApp/script/../lib ... |
137 | Schema dump completed. |
138 | exists "/root/dev/MyApp/script/../lib/MyApp/Model/DB.pm" |
139 | $ |
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140 | $ ls lib/MyApp/Schema/Result |
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141 | Author.pm BookAuthor.pm Book.pm Role.pm User.pm UserRole.pm |
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142 | |
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143 | Notice how the helper has added three new table-specific Result Source |
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144 | files to the C<lib/MyApp/Schema/Result> directory. And, more |
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145 | importantly, even if there were changes to the existing result source |
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146 | files, those changes would have only been written above the |
147 | C<# DO NOT MODIFY THIS OR ANYTHING ABOVE!> comment and your hand-edited |
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148 | enhancements would have been preserved. |
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149 | |
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150 | Speaking of "hand-edited enhancements," we should now add the |
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151 | C<many_to_many> relationship information to the User Result Source file. |
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152 | As with the Book, BookAuthor, and Author files in |
153 | L<Chapter 3|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::03_MoreCatalystBasics>, |
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154 | L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> has automatically created the C<has_many> |
155 | and C<belongs_to> relationships for the new User, UserRole, and Role |
156 | tables. However, as a convenience for mapping Users to their assigned |
157 | roles (see L<Chapter 6|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::06_Authorization>), |
158 | we will also manually add a C<many_to_many> relationship. Edit |
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159 | C<lib/MyApp/Schema/Result/User.pm> add the following information between |
160 | the C<# DO NOT MODIFY THIS OR ANYTHING ABOVE!> comment and the closing |
161 | C<1;>: |
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162 | |
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163 | # many_to_many(): |
164 | # args: |
165 | # 1) Name of relationship, DBIC will create accessor with this name |
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166 | # 2) Name of has_many() relationship this many_to_many() is shortcut for |
167 | # 3) Name of belongs_to() relationship in model class of has_many() above |
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168 | # You must already have the has_many() defined to use a many_to_many(). |
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169 | __PACKAGE__->many_to_many(roles => 'user_roles', 'role_id'); |
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170 | |
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171 | The code for this update is obviously very similar to the edits we made |
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172 | to the C<Book> and C<Author> classes created in |
173 | L<Chapter 3|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::03_MoreCatalystBasics> with one |
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174 | exception: we only defined the C<many_to_many> relationship in one |
175 | direction. Whereas we felt that we would want to map Authors to Books |
176 | B<AND> Books to Authors, here we are only adding the convenience |
177 | C<many_to_many> in the Users to Roles direction. |
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178 | |
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179 | Note that we do not need to make any change to the |
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180 | C<lib/MyApp/Schema.pm> schema file. It simply tells DBIC to load all of |
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181 | the Result Class and ResultSet Class files it finds below the |
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182 | C<lib/MyApp/Schema> directory, so it will automatically pick up our new |
183 | table information. |
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184 | |
185 | |
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186 | =head2 Sanity-Check of the Development Server Reload |
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187 | |
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188 | We aren't ready to try out the authentication just yet; we only want to |
189 | do a quick check to be sure our model loads correctly. Assuming that you |
190 | are following along and using the "-r" option on C<myapp_server.pl>, |
191 | then the development server should automatically reload (if not, press |
192 | C<Ctrl-C> to break out of the server if it's running and then enter |
193 | C<script/myapp_server.pl> to start it). Look for the three new model |
194 | objects in the startup debug output: |
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195 | |
196 | ... |
197 | .-------------------------------------------------------------------+----------. |
198 | | Class | Type | |
199 | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+ |
200 | | MyApp::Controller::Books | instance | |
201 | | MyApp::Controller::Root | instance | |
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202 | | MyApp::Model::DB | instance | |
203 | | MyApp::Model::DB::Author | class | |
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204 | | MyApp::Model::DB::Book | class | |
205 | | MyApp::Model::DB::BookAuthor | class | |
206 | | MyApp::Model::DB::Role | class | |
207 | | MyApp::Model::DB::User | class | |
208 | | MyApp::Model::DB::UserRole | class | |
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209 | | MyApp::View::HTML | instance | |
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210 | '-------------------------------------------------------------------+----------' |
211 | ... |
212 | |
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213 | Again, notice that your "Result Class" classes have been "re-loaded" by |
214 | Catalyst under C<MyApp::Model>. |
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215 | |
216 | |
217 | =head2 Include Authentication and Session Plugins |
218 | |
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219 | Edit C<lib/MyApp.pm> and update it as follows (everything below |
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220 | C<StackTrace> is new): |
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221 | |
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222 | # Load plugins |
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223 | use Catalyst qw/ |
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224 | -Debug |
225 | ConfigLoader |
226 | Static::Simple |
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227 | |
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228 | StackTrace |
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229 | |
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230 | Authentication |
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231 | |
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232 | Session |
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233 | Session::Store::File |
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234 | Session::State::Cookie |
235 | /; |
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236 | |
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237 | B<Note:> As discussed in |
238 | L<Chapter 3|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::03_MoreCatalystBasics>, |
239 | different versions of C<Catalyst::Devel> have used a variety of methods |
240 | to load the plugins, but we are going to use the current Catalyst 5.9 |
241 | practice of putting them on the C<use Catalyst> line. |
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242 | |
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243 | The C<Authentication> plugin supports Authentication while the |
244 | C<Session> plugins are required to maintain state across multiple HTTP |
245 | requests. |
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246 | |
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247 | Note that the only required Authentication class is the main one. This |
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248 | is a change that occurred in version 0.09999_01 of the |
249 | L<Authentication|Catalyst::Plugin::Authentication> plugin. You |
250 | B<do not need> to specify a particular |
251 | L<Authentication::Store|Catalyst::Authentication::Store> or |
252 | C<Authentication::Credential> you want to use. Instead, indicate the |
253 | Store and Credential you want to use in your application configuration |
254 | (see below). |
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255 | |
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256 | Make sure you include the additional plugins as new dependencies in the |
257 | Makefile.PL file something like this: |
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258 | |
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259 | requires 'Catalyst::Plugin::Authentication'; |
260 | requires 'Catalyst::Plugin::Session'; |
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261 | requires 'Catalyst::Plugin::Session::Store::File'; |
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262 | requires 'Catalyst::Plugin::Session::State::Cookie'; |
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263 | |
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264 | Note that there are several options for |
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265 | L<Session::Store|Catalyst::Plugin::Session::Store>. |
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266 | L<Session::Store::Memcached|Catalyst::Plugin::Session::Store::Memcached> |
267 | is generally a good choice if you are on Unix. If you are running on |
268 | Windows L<Session::Store::File|Catalyst::Plugin::Session::Store::File> |
269 | is fine. Consult L<Session::Store|Catalyst::Plugin::Session::Store> and |
270 | its subclasses for additional information and options (for example to |
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271 | use a database-backed session store). |
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272 | |
273 | |
274 | =head2 Configure Authentication |
275 | |
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276 | There are a variety of ways to provide configuration information to |
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277 | L<Catalyst::Plugin::Authentication>. Here we will use |
278 | L<Catalyst::Authentication::Realm::SimpleDB> because it automatically |
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279 | sets a reasonable set of defaults for us. (Note: the C<SimpleDB> here |
280 | has nothing to do with the SimpleDB offered in Amazon's web services |
281 | offerings -- here we are only talking about a "simple" way to use your |
282 | DB as an authentication backend.) Open C<lib/MyApp.pm> and place the |
283 | following text above the call to C<__PACKAGE__-E<gt>setup();>: |
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284 | |
285 | # Configure SimpleDB Authentication |
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286 | __PACKAGE__->config( |
287 | 'Plugin::Authentication' => { |
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288 | default => { |
289 | class => 'SimpleDB', |
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290 | user_model => 'DB::User', |
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291 | password_type => 'clear', |
292 | }, |
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293 | }, |
294 | ); |
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295 | |
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296 | We could have placed this configuration in C<myapp.conf>, but placing it |
297 | in C<lib/MyApp.pm> is probably a better place since it's not likely |
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298 | something that users of your application will want to change during |
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299 | deployment (or you could use a mixture: leave C<class> and C<user_model> |
300 | defined in C<lib/MyApp.pm> as we show above, but place C<password_type> |
301 | in C<myapp.conf> to allow the type of password to be easily modified |
302 | during deployment). We will stick with putting all of the |
303 | authentication-related configuration in C<lib/MyApp.pm> for the |
304 | tutorial, but if you wish to use C<myapp.conf>, just convert to the |
305 | following code: |
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306 | |
307 | <Plugin::Authentication> |
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308 | <default> |
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309 | password_type clear |
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310 | user_model DB::User |
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311 | class SimpleDB |
312 | </default> |
313 | </Plugin::Authentication> |
314 | |
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315 | B<TIP:> Here is a short script that will dump the contents of |
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316 | C<MyApp->config> to L<Config::General> format in C<myapp.conf>: |
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317 | |
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318 | $ CATALYST_DEBUG=0 perl -Ilib -e 'use MyApp; use Config::General; |
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319 | Config::General->new->save_file("myapp.conf", MyApp->config);' |
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320 | |
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321 | B<HOWEVER>, if you try out the command above, be sure to delete the |
322 | "myapp.conf" command. Otherwise, you will wind up with duplicate |
323 | configurations. |
324 | |
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325 | B<NOTE:> Because we are using |
326 | L<SimpleDB|L<Catalyst::Authentication::Realm::SimpleDB> along with a |
327 | database layout that complies with its default assumptions: we don't |
328 | need to specify the names of the columns where our username and password |
329 | information is stored (hence, the "Simple" part of "SimpleDB"). That |
330 | being said, SimpleDB lets you specify that type of information if you |
331 | need to. Take a look at C<Catalyst::Authentication::Realm::SimpleDB> |
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332 | for details. |
333 | |
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334 | |
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335 | =head2 Add Login and Logout Controllers |
336 | |
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337 | Use the Catalyst create script to create two stub controller files: |
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338 | |
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339 | $ script/myapp_create.pl controller Login |
340 | $ script/myapp_create.pl controller Logout |
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341 | |
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342 | You could easily use a single controller here. For example, you could |
343 | have a C<User> controller with both C<login> and C<logout> actions. |
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344 | Remember, Catalyst is designed to be very flexible, and leaves such |
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345 | matters up to you, the designer and programmer. |
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346 | |
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347 | Then open C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Login.pm>, and update the definition of |
348 | C<sub index> to match: |
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349 | |
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350 | =head2 index |
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351 | |
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352 | Login logic |
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353 | |
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354 | =cut |
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355 | |
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356 | sub index :Path :Args(0) { |
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357 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
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358 | |
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359 | # Get the username and password from form |
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360 | my $username = $c->request->params->{username}; |
361 | my $password = $c->request->params->{password}; |
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362 | |
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363 | # If the username and password values were found in form |
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364 | if ($username && $password) { |
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365 | # Attempt to log the user in |
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366 | if ($c->authenticate({ username => $username, |
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367 | password => $password } )) { |
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368 | # If successful, then let them use the application |
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369 | $c->response->redirect($c->uri_for( |
370 | $c->controller('Books')->action_for('list'))); |
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371 | return; |
d442cc9f |
372 | } else { |
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373 | # Set an error message |
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374 | $c->stash(error_msg => "Bad username or password."); |
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375 | } |
ab0bd0bb |
376 | } else { |
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377 | # Set an error message |
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378 | $c->stash(error_msg => "Empty username or password.") |
379 | unless ($c->user_exists); |
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380 | } |
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381 | |
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382 | # If either of above don't work out, send to the login page |
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383 | $c->stash(template => 'login.tt2'); |
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384 | } |
385 | |
386 | This controller fetches the C<username> and C<password> values from the |
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387 | login form and attempts to authenticate the user. If successful, it |
388 | redirects the user to the book list page. If the login fails, the user |
389 | will stay at the login page and receive an error message. If the |
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390 | C<username> and C<password> values are not present in the form, the user |
391 | will be taken to the empty login form. |
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392 | |
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393 | Note that we could have used something like "C<sub default :Path>", |
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394 | however, it is generally recommended (partly for historical reasons, and |
395 | partly for code clarity) only to use C<default> in |
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396 | C<MyApp::Controller::Root>, and then mainly to generate the 404 not |
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397 | found page for the application. |
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398 | |
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399 | Instead, we are using "C<sub somename :Path :Args(0) {...}>" here to |
400 | specifically match the URL C</login>. C<Path> actions (aka, "literal |
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401 | actions") create URI matches relative to the namespace of the controller |
402 | where they are defined. Although C<Path> supports arguments that allow |
403 | relative and absolute paths to be defined, here we use an empty C<Path> |
404 | definition to match on just the name of the controller itself. The |
405 | method name, C<index>, is arbitrary. We make the match even more |
406 | specific with the C<:Args(0)> action modifier -- this forces the match |
407 | on I<only> C</login>, not C</login/somethingelse>. |
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408 | |
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409 | Next, update the corresponding method in |
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410 | C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Logout.pm> to match: |
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411 | |
412 | =head2 index |
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413 | |
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414 | Logout logic |
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415 | |
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416 | =cut |
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417 | |
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418 | sub index :Path :Args(0) { |
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419 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
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420 | |
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421 | # Clear the user's state |
422 | $c->logout; |
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423 | |
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424 | # Send the user to the starting point |
425 | $c->response->redirect($c->uri_for('/')); |
426 | } |
427 | |
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428 | |
429 | =head2 Add a Login Form TT Template Page |
430 | |
431 | Create a login form by opening C<root/src/login.tt2> and inserting: |
432 | |
433 | [% META title = 'Login' %] |
8fefbef8 |
434 | |
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435 | <!-- Login form --> |
8a7c5151 |
436 | <form method="post" action="[% c.uri_for('/login') %]"> |
d442cc9f |
437 | <table> |
438 | <tr> |
439 | <td>Username:</td> |
440 | <td><input type="text" name="username" size="40" /></td> |
441 | </tr> |
442 | <tr> |
443 | <td>Password:</td> |
444 | <td><input type="password" name="password" size="40" /></td> |
445 | </tr> |
446 | <tr> |
447 | <td colspan="2"><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /></td> |
448 | </tr> |
449 | </table> |
450 | </form> |
451 | |
452 | |
453 | =head2 Add Valid User Check |
454 | |
455 | We need something that provides enforcement for the authentication |
456 | mechanism -- a I<global> mechanism that prevents users who have not |
457 | passed authentication from reaching any pages except the login page. |
861a0cdd |
458 | This is generally done via an C<auto> action/method in |
444d6b27 |
459 | C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Root.pm>. |
d442cc9f |
460 | |
461 | Edit the existing C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Root.pm> class file and insert |
462 | the following method: |
463 | |
464 | =head2 auto |
8fefbef8 |
465 | |
d442cc9f |
466 | Check if there is a user and, if not, forward to login page |
8fefbef8 |
467 | |
d442cc9f |
468 | =cut |
8fefbef8 |
469 | |
d442cc9f |
470 | # Note that 'auto' runs after 'begin' but before your actions and that |
905a3a26 |
471 | # 'auto's "chain" (all from application path to most specific class are run) |
d442cc9f |
472 | # See the 'Actions' section of 'Catalyst::Manual::Intro' for more info. |
ddfbd850 |
473 | sub auto :Private { |
d442cc9f |
474 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
8fefbef8 |
475 | |
d442cc9f |
476 | # Allow unauthenticated users to reach the login page. This |
191dee29 |
477 | # allows unauthenticated users to reach any action in the Login |
d442cc9f |
478 | # controller. To lock it down to a single action, we could use: |
479 | # if ($c->action eq $c->controller('Login')->action_for('index')) |
905a3a26 |
480 | # to only allow unauthenticated access to the 'index' action we |
d442cc9f |
481 | # added above. |
482 | if ($c->controller eq $c->controller('Login')) { |
483 | return 1; |
484 | } |
8fefbef8 |
485 | |
d442cc9f |
486 | # If a user doesn't exist, force login |
487 | if (!$c->user_exists) { |
488 | # Dump a log message to the development server debug output |
489 | $c->log->debug('***Root::auto User not found, forwarding to /login'); |
490 | # Redirect the user to the login page |
491 | $c->response->redirect($c->uri_for('/login')); |
492 | # Return 0 to cancel 'post-auto' processing and prevent use of application |
493 | return 0; |
494 | } |
8fefbef8 |
495 | |
d442cc9f |
496 | # User found, so return 1 to continue with processing after this 'auto' |
497 | return 1; |
498 | } |
499 | |
636ba9f7 |
500 | As discussed in |
3ab6187c |
501 | L<Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::03_MoreCatalystBasics/CREATE A CATALYST CONTROLLER>, |
636ba9f7 |
502 | every C<auto> method from the application/root controller down to the |
e18d15c9 |
503 | most specific controller will be called. By placing the authentication |
504 | enforcement code inside the C<auto> method of |
505 | C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Root.pm> (or C<lib/MyApp.pm>), it will be called |
506 | for I<every> request that is received by the entire application. |
d442cc9f |
507 | |
508 | |
509 | =head2 Displaying Content Only to Authenticated Users |
510 | |
511 | Let's say you want to provide some information on the login page that |
512 | changes depending on whether the user has authenticated yet. To do |
513 | this, open C<root/src/login.tt2> in your editor and add the following |
514 | lines to the bottom of the file: |
515 | |
acbd7bdd |
516 | ... |
d442cc9f |
517 | <p> |
518 | [% |
905a3a26 |
519 | # This code illustrates how certain parts of the TT |
d442cc9f |
520 | # template will only be shown to users who have logged in |
521 | %] |
8a7c5151 |
522 | [% IF c.user_exists %] |
523 | Please Note: You are already logged in as '[% c.user.username %]'. |
524 | You can <a href="[% c.uri_for('/logout') %]">logout</a> here. |
d442cc9f |
525 | [% ELSE %] |
526 | You need to log in to use this application. |
527 | [% END %] |
528 | [%# |
529 | Note that this whole block is a comment because the "#" appears |
905a3a26 |
530 | immediate after the "[%" (with no spaces in between). Although it |
531 | can be a handy way to temporarily "comment out" a whole block of |
532 | TT code, it's probably a little too subtle for use in "normal" |
d442cc9f |
533 | comments. |
534 | %] |
3533daff |
535 | </p> |
d442cc9f |
536 | |
537 | Although most of the code is comments, the middle few lines provide a |
538 | "you are already logged in" reminder if the user returns to the login |
539 | page after they have already authenticated. For users who have not yet |
540 | authenticated, a "You need to log in..." message is displayed (note the |
541 | use of an IF-THEN-ELSE construct in TT). |
542 | |
543 | |
544 | =head2 Try Out Authentication |
545 | |
861a0cdd |
546 | The development server should have reloaded each time we edited one of |
3e1a2240 |
547 | the Controllers in the previous section. Now try going to |
861a0cdd |
548 | L<http://localhost:3000/books/list> and you should be redirected to the |
549 | login page, hitting Shift+Reload or Ctrl+Reload if necessary (the "You |
550 | are already logged in" message should I<not> appear -- if it does, click |
551 | the C<logout> button and try again). Note the C<***Root::auto User not |
552 | found...> debug message in the development server output. Enter username |
553 | C<test01> and password C<mypass>, and you should be taken to the Book |
554 | List page. |
d442cc9f |
555 | |
636ba9f7 |
556 | B<IMPORTANT NOTE:> If you are having issues with authentication on |
d8e9b469 |
557 | Internet Explorer (or potentially other browsers), be sure to check the |
558 | system clocks on both your server and client machines. Internet |
559 | Explorer is very picky about timestamps for cookies. You can use the |
560 | C<ntpq -p> command on the Tutorial Virtual Machine to check time sync |
561 | and/or use the following command to force a sync: |
25ed8f40 |
562 | |
acbd7bdd |
563 | sudo ntpdate-debian |
d442cc9f |
564 | |
d8e9b469 |
565 | Or, depending on your firewall configuration, try it with "-u": |
acbd7bdd |
566 | |
567 | sudo ntpdate-debian -u |
568 | |
636ba9f7 |
569 | Note: NTP can be a little more finicky about firewalls because it uses |
acbd7bdd |
570 | UDP vs. the more common TCP that you see with most Internet protocols. |
571 | Worse case, you might have to manually set the time on your development |
572 | box instead of using NTP. |
1390ef0e |
573 | |
d442cc9f |
574 | Open C<root/src/books/list.tt2> and add the following lines to the |
3533daff |
575 | bottom (below the closing </table> tag): |
d442cc9f |
576 | |
aa7ff325 |
577 | ... |
d442cc9f |
578 | <p> |
8a7c5151 |
579 | <a href="[% c.uri_for('/login') %]">Login</a> |
0416017e |
580 | <a href="[% c.uri_for(c.controller.action_for('form_create')) %]">Create</a> |
d442cc9f |
581 | </p> |
582 | |
905a3a26 |
583 | Reload your browser and you should now see a "Login" and "Create" links |
584 | at the bottom of the page (as mentioned earlier, you can update template |
e18d15c9 |
585 | files without a development server reload). Click the first link to |
586 | return to the login page. This time you I<should> see the "You are |
d442cc9f |
587 | already logged in" message. |
588 | |
589 | Finally, click the C<You can logout here> link on the C</login> page. |
590 | You should stay at the login page, but the message should change to "You |
591 | need to log in to use this application." |
592 | |
593 | |
594 | =head1 USING PASSWORD HASHES |
595 | |
861a0cdd |
596 | In this section we increase the security of our system by converting |
e18d15c9 |
597 | from cleartext passwords to SHA-1 password hashes that include a random |
d8e9b469 |
598 | "salt" value to make them extremely difficult to crack, even with |
599 | dictionary and "rainbow table" attacks. |
d442cc9f |
600 | |
601 | B<Note:> This section is optional. You can skip it and the rest of the |
602 | tutorial will function normally. |
603 | |
e18d15c9 |
604 | Be aware that even with the techniques shown in this section, the |
605 | browser still transmits the passwords in cleartext to your application. |
606 | We are just avoiding the I<storage> of cleartext passwords in the |
607 | database by using a salted SHA-1 hash. If you are concerned about |
608 | cleartext passwords between the browser and your application, consider |
d8e9b469 |
609 | using SSL/TLS, made easy with modules such as |
610 | L<Catalyst::Plugin:RequireSSL> and L<Catalyst::ActionRole::RequireSSL>. |
d442cc9f |
611 | |
612 | |
436f45da |
613 | =head2 Re-Run the DBIC::Schema Model Helper to Include DBIx::Class::PassphraseColumn |
d442cc9f |
614 | |
d8e9b469 |
615 | Let's re-run the model helper to have it include |
e18d15c9 |
616 | L<DBIx::Class::PassphraseColumn> in all of the Result Classes it |
617 | generates for us. Simply use the same command we saw in Chapters 3 and |
618 | 4, but add C<,PassphraseColumn> to the C<components> argument: |
d442cc9f |
619 | |
efdaddec |
620 | $ script/myapp_create.pl model DB DBIC::Schema MyApp::Schema \ |
436f45da |
621 | create=static components=TimeStamp,PassphraseColumn dbi:SQLite:myapp.db \ |
b66dd084 |
622 | on_connect_do="PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON" |
d442cc9f |
623 | |
861a0cdd |
624 | If you then open one of the Result Classes, you will see that it |
e18d15c9 |
625 | includes PassphraseColumn in the C<load_components> line. Take a look |
626 | at C<lib/MyApp/Schema/Result/User.pm> since that's the main class where |
627 | we want to use hashed and salted passwords: |
efdaddec |
628 | |
436f45da |
629 | __PACKAGE__->load_components("InflateColumn::DateTime", "TimeStamp", "PassphraseColumn"); |
efdaddec |
630 | |
631 | |
436f45da |
632 | =head2 Modify the "password" Column to Use PassphraseColumn |
efdaddec |
633 | |
3b1fa91b |
634 | Open the file C<lib/MyApp/Schema/Result/User.pm> and enter the following |
efdaddec |
635 | text below the "# DO NOT MODIFY THIS OR ANYTHING ABOVE!" line but above |
636 | the closing "1;": |
637 | |
436f45da |
638 | # Have the 'password' column use a SHA-1 hash and 20-byte salt |
639 | # with RFC 2307 encoding; Generate the 'check_password" method |
efdaddec |
640 | __PACKAGE__->add_columns( |
641 | 'password' => { |
436f45da |
642 | passphrase => 'rfc2307', |
643 | passphrase_class => 'SaltedDigest', |
644 | passphrase_args => { |
645 | algorithm => 'SHA-1', |
646 | salt_random => 20. |
647 | }, |
648 | passphrase_check_method => 'check_password', |
efdaddec |
649 | }, |
650 | ); |
651 | |
e18d15c9 |
652 | This redefines the automatically generated definition for the password |
653 | fields at the top of the Result Class file to now use PassphraseColumn |
654 | logic, storing passwords in RFC 2307 format (C<passphrase> is set to |
655 | C<rfc2307>). C<passphrase_class> can be set to the name of any |
656 | C<Authen::Passphrase::*> class, such as C<SaltedDigest> to use |
657 | L<Authen::Passphrase::SaltedDigest>, or C<BlowfishCrypt> to use |
658 | L<Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt>. C<passphrase_args> is then used |
659 | to customize the passphrase class you selected. Here we specified the |
660 | digest algorithm to use as C<SHA-1> and the size of the salt to use, but |
661 | we could have also specified any other option the selected passphrase |
662 | class supports. |
663 | |
efdaddec |
664 | |
665 | =head2 Load Hashed Passwords in the Database |
666 | |
e18d15c9 |
667 | Next, let's create a quick script to load some hashed and salted |
668 | passwords into the C<password> column of our C<users> table. Open the |
669 | file C<set_hashed_passwords.pl> in your editor and enter the following |
670 | text: |
efdaddec |
671 | |
672 | #!/usr/bin/perl |
8fefbef8 |
673 | |
efdaddec |
674 | use strict; |
675 | use warnings; |
8fefbef8 |
676 | |
efdaddec |
677 | use MyApp::Schema; |
8fefbef8 |
678 | |
efdaddec |
679 | my $schema = MyApp::Schema->connect('dbi:SQLite:myapp.db'); |
8fefbef8 |
680 | |
3b1fa91b |
681 | my @users = $schema->resultset('User')->all; |
8fefbef8 |
682 | |
efdaddec |
683 | foreach my $user (@users) { |
684 | $user->password('mypass'); |
685 | $user->update; |
686 | } |
687 | |
436f45da |
688 | PassphraseColumn lets us simply call C<$user->check_password($password)> |
861a0cdd |
689 | to see if the user has supplied the correct password, or, as we show |
690 | above, call C<$user->update($new_password)> to update the hashed |
efdaddec |
691 | password stored for this user. |
692 | |
693 | Then run the following command: |
694 | |
2a6eb5f9 |
695 | $ DBIC_TRACE=1 perl -Ilib set_hashed_passwords.pl |
efdaddec |
696 | |
861a0cdd |
697 | We had to use the C<-Ilib> argument to tell perl to look under the |
efdaddec |
698 | C<lib> directory for our C<MyApp::Schema> model. |
699 | |
2a6eb5f9 |
700 | The DBIC_TRACE output should show that the update worked: |
701 | |
702 | $ DBIC_TRACE=1 perl -Ilib set_hashed_passwords.pl |
861a0cdd |
703 | SELECT me.id, me.username, me.password, me.email_address, |
704 | me.first_name, me.last_name, me.active FROM users me: |
705 | UPDATE users SET password = ? WHERE ( id = ? ): |
436f45da |
706 | '{SSHA}esgz64CpHMo8pMfgIIszP13ft23z/zio04aCwNdm0wc6MDeloMUH4g==', '1' |
861a0cdd |
707 | UPDATE users SET password = ? WHERE ( id = ? ): |
436f45da |
708 | '{SSHA}FpGhpCJus+Ea9ne4ww8404HH+hJKW/fW+bAv1v6FuRUy2G7I2aoTRQ==', '2' |
861a0cdd |
709 | UPDATE users SET password = ? WHERE ( id = ? ): |
436f45da |
710 | '{SSHA}ZyGlpiHls8qFBSbHr3r5t/iqcZE602XLMbkSVRRNl6rF8imv1abQVg==', '3' |
2a6eb5f9 |
711 | |
712 | But we can further confirm our actions by dumping the users table: |
efdaddec |
713 | |
861a0cdd |
714 | $ sqlite3 myapp.db "select * from users" |
436f45da |
715 | 1|test01|{SSHA}esgz64CpHMo8pMfgIIszP13ft23z/zio04aCwNdm0wc6MDeloMUH4g==|t01@na.com|Joe|Blow|1 |
716 | 2|test02|{SSHA}FpGhpCJus+Ea9ne4ww8404HH+hJKW/fW+bAv1v6FuRUy2G7I2aoTRQ==|t02@na.com|Jane|Doe|1 |
717 | 3|test03|{SSHA}ZyGlpiHls8qFBSbHr3r5t/iqcZE602XLMbkSVRRNl6rF8imv1abQVg==|t03@na.com|No|Go|0 |
efdaddec |
718 | |
e18d15c9 |
719 | As you can see, the passwords are much harder to steal from the database |
720 | (not only are the hashes stored, but every hash is different even though |
721 | the passwords are the same because of the added "salt" value). Also |
722 | note that this demonstrates how to use a DBIx::Class model outside of |
723 | your web application -- a very useful feature in many situations. |
efdaddec |
724 | |
725 | |
726 | =head2 Enable Hashed and Salted Passwords |
727 | |
d8e9b469 |
728 | Edit C<lib/MyApp.pm> and update the config() section for |
729 | C<Plugin::Authentication> it to match the following text (the only |
e18d15c9 |
730 | change is to the C<password_type> field): |
efdaddec |
731 | |
732 | # Configure SimpleDB Authentication |
19a5b486 |
733 | __PACKAGE__->config( |
734 | 'Plugin::Authentication' => { |
efdaddec |
735 | default => { |
736 | class => 'SimpleDB', |
3b1fa91b |
737 | user_model => 'DB::User', |
efdaddec |
738 | password_type => 'self_check', |
739 | }, |
19a5b486 |
740 | }, |
741 | ); |
efdaddec |
742 | |
861a0cdd |
743 | The use of C<self_check> will cause |
744 | Catalyst::Plugin::Authentication::Store::DBIC to call the |
efdaddec |
745 | C<check_password> method we enabled on our C<password> columns. |
d442cc9f |
746 | |
1390ef0e |
747 | |
d442cc9f |
748 | =head2 Try Out the Hashed Passwords |
749 | |
861a0cdd |
750 | The development server should restart as soon as your save the |
751 | C<lib/MyApp.pm> file in the previous section. You should now be able to |
752 | go to L<http://localhost:3000/books/list> and login as before. When |
753 | done, click the "logout" link on the login page (or point your browser |
754 | at L<http://localhost:3000/logout>). |
d442cc9f |
755 | |
d442cc9f |
756 | |
757 | =head1 USING THE SESSION FOR FLASH |
758 | |
861a0cdd |
759 | As discussed in the previous chapter of the tutorial, C<flash> allows |
760 | you to set variables in a way that is very similar to C<stash>, but it |
e18d15c9 |
761 | will remain set across multiple requests. Once the value is read, it is |
762 | cleared (unless reset). Although C<flash> has nothing to do with |
861a0cdd |
763 | authentication, it does leverage the same session plugins. Now that |
764 | those plugins are enabled, let's go back and update the "delete and |
e18d15c9 |
765 | redirect with query parameters" code seen at the end of the |
766 | L<Basic CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::04_BasicCRUD> chapter of the |
767 | tutorial to take advantage of C<flash>. |
d442cc9f |
768 | |
e18d15c9 |
769 | First, open C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Books.pm> and modify C<sub delete> to |
770 | match the following (everything after the model search line of code has |
771 | changed): |
d442cc9f |
772 | |
905a3a26 |
773 | =head2 delete |
8fefbef8 |
774 | |
d442cc9f |
775 | Delete a book |
8fefbef8 |
776 | |
d442cc9f |
777 | =cut |
8fefbef8 |
778 | |
fbbb9084 |
779 | sub delete :Chained('object') :PathPart('delete') :Args(0) { |
780 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
8fefbef8 |
781 | |
fbbb9084 |
782 | # Use the book object saved by 'object' and delete it along |
783 | # with related 'book_authors' entries |
784 | $c->stash->{object}->delete; |
8fefbef8 |
785 | |
d442cc9f |
786 | # Use 'flash' to save information across requests until it's read |
787 | $c->flash->{status_msg} = "Book deleted"; |
8fefbef8 |
788 | |
3533daff |
789 | # Redirect the user back to the list page |
0416017e |
790 | $c->response->redirect($c->uri_for($self->action_for('list'))); |
d442cc9f |
791 | } |
792 | |
1390ef0e |
793 | Next, open C<root/src/wrapper.tt2> and update the TT code to pull from |
d442cc9f |
794 | flash vs. the C<status_msg> query parameter: |
795 | |
1390ef0e |
796 | ... |
d442cc9f |
797 | <div id="content"> |
1390ef0e |
798 | [%# Status and error messages %] |
799 | <span class="message">[% status_msg || c.flash.status_msg %]</span> |
800 | <span class="error">[% error_msg %]</span> |
801 | [%# This is where TT will stick all of your template's contents. -%] |
802 | [% content %] |
803 | </div><!-- end content --> |
804 | ... |
905a3a26 |
805 | |
e18d15c9 |
806 | Although the sample above only shows the C<content> div, leave the rest |
807 | of the file intact -- the only change we made to replace "|| |
808 | c.request.params.status_msg" with "c.flash.status_msg" in the |
809 | C<E<lt>span class="message"E<gt>> line. |
d442cc9f |
810 | |
811 | |
812 | =head2 Try Out Flash |
813 | |
3c700304 |
814 | Authenticate using the login screen and then point your browser to |
636ba9f7 |
815 | L<http://localhost:3000/books/url_create/Test/1/4> to create an extra |
816 | several books. Click the "Return to list" link and delete one of the |
817 | "Test" books you just added. The C<flash> mechanism should retain our |
3533daff |
818 | "Book deleted" status message across the redirect. |
d442cc9f |
819 | |
820 | B<NOTE:> While C<flash> will save information across multiple requests, |
821 | I<it does get cleared the first time it is read>. In general, this is |
e18d15c9 |
822 | exactly what you want -- the C<flash> message will get displayed on the |
823 | next screen where it's appropriate, but it won't "keep showing up" after |
824 | that first time (unless you reset it). Please refer to |
825 | L<Catalyst::Plugin::Session> for additional information. |
d442cc9f |
826 | |
d8e9b469 |
827 | B<Note:> There is also a C<flash-to-stash> feature that will |
828 | automatically load the contents the contents of flash into stash, |
829 | allowing us to use the more typical C<c.flash.status_msg> in our TT |
830 | template in lieu of the more verbose C<status_msg || c.flash.status_msg> |
831 | we used above. Consult L<Catalyst::Plugin::Session> for additional |
832 | information. |
833 | |
834 | |
835 | =head2 Switch To Catalyst::Plugin::StatusMessages |
836 | |
837 | Although the query parameter technique we used in |
838 | L<Chapter 4|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::04_BasicCRUD> and the C<flash> |
839 | approach we used above will work in most cases, they both have their |
840 | drawbacks. The query parameters can leave the status message on the |
841 | screen longer than it should (for example, if the user hits refresh). |
842 | And C<flash> can display the wrong message on the wrong screen (flash |
843 | just shows the message on the next page for that user... if the user |
844 | has multiple windows or tabs open, then the wrong one can get the |
845 | status message). |
846 | |
847 | L<Catalyst::Plugin::StatusMessage> is designed to address these |
848 | shortcomings. It stores the messages in the user's session (so they are |
849 | available across multiple requests), but ties each status message to a |
850 | random token. By passing this token across the redirect, we are no |
851 | longer relying on a potentially ambiguous "next request" like we do with |
852 | flash. And, because the message is deleted the first time it's |
853 | displayed, the user can hit refresh and still only see the message a |
854 | single time (even though the URL may continue to reference the token, |
855 | it's only displayed the first time). The use of C<StatusMessage> |
856 | or a similar mechanism is recommended for all Catalyst applications. |
857 | |
858 | To enable C<StatusMessage>, first edit C<lib/MyApp.pm> and add |
859 | C<StatusMessage> to the list of plugins: |
1390ef0e |
860 | |
d8e9b469 |
861 | use Catalyst qw/ |
862 | -Debug |
863 | ConfigLoader |
864 | Static::Simple |
865 | |
866 | Authentication |
867 | |
868 | Session |
869 | Session::Store::File |
870 | Session::State::Cookie |
871 | |
872 | StatusMessage |
873 | /; |
3533daff |
874 | |
d8e9b469 |
875 | Then edit C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Books.pm> and modify the C<delete> |
876 | action to match the following: |
3533daff |
877 | |
d8e9b469 |
878 | sub delete :Chained('object') :PathPart('delete') :Args(0) { |
879 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
880 | |
881 | # Saved the PK id for status_msg below |
882 | my $id = $c->stash->{object}->id; |
883 | |
884 | # Use the book object saved by 'object' and delete it along |
885 | # with related 'book_authors' entries |
886 | $c->stash->{object}->delete; |
887 | |
888 | # Redirect the user back to the list page |
889 | $c->response->redirect($c->uri_for($self->action_for('list'), |
890 | {mid => $c->set_status_msg("Deleted book $id")})); |
891 | } |
892 | |
893 | This uses the C<set_status_msg> that the plugin added to C<$c> to save |
894 | the message under a random token. (If we wanted to save an error |
895 | message, we could have used C<set_error_msg>.) Because |
896 | C<set_status_msg> and C<set_error_msg> both return the random token, we |
897 | can assign that value to the "C<mid>" query parameter via C<uri_for> as |
898 | shown above. |
899 | |
900 | Next, we need to make sure that the list page will load display the |
901 | message. The easiest way to do this is to take advantage of the chained |
902 | dispatch we implemented in |
903 | L<Chapter 4|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::04_BasicCRUD>. Edit |
904 | C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Books.pm> again and update the C<base> action to |
905 | match: |
906 | |
907 | sub base :Chained('/') :PathPart('books') :CaptureArgs(0) { |
908 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
909 | |
910 | # Store the ResultSet in stash so it's available for other methods |
911 | $c->stash(resultset => $c->model('DB::Book')); |
912 | |
913 | # Print a message to the debug log |
914 | $c->log->debug('*** INSIDE BASE METHOD ***'); |
915 | |
916 | # Load status messages |
917 | $c->load_status_msgs; |
918 | } |
3533daff |
919 | |
d8e9b469 |
920 | That way, anything that chains off C<base> will automatically get any |
921 | status or error messages loaded into the stash. Let's convert the |
922 | C<list> action to take advantage of this. Modify the method signature |
923 | for C<list> from: |
3533daff |
924 | |
d8e9b469 |
925 | sub list :Local { |
3533daff |
926 | |
d8e9b469 |
927 | to: |
3533daff |
928 | |
d8e9b469 |
929 | sub list :Chained('base') :PathParth('list') :Args(0) { |
3533daff |
930 | |
d8e9b469 |
931 | Finally, let's clean up the status/error message code in our wrapper |
932 | template. Edit C<root/src/wrapper.tt2> and change the "content" div |
933 | to match the following: |
934 | |
935 | <div id="content"> |
936 | [%# Status and error messages %] |
937 | <span class="message">[% status_msg %]</span> |
938 | <span class="error">[% error_msg %]</span> |
939 | [%# This is where TT will stick all of your template's contents. -%] |
940 | [% content %] |
941 | </div><!-- end content --> |
3533daff |
942 | |
861a0cdd |
943 | Now go to L<http://localhost:3000/books/list> in your browser. Delete |
d8e9b469 |
944 | another of the "Test" books you added in the previous step. You should |
945 | get redirection from the C<delete> action back to the C<list> action, |
946 | but with a "mid=########" message ID query parameter. The screen should |
947 | say "Deleted book #" (where # is the PK id of the book you removed). |
948 | However, if you hit refresh in your browser, the status message is no |
949 | longer displayed (even though the URL does still contain the message ID |
950 | token, it is ignored -- thereby keeping the state of our status/error |
951 | messages in sync with the users actions). |
3533daff |
952 | |
d442cc9f |
953 | |
954 | =head1 AUTHOR |
955 | |
956 | Kennedy Clark, C<hkclark@gmail.com> |
957 | |
53243324 |
958 | Feel free to contact the author for any errors or suggestions, but the |
959 | best way to report issues is via the CPAN RT Bug system at |
960 | <https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Catalyst-Manual>. |
961 | |
962 | The most recent version of the Catalyst Tutorial can be found at |
59884771 |
963 | L<http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/Catalyst-Manual/5.80/trunk/lib/Catalyst/Manual/Tutorial/>. |
d442cc9f |
964 | |
ec3ef4ad |
965 | Copyright 2006-2010, Kennedy Clark, under the |
966 | Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License Version 3.0 |
95674086 |
967 | (L<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/>). |