1 package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file
10 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(is_plain_value is_literal_value);
20 *SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION = $ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}
26 #======================================================================
28 #======================================================================
30 our $VERSION = '1.86';
32 # This would confuse some packagers
33 $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases
37 # special operators (-in, -between). May be extended/overridden by user.
38 # See section WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS below for implementation
39 my @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS = (
40 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? between $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
41 {regex => qr/^ is (?: \s+ not )? $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
42 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? in $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
43 {regex => qr/^ ident $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
44 {regex => qr/^ value $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
47 #======================================================================
48 # DEBUGGING AND ERROR REPORTING
49 #======================================================================
52 return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster
53 my $func = (caller(1))[3];
54 warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n";
58 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
59 Carp::carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_;
63 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
64 Carp::croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_;
67 sub is_literal_value ($) {
68 ref $_[0] eq 'SCALAR' ? [ ${$_[0]} ]
69 : ( ref $_[0] eq 'REF' and ref ${$_[0]} eq 'ARRAY' ) ? [ @${ $_[0] } ]
73 sub is_undef_value ($) {
77 and exists $_[0]->{-value}
78 and not defined $_[0]->{-value}
82 # FIXME XSify - this can be done so much more efficiently
83 sub is_plain_value ($) {
85 ! length ref $_[0] ? \($_[0])
87 ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' and keys %{$_[0]} == 1
89 exists $_[0]->{-value}
90 ) ? \($_[0]->{-value})
92 # reuse @_ for even moar speedz
93 defined ( $_[1] = Scalar::Util::blessed $_[0] )
95 # deliberately not using Devel::OverloadInfo - the checks we are
96 # intersted in are much more limited than the fullblown thing, and
97 # this is a very hot piece of code
99 # simply using ->can('(""') can leave behind stub methods that
100 # break actually using the overload later (see L<perldiag/Stub
101 # found while resolving method "%s" overloading "%s" in package
102 # "%s"> and the source of overload::mycan())
104 # either has stringification which DBI SHOULD prefer out of the box
105 grep { *{ (qq[${_}::(""]) }{CODE} } @{ $_[2] = mro::get_linear_isa( $_[1] ) }
107 # has nummification or boolification, AND fallback is *not* disabled
109 SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION
112 grep { *{"${_}::(0+"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
114 grep { *{"${_}::(bool"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
118 # no fallback specified at all
119 ! ( ($_[3]) = grep { *{"${_}::()"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} )
121 # fallback explicitly undef
122 ! defined ${"$_[3]::()"}
135 #======================================================================
137 #======================================================================
141 my $class = ref($self) || $self;
142 my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_;
144 # choose our case by keeping an option around
145 delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower';
147 # default logic for interpreting arrayrefs
148 $opt{logic} = $opt{logic} ? uc $opt{logic} : 'OR';
150 # how to return bind vars
151 $opt{bindtype} ||= 'normal';
153 # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden
156 # try to recognize which are the 'equality' and 'inequality' ops
157 # (temporary quickfix (in 2007), should go through a more seasoned API)
158 $opt{equality_op} = qr/^( \Q$opt{cmp}\E | \= )$/ix;
159 $opt{inequality_op} = qr/^( != | <> )$/ix;
161 $opt{like_op} = qr/^ (is_)?r?like $/xi;
162 $opt{not_like_op} = qr/^ (is_)?not_r?like $/xi;
165 $opt{sqltrue} ||= '1=1';
166 $opt{sqlfalse} ||= '0=1';
169 $opt{special_ops} ||= [];
171 if ($class->isa('DBIx::Class::SQLMaker')) {
172 $opt{warn_once_on_nest} = 1;
173 $opt{disable_old_special_ops} = 1;
177 $opt{unary_ops} ||= [];
179 # rudimentary sanity-check for user supplied bits treated as functions/operators
180 # If a purported function matches this regular expression, an exception is thrown.
181 # Literal SQL is *NOT* subject to this check, only functions (and column names
182 # when quoting is not in effect)
185 # need to guard against ()'s in column names too, but this will break tons of
186 # hacks... ideas anyone?
187 $opt{injection_guard} ||= qr/
193 $opt{expand_unary} = {};
196 -not => '_expand_not',
197 -bool => '_expand_bool',
198 -and => '_expand_op_andor',
199 -or => '_expand_op_andor',
200 -nest => '_expand_nest',
201 -bind => sub { shift; +{ @_ } },
203 -not_in => '_expand_in',
204 -row => '_expand_row',
205 -between => '_expand_between',
206 -not_between => '_expand_between',
208 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_is'), ('-is', '-is_not')),
209 -ident => '_expand_ident',
210 -value => '_expand_value',
214 'between' => '_expand_between',
215 'not_between' => '_expand_between',
216 'in' => '_expand_in',
217 'not_in' => '_expand_in',
218 'nest' => '_expand_nest',
219 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_andor'), ('and', 'or')),
220 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_is'), ('is', 'is_not')),
221 'ident' => '_expand_ident',
222 'value' => '_expand_value',
226 (map +("-$_", "_render_$_"), qw(op func bind ident literal row)),
231 (map +($_ => '_render_op_between'), 'between', 'not_between'),
232 (map +($_ => '_render_op_in'), 'in', 'not_in'),
233 (map +($_ => '_render_unop_postfix'),
234 'is_null', 'is_not_null', 'asc', 'desc',
236 (not => '_render_op_not'),
237 (map +($_ => '_render_op_andor'), qw(and or)),
238 ',' => '_render_op_multop',
241 return bless \%opt, $class;
244 sub sqltrue { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqltrue} ] } }
245 sub sqlfalse { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqlfalse} ] } }
247 sub _assert_pass_injection_guard {
248 if ($_[1] =~ $_[0]->{injection_guard}) {
249 my $class = ref $_[0];
250 puke "Possible SQL injection attempt '$_[1]'. If this is indeed a part of the "
251 . "desired SQL use literal SQL ( \'...' or \[ '...' ] ) or supply your own "
252 . "{injection_guard} attribute to ${class}->new()"
257 #======================================================================
259 #======================================================================
263 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
264 my $data = shift || return;
267 my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_insert", $data);
268 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($data);
269 $sql = join " ", $self->_sqlcase('insert into'), $table, $sql;
271 if ($options->{returning}) {
272 my ($s, @b) = $self->_insert_returning($options);
277 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
280 # So that subclasses can override INSERT ... RETURNING separately from
281 # UPDATE and DELETE (e.g. DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::Oracle does this)
282 sub _insert_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
285 my ($self, $options) = @_;
287 my $f = $options->{returning};
289 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt(
290 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($f, -ident)
293 ? $self->_sqlcase(' returning ') . $sql
294 : ($self->_sqlcase(' returning ').$sql, @bind);
297 sub _insert_HASHREF { # explicit list of fields and then values
298 my ($self, $data) = @_;
300 my @fields = sort keys %$data;
302 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_insert_values($data);
305 $_ = $self->_quote($_) foreach @fields;
306 $sql = "( ".join(", ", @fields).") ".$sql;
308 return ($sql, @bind);
311 sub _insert_ARRAYREF { # just generate values(?,?) part (no list of fields)
312 my ($self, $data) = @_;
314 # no names (arrayref) so can't generate bindtype
315 $self->{bindtype} ne 'columns'
316 or belch "can't do 'columns' bindtype when called with arrayref";
318 my (@values, @all_bind);
319 foreach my $value (@$data) {
320 my ($values, @bind) = $self->_insert_value(undef, $value);
321 push @values, $values;
322 push @all_bind, @bind;
324 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )";
325 return ($sql, @all_bind);
328 sub _insert_ARRAYREFREF { # literal SQL with bind
329 my ($self, $data) = @_;
331 my ($sql, @bind) = @${$data};
332 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
334 return ($sql, @bind);
338 sub _insert_SCALARREF { # literal SQL without bind
339 my ($self, $data) = @_;
345 my ($self, $data) = @_;
347 my (@values, @all_bind);
348 foreach my $column (sort keys %$data) {
349 my ($values, @bind) = $self->_insert_value($column, $data->{$column});
350 push @values, $values;
351 push @all_bind, @bind;
353 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )";
354 return ($sql, @all_bind);
358 my ($self, $column, $v) = @_;
360 return $self->render_aqt(
361 $self->_expand_insert_value($column, $v)
365 sub _expand_insert_value {
366 my ($self, $column, $v) = @_;
368 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
369 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) {
370 return +{ -bind => [ $column, $v ] };
372 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
373 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
374 return +{ -literal => $v };
376 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
377 if (grep !/^-/, keys %$v) {
378 belch "HASH ref as bind value in insert is not supported";
379 return +{ -bind => [ $column, $v ] };
383 return +{ -bind => [ $column, undef ] };
385 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $column;
386 return $self->expand_expr($v);
391 #======================================================================
393 #======================================================================
398 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
399 my $data = shift || return;
403 # first build the 'SET' part of the sql statement
404 puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update"
405 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
407 my ($sql, @all_bind) = $self->_update_set_values($data);
408 $sql = $self->_sqlcase('update ') . $table . $self->_sqlcase(' set ')
412 my($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where);
414 push @all_bind, @where_bind;
417 if ($options->{returning}) {
418 my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_update_returning($options);
419 $sql .= $returning_sql;
420 push @all_bind, @returning_bind;
423 return wantarray ? ($sql, @all_bind) : $sql;
426 sub _update_set_values {
427 my ($self, $data) = @_;
429 return $self->render_aqt(
430 $self->_expand_update_set_values($data),
434 sub _expand_update_set_values {
435 my ($self, $data) = @_;
436 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr( [
439 $set = { -bind => $_ } unless defined $set;
440 +{ -op => [ '=', $self->_expand_ident(-ident => $k), $set ] };
446 ? ($self->{array_datatypes}
447 ? [ $k, +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] } ]
448 : [ $k, +{ -literal => $v } ])
450 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
451 [ $k, $self->_expand_expr($v) ]
458 # So that subclasses can override UPDATE ... RETURNING separately from
460 sub _update_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
464 #======================================================================
466 #======================================================================
471 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
472 my $fields = shift || '*';
476 my ($fields_sql, @bind) = $self->_select_fields($fields);
478 my ($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where, $order);
479 push @bind, @where_bind;
481 my $sql = join(' ', $self->_sqlcase('select'), $fields_sql,
482 $self->_sqlcase('from'), $table)
485 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
489 my ($self, $fields) = @_;
490 return $fields unless ref($fields);
491 return $self->render_aqt(
492 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($fields, '-ident')
496 #======================================================================
498 #======================================================================
503 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
507 my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where);
508 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('delete from ') . $table . $where_sql;
510 if ($options->{returning}) {
511 my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_delete_returning($options);
512 $sql .= $returning_sql;
513 push @bind, @returning_bind;
516 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
519 # So that subclasses can override DELETE ... RETURNING separately from
521 sub _delete_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
525 #======================================================================
527 #======================================================================
531 # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses
533 my ($self, $where, $order) = @_;
535 local $self->{convert_where} = $self->{convert};
538 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where)
539 ? $self->_recurse_where($where)
541 $sql = (defined $sql and length $sql) ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : '';
545 my ($order_sql, @order_bind) = $self->_order_by($order);
547 push @bind, @order_bind;
550 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
553 { our $Default_Scalar_To = -value }
556 my ($self, $expr, $default_scalar_to) = @_;
557 local our $Default_Scalar_To = $default_scalar_to if $default_scalar_to;
558 $self->_expand_expr($expr);
562 my ($self, $aqt) = @_;
563 my ($k, $v, @rest) = %$aqt;
565 if (my $meth = $self->{render}{$k}) {
566 return $self->$meth($v);
568 die "notreached: $k";
572 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
573 $self->render_aqt($self->expand_expr($expr));
577 my ($self, $raw) = @_;
578 s/^-(?=.)//, s/\s+/_/g for my $op = lc $raw;
583 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
584 our $Expand_Depth ||= 0; local $Expand_Depth = $Expand_Depth + 1;
585 return undef unless defined($expr);
586 if (ref($expr) eq 'HASH') {
587 return undef unless my $kc = keys %$expr;
589 return $self->_expand_op_andor(-and => $expr);
591 my ($key, $value) = %$expr;
592 if ($key =~ /^-/ and $key =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) {
593 belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. '
594 . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ $key => COND1, $key => COND2 ... ]";
596 if (my $exp = $self->{expand}{$key}) {
597 return $self->$exp($key, $value);
599 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($key, $value);
601 if (ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY') {
602 my $logic = '-'.lc($self->{logic});
603 return $self->_expand_op_andor($logic, $expr);
605 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($expr)) {
606 return +{ -literal => $literal };
608 if (!ref($expr) or Scalar::Util::blessed($expr)) {
609 return $self->_expand_expr_scalar($expr);
614 sub _expand_expr_hashpair {
615 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
616 unless (defined($k) and length($k)) {
617 if (defined($k) and my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
618 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
619 return { -literal => $literal };
621 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported";
624 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair_op($k, $v);
626 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair_ident($k, $v);
629 sub _expand_expr_hashpair_ident {
630 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
632 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
634 # hash with multiple or no elements is andor
636 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH' and keys %$v != 1) {
637 return $self->_expand_op_andor(-and => $v, $k);
640 # undef needs to be re-sent with cmp to achieve IS/IS NOT NULL
642 if (is_undef_value($v)) {
643 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair_cmp($k => undef);
646 # scalars and objects get expanded as whatever requested or values
648 if (!ref($v) or Scalar::Util::blessed($v)) {
649 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair_scalar($k, $v);
652 # single key hashref is a hashtriple
654 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
655 return $self->_expand_expr_hashtriple($k, %$v);
658 # arrayref needs re-engineering over the elements
660 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
661 return $self->sqlfalse unless @$v;
662 $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements");
664 $v->[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i
665 ? shift(@{$v = [ @$v ]})
666 : '-'.lc($self->{logic} || 'OR')
668 return $self->_expand_op_andor(
673 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
675 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
678 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
679 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
681 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype($_);
684 return +{ -literal => [ $self->_quote($k).' '.$sql, @bind ] };
689 sub _expand_expr_scalar {
690 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
692 return $self->_expand_expr({ (our $Default_Scalar_To) => $expr });
695 sub _expand_expr_hashpair_scalar {
696 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
698 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair_cmp(
699 $k, $self->_expand_expr_scalar($v),
703 sub _expand_expr_hashpair_op {
704 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
706 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($k =~ /\A-(.*)\Z/s);
708 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($k);
710 # Ops prefixed with -not_ get converted
712 if (my ($rest) = $op =~/^not_(.*)$/) {
715 $self->_expand_expr({ "-${rest}", $v })
721 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
723 # the old special op system requires illegality for top-level use
726 (our $Expand_Depth) == 1
728 List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}
730 $self->{disable_old_special_ops}
731 and List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS
735 puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'"
738 # the old unary op system means we should touch nothing and let it work
740 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
741 return { -op => [ $op, $v ] };
745 # an explicit node type is currently assumed to be expanded (this is almost
746 # certainly wrong and there should be expansion anyway)
748 if ($self->{render}{$k}) {
752 # hashref RHS values get expanded and used as op/func args
757 and (keys %$v)[0] =~ /^-/
759 my ($func) = $k =~ /^-(.*)$/;
761 if (List::Util::first { $func =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}) {
762 return +{ -op => [ $func, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] };
765 return +{ -func => [ $func, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] };
768 # scalars and literals get simply expanded
770 if (!ref($v) or is_literal_value($v)) {
771 return +{ -op => [ $op, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] };
777 sub _expand_expr_hashpair_cmp {
778 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
779 $self->_expand_expr_hashtriple($k, $self->{cmp}, $v);
782 sub _expand_expr_hashtriple {
783 my ($self, $k, $vk, $vv) = @_;
785 my $ik = $self->_expand_ident(-ident => $k);
787 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($vk);
788 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op);
790 if ($op =~ s/ _? \d+ $//x ) {
791 return $self->_expand_expr($k, { $vk, $vv });
793 if (my $x = $self->{expand_op}{$op}) {
794 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
795 return $self->$x($op, $vv, $k);
799 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
801 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}) {
802 return { -op => [ $op, $ik, $vv ] };
804 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
808 { -op => [ $op, $vv ] }
812 if (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY') {
814 my $logic = (defined($raw[0]) and $raw[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i)
815 ? shift @raw : '-or';
816 my @values = map +{ $vk => $_ }, @raw;
818 $op =~ $self->{inequality_op}
819 or $op =~ $self->{not_like_op}
821 if (lc($logic) eq '-or' and @values > 1) {
822 belch "A multi-element arrayref as an argument to the inequality op '${\uc(join ' ', split '_', $op)}' "
823 . 'is technically equivalent to an always-true 1=1 (you probably wanted '
824 . "to say ...{ \$inequality_op => [ -and => \@values ] }... instead)"
829 # try to DWIM on equality operators
830 return ($self->_dwim_op_to_is($op,
831 "Supplying an empty arrayref to '%s' is deprecated",
832 "operator '%s' applied on an empty array (field '$k')"
833 ) ? $self->sqlfalse : $self->sqltrue);
835 return $self->_expand_op_andor($logic => \@values, $k);
837 if (is_undef_value($vv)) {
838 my $is = ($self->_dwim_op_to_is($op,
839 "Supplying an undefined argument to '%s' is deprecated",
840 "unexpected operator '%s' with undef operand",
841 ) ? 'is' : 'is not');
843 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k => { $is, undef });
845 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
849 $self->_expand_expr($vv)
854 my ($self, $raw, $empty, $fail) = @_;
856 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($raw);
858 if ($op =~ /^not$/i) {
861 if ($op =~ $self->{equality_op}) {
864 if ($op =~ $self->{like_op}) {
865 belch(sprintf $empty, uc(join ' ', split '_', $op));
868 if ($op =~ $self->{inequality_op}) {
871 if ($op =~ $self->{not_like_op}) {
872 belch(sprintf $empty, uc(join ' ', split '_', $op));
875 puke(sprintf $fail, $op);
879 my ($self, $op, $body, $k) = @_;
880 return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair_cmp(
881 $k, { -ident => $body }
883 unless (defined($body) or (ref($body) and ref($body) eq 'ARRAY')) {
884 puke "$op requires a single plain scalar argument (a quotable identifier) or an arrayref of identifier parts";
886 my @parts = map split(/\Q${\($self->{name_sep}||'.')}\E/, $_),
887 ref($body) ? @$body : $body;
888 return { -ident => $parts[-1] } if $self->{_dequalify_idents};
889 unless ($self->{quote_char}) {
890 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_) for @parts;
892 return +{ -ident => \@parts };
896 return $_[0]->_expand_expr_hashpair_cmp(
897 $_[3], { -value => $_[2] },
899 +{ -bind => [ our $Cur_Col_Meta, $_[2] ] };
903 +{ -op => [ 'not', $_[0]->_expand_expr($_[2]) ] };
907 my ($self, $node, $args) = @_;
908 +{ $node => [ map $self->expand_expr($_), @$args ] };
912 my ($self, $node, $args) = @_;
913 my ($op, @opargs) = @$args;
914 +{ $node => [ $op, map $self->expand_expr($_), @opargs ] };
918 my ($self, undef, $v) = @_;
920 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
922 puke "-bool => undef not supported" unless defined($v);
923 return $self->_expand_ident(-ident => $v);
926 sub _expand_op_andor {
927 my ($self, $logic, $v, $k) = @_;
929 $v = [ map +{ $k, $_ },
931 ? (map +{ $_ => $v->{$_} }, sort keys %$v)
935 my ($logop) = $logic =~ /^-?(.*)$/;
936 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
937 return undef unless keys %$v;
940 map $self->_expand_expr({ $_ => $v->{$_} }),
944 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
945 $logop eq 'and' or $logop eq 'or' or puke "unknown logic: $logop";
948 (ref($_) eq 'ARRAY' and @$_)
949 or (ref($_) eq 'HASH' and %$_)
955 while (my ($el) = splice @expr, 0, 1) {
956 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in array-pairs"
957 unless defined($el) and length($el);
958 my $elref = ref($el);
960 local our $Expand_Depth = 0;
961 push(@res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr({ $el, shift(@expr) }));
962 } elsif ($elref eq 'ARRAY') {
963 push(@res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr($el)) if @$el;
964 } elsif (my $l = is_literal_value($el)) {
965 push @res, { -literal => $l };
966 } elsif ($elref eq 'HASH') {
967 local our $Expand_Depth = 0;
968 push @res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr($el) if %$el;
974 # return $res[0] if @res == 1;
975 return { -op => [ $logop, @res ] };
981 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
983 ($k, $vv) = @$vv unless defined $k;
984 puke "$op can only take undef as argument"
988 and exists($vv->{-value})
989 and !defined($vv->{-value})
991 return +{ -op => [ $op.'_null', $self->expand_expr($k, -ident) ] };
994 sub _expand_between {
995 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
997 $k = shift @{$vv = [ @$vv ]} unless defined $k;
998 my @rhs = map $self->_expand_expr($_),
999 ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv;
1001 (@rhs == 1 and ref($rhs[0]) eq 'HASH' and $rhs[0]->{-literal})
1003 (@rhs == 2 and defined($rhs[0]) and defined($rhs[1]))
1005 puke "Operator '${\uc($op)}' requires either an arrayref with two defined values or expressions, or a single literal scalarref/arrayref-ref";
1009 $self->expand_expr(ref($k) ? $k : { -ident => $k }),
1015 my ($self, $raw, $vv, $k) = @_;
1016 $k = shift @{$vv = [ @$vv ]} unless defined $k;
1017 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($raw);
1018 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($vv)) {
1019 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
1020 my $opened_sql = $self->_open_outer_paren($sql);
1022 $op, $self->expand_expr($k, -ident),
1023 [ { -literal => [ $opened_sql, @bind ] } ]
1027 'SQL::Abstract before v1.75 used to generate incorrect SQL when the '
1028 . "-${\uc($op)} operator was given an undef-containing list: !!!AUDIT YOUR CODE "
1029 . 'AND DATA!!! (the upcoming Data::Query-based version of SQL::Abstract '
1030 . 'will emit the logically correct SQL instead of raising this exception)'
1032 puke("Argument passed to the '${\uc($op)}' operator can not be undefined")
1034 my @rhs = map $self->expand_expr($_, -value),
1035 map { defined($_) ? $_: puke($undef_err) }
1036 (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv);
1037 return $self->${\($op =~ /^not/ ? 'sqltrue' : 'sqlfalse')} unless @rhs;
1041 $self->expand_expr($k, -ident),
1047 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1048 # DBIx::Class requires a nest warning to be emitted once but the private
1049 # method it overrode to do so no longer exists
1050 if ($self->{warn_once_on_nest}) {
1051 unless (our $Nest_Warned) {
1053 "-nest in search conditions is deprecated, you most probably wanted:\n"
1054 .q|{..., -and => [ \%cond0, \@cond1, \'cond2', \[ 'cond3', [ col => bind ] ], etc. ], ... }|
1059 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
1062 sub _recurse_where {
1063 my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_;
1065 # Special case: top level simple string treated as literal
1067 my $where_exp = (ref($where)
1068 ? $self->_expand_expr($where, $logic)
1069 : { -literal => [ $where ] });
1071 # dispatch expanded expression
1073 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where_exp) ? $self->render_aqt($where_exp) : (undef);
1074 # DBIx::Class used to call _recurse_where in scalar context
1075 # something else might too...
1077 return ($sql, @bind);
1080 belch "Calling _recurse_where in scalar context is deprecated and will go away before 2.0";
1086 my ($self, $ident) = @_;
1088 return $self->_convert($self->_quote($ident));
1092 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1093 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_op([ ',', @$values ]);
1094 return "($sql)", @bind;
1098 my ($self, $rest) = @_;
1099 my ($func, @args) = @$rest;
1103 push @arg_sql, shift @x;
1105 } map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], @args;
1106 return ($self->_sqlcase($func).'('.join(', ', @arg_sql).')', @bind);
1110 my ($self, $bind) = @_;
1111 return ($self->_convert('?'), $self->_bindtype(@$bind));
1114 sub _render_literal {
1115 my ($self, $literal) = @_;
1116 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@{$literal}[1..$#$literal]);
1121 my ($self, $v) = @_;
1122 my ($op, @args) = @$v;
1123 if (my $r = $self->{render_op}{$op}) {
1124 return $self->$r($op, \@args);
1129 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
1131 my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}};
1132 if ($us and @args > 1) {
1133 puke "Special op '${op}' requires first value to be identifier"
1134 unless my ($ident) = map $_->{-ident}, grep ref($_) eq 'HASH', $args[0];
1135 my $k = join(($self->{name_sep}||'.'), @$ident);
1136 local our $Expand_Depth = 1;
1137 return $self->${\($us->{handler})}($k, $op, $args[1]);
1139 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
1140 return $self->${\($us->{handler})}($op, $args[0]);
1145 return $self->_render_unop_prefix($op, \@args);
1147 return $self->_render_op_multop($op, \@args);
1153 sub _render_op_between {
1154 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1155 my ($left, $low, $high) = @$args;
1156 my ($rhsql, @rhbind) = do {
1158 puke "Single arg to between must be a literal"
1159 unless $low->{-literal};
1162 my ($l, $h) = map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], $low, $high;
1163 (join(' ', $l->[0], $self->_sqlcase('and'), $h->[0]),
1164 @{$l}[1..$#$l], @{$h}[1..$#$h])
1167 my ($lhsql, @lhbind) = $self->render_aqt($left);
1171 $self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op),
1179 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1180 my ($lhs, $rhs) = @$args;
1183 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($_);
1184 push @in_bind, @bind;
1187 my ($lhsql, @lbind) = $self->render_aqt($lhs);
1189 $lhsql.' '.$self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op).' ( '
1190 .join(', ', @in_sql)
1196 sub _render_op_andor {
1197 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1198 my @parts = grep length($_->[0]), map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], @$args;
1199 return '' unless @parts;
1200 return @{$parts[0]} if @parts == 1;
1201 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_op_multop($op, $args);
1202 return '( '.$sql.' )', @bind;
1205 sub _render_op_multop {
1206 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1207 my @parts = grep length($_->[0]), map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], @$args;
1208 return '' unless @parts;
1209 return @{$parts[0]} if @parts == 1;
1210 my ($final_sql) = join(
1211 ($op eq ',' ? '' : ' ').$self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op).' ',
1216 map @{$_}[1..$#$_], @parts
1219 sub _render_op_not {
1220 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1221 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_unop_prefix($op, $v);
1222 return "(${sql})", @bind;
1225 sub _render_unop_prefix {
1226 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1227 my ($expr_sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($v->[0]);
1229 my $op_sql = $self->_sqlcase($op); # join ' ', split '_', $op);
1230 return ("${op_sql} ${expr_sql}", @bind);
1233 sub _render_unop_postfix {
1234 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1235 my ($expr_sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($v->[0]);
1236 my $op_sql = $self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op);
1237 return ($expr_sql.' '.$op_sql, @bind);
1240 # Some databases (SQLite) treat col IN (1, 2) different from
1241 # col IN ( (1, 2) ). Use this to strip all outer parens while
1242 # adding them back in the corresponding method
1243 sub _open_outer_paren {
1244 my ($self, $sql) = @_;
1246 while (my ($inner) = $sql =~ /^ \s* \( (.*) \) \s* $/xs) {
1248 # there are closing parens inside, need the heavy duty machinery
1249 # to reevaluate the extraction starting from $sql (full reevaluation)
1250 if ($inner =~ /\)/) {
1251 require Text::Balanced;
1253 my (undef, $remainder) = do {
1254 # idiotic design - writes to $@ but *DOES NOT* throw exceptions
1256 Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed($sql, '()', qr/\s*/);
1259 # the entire expression needs to be a balanced bracketed thing
1260 # (after an extract no remainder sans trailing space)
1261 last if defined $remainder and $remainder =~ /\S/;
1271 #======================================================================
1273 #======================================================================
1275 sub _expand_order_by {
1276 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1278 return unless defined($arg) and not (ref($arg) eq 'ARRAY' and !@$arg);
1280 my $expander = sub {
1281 my ($self, $dir, $expr) = @_;
1282 my @to_expand = ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$expr : $expr;
1283 foreach my $arg (@to_expand) {
1287 and grep /^-(asc|desc)$/, keys %$arg
1289 puke "ordering direction hash passed to order by must have exactly one key (-asc or -desc)";
1293 defined($dir) ? { -op => [ $dir =~ /^-?(.*)$/ ,=> $_ ] } : $_
1295 map $self->expand_expr($_, -ident),
1296 map ref($_) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$_ : $_, @to_expand;
1297 return undef unless @exp;
1298 return undef if @exp == 1 and not defined($exp[0]);
1299 return +{ -op => [ ',', @exp ] };
1302 local @{$self->{expand}}{qw(-asc -desc)} = (($expander) x 2);
1304 return $self->$expander(undef, $arg);
1308 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1310 return '' unless defined(my $expanded = $self->_expand_order_by($arg));
1312 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($expanded);
1314 return '' unless length($sql);
1316 my $final_sql = $self->_sqlcase(' order by ').$sql;
1318 return wantarray ? ($final_sql, @bind) : $final_sql;
1321 # _order_by no longer needs to call this so doesn't but DBIC uses it.
1323 sub _order_by_chunks {
1324 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1326 return () unless defined(my $expanded = $self->_expand_order_by($arg));
1328 return $self->_chunkify_order_by($expanded);
1331 sub _chunkify_order_by {
1332 my ($self, $expanded) = @_;
1334 return grep length, $self->render_aqt($expanded)
1335 if $expanded->{-ident} or @{$expanded->{-literal}||[]} == 1;
1338 if (ref() eq 'HASH' and $_->{-op} and $_->{-op}[0] eq ',') {
1339 my ($comma, @list) = @{$_->{-op}};
1340 return map $self->_chunkify_order_by($_), @list;
1342 return [ $self->render_aqt($_) ];
1346 #======================================================================
1347 # DATASOURCE (FOR NOW, JUST PLAIN TABLE OR LIST OF TABLES)
1348 #======================================================================
1354 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($from, -ident)
1359 #======================================================================
1361 #======================================================================
1363 sub _expand_maybe_list_expr {
1364 my ($self, $expr, $default) = @_;
1365 return +{ -op => [ ',',
1366 map $self->expand_expr($_, $default),
1367 ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$expr : $expr
1371 # highly optimized, as it's called way too often
1373 # my ($self, $label) = @_;
1375 return '' unless defined $_[1];
1376 return ${$_[1]} if ref($_[1]) eq 'SCALAR';
1377 puke 'Identifier cannot be hashref' if ref($_[1]) eq 'HASH';
1379 unless ($_[0]->{quote_char}) {
1380 if (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY') {
1381 return join($_[0]->{name_sep}||'.', @{$_[1]});
1383 $_[0]->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_[1]);
1388 my $qref = ref $_[0]->{quote_char};
1390 !$qref ? ($_[0]->{quote_char}, $_[0]->{quote_char})
1391 : ($qref eq 'ARRAY') ? @{$_[0]->{quote_char}}
1392 : puke "Unsupported quote_char format: $_[0]->{quote_char}";
1394 my $esc = $_[0]->{escape_char} || $r;
1396 # parts containing * are naturally unquoted
1398 $_[0]->{name_sep}||'',
1402 : do { (my $n = $_) =~ s/(\Q$esc\E|\Q$r\E)/$esc$1/g; $l . $n . $r }
1404 (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY'
1408 ? split (/\Q$_[0]->{name_sep}\E/, $_[1] )
1416 # Conversion, if applicable
1418 #my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1419 if ($_[0]->{convert_where}) {
1420 return $_[0]->_sqlcase($_[0]->{convert_where}) .'(' . $_[1] . ')';
1427 #my ($self, $col, @vals) = @_;
1428 # called often - tighten code
1429 return $_[0]->{bindtype} eq 'columns'
1430 ? map {[$_[1], $_]} @_[2 .. $#_]
1435 # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format
1436 # if bindtype is 'columns'.
1437 sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype {
1438 # my ($self, @bind) = @_;
1440 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
1442 if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) {
1443 puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]"
1449 sub _join_sql_clauses {
1450 my ($self, $logic, $clauses_aref, $bind_aref) = @_;
1452 if (@$clauses_aref > 1) {
1453 my $join = " " . $self->_sqlcase($logic) . " ";
1454 my $sql = '( ' . join($join, @$clauses_aref) . ' )';
1455 return ($sql, @$bind_aref);
1457 elsif (@$clauses_aref) {
1458 return ($clauses_aref->[0], @$bind_aref); # no parentheses
1461 return (); # if no SQL, ignore @$bind_aref
1466 # Fix SQL case, if so requested
1468 # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we
1469 # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it!
1470 return $_[0]->{case} ? $_[1] : uc($_[1]);
1474 #======================================================================
1475 # DISPATCHING FROM REFKIND
1476 #======================================================================
1479 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1481 return 'UNDEF' unless defined $data;
1483 # blessed objects are treated like scalars
1484 my $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1486 return 'SCALAR' unless $ref;
1489 while ($ref eq 'REF') {
1491 $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1495 return ($ref||'SCALAR') . ('REF' x $n_steps);
1499 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1500 my @try = ($self->_refkind($data));
1501 push @try, 'SCALAR_or_UNDEF' if $try[0] eq 'SCALAR' || $try[0] eq 'UNDEF';
1502 push @try, 'FALLBACK';
1506 sub _METHOD_FOR_refkind {
1507 my ($self, $meth_prefix, $data) = @_;
1510 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1511 $method = $self->can($meth_prefix."_".$_)
1515 return $method || puke "cannot dispatch on '$meth_prefix' for ".$self->_refkind($data);
1519 sub _SWITCH_refkind {
1520 my ($self, $data, $dispatch_table) = @_;
1523 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1524 $coderef = $dispatch_table->{$_}
1528 puke "no dispatch entry for ".$self->_refkind($data)
1537 #======================================================================
1538 # VALUES, GENERATE, AUTOLOAD
1539 #======================================================================
1541 # LDNOTE: original code from nwiger, didn't touch code in that section
1542 # I feel the AUTOLOAD stuff should not be the default, it should
1543 # only be activated on explicit demand by user.
1547 my $data = shift || return;
1548 puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash"
1549 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
1552 foreach my $k (sort keys %$data) {
1553 my $v = $data->{$k};
1554 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
1556 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype
1557 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1559 else { # literal SQL with bind
1560 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1561 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1562 push @all_bind, @bind;
1565 ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind
1566 my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v};
1567 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1568 push @all_bind, @bind;
1570 SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind
1572 SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub {
1573 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1584 my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv);
1588 if ($ref eq 'HASH') {
1589 for my $k (sort keys %$_) {
1592 my $label = $self->_quote($k);
1593 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') {
1594 # literal SQL with bind
1595 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1596 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1597 push @sqlq, "$label = $sql";
1599 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') {
1600 # literal SQL without bind
1601 push @sqlq, "$label = $$v";
1603 push @sqlq, "$label = ?";
1604 push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1607 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq;
1608 } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') {
1609 # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL
1612 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind
1613 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1614 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1617 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind
1618 # embedded literal SQL
1625 push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')';
1626 } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') {
1630 # strings get case twiddled
1631 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_);
1635 my $sql = join ' ', @sql;
1637 # this is pretty tricky
1638 # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind)
1639 # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline
1641 return ($sql, @sqlv);
1643 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv);
1644 ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e;
1653 # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr
1655 my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/;
1656 return $self->generate($name, @_);
1667 SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures
1673 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
1675 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($source, \@fields, \%where, $order);
1677 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values);
1679 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where);
1681 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where);
1683 # Then, use these in your DBI statements
1684 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1685 $sth->execute(@bind);
1687 # Just generate the WHERE clause
1688 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, $order);
1690 # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries
1691 # See PERFORMANCE section for more details
1692 my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals);
1696 This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>.
1697 However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted
1698 to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my
1699 statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to
1700 create an abstract SQL generation module.
1702 While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are
1703 several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE
1704 clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier
1705 to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive.
1706 The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based
1707 on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that
1708 you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes,
1709 as this module figures it out.
1711 To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash
1712 of C<key=value> pairs:
1715 name => 'Jimbo Bobson',
1716 phone => '123-456-7890',
1717 address => '42 Sister Lane',
1718 city => 'St. Louis',
1719 state => 'Louisiana',
1722 The SQL can then be generated with this:
1724 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
1726 Which would give you something like this:
1728 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people
1729 (address, city, name, phone, state)
1730 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
1731 @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson',
1732 '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana');
1734 These are then used directly in your DBI code:
1736 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1737 $sth->execute(@bind);
1739 =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays
1741 If your database has array types (like for example Postgres),
1742 activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >>
1743 when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object.
1744 Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types:
1746 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1);
1748 planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/]
1751 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data);
1755 $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)"
1757 @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']);
1760 =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL
1762 In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may
1763 specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example,
1764 if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can
1765 say something like this:
1769 date_entered => \[ "to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003" ],
1772 The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are
1773 optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives
1776 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
1778 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered)
1779 VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))";
1780 @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003');
1782 An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function:
1784 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data);
1786 Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate
1787 the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll
1788 want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is
1789 where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy...
1791 =head2 Complex where statements
1793 This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements
1794 easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean
1795 equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set
1796 of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to
1797 SELECT some data based on this criteria:
1800 requestor => 'inna',
1801 worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'],
1802 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
1805 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where);
1807 The above would give you something like this:
1809 $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE
1810 ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? )
1811 AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )";
1812 @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz');
1814 Which you could then use in DBI code like so:
1816 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1817 $sth->execute(@bind);
1823 The methods are simple. There's one for every major SQL operation,
1824 and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a
1825 similar order for each method (table, then fields, then a where
1826 clause) to try and simplify things.
1828 =head2 new(option => 'value')
1830 The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns
1831 a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL
1832 through the methods below. The options accepted are:
1838 If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By
1839 default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like:
1841 SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%'
1843 Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored.
1847 This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default
1848 it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this:
1850 %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org');
1852 Will generate SQL like this:
1854 WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org'
1856 However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set
1857 C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as:
1859 WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org'
1861 You can also override the comparison on an individual basis - see
1862 the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom.
1864 =item sqltrue, sqlfalse
1866 Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements.
1867 By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used
1868 by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating
1869 correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below).
1873 This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE
1874 statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or"
1875 for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE
1879 event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
1880 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'},
1883 will generate SQL like this:
1885 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03'
1887 This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look
1888 at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify:
1890 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and');
1892 Which will change the above C<WHERE> to:
1894 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03'
1896 The logic can also be changed locally by inserting
1897 a modifier in front of an arrayref:
1899 @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
1900 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]);
1902 See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations.
1906 This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL
1907 function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument
1908 of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of
1909 case-insensitive "searches". For example, this:
1911 $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper');
1912 %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive');
1914 Will turn out the following SQL:
1916 WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive')
1918 The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function
1919 that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does
1920 not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim).
1924 This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't
1925 just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields.
1926 Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>:
1928 $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data');
1929 $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
1931 The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array,
1932 which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not.
1934 If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned.
1935 Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you
1936 specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this:
1938 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns');
1939 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...);
1942 [ 'column1', 'value1' ],
1943 [ 'column2', 'value2' ],
1944 [ 'column3', 'value3' ],
1947 You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>.
1949 $sth->prepare($stmt);
1952 my($col, $data) = @$_;
1953 if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') {
1954 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
1955 } elsif ($col eq 'image') {
1956 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB});
1958 $sth->bind_param($i, $data);
1962 $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now
1964 Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap?
1965 Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields
1966 are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple
1967 sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still
1968 get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification.
1970 Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[ $sql, @bind ]>
1971 construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>)
1972 will expect the bind values in this format.
1976 This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted
1977 with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to
1978 the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this:
1980 SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%'
1982 Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left
1983 hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For
1984 example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes
1985 that generates SQL like this:
1987 SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%'
1989 Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved
1990 words in your database's SQL dialect.
1994 This is the character that will be used to escape L</quote_char>s appearing
1995 in an identifier before it has been quoted.
1997 The parameter default in case of a single L</quote_char> character is the quote
2000 When opening-closing-style quoting is used (L</quote_char> is an arrayref)
2001 this parameter defaults to the B<closing (right)> L</quote_char>. Occurrences
2002 of the B<opening (left)> L</quote_char> within the identifier are currently left
2003 untouched. The default for opening-closing-style quotes may change in future
2004 versions, thus you are B<strongly encouraged> to specify the escape character
2009 This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is
2010 necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected,
2011 so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this:
2013 SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1
2015 =item injection_guard
2017 A regular expression C<qr/.../> that is applied to any C<-function> and unquoted
2018 column name specified in a query structure. This is a safety mechanism to avoid
2019 injection attacks when mishandling user input e.g.:
2021 my %condition_as_column_value_pairs = get_values_from_user();
2022 $sqla->select( ... , \%condition_as_column_value_pairs );
2024 If the expression matches an exception is thrown. Note that literal SQL
2025 supplied via C<\'...'> or C<\['...']> is B<not> checked in any way.
2027 Defaults to checking for C<;> and the C<GO> keyword (TransactSQL)
2029 =item array_datatypes
2031 When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are
2032 interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly
2034 When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted
2035 as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs
2036 (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing
2037 new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax
2043 Takes a reference to a list of "special operators"
2044 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2045 See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details.
2049 Takes a reference to a list of "unary operators"
2050 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2051 See section L</"UNARY OPERATORS"> for details.
2057 =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)
2059 This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name
2060 and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs.
2061 It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values.
2062 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2063 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2064 with those data types.
2066 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2067 options to generate the insert SQL. Currently supported options
2074 Takes either a scalar of raw SQL fields, or an array reference of
2075 field names, and adds on an SQL C<RETURNING> statement at the end.
2076 This allows you to return data generated by the insert statement
2077 (such as row IDs) without performing another C<SELECT> statement.
2078 Note, however, this is not part of the SQL standard and may not
2079 be supported by all database engines.
2083 =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where, \%options)
2085 This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional
2086 hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list
2088 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2089 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2090 with those data types.
2092 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2093 options to generate the update SQL. Currently supported options
2100 See the C<returning> option to
2101 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2105 =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order)
2107 This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as
2108 specified by the arguments:
2114 Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement.
2115 The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table
2116 name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2117 of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref
2118 (literal SQL, not quoted).
2122 Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from
2124 The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2125 of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a
2126 plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted).
2127 Please observe that this API is not as flexible as that of
2128 the first argument C<$source>, for backwards compatibility reasons.
2132 Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query.
2133 The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be
2134 an arrayref or plain scalar --
2135 see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details.
2139 Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query.
2140 The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref
2141 -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">
2147 =head2 delete($table, \%where, \%options)
2149 This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>.
2150 It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values.
2152 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2153 options to generate the delete SQL. Currently supported options
2160 See the C<returning> option to
2161 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2165 =head2 where(\%where, $order)
2167 This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example,
2168 if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the
2169 rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way
2170 to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE
2171 clause and list of bind values.
2174 =head2 values(\%data)
2176 This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same
2177 order that would be returned from any of the other above queries.
2178 Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you
2179 are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section.
2181 =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types)
2183 Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change.
2185 This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut.
2186 It will return two different things, depending on return context:
2188 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2189 my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2191 These would return the following:
2193 # First calling form
2194 $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)";
2195 @bind = (field1, field2);
2197 # Second calling form
2198 $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)";
2200 Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct
2201 format. In this example, the second form is what you would want.
2205 $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' });
2209 ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY'
2211 You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything
2212 else remains verbatim.
2214 =head1 EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS
2216 =head2 is_plain_value
2218 Determines if the supplied argument is a plain value as understood by this
2223 =item * The value is C<undef>
2225 =item * The value is a non-reference
2227 =item * The value is an object with stringification overloading
2229 =item * The value is of the form C<< { -value => $anything } >>
2233 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns a B<scalar> reference
2234 to the original supplied argument.
2240 The stringification overloading detection is rather advanced: it takes
2241 into consideration not only the presence of a C<""> overload, but if that
2242 fails also checks for enabled
2243 L<autogenerated versions of C<"">|overload/Magic Autogeneration>, based
2244 on either C<0+> or C<bool>.
2246 Unfortunately testing in the field indicates that this
2247 detection B<< may tickle a latent bug in perl versions before 5.018 >>,
2248 but only when very large numbers of stringifying objects are involved.
2249 At the time of writing ( Sep 2014 ) there is no clear explanation of
2250 the direct cause, nor is there a manageably small test case that reliably
2251 reproduces the problem.
2253 If you encounter any of the following exceptions in B<random places within
2254 your application stack> - this module may be to blame:
2256 Operation "ne": no method found,
2257 left argument in overloaded package <something>,
2258 right argument in overloaded package <something>
2262 Stub found while resolving method "???" overloading """" in package <something>
2264 If you fall victim to the above - please attempt to reduce the problem
2265 to something that could be sent to the L<SQL::Abstract developers
2266 |DBIx::Class/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT>
2267 (either publicly or privately). As a workaround in the meantime you can
2268 set C<$ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}> to a true
2269 value, which will most likely eliminate your problem (at the expense of
2270 not being able to properly detect exotic forms of stringification).
2272 This notice and environment variable will be removed in a future version,
2273 as soon as the underlying problem is found and a reliable workaround is
2278 =head2 is_literal_value
2280 Determines if the supplied argument is a literal value as understood by this
2285 =item * C<\$sql_string>
2287 =item * C<\[ $sql_string, @bind_values ]>
2291 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns an B<array> reference
2292 containing the unpacked version of the supplied literal SQL and bind values.
2294 =head1 WHERE CLAUSES
2298 This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It
2299 is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this
2300 module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes
2303 The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After
2304 each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used:
2306 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where);
2308 However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any
2309 of the other functions as well, as described above.
2311 =head2 Key-value pairs
2313 So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash:
2317 status => 'completed'
2320 Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements:
2322 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?";
2323 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2325 One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that
2326 a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of
2331 status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'];
2334 This simple code will create the following:
2336 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )";
2337 @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending');
2339 A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a
2340 logical false and will generate 0=1.
2342 =head2 Tests for NULL values
2344 If the value part is C<undef> then this is converted to SQL <IS NULL>
2353 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status IS NULL";
2356 To test if a column IS NOT NULL:
2360 status => { '!=', undef },
2363 =head2 Specific comparison operators
2365 If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison,
2366 you can use a hashref for a given column:
2370 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
2373 Which would generate:
2375 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?";
2376 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2378 To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref:
2380 status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] };
2382 Which would give you:
2384 "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?"
2387 The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded
2388 into an C<AND> of its elements:
2392 status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' }
2395 # Or more dynamically, like from a form
2396 $where{user} = 'nwiger';
2397 $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed';
2398 $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%';
2400 # Both generate this
2401 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?";
2402 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%');
2405 To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea:
2409 priority => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ]
2412 Which would generate:
2414 $stmt = "WHERE ( priority = ? OR priority > ? ) AND user = ?";
2415 @bind = ('2', '5', 'nwiger');
2417 If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a
2418 scalar reference or reference to an arrayref as the value:
2421 date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] },
2422 date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" }
2425 Which would generate:
2427 $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()";
2428 @bind = ('11/26/2008');
2431 =head2 Logic and nesting operators
2433 In the example above,
2434 there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like
2435 this (notice the C<AND>):
2437 WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ?
2439 Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this:
2441 priority => { '!=' => 2, '!=' => 1 }
2443 As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution
2444 is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref:
2446 priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2},
2450 Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it
2451 to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the
2452 C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries
2453 work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes
2454 B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will
2455 B<NOT> do what you think it might:
2457 priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG!
2459 Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap:
2462 status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' }
2463 status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}]
2466 status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']}
2467 status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}]
2468 status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ]
2472 =head2 Special operators: IN, BETWEEN, etc.
2474 You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the
2475 C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref:
2478 status => 'completed',
2479 reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] }
2482 Which would generate:
2484 $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)";
2485 @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2');
2487 The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in
2490 If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated
2491 (by default: C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates
2492 'sqltrue' (by default: C<1=1>).
2494 In addition to the array you can supply a chunk of literal sql or
2495 literal sql with bind:
2498 customer => { -in => \[
2499 'SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ?',
2502 status => { -in => \'SELECT status_codes FROM states' },
2508 customer IN ( SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ? )
2509 AND status IN ( SELECT status_codes FROM states )
2513 Finally, if the argument to C<-in> is not a reference, it will be
2514 treated as a single-element array.
2516 Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>,
2517 used with an arrayref of two values:
2521 completion_date => {
2522 -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06']
2528 WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? )
2530 Just like with C<-in> all plausible combinations of literal SQL
2534 start0 => { -between => [ 1, 2 ] },
2535 start1 => { -between => \["? AND ?", 1, 2] },
2536 start2 => { -between => \"lower(x) AND upper(y)" },
2537 start3 => { -between => [
2539 \["upper(?)", 'stuff' ],
2546 ( start0 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
2547 AND ( start1 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
2548 AND ( start2 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(y) )
2549 AND ( start3 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(?) )
2551 @bind = (1, 2, 1, 2, 'stuff');
2554 These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the
2555 list can be expanded: see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below.
2557 =head2 Unary operators: bool
2559 If you wish to test against boolean columns or functions within your
2560 database you can use the C<-bool> and C<-not_bool> operators. For
2561 example to test the column C<is_user> being true and the column
2562 C<is_enabled> being false you would use:-
2566 -not_bool => 'is_enabled',
2571 WHERE is_user AND NOT is_enabled
2573 If a more complex combination is required, testing more conditions,
2574 then you should use the and/or operators:-
2579 -not_bool => { two=> { -rlike => 'bar' } },
2580 -not_bool => { three => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] },
2591 (NOT ( three = ? OR three > ? ))
2594 =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes
2596 So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level
2597 C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in
2598 hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example:
2603 status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] },
2607 status => 'unassigned',
2611 This data structure would create the following:
2613 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) )
2614 OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )";
2615 @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned');
2618 Clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or>
2619 to change the logic inside:
2625 -and => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ],
2626 -or => { workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' },
2633 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ?
2634 AND ( ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? )
2635 OR ( workhrs < ? OR geo = ? ) ) )";
2636 @bind = ('nwiger', '20', 'ASIA', '50', 'EURO');
2638 =head3 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons
2640 C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or>
2641 operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting
2642 several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes
2643 C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features:
2646 -and => [a => 1, b => 2],
2647 -or => [c => 3, d => 4],
2648 e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ]
2653 WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? )
2654 OR ( c = ? OR d = ? )
2655 OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) )
2657 This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for
2658 historical reasons. So be careful: the two examples below would
2659 seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not
2662 { -like => 'foo%' },
2663 { -like => '%bar' },
2665 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) )
2668 { col => { -like => 'foo%' } },
2669 { col => { -like => '%bar' } },
2671 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) )
2674 =head2 Literal SQL and value type operators
2676 The basic premise of SQL::Abstract is that in WHERE specifications the "left
2677 side" is a column name and the "right side" is a value (normally rendered as
2678 a placeholder). This holds true for both hashrefs and arrayref pairs as you
2679 see in the L</WHERE CLAUSES> examples above. Sometimes it is necessary to
2680 alter this behavior. There are several ways of doing so.
2684 This is a virtual operator that signals the string to its right side is an
2685 identifier (a column name) and not a value. For example to compare two
2686 columns you would write:
2689 priority => { '<', 2 },
2690 requestor => { -ident => 'submitter' },
2695 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor = submitter";
2698 If you are maintaining legacy code you may see a different construct as
2699 described in L</Deprecated usage of Literal SQL>, please use C<-ident> in new
2704 This is a virtual operator that signals that the construct to its right side
2705 is a value to be passed to DBI. This is for example necessary when you want
2706 to write a where clause against an array (for RDBMS that support such
2707 datatypes). For example:
2710 array => { -value => [1, 2, 3] }
2715 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ?';
2716 @bind = ([1, 2, 3]);
2718 Note that if you were to simply say:
2724 the result would probably not be what you wanted:
2726 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ? OR array = ? OR array = ?';
2731 Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. To include a random snippet
2732 of SQL verbatim, you specify it as a scalar reference. Consider this only
2733 as a last resort. Usually there is a better way. For example:
2736 priority => { '<', 2 },
2737 requestor => { -in => \'(SELECT name FROM hitmen)' },
2742 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor IN (SELECT name FROM hitmen)"
2745 Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since
2746 the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement.
2750 Never use untrusted input as a literal SQL argument - this is a massive
2751 security risk (there is no way to check literal snippets for SQL
2752 injections and other nastyness). If you need to deal with untrusted input
2753 use literal SQL with placeholders as described next.
2755 =head3 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)
2757 If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values,
2758 use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference --
2759 not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date
2760 in Postgres you can use something like this:
2763 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", 10 ]
2768 $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )"
2771 Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned
2772 by L<where|/where(\%where, $order)>. This means that if you set L</bindtype>
2773 to C<columns>, you must provide the bind values in the
2774 C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where C<column_meta> is an opaque
2775 scalar value; most commonly the column name, but you can use any scalar value
2776 (including references and blessed references), L<SQL::Abstract> will simply
2777 pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set to C<columns> the above
2778 example will look like:
2781 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", [ {} => 10 ] ]
2784 Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the
2785 main SQL query. Here is a first example:
2787 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?",
2791 bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2796 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1
2797 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))";
2798 @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%");
2800 Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">,
2801 are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and
2802 its associated bind values can be generated through a former call
2805 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
2806 = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100},
2807 c3 => {-like => "foo%"}});
2810 bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2813 In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column;
2814 but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where>
2815 hash, like an EXISTS subquery:
2817 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
2818 = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"});
2819 my %where = ( -and => [
2821 \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2826 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1
2827 WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))";
2831 Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to
2832 column C<t0.c0> of the main query: this is I<not> a bind
2833 value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref.
2834 Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated
2835 C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly
2836 what we wanted here.
2838 Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used
2839 for expressing unary negation:
2841 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
2842 = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]});
2843 $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause
2845 lname => {like => '%son%'},
2846 \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2851 $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )"
2852 @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20)
2854 =head3 Deprecated usage of Literal SQL
2856 Below are some examples of archaic use of literal SQL. It is shown only as
2857 reference for those who deal with legacy code. Each example has a much
2858 better, cleaner and safer alternative that users should opt for in new code.
2864 my %where = ( requestor => \'IS NOT NULL' )
2866 $stmt = "WHERE requestor IS NOT NULL"
2868 This used to be the way of generating NULL comparisons, before the handling
2869 of C<undef> got formalized. For new code please use the superior syntax as
2870 described in L</Tests for NULL values>.
2874 my %where = ( requestor => \'= submitter' )
2876 $stmt = "WHERE requestor = submitter"
2878 This used to be the only way to compare columns. Use the superior L</-ident>
2879 method for all new code. For example an identifier declared in such a way
2880 will be properly quoted if L</quote_char> is properly set, while the legacy
2881 form will remain as supplied.
2885 my %where = ( is_ready => \"", completed => { '>', '2012-12-21' } )
2887 $stmt = "WHERE completed > ? AND is_ready"
2888 @bind = ('2012-12-21')
2890 Using an empty string literal used to be the only way to express a boolean.
2891 For all new code please use the much more readable
2892 L<-bool|/Unary operators: bool> operator.
2898 These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data
2899 structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the
2900 module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function
2901 internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a
2902 little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best
2903 format for your data based on that.
2905 And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with
2906 variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you
2907 knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about
2908 dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your
2911 =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES
2913 Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a
2914 column name), a hashref of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' }
2915 >>, a scalarref, an arrayref-ref, or an arrayref of any of the previous
2918 Given | Will Generate
2919 ---------------------------------------------------------------
2921 'colA' | ORDER BY colA
2923 [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB
2925 {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC
2927 {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC
2929 ['colA', {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC
2931 { -asc => [qw/colA colB/] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC
2933 \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC
2935 \[ 'FUNC(colA, ?)', $x ] | ORDER BY FUNC(colA, ?)
2936 | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
2939 { -asc => 'colA' }, | colA ASC,
2940 { -desc => [qw/colB/] }, | colB DESC,
2941 { -asc => [qw/colC colD/] },| colC ASC, colD ASC,
2942 \'colE DESC', | colE DESC,
2943 \[ 'FUNC(colF, ?)', $x ], | FUNC(colF, ?)
2944 ] | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
2945 ===============================================================
2949 =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS
2951 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
2955 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
2961 handler => 'method_name',
2965 A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
2966 applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator.
2969 WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?)
2970 WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ?
2971 WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?)
2973 Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore
2974 are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract> (as the overridable methods
2975 C<_where_field_IN> and C<_where_field_BETWEEN>). For other operators,
2976 like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is specific to MySQL,
2977 you can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<special_ops>
2978 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
2979 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
2986 the regular expression to match the operator
2990 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
2991 the expected return is C<< ($sql, @bind) >>.
2993 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
2994 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
2996 $self->$method_name($field, $op, $arg)
3000 $field is the LHS of the operator
3001 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
3004 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
3006 $coderef->($self, $field, $op, $arg)
3011 For example, here is an implementation
3012 of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL
3014 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
3016 # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...)
3017 {regex => qr/^match$/i,
3019 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
3020 $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg;
3021 my $label = $self->_quote($field);
3022 my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?');
3023 my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg);
3024 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) "
3025 . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) ";
3026 my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg);
3027 return ($sql, @bind);
3034 =head1 UNARY OPERATORS
3036 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(unary_ops => [
3040 my ($self, $op, $arg) = @_;
3046 handler => 'method_name',
3050 A "unary operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
3051 applied to a field - the operator goes before the field
3053 You can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<unary_ops>
3054 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
3055 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
3062 the regular expression to match the operator
3066 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
3067 the expected return is C<< $sql >>.
3069 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
3070 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
3072 $self->$method_name($op, $arg)
3076 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
3077 $arg is the RHS or argument of the operator
3079 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
3081 $coderef->($self, $op, $arg)
3089 Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that
3090 this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>.
3091 I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a
3092 byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles
3095 To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following:
3097 # prepare a statement handle using the first row
3098 # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows
3100 for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) {
3101 $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href);
3102 $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt);
3103 $sth->execute($sql->values($href));
3106 The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted
3107 internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains
3108 the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time
3109 around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided
3110 by this module to return your values in the correct order.
3112 However this depends on the values having the same type - if, for
3113 example, the values of a where clause may either have values
3114 (resulting in sql of the form C<column = ?> with a single bind
3115 value), or alternatively the values might be C<undef> (resulting in
3116 sql of the form C<column IS NULL> with no bind value) then the
3117 caching technique suggested will not work.
3121 If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully
3122 really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query
3123 can be as simple as the following:
3130 use CGI::FormBuilder;
3133 my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...);
3134 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
3136 if ($form->submitted) {
3137 my $field = $form->field;
3138 my $id = delete $field->{id};
3139 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id});
3142 Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the
3143 query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your
3144 table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic.
3146 If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for
3147 a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently
3148 use these three modules together to write complex database query
3149 apps in under 50 lines.
3151 =head1 HOW TO CONTRIBUTE
3153 Contributions are always welcome, in all usable forms (we especially
3154 welcome documentation improvements). The delivery methods include git-
3155 or unified-diff formatted patches, GitHub pull requests, or plain bug
3156 reports either via RT or the Mailing list. Contributors are generally
3157 granted full access to the official repository after their first several
3158 patches pass successful review.
3160 This project is maintained in a git repository. The code and related tools are
3161 accessible at the following locations:
3165 =item * Official repo: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3167 =item * Official gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3169 =item * GitHub mirror: L<https://github.com/dbsrgits/sql-abstract>
3171 =item * Authorized committers: L<ssh://dbsrgits@git.shadowcat.co.uk/SQL-Abstract.git>
3177 Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>.
3178 Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior
3179 documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however,
3180 some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved
3181 differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order
3182 to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying
3183 on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.*
3184 B<might behave differently> in v1.50.
3186 The main changes are:
3192 support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [ $sql, @bind ] >> syntax.
3196 support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL)
3200 support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values)
3204 optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays">
3208 defensive programming: check arguments
3212 fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented
3213 through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would
3214 interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >>
3215 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>.
3216 Now this is interpreted
3217 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>.
3222 fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args
3226 dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary,
3227 we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree.
3231 dropped the C<_modlogic> function
3235 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
3237 There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with
3238 this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN
3239 so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are:
3241 Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support)
3242 Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support)
3243 Mark Stosberg (benchmarking)
3244 Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support)
3245 Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions)
3246 Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support)
3247 Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE")
3248 Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep")
3249 Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by)
3250 Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL)
3251 Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests)
3252 Peter Rabbitson (rewrite of SQLA::Test, misc. fixes & tests)
3253 Oliver Charles (support for "RETURNING" after "INSERT")
3259 L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>.
3263 Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved.
3265 This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
3267 For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list.
3268 While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of
3269 C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with
3270 how to create queries.
3274 This module is free software; you may copy this under the same
3275 terms as perl itself (either the GNU General Public License or
3276 the Artistic License)