1 package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file
10 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(is_plain_value is_literal_value);
20 *SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION = $ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}
26 #======================================================================
28 #======================================================================
30 our $VERSION = '1.86';
32 # This would confuse some packagers
33 $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases
37 # special operators (-in, -between). May be extended/overridden by user.
38 # See section WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS below for implementation
39 my @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS = (
40 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? between $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
41 {regex => qr/^ is (?: \s+ not )? $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
42 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? in $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
43 {regex => qr/^ ident $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
44 {regex => qr/^ value $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
47 #======================================================================
48 # DEBUGGING AND ERROR REPORTING
49 #======================================================================
52 return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster
53 my $func = (caller(1))[3];
54 warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n";
58 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
59 Carp::carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_;
63 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
64 Carp::croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_;
67 sub is_literal_value ($) {
68 ref $_[0] eq 'SCALAR' ? [ ${$_[0]} ]
69 : ( ref $_[0] eq 'REF' and ref ${$_[0]} eq 'ARRAY' ) ? [ @${ $_[0] } ]
73 sub is_undef_value ($) {
77 and exists $_[0]->{-value}
78 and not defined $_[0]->{-value}
82 # FIXME XSify - this can be done so much more efficiently
83 sub is_plain_value ($) {
85 ! length ref $_[0] ? \($_[0])
87 ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' and keys %{$_[0]} == 1
89 exists $_[0]->{-value}
90 ) ? \($_[0]->{-value})
92 # reuse @_ for even moar speedz
93 defined ( $_[1] = Scalar::Util::blessed $_[0] )
95 # deliberately not using Devel::OverloadInfo - the checks we are
96 # intersted in are much more limited than the fullblown thing, and
97 # this is a very hot piece of code
99 # simply using ->can('(""') can leave behind stub methods that
100 # break actually using the overload later (see L<perldiag/Stub
101 # found while resolving method "%s" overloading "%s" in package
102 # "%s"> and the source of overload::mycan())
104 # either has stringification which DBI SHOULD prefer out of the box
105 grep { *{ (qq[${_}::(""]) }{CODE} } @{ $_[2] = mro::get_linear_isa( $_[1] ) }
107 # has nummification or boolification, AND fallback is *not* disabled
109 SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION
112 grep { *{"${_}::(0+"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
114 grep { *{"${_}::(bool"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
118 # no fallback specified at all
119 ! ( ($_[3]) = grep { *{"${_}::()"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} )
121 # fallback explicitly undef
122 ! defined ${"$_[3]::()"}
135 #======================================================================
137 #======================================================================
141 my $class = ref($self) || $self;
142 my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_;
144 # choose our case by keeping an option around
145 delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower';
147 # default logic for interpreting arrayrefs
148 $opt{logic} = $opt{logic} ? uc $opt{logic} : 'OR';
150 # how to return bind vars
151 $opt{bindtype} ||= 'normal';
153 # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden
156 # try to recognize which are the 'equality' and 'inequality' ops
157 # (temporary quickfix (in 2007), should go through a more seasoned API)
158 $opt{equality_op} = qr/^( \Q$opt{cmp}\E | \= )$/ix;
159 $opt{inequality_op} = qr/^( != | <> )$/ix;
161 $opt{like_op} = qr/^ (is_)?r?like $/xi;
162 $opt{not_like_op} = qr/^ (is_)?not_r?like $/xi;
165 $opt{sqltrue} ||= '1=1';
166 $opt{sqlfalse} ||= '0=1';
169 $opt{special_ops} ||= [];
171 if ($class->isa('DBIx::Class::SQLMaker')) {
172 $opt{warn_once_on_nest} = 1;
173 $opt{disable_old_special_ops} = 1;
177 $opt{unary_ops} ||= [];
179 # rudimentary sanity-check for user supplied bits treated as functions/operators
180 # If a purported function matches this regular expression, an exception is thrown.
181 # Literal SQL is *NOT* subject to this check, only functions (and column names
182 # when quoting is not in effect)
185 # need to guard against ()'s in column names too, but this will break tons of
186 # hacks... ideas anyone?
187 $opt{injection_guard} ||= qr/
193 $opt{expand_unary} = {};
196 not => '_expand_not',
197 bool => '_expand_bool',
198 and => '_expand_op_andor',
199 or => '_expand_op_andor',
200 nest => '_expand_nest',
201 bind => '_expand_bind',
203 not_in => '_expand_in',
204 row => '_expand_row',
205 between => '_expand_between',
206 not_between => '_expand_between',
208 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_is'), ('is', 'is_not')),
209 ident => '_expand_ident',
210 value => '_expand_value',
214 'between' => '_expand_between',
215 'not_between' => '_expand_between',
216 'in' => '_expand_in',
217 'not_in' => '_expand_in',
218 'nest' => '_expand_nest',
219 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_andor'), ('and', 'or')),
220 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_is'), ('is', 'is_not')),
221 'ident' => '_expand_ident',
222 'value' => '_expand_value',
226 (map +($_, "_render_$_"), qw(op func bind ident literal row)),
231 (map +($_ => '_render_op_between'), 'between', 'not_between'),
232 (map +($_ => '_render_op_in'), 'in', 'not_in'),
233 (map +($_ => '_render_unop_postfix'),
234 'is_null', 'is_not_null', 'asc', 'desc',
236 (not => '_render_unop_paren'),
237 (map +($_ => '_render_op_andor'), qw(and or)),
238 ',' => '_render_op_multop',
241 return bless \%opt, $class;
244 sub sqltrue { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqltrue} ] } }
245 sub sqlfalse { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqlfalse} ] } }
247 sub _assert_pass_injection_guard {
248 if ($_[1] =~ $_[0]->{injection_guard}) {
249 my $class = ref $_[0];
250 puke "Possible SQL injection attempt '$_[1]'. If this is indeed a part of the "
251 . "desired SQL use literal SQL ( \'...' or \[ '...' ] ) or supply your own "
252 . "{injection_guard} attribute to ${class}->new()"
257 #======================================================================
259 #======================================================================
263 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
264 my $data = shift || return;
269 my ($f_aqt, $v_aqt) = do {
270 if (is_literal_value($data)) {
271 (undef, $self->expand_expr($data));
273 my ($fields, $values) = (
274 ref($data) eq 'HASH' ?
275 ([ sort keys %$data ], [ @{$data}{sort keys %$data} ])
279 # no names (arrayref) means can't generate bindtype
280 !($fields) && $self->{bindtype} eq 'columns'
281 && belch "can't do 'columns' bindtype when called with arrayref";
285 ? $self->expand_expr({ -row => $fields }, -ident)
290 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $fields->[$_];
291 $self->_expand_insert_value($values->[$_])
298 my @parts = ([ $self->_sqlcase('insert into').' '.$table ]);
299 push @parts, [ $self->render_aqt($f_aqt) ] if $f_aqt;
300 push @parts, [ $self->render_aqt($v_aqt) ];
301 $parts[-1][0] =~ s/^/VALUES /;
303 if ($options->{returning}) {
304 push @parts, [ $self->_insert_returning($options) ];
307 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_join_parts(' ', @parts);
309 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
312 # So that subclasses can override INSERT ... RETURNING separately from
313 # UPDATE and DELETE (e.g. DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::Oracle does this)
314 sub _insert_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
317 my ($self, $options) = @_;
319 my $f = $options->{returning};
321 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt(
322 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($f, -ident)
325 ? $self->_sqlcase(' returning ') . $sql
326 : ($self->_sqlcase(' returning ').$sql, @bind);
329 sub _expand_insert_value {
332 my $k = our $Cur_Col_Meta;
334 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
335 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) {
336 return +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] };
338 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
339 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
340 return +{ -literal => $v };
342 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
343 if (grep !/^-/, keys %$v) {
344 belch "HASH ref as bind value in insert is not supported";
345 return +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] };
349 return +{ -bind => [ $k, undef ] };
351 return $self->expand_expr($v);
356 #======================================================================
358 #======================================================================
363 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
364 my $data = shift || return;
368 # first build the 'SET' part of the sql statement
369 puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update"
370 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
372 my ($sql, @all_bind) = $self->_update_set_values($data);
373 $sql = $self->_sqlcase('update ') . $table . $self->_sqlcase(' set ')
377 my($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where);
379 push @all_bind, @where_bind;
382 if ($options->{returning}) {
383 my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_update_returning($options);
384 $sql .= $returning_sql;
385 push @all_bind, @returning_bind;
388 return wantarray ? ($sql, @all_bind) : $sql;
391 sub _update_set_values {
392 my ($self, $data) = @_;
394 return $self->render_aqt(
395 $self->_expand_update_set_values($data),
399 sub _expand_update_set_values {
400 my ($self, $data) = @_;
401 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr( [
404 $set = { -bind => $_ } unless defined $set;
405 +{ -op => [ '=', $self->_expand_ident(-ident => $k), $set ] };
411 ? ($self->{array_datatypes}
412 ? [ $k, +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] } ]
413 : [ $k, +{ -literal => $v } ])
415 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
416 [ $k, $self->_expand_expr($v) ]
423 # So that subclasses can override UPDATE ... RETURNING separately from
425 sub _update_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
429 #======================================================================
431 #======================================================================
436 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
437 my $fields = shift || '*';
441 my ($fields_sql, @bind) = $self->_select_fields($fields);
443 my ($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where, $order);
444 push @bind, @where_bind;
446 my $sql = join(' ', $self->_sqlcase('select'), $fields_sql,
447 $self->_sqlcase('from'), $table)
450 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
454 my ($self, $fields) = @_;
455 return $fields unless ref($fields);
456 return $self->render_aqt(
457 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($fields, '-ident')
461 #======================================================================
463 #======================================================================
468 my $table = $self->_table(shift);
472 my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where);
473 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('delete from ') . $table . $where_sql;
475 if ($options->{returning}) {
476 my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_delete_returning($options);
477 $sql .= $returning_sql;
478 push @bind, @returning_bind;
481 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
484 # So that subclasses can override DELETE ... RETURNING separately from
486 sub _delete_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
490 #======================================================================
492 #======================================================================
496 # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses
498 my ($self, $where, $order) = @_;
500 local $self->{convert_where} = $self->{convert};
503 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where)
504 ? $self->_recurse_where($where)
506 $sql = (defined $sql and length $sql) ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : '';
510 my ($order_sql, @order_bind) = $self->_order_by($order);
512 push @bind, @order_bind;
515 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
518 { our $Default_Scalar_To = -value }
521 my ($self, $expr, $default_scalar_to) = @_;
522 local our $Default_Scalar_To = $default_scalar_to if $default_scalar_to;
523 $self->_expand_expr($expr);
527 my ($self, $aqt) = @_;
528 my ($k, $v, @rest) = %$aqt;
530 die "Not a node type: $k" unless $k =~ s/^-//;
531 if (my $meth = $self->{render}{$k}) {
532 return $self->$meth($v);
534 die "notreached: $k";
538 my ($self, $expr, $default_scalar_to) = @_;
539 $self->render_aqt($self->expand_expr($expr, $default_scalar_to));
543 my ($self, $raw) = @_;
544 s/^-(?=.)//, s/\s+/_/g for my $op = lc $raw;
549 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
550 our $Expand_Depth ||= 0; local $Expand_Depth = $Expand_Depth + 1;
551 return undef unless defined($expr);
552 if (ref($expr) eq 'HASH') {
553 return undef unless my $kc = keys %$expr;
555 return $self->_expand_op_andor(and => $expr);
557 my ($key, $value) = %$expr;
558 if ($key =~ /^-/ and $key =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) {
559 belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. '
560 . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ $key => COND1, $key => COND2 ... ]";
562 return $self->_expand_hashpair($key, $value);
564 if (ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY') {
565 return $self->_expand_op_andor(lc($self->{logic}), $expr);
567 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($expr)) {
568 return +{ -literal => $literal };
570 if (!ref($expr) or Scalar::Util::blessed($expr)) {
571 return $self->_expand_scalar($expr);
576 sub _expand_hashpair {
577 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
578 unless (defined($k) and length($k)) {
579 if (defined($k) and my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
580 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
581 return { -literal => $literal };
583 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported";
586 return $self->_expand_hashpair_op($k, $v);
588 return $self->_expand_hashpair_ident($k, $v);
591 sub _expand_hashpair_ident {
592 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
594 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
596 # hash with multiple or no elements is andor
598 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH' and keys %$v != 1) {
599 return $self->_expand_op_andor(and => $v, $k);
602 # undef needs to be re-sent with cmp to achieve IS/IS NOT NULL
604 if (is_undef_value($v)) {
605 return $self->_expand_hashpair_cmp($k => undef);
608 # scalars and objects get expanded as whatever requested or values
610 if (!ref($v) or Scalar::Util::blessed($v)) {
611 return $self->_expand_hashpair_scalar($k, $v);
614 # single key hashref is a hashtriple
616 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
617 return $self->_expand_hashtriple($k, %$v);
620 # arrayref needs re-engineering over the elements
622 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
623 return $self->sqlfalse unless @$v;
624 $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements");
626 $v->[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i
627 ? (shift(@{$v = [ @$v ]}), $1)
628 : lc($self->{logic} || 'OR')
630 return $self->_expand_op_andor(
635 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
637 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
640 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
641 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
643 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype($_);
646 return +{ -literal => [ $self->_quote($k).' '.$sql, @bind ] };
652 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
654 return $self->_expand_expr({ (our $Default_Scalar_To) => $expr });
657 sub _expand_hashpair_scalar {
658 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
660 return $self->_expand_hashpair_cmp(
661 $k, $self->_expand_scalar($v),
665 sub _expand_hashpair_op {
666 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
668 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($k =~ /\A-(.*)\Z/s);
670 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($k);
672 if (my $exp = $self->{expand}{$op}) {
673 return $self->$exp($op, $v);
676 # Ops prefixed with -not_ get converted
678 if (my ($rest) = $op =~/^not_(.*)$/) {
681 $self->_expand_expr({ "-${rest}", $v })
687 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
689 # the old special op system requires illegality for top-level use
692 (our $Expand_Depth) == 1
694 List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}
696 $self->{disable_old_special_ops}
697 and List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS
701 puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'"
704 # the old unary op system means we should touch nothing and let it work
706 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
707 return { -op => [ $op, $v ] };
711 # an explicit node type is currently assumed to be expanded (this is almost
712 # certainly wrong and there should be expansion anyway)
714 if ($self->{render}{$op}) {
718 # hashref RHS values get expanded and used as op/func args
723 and (keys %$v)[0] =~ /^-/
725 my ($func) = $k =~ /^-(.*)$/;
727 if (List::Util::first { $func =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}) {
728 return +{ -op => [ $func, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] };
731 return +{ -func => [ $func, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] };
734 # scalars and literals get simply expanded
736 if (!ref($v) or is_literal_value($v)) {
737 return +{ -op => [ $op, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] };
743 sub _expand_hashpair_cmp {
744 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
745 $self->_expand_hashtriple($k, $self->{cmp}, $v);
748 sub _expand_hashtriple {
749 my ($self, $k, $vk, $vv) = @_;
751 my $ik = $self->_expand_ident(-ident => $k);
753 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($vk);
754 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op);
756 if ($op =~ s/ _? \d+ $//x ) {
757 return $self->_expand_expr($k, { $vk, $vv });
759 if (my $x = $self->{expand_op}{$op}) {
760 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
761 return $self->$x($op, $vv, $k);
765 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
767 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}) {
768 return { -op => [ $op, $ik, $vv ] };
770 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
774 { -op => [ $op, $vv ] }
778 if (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY') {
780 my $logic = (defined($raw[0]) and $raw[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i)
781 ? (shift(@raw), $1) : 'or';
782 my @values = map +{ $vk => $_ }, @raw;
784 $op =~ $self->{inequality_op}
785 or $op =~ $self->{not_like_op}
787 if (lc($logic) eq 'or' and @values > 1) {
788 belch "A multi-element arrayref as an argument to the inequality op '${\uc(join ' ', split '_', $op)}' "
789 . 'is technically equivalent to an always-true 1=1 (you probably wanted '
790 . "to say ...{ \$inequality_op => [ -and => \@values ] }... instead)"
795 # try to DWIM on equality operators
796 return ($self->_dwim_op_to_is($op,
797 "Supplying an empty arrayref to '%s' is deprecated",
798 "operator '%s' applied on an empty array (field '$k')"
799 ) ? $self->sqlfalse : $self->sqltrue);
801 return $self->_expand_op_andor($logic => \@values, $k);
803 if (is_undef_value($vv)) {
804 my $is = ($self->_dwim_op_to_is($op,
805 "Supplying an undefined argument to '%s' is deprecated",
806 "unexpected operator '%s' with undef operand",
807 ) ? 'is' : 'is not');
809 return $self->_expand_hashpair($k => { $is, undef });
811 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
815 $self->_expand_expr($vv)
820 my ($self, $raw, $empty, $fail) = @_;
822 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($raw);
824 if ($op =~ /^not$/i) {
827 if ($op =~ $self->{equality_op}) {
830 if ($op =~ $self->{like_op}) {
831 belch(sprintf $empty, uc(join ' ', split '_', $op));
834 if ($op =~ $self->{inequality_op}) {
837 if ($op =~ $self->{not_like_op}) {
838 belch(sprintf $empty, uc(join ' ', split '_', $op));
841 puke(sprintf $fail, $op);
845 my ($self, undef, $body, $k) = @_;
846 return $self->_expand_hashpair_cmp(
847 $k, { -ident => $body }
849 unless (defined($body) or (ref($body) and ref($body) eq 'ARRAY')) {
850 puke "-ident requires a single plain scalar argument (a quotable identifier) or an arrayref of identifier parts";
852 my @parts = map split(/\Q${\($self->{name_sep}||'.')}\E/, $_),
853 ref($body) ? @$body : $body;
854 return { -ident => $parts[-1] } if $self->{_dequalify_idents};
855 unless ($self->{quote_char}) {
856 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_) for @parts;
858 return +{ -ident => \@parts };
862 return $_[0]->_expand_hashpair_cmp(
863 $_[3], { -value => $_[2] },
865 +{ -bind => [ our $Cur_Col_Meta, $_[2] ] };
869 +{ -op => [ 'not', $_[0]->_expand_expr($_[2]) ] };
873 my ($self, undef, $args) = @_;
874 +{ -row => [ map $self->expand_expr($_), @$args ] };
878 my ($self, undef, $args) = @_;
879 my ($op, @opargs) = @$args;
880 if (my $exp = $self->{expand_op}{$op}) {
881 return $self->$exp($op, \@opargs);
883 +{ -op => [ $op, map $self->expand_expr($_), @opargs ] };
887 my ($self, undef, $v) = @_;
889 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
891 puke "-bool => undef not supported" unless defined($v);
892 return $self->_expand_ident(-ident => $v);
895 sub _expand_op_andor {
896 my ($self, $logop, $v, $k) = @_;
898 $v = [ map +{ $k, $_ },
900 ? (map +{ $_ => $v->{$_} }, sort keys %$v)
904 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
905 return undef unless keys %$v;
908 map $self->_expand_expr({ $_ => $v->{$_} }),
912 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
913 $logop eq 'and' or $logop eq 'or' or puke "unknown logic: $logop";
916 (ref($_) eq 'ARRAY' and @$_)
917 or (ref($_) eq 'HASH' and %$_)
923 while (my ($el) = splice @expr, 0, 1) {
924 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in array-pairs"
925 unless defined($el) and length($el);
926 my $elref = ref($el);
928 local our $Expand_Depth = 0;
929 push(@res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr({ $el, shift(@expr) }));
930 } elsif ($elref eq 'ARRAY') {
931 push(@res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr($el)) if @$el;
932 } elsif (my $l = is_literal_value($el)) {
933 push @res, { -literal => $l };
934 } elsif ($elref eq 'HASH') {
935 local our $Expand_Depth = 0;
936 push @res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr($el) if %$el;
942 # return $res[0] if @res == 1;
943 return { -op => [ $logop, @res ] };
949 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
950 ($k, $vv) = @$vv unless defined $k;
951 puke "$op can only take undef as argument"
955 and exists($vv->{-value})
956 and !defined($vv->{-value})
958 return +{ -op => [ $op.'_null', $self->expand_expr($k, -ident) ] };
961 sub _expand_between {
962 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
963 $k = shift @{$vv = [ @$vv ]} unless defined $k;
964 my @rhs = map $self->_expand_expr($_),
965 ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv;
967 (@rhs == 1 and ref($rhs[0]) eq 'HASH' and $rhs[0]->{-literal})
969 (@rhs == 2 and defined($rhs[0]) and defined($rhs[1]))
971 puke "Operator '${\uc($op)}' requires either an arrayref with two defined values or expressions, or a single literal scalarref/arrayref-ref";
975 $self->expand_expr(ref($k) ? $k : { -ident => $k }),
981 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
982 $k = shift @{$vv = [ @$vv ]} unless defined $k;
983 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($vv)) {
984 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
985 my $opened_sql = $self->_open_outer_paren($sql);
987 $op, $self->expand_expr($k, -ident),
988 { -literal => [ $opened_sql, @bind ] }
992 'SQL::Abstract before v1.75 used to generate incorrect SQL when the '
993 . "-${\uc($op)} operator was given an undef-containing list: !!!AUDIT YOUR CODE "
994 . 'AND DATA!!! (the upcoming Data::Query-based version of SQL::Abstract '
995 . 'will emit the logically correct SQL instead of raising this exception)'
997 puke("Argument passed to the '${\uc($op)}' operator can not be undefined")
999 my @rhs = map $self->expand_expr($_, -value),
1000 map { defined($_) ? $_: puke($undef_err) }
1001 (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv);
1002 return $self->${\($op =~ /^not/ ? 'sqltrue' : 'sqlfalse')} unless @rhs;
1006 $self->expand_expr($k, -ident),
1012 my ($self, undef, $v) = @_;
1013 # DBIx::Class requires a nest warning to be emitted once but the private
1014 # method it overrode to do so no longer exists
1015 if ($self->{warn_once_on_nest}) {
1016 unless (our $Nest_Warned) {
1018 "-nest in search conditions is deprecated, you most probably wanted:\n"
1019 .q|{..., -and => [ \%cond0, \@cond1, \'cond2', \[ 'cond3', [ col => bind ] ], etc. ], ... }|
1024 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
1028 my ($self, undef, $bind) = @_;
1029 return { -bind => $bind };
1032 sub _recurse_where {
1033 my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_;
1035 # Special case: top level simple string treated as literal
1037 my $where_exp = (ref($where)
1038 ? $self->_expand_expr($where, $logic)
1039 : { -literal => [ $where ] });
1041 # dispatch expanded expression
1043 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where_exp) ? $self->render_aqt($where_exp) : (undef);
1044 # DBIx::Class used to call _recurse_where in scalar context
1045 # something else might too...
1047 return ($sql, @bind);
1050 belch "Calling _recurse_where in scalar context is deprecated and will go away before 2.0";
1056 my ($self, $ident) = @_;
1058 return $self->_convert($self->_quote($ident));
1062 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1063 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_op([ ',', @$values ]);
1064 return "($sql)", @bind;
1068 my ($self, $rest) = @_;
1069 my ($func, @args) = @$rest;
1073 push @arg_sql, shift @x;
1075 } map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], @args;
1076 return ($self->_sqlcase($func).'('.join(', ', @arg_sql).')', @bind);
1080 my ($self, $bind) = @_;
1081 return ($self->_convert('?'), $self->_bindtype(@$bind));
1084 sub _render_literal {
1085 my ($self, $literal) = @_;
1086 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@{$literal}[1..$#$literal]);
1091 my ($self, $v) = @_;
1092 my ($op, @args) = @$v;
1093 if (my $r = $self->{render_op}{$op}) {
1094 return $self->$r($op, \@args);
1099 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
1101 my $ss = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}};
1102 if ($ss and @args > 1) {
1103 puke "Special op '${op}' requires first value to be identifier"
1104 unless my ($ident) = map $_->{-ident}, grep ref($_) eq 'HASH', $args[0];
1105 my $k = join(($self->{name_sep}||'.'), @$ident);
1106 local our $Expand_Depth = 1;
1107 return $self->${\($ss->{handler})}($k, $op, $args[1]);
1109 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
1110 return $self->${\($us->{handler})}($op, $args[0]);
1113 return $self->_render_unop_paren($op, \@args);
1117 return $self->_render_unop_prefix($op, \@args);
1119 return $self->_render_op_multop($op, \@args);
1125 sub _render_op_between {
1126 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1127 my ($left, $low, $high) = @$args;
1128 my ($rhsql, @rhbind) = do {
1130 puke "Single arg to between must be a literal"
1131 unless $low->{-literal};
1134 my ($l, $h) = map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], $low, $high;
1135 (join(' ', $l->[0], $self->_sqlcase('and'), $h->[0]),
1136 @{$l}[1..$#$l], @{$h}[1..$#$h])
1139 my ($lhsql, @lhbind) = $self->render_aqt($left);
1143 $self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op),
1151 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1152 my ($lhs, @rhs) = @$args;
1155 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($_);
1156 push @in_bind, @bind;
1159 my ($lhsql, @lbind) = $self->render_aqt($lhs);
1161 $lhsql.' '.$self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op).' ( '
1162 .join(', ', @in_sql)
1168 sub _render_op_andor {
1169 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1170 my @parts = grep length($_->[0]), map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], @$args;
1171 return '' unless @parts;
1172 return @{$parts[0]} if @parts == 1;
1173 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_join_parts(' '.$self->_sqlcase($op).' ', @parts);
1174 return '( '.$sql.' )', @bind;
1177 sub _render_op_multop {
1178 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1179 my @parts = grep length($_->[0]), map [ $self->render_aqt($_) ], @$args;
1180 return '' unless @parts;
1181 return @{$parts[0]} if @parts == 1;
1182 my $join = ($op eq ','
1184 : ' '.$self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op).' '
1186 return $self->_join_parts($join, @parts);
1190 my ($self, $join, @parts) = @_;
1192 join($join, map $_->[0], @parts),
1193 map @{$_}[1..$#$_], @parts
1197 sub _render_unop_paren {
1198 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1199 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_unop_prefix($op, $v);
1200 return "(${sql})", @bind;
1203 sub _render_unop_prefix {
1204 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1205 my ($expr_sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($v->[0]);
1207 my $op_sql = $self->_sqlcase($op); # join ' ', split '_', $op);
1208 return ("${op_sql} ${expr_sql}", @bind);
1211 sub _render_unop_postfix {
1212 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1213 my ($expr_sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($v->[0]);
1214 my $op_sql = $self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $op);
1215 return ($expr_sql.' '.$op_sql, @bind);
1218 # Some databases (SQLite) treat col IN (1, 2) different from
1219 # col IN ( (1, 2) ). Use this to strip all outer parens while
1220 # adding them back in the corresponding method
1221 sub _open_outer_paren {
1222 my ($self, $sql) = @_;
1224 while (my ($inner) = $sql =~ /^ \s* \( (.*) \) \s* $/xs) {
1226 # there are closing parens inside, need the heavy duty machinery
1227 # to reevaluate the extraction starting from $sql (full reevaluation)
1228 if ($inner =~ /\)/) {
1229 require Text::Balanced;
1231 my (undef, $remainder) = do {
1232 # idiotic design - writes to $@ but *DOES NOT* throw exceptions
1234 Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed($sql, '()', qr/\s*/);
1237 # the entire expression needs to be a balanced bracketed thing
1238 # (after an extract no remainder sans trailing space)
1239 last if defined $remainder and $remainder =~ /\S/;
1249 #======================================================================
1251 #======================================================================
1253 sub _expand_order_by {
1254 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1256 return unless defined($arg) and not (ref($arg) eq 'ARRAY' and !@$arg);
1258 my $expander = sub {
1259 my ($self, $dir, $expr) = @_;
1260 my @to_expand = ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$expr : $expr;
1261 foreach my $arg (@to_expand) {
1265 and grep /^-(asc|desc)$/, keys %$arg
1267 puke "ordering direction hash passed to order by must have exactly one key (-asc or -desc)";
1271 defined($dir) ? { -op => [ $dir =~ /^-?(.*)$/ ,=> $_ ] } : $_
1273 map $self->expand_expr($_, -ident),
1274 map ref($_) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$_ : $_, @to_expand;
1275 return undef unless @exp;
1276 return undef if @exp == 1 and not defined($exp[0]);
1277 return +{ -op => [ ',', @exp ] };
1280 local @{$self->{expand}}{qw(asc desc)} = (($expander) x 2);
1282 return $self->$expander(undef, $arg);
1286 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1288 return '' unless defined(my $expanded = $self->_expand_order_by($arg));
1290 my ($sql, @bind) = $self->render_aqt($expanded);
1292 return '' unless length($sql);
1294 my $final_sql = $self->_sqlcase(' order by ').$sql;
1296 return wantarray ? ($final_sql, @bind) : $final_sql;
1299 # _order_by no longer needs to call this so doesn't but DBIC uses it.
1301 sub _order_by_chunks {
1302 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1304 return () unless defined(my $expanded = $self->_expand_order_by($arg));
1306 return $self->_chunkify_order_by($expanded);
1309 sub _chunkify_order_by {
1310 my ($self, $expanded) = @_;
1312 return grep length, $self->render_aqt($expanded)
1313 if $expanded->{-ident} or @{$expanded->{-literal}||[]} == 1;
1316 if (ref() eq 'HASH' and $_->{-op} and $_->{-op}[0] eq ',') {
1317 my ($comma, @list) = @{$_->{-op}};
1318 return map $self->_chunkify_order_by($_), @list;
1320 return [ $self->render_aqt($_) ];
1324 #======================================================================
1325 # DATASOURCE (FOR NOW, JUST PLAIN TABLE OR LIST OF TABLES)
1326 #======================================================================
1332 $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($from, -ident)
1337 #======================================================================
1339 #======================================================================
1341 sub _expand_maybe_list_expr {
1342 my ($self, $expr, $default) = @_;
1343 return +{ -op => [ ',',
1344 map $self->expand_expr($_, $default),
1345 ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$expr : $expr
1349 # highly optimized, as it's called way too often
1351 # my ($self, $label) = @_;
1353 return '' unless defined $_[1];
1354 return ${$_[1]} if ref($_[1]) eq 'SCALAR';
1355 puke 'Identifier cannot be hashref' if ref($_[1]) eq 'HASH';
1357 unless ($_[0]->{quote_char}) {
1358 if (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY') {
1359 return join($_[0]->{name_sep}||'.', @{$_[1]});
1361 $_[0]->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_[1]);
1366 my $qref = ref $_[0]->{quote_char};
1368 !$qref ? ($_[0]->{quote_char}, $_[0]->{quote_char})
1369 : ($qref eq 'ARRAY') ? @{$_[0]->{quote_char}}
1370 : puke "Unsupported quote_char format: $_[0]->{quote_char}";
1372 my $esc = $_[0]->{escape_char} || $r;
1374 # parts containing * are naturally unquoted
1376 $_[0]->{name_sep}||'',
1380 : do { (my $n = $_) =~ s/(\Q$esc\E|\Q$r\E)/$esc$1/g; $l . $n . $r }
1382 (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY'
1386 ? split (/\Q$_[0]->{name_sep}\E/, $_[1] )
1394 # Conversion, if applicable
1396 #my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1397 if ($_[0]->{convert_where}) {
1398 return $_[0]->_sqlcase($_[0]->{convert_where}) .'(' . $_[1] . ')';
1405 #my ($self, $col, @vals) = @_;
1406 # called often - tighten code
1407 return $_[0]->{bindtype} eq 'columns'
1408 ? map {[$_[1], $_]} @_[2 .. $#_]
1413 # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format
1414 # if bindtype is 'columns'.
1415 sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype {
1416 # my ($self, @bind) = @_;
1418 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
1420 if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) {
1421 puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]"
1427 sub _join_sql_clauses {
1428 my ($self, $logic, $clauses_aref, $bind_aref) = @_;
1430 if (@$clauses_aref > 1) {
1431 my $join = " " . $self->_sqlcase($logic) . " ";
1432 my $sql = '( ' . join($join, @$clauses_aref) . ' )';
1433 return ($sql, @$bind_aref);
1435 elsif (@$clauses_aref) {
1436 return ($clauses_aref->[0], @$bind_aref); # no parentheses
1439 return (); # if no SQL, ignore @$bind_aref
1444 # Fix SQL case, if so requested
1446 # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we
1447 # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it!
1448 return $_[0]->{case} ? $_[1] : uc($_[1]);
1452 #======================================================================
1453 # DISPATCHING FROM REFKIND
1454 #======================================================================
1457 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1459 return 'UNDEF' unless defined $data;
1461 # blessed objects are treated like scalars
1462 my $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1464 return 'SCALAR' unless $ref;
1467 while ($ref eq 'REF') {
1469 $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1473 return ($ref||'SCALAR') . ('REF' x $n_steps);
1477 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1478 my @try = ($self->_refkind($data));
1479 push @try, 'SCALAR_or_UNDEF' if $try[0] eq 'SCALAR' || $try[0] eq 'UNDEF';
1480 push @try, 'FALLBACK';
1484 sub _METHOD_FOR_refkind {
1485 my ($self, $meth_prefix, $data) = @_;
1488 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1489 $method = $self->can($meth_prefix."_".$_)
1493 return $method || puke "cannot dispatch on '$meth_prefix' for ".$self->_refkind($data);
1497 sub _SWITCH_refkind {
1498 my ($self, $data, $dispatch_table) = @_;
1501 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1502 $coderef = $dispatch_table->{$_}
1506 puke "no dispatch entry for ".$self->_refkind($data)
1515 #======================================================================
1516 # VALUES, GENERATE, AUTOLOAD
1517 #======================================================================
1519 # LDNOTE: original code from nwiger, didn't touch code in that section
1520 # I feel the AUTOLOAD stuff should not be the default, it should
1521 # only be activated on explicit demand by user.
1525 my $data = shift || return;
1526 puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash"
1527 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
1530 foreach my $k (sort keys %$data) {
1531 my $v = $data->{$k};
1532 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
1534 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype
1535 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1537 else { # literal SQL with bind
1538 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1539 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1540 push @all_bind, @bind;
1543 ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind
1544 my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v};
1545 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1546 push @all_bind, @bind;
1548 SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind
1550 SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub {
1551 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1562 my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv);
1566 if ($ref eq 'HASH') {
1567 for my $k (sort keys %$_) {
1570 my $label = $self->_quote($k);
1571 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') {
1572 # literal SQL with bind
1573 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1574 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1575 push @sqlq, "$label = $sql";
1577 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') {
1578 # literal SQL without bind
1579 push @sqlq, "$label = $$v";
1581 push @sqlq, "$label = ?";
1582 push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1585 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq;
1586 } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') {
1587 # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL
1590 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind
1591 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1592 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1595 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind
1596 # embedded literal SQL
1603 push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')';
1604 } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') {
1608 # strings get case twiddled
1609 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_);
1613 my $sql = join ' ', @sql;
1615 # this is pretty tricky
1616 # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind)
1617 # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline
1619 return ($sql, @sqlv);
1621 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv);
1622 ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e;
1631 # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr
1633 my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/;
1634 return $self->generate($name, @_);
1645 SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures
1651 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
1653 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($source, \@fields, \%where, $order);
1655 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values);
1657 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where);
1659 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where);
1661 # Then, use these in your DBI statements
1662 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1663 $sth->execute(@bind);
1665 # Just generate the WHERE clause
1666 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, $order);
1668 # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries
1669 # See PERFORMANCE section for more details
1670 my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals);
1674 This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>.
1675 However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted
1676 to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my
1677 statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to
1678 create an abstract SQL generation module.
1680 While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are
1681 several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE
1682 clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier
1683 to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive.
1684 The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based
1685 on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that
1686 you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes,
1687 as this module figures it out.
1689 To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash
1690 of C<key=value> pairs:
1693 name => 'Jimbo Bobson',
1694 phone => '123-456-7890',
1695 address => '42 Sister Lane',
1696 city => 'St. Louis',
1697 state => 'Louisiana',
1700 The SQL can then be generated with this:
1702 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
1704 Which would give you something like this:
1706 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people
1707 (address, city, name, phone, state)
1708 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
1709 @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson',
1710 '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana');
1712 These are then used directly in your DBI code:
1714 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1715 $sth->execute(@bind);
1717 =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays
1719 If your database has array types (like for example Postgres),
1720 activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >>
1721 when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object.
1722 Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types:
1724 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1);
1726 planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/]
1729 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data);
1733 $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)"
1735 @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']);
1738 =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL
1740 In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may
1741 specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example,
1742 if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can
1743 say something like this:
1747 date_entered => \[ "to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003" ],
1750 The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are
1751 optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives
1754 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
1756 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered)
1757 VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))";
1758 @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003');
1760 An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function:
1762 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data);
1764 Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate
1765 the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll
1766 want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is
1767 where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy...
1769 =head2 Complex where statements
1771 This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements
1772 easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean
1773 equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set
1774 of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to
1775 SELECT some data based on this criteria:
1778 requestor => 'inna',
1779 worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'],
1780 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
1783 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where);
1785 The above would give you something like this:
1787 $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE
1788 ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? )
1789 AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )";
1790 @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz');
1792 Which you could then use in DBI code like so:
1794 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
1795 $sth->execute(@bind);
1801 The methods are simple. There's one for every major SQL operation,
1802 and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a
1803 similar order for each method (table, then fields, then a where
1804 clause) to try and simplify things.
1806 =head2 new(option => 'value')
1808 The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns
1809 a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL
1810 through the methods below. The options accepted are:
1816 If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By
1817 default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like:
1819 SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%'
1821 Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored.
1825 This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default
1826 it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this:
1828 %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org');
1830 Will generate SQL like this:
1832 WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org'
1834 However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set
1835 C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as:
1837 WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org'
1839 You can also override the comparison on an individual basis - see
1840 the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom.
1842 =item sqltrue, sqlfalse
1844 Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements.
1845 By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used
1846 by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating
1847 correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below).
1851 This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE
1852 statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or"
1853 for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE
1857 event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
1858 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'},
1861 will generate SQL like this:
1863 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03'
1865 This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look
1866 at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify:
1868 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and');
1870 Which will change the above C<WHERE> to:
1872 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03'
1874 The logic can also be changed locally by inserting
1875 a modifier in front of an arrayref:
1877 @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
1878 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]);
1880 See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations.
1884 This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL
1885 function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument
1886 of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of
1887 case-insensitive "searches". For example, this:
1889 $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper');
1890 %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive');
1892 Will turn out the following SQL:
1894 WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive')
1896 The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function
1897 that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does
1898 not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim).
1902 This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't
1903 just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields.
1904 Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>:
1906 $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data');
1907 $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
1909 The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array,
1910 which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not.
1912 If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned.
1913 Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you
1914 specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this:
1916 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns');
1917 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...);
1920 [ 'column1', 'value1' ],
1921 [ 'column2', 'value2' ],
1922 [ 'column3', 'value3' ],
1925 You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>.
1927 $sth->prepare($stmt);
1930 my($col, $data) = @$_;
1931 if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') {
1932 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
1933 } elsif ($col eq 'image') {
1934 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB});
1936 $sth->bind_param($i, $data);
1940 $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now
1942 Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap?
1943 Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields
1944 are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple
1945 sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still
1946 get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification.
1948 Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[ $sql, @bind ]>
1949 construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>)
1950 will expect the bind values in this format.
1954 This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted
1955 with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to
1956 the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this:
1958 SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%'
1960 Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left
1961 hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For
1962 example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes
1963 that generates SQL like this:
1965 SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%'
1967 Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved
1968 words in your database's SQL dialect.
1972 This is the character that will be used to escape L</quote_char>s appearing
1973 in an identifier before it has been quoted.
1975 The parameter default in case of a single L</quote_char> character is the quote
1978 When opening-closing-style quoting is used (L</quote_char> is an arrayref)
1979 this parameter defaults to the B<closing (right)> L</quote_char>. Occurrences
1980 of the B<opening (left)> L</quote_char> within the identifier are currently left
1981 untouched. The default for opening-closing-style quotes may change in future
1982 versions, thus you are B<strongly encouraged> to specify the escape character
1987 This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is
1988 necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected,
1989 so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this:
1991 SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1
1993 =item injection_guard
1995 A regular expression C<qr/.../> that is applied to any C<-function> and unquoted
1996 column name specified in a query structure. This is a safety mechanism to avoid
1997 injection attacks when mishandling user input e.g.:
1999 my %condition_as_column_value_pairs = get_values_from_user();
2000 $sqla->select( ... , \%condition_as_column_value_pairs );
2002 If the expression matches an exception is thrown. Note that literal SQL
2003 supplied via C<\'...'> or C<\['...']> is B<not> checked in any way.
2005 Defaults to checking for C<;> and the C<GO> keyword (TransactSQL)
2007 =item array_datatypes
2009 When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are
2010 interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly
2012 When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted
2013 as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs
2014 (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing
2015 new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax
2021 Takes a reference to a list of "special operators"
2022 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2023 See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details.
2027 Takes a reference to a list of "unary operators"
2028 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2029 See section L</"UNARY OPERATORS"> for details.
2035 =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)
2037 This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name
2038 and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs.
2039 It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values.
2040 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2041 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2042 with those data types.
2044 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2045 options to generate the insert SQL. Currently supported options
2052 Takes either a scalar of raw SQL fields, or an array reference of
2053 field names, and adds on an SQL C<RETURNING> statement at the end.
2054 This allows you to return data generated by the insert statement
2055 (such as row IDs) without performing another C<SELECT> statement.
2056 Note, however, this is not part of the SQL standard and may not
2057 be supported by all database engines.
2061 =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where, \%options)
2063 This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional
2064 hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list
2066 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2067 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2068 with those data types.
2070 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2071 options to generate the update SQL. Currently supported options
2078 See the C<returning> option to
2079 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2083 =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order)
2085 This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as
2086 specified by the arguments:
2092 Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement.
2093 The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table
2094 name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2095 of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref
2096 (literal SQL, not quoted).
2100 Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from
2102 The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2103 of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a
2104 plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted).
2105 Please observe that this API is not as flexible as that of
2106 the first argument C<$source>, for backwards compatibility reasons.
2110 Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query.
2111 The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be
2112 an arrayref or plain scalar --
2113 see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details.
2117 Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query.
2118 The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref
2119 -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">
2125 =head2 delete($table, \%where, \%options)
2127 This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>.
2128 It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values.
2130 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2131 options to generate the delete SQL. Currently supported options
2138 See the C<returning> option to
2139 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2143 =head2 where(\%where, $order)
2145 This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example,
2146 if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the
2147 rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way
2148 to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE
2149 clause and list of bind values.
2152 =head2 values(\%data)
2154 This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same
2155 order that would be returned from any of the other above queries.
2156 Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you
2157 are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section.
2159 =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types)
2161 Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change.
2163 This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut.
2164 It will return two different things, depending on return context:
2166 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2167 my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2169 These would return the following:
2171 # First calling form
2172 $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)";
2173 @bind = (field1, field2);
2175 # Second calling form
2176 $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)";
2178 Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct
2179 format. In this example, the second form is what you would want.
2183 $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' });
2187 ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY'
2189 You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything
2190 else remains verbatim.
2192 =head1 EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS
2194 =head2 is_plain_value
2196 Determines if the supplied argument is a plain value as understood by this
2201 =item * The value is C<undef>
2203 =item * The value is a non-reference
2205 =item * The value is an object with stringification overloading
2207 =item * The value is of the form C<< { -value => $anything } >>
2211 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns a B<scalar> reference
2212 to the original supplied argument.
2218 The stringification overloading detection is rather advanced: it takes
2219 into consideration not only the presence of a C<""> overload, but if that
2220 fails also checks for enabled
2221 L<autogenerated versions of C<"">|overload/Magic Autogeneration>, based
2222 on either C<0+> or C<bool>.
2224 Unfortunately testing in the field indicates that this
2225 detection B<< may tickle a latent bug in perl versions before 5.018 >>,
2226 but only when very large numbers of stringifying objects are involved.
2227 At the time of writing ( Sep 2014 ) there is no clear explanation of
2228 the direct cause, nor is there a manageably small test case that reliably
2229 reproduces the problem.
2231 If you encounter any of the following exceptions in B<random places within
2232 your application stack> - this module may be to blame:
2234 Operation "ne": no method found,
2235 left argument in overloaded package <something>,
2236 right argument in overloaded package <something>
2240 Stub found while resolving method "???" overloading """" in package <something>
2242 If you fall victim to the above - please attempt to reduce the problem
2243 to something that could be sent to the L<SQL::Abstract developers
2244 |DBIx::Class/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT>
2245 (either publicly or privately). As a workaround in the meantime you can
2246 set C<$ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}> to a true
2247 value, which will most likely eliminate your problem (at the expense of
2248 not being able to properly detect exotic forms of stringification).
2250 This notice and environment variable will be removed in a future version,
2251 as soon as the underlying problem is found and a reliable workaround is
2256 =head2 is_literal_value
2258 Determines if the supplied argument is a literal value as understood by this
2263 =item * C<\$sql_string>
2265 =item * C<\[ $sql_string, @bind_values ]>
2269 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns an B<array> reference
2270 containing the unpacked version of the supplied literal SQL and bind values.
2272 =head1 WHERE CLAUSES
2276 This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It
2277 is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this
2278 module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes
2281 The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After
2282 each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used:
2284 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where);
2286 However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any
2287 of the other functions as well, as described above.
2289 =head2 Key-value pairs
2291 So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash:
2295 status => 'completed'
2298 Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements:
2300 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?";
2301 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2303 One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that
2304 a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of
2309 status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'];
2312 This simple code will create the following:
2314 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )";
2315 @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending');
2317 A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a
2318 logical false and will generate 0=1.
2320 =head2 Tests for NULL values
2322 If the value part is C<undef> then this is converted to SQL <IS NULL>
2331 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status IS NULL";
2334 To test if a column IS NOT NULL:
2338 status => { '!=', undef },
2341 =head2 Specific comparison operators
2343 If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison,
2344 you can use a hashref for a given column:
2348 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
2351 Which would generate:
2353 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?";
2354 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2356 To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref:
2358 status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] };
2360 Which would give you:
2362 "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?"
2365 The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded
2366 into an C<AND> of its elements:
2370 status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' }
2373 # Or more dynamically, like from a form
2374 $where{user} = 'nwiger';
2375 $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed';
2376 $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%';
2378 # Both generate this
2379 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?";
2380 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%');
2383 To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea:
2387 priority => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ]
2390 Which would generate:
2392 $stmt = "WHERE ( priority = ? OR priority > ? ) AND user = ?";
2393 @bind = ('2', '5', 'nwiger');
2395 If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a
2396 scalar reference or reference to an arrayref as the value:
2399 date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] },
2400 date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" }
2403 Which would generate:
2405 $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()";
2406 @bind = ('11/26/2008');
2409 =head2 Logic and nesting operators
2411 In the example above,
2412 there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like
2413 this (notice the C<AND>):
2415 WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ?
2417 Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this:
2419 priority => { '!=' => 2, '!=' => 1 }
2421 As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution
2422 is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref:
2424 priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2},
2428 Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it
2429 to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the
2430 C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries
2431 work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes
2432 B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will
2433 B<NOT> do what you think it might:
2435 priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG!
2437 Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap:
2440 status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' }
2441 status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}]
2444 status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']}
2445 status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}]
2446 status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ]
2450 =head2 Special operators: IN, BETWEEN, etc.
2452 You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the
2453 C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref:
2456 status => 'completed',
2457 reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] }
2460 Which would generate:
2462 $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)";
2463 @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2');
2465 The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in
2468 If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated
2469 (by default: C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates
2470 'sqltrue' (by default: C<1=1>).
2472 In addition to the array you can supply a chunk of literal sql or
2473 literal sql with bind:
2476 customer => { -in => \[
2477 'SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ?',
2480 status => { -in => \'SELECT status_codes FROM states' },
2486 customer IN ( SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ? )
2487 AND status IN ( SELECT status_codes FROM states )
2491 Finally, if the argument to C<-in> is not a reference, it will be
2492 treated as a single-element array.
2494 Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>,
2495 used with an arrayref of two values:
2499 completion_date => {
2500 -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06']
2506 WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? )
2508 Just like with C<-in> all plausible combinations of literal SQL
2512 start0 => { -between => [ 1, 2 ] },
2513 start1 => { -between => \["? AND ?", 1, 2] },
2514 start2 => { -between => \"lower(x) AND upper(y)" },
2515 start3 => { -between => [
2517 \["upper(?)", 'stuff' ],
2524 ( start0 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
2525 AND ( start1 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
2526 AND ( start2 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(y) )
2527 AND ( start3 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(?) )
2529 @bind = (1, 2, 1, 2, 'stuff');
2532 These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the
2533 list can be expanded: see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below.
2535 =head2 Unary operators: bool
2537 If you wish to test against boolean columns or functions within your
2538 database you can use the C<-bool> and C<-not_bool> operators. For
2539 example to test the column C<is_user> being true and the column
2540 C<is_enabled> being false you would use:-
2544 -not_bool => 'is_enabled',
2549 WHERE is_user AND NOT is_enabled
2551 If a more complex combination is required, testing more conditions,
2552 then you should use the and/or operators:-
2557 -not_bool => { two=> { -rlike => 'bar' } },
2558 -not_bool => { three => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] },
2569 (NOT ( three = ? OR three > ? ))
2572 =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes
2574 So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level
2575 C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in
2576 hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example:
2581 status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] },
2585 status => 'unassigned',
2589 This data structure would create the following:
2591 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) )
2592 OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )";
2593 @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned');
2596 Clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or>
2597 to change the logic inside:
2603 -and => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ],
2604 -or => { workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' },
2611 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ?
2612 AND ( ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? )
2613 OR ( workhrs < ? OR geo = ? ) ) )";
2614 @bind = ('nwiger', '20', 'ASIA', '50', 'EURO');
2616 =head3 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons
2618 C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or>
2619 operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting
2620 several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes
2621 C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features:
2624 -and => [a => 1, b => 2],
2625 -or => [c => 3, d => 4],
2626 e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ]
2631 WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? )
2632 OR ( c = ? OR d = ? )
2633 OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) )
2635 This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for
2636 historical reasons. So be careful: the two examples below would
2637 seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not
2640 { -like => 'foo%' },
2641 { -like => '%bar' },
2643 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) )
2646 { col => { -like => 'foo%' } },
2647 { col => { -like => '%bar' } },
2649 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) )
2652 =head2 Literal SQL and value type operators
2654 The basic premise of SQL::Abstract is that in WHERE specifications the "left
2655 side" is a column name and the "right side" is a value (normally rendered as
2656 a placeholder). This holds true for both hashrefs and arrayref pairs as you
2657 see in the L</WHERE CLAUSES> examples above. Sometimes it is necessary to
2658 alter this behavior. There are several ways of doing so.
2662 This is a virtual operator that signals the string to its right side is an
2663 identifier (a column name) and not a value. For example to compare two
2664 columns you would write:
2667 priority => { '<', 2 },
2668 requestor => { -ident => 'submitter' },
2673 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor = submitter";
2676 If you are maintaining legacy code you may see a different construct as
2677 described in L</Deprecated usage of Literal SQL>, please use C<-ident> in new
2682 This is a virtual operator that signals that the construct to its right side
2683 is a value to be passed to DBI. This is for example necessary when you want
2684 to write a where clause against an array (for RDBMS that support such
2685 datatypes). For example:
2688 array => { -value => [1, 2, 3] }
2693 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ?';
2694 @bind = ([1, 2, 3]);
2696 Note that if you were to simply say:
2702 the result would probably not be what you wanted:
2704 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ? OR array = ? OR array = ?';
2709 Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. To include a random snippet
2710 of SQL verbatim, you specify it as a scalar reference. Consider this only
2711 as a last resort. Usually there is a better way. For example:
2714 priority => { '<', 2 },
2715 requestor => { -in => \'(SELECT name FROM hitmen)' },
2720 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor IN (SELECT name FROM hitmen)"
2723 Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since
2724 the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement.
2728 Never use untrusted input as a literal SQL argument - this is a massive
2729 security risk (there is no way to check literal snippets for SQL
2730 injections and other nastyness). If you need to deal with untrusted input
2731 use literal SQL with placeholders as described next.
2733 =head3 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)
2735 If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values,
2736 use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference --
2737 not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date
2738 in Postgres you can use something like this:
2741 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", 10 ]
2746 $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )"
2749 Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned
2750 by L<where|/where(\%where, $order)>. This means that if you set L</bindtype>
2751 to C<columns>, you must provide the bind values in the
2752 C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where C<column_meta> is an opaque
2753 scalar value; most commonly the column name, but you can use any scalar value
2754 (including references and blessed references), L<SQL::Abstract> will simply
2755 pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set to C<columns> the above
2756 example will look like:
2759 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", [ {} => 10 ] ]
2762 Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the
2763 main SQL query. Here is a first example:
2765 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?",
2769 bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2774 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1
2775 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))";
2776 @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%");
2778 Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">,
2779 are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and
2780 its associated bind values can be generated through a former call
2783 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
2784 = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100},
2785 c3 => {-like => "foo%"}});
2788 bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2791 In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column;
2792 but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where>
2793 hash, like an EXISTS subquery:
2795 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
2796 = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"});
2797 my %where = ( -and => [
2799 \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2804 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1
2805 WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))";
2809 Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to
2810 column C<t0.c0> of the main query: this is I<not> a bind
2811 value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref.
2812 Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated
2813 C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly
2814 what we wanted here.
2816 Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used
2817 for expressing unary negation:
2819 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
2820 = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]});
2821 $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause
2823 lname => {like => '%son%'},
2824 \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
2829 $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )"
2830 @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20)
2832 =head3 Deprecated usage of Literal SQL
2834 Below are some examples of archaic use of literal SQL. It is shown only as
2835 reference for those who deal with legacy code. Each example has a much
2836 better, cleaner and safer alternative that users should opt for in new code.
2842 my %where = ( requestor => \'IS NOT NULL' )
2844 $stmt = "WHERE requestor IS NOT NULL"
2846 This used to be the way of generating NULL comparisons, before the handling
2847 of C<undef> got formalized. For new code please use the superior syntax as
2848 described in L</Tests for NULL values>.
2852 my %where = ( requestor => \'= submitter' )
2854 $stmt = "WHERE requestor = submitter"
2856 This used to be the only way to compare columns. Use the superior L</-ident>
2857 method for all new code. For example an identifier declared in such a way
2858 will be properly quoted if L</quote_char> is properly set, while the legacy
2859 form will remain as supplied.
2863 my %where = ( is_ready => \"", completed => { '>', '2012-12-21' } )
2865 $stmt = "WHERE completed > ? AND is_ready"
2866 @bind = ('2012-12-21')
2868 Using an empty string literal used to be the only way to express a boolean.
2869 For all new code please use the much more readable
2870 L<-bool|/Unary operators: bool> operator.
2876 These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data
2877 structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the
2878 module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function
2879 internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a
2880 little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best
2881 format for your data based on that.
2883 And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with
2884 variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you
2885 knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about
2886 dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your
2889 =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES
2891 Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a
2892 column name), a hashref of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' }
2893 >>, a scalarref, an arrayref-ref, or an arrayref of any of the previous
2896 Given | Will Generate
2897 ---------------------------------------------------------------
2899 'colA' | ORDER BY colA
2901 [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB
2903 {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC
2905 {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC
2907 ['colA', {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC
2909 { -asc => [qw/colA colB/] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC
2911 \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC
2913 \[ 'FUNC(colA, ?)', $x ] | ORDER BY FUNC(colA, ?)
2914 | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
2917 { -asc => 'colA' }, | colA ASC,
2918 { -desc => [qw/colB/] }, | colB DESC,
2919 { -asc => [qw/colC colD/] },| colC ASC, colD ASC,
2920 \'colE DESC', | colE DESC,
2921 \[ 'FUNC(colF, ?)', $x ], | FUNC(colF, ?)
2922 ] | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
2923 ===============================================================
2927 =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS
2929 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
2933 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
2939 handler => 'method_name',
2943 A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
2944 applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator.
2947 WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?)
2948 WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ?
2949 WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?)
2951 Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore
2952 are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract> (as the overridable methods
2953 C<_where_field_IN> and C<_where_field_BETWEEN>). For other operators,
2954 like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is specific to MySQL,
2955 you can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<special_ops>
2956 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
2957 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
2964 the regular expression to match the operator
2968 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
2969 the expected return is C<< ($sql, @bind) >>.
2971 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
2972 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
2974 $self->$method_name($field, $op, $arg)
2978 $field is the LHS of the operator
2979 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
2982 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
2984 $coderef->($self, $field, $op, $arg)
2989 For example, here is an implementation
2990 of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL
2992 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
2994 # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...)
2995 {regex => qr/^match$/i,
2997 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
2998 $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg;
2999 my $label = $self->_quote($field);
3000 my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?');
3001 my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg);
3002 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) "
3003 . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) ";
3004 my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg);
3005 return ($sql, @bind);
3012 =head1 UNARY OPERATORS
3014 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(unary_ops => [
3018 my ($self, $op, $arg) = @_;
3024 handler => 'method_name',
3028 A "unary operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
3029 applied to a field - the operator goes before the field
3031 You can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<unary_ops>
3032 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
3033 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
3040 the regular expression to match the operator
3044 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
3045 the expected return is C<< $sql >>.
3047 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
3048 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
3050 $self->$method_name($op, $arg)
3054 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
3055 $arg is the RHS or argument of the operator
3057 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
3059 $coderef->($self, $op, $arg)
3067 Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that
3068 this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>.
3069 I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a
3070 byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles
3073 To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following:
3075 # prepare a statement handle using the first row
3076 # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows
3078 for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) {
3079 $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href);
3080 $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt);
3081 $sth->execute($sql->values($href));
3084 The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted
3085 internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains
3086 the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time
3087 around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided
3088 by this module to return your values in the correct order.
3090 However this depends on the values having the same type - if, for
3091 example, the values of a where clause may either have values
3092 (resulting in sql of the form C<column = ?> with a single bind
3093 value), or alternatively the values might be C<undef> (resulting in
3094 sql of the form C<column IS NULL> with no bind value) then the
3095 caching technique suggested will not work.
3099 If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully
3100 really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query
3101 can be as simple as the following:
3108 use CGI::FormBuilder;
3111 my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...);
3112 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
3114 if ($form->submitted) {
3115 my $field = $form->field;
3116 my $id = delete $field->{id};
3117 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id});
3120 Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the
3121 query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your
3122 table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic.
3124 If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for
3125 a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently
3126 use these three modules together to write complex database query
3127 apps in under 50 lines.
3129 =head1 HOW TO CONTRIBUTE
3131 Contributions are always welcome, in all usable forms (we especially
3132 welcome documentation improvements). The delivery methods include git-
3133 or unified-diff formatted patches, GitHub pull requests, or plain bug
3134 reports either via RT or the Mailing list. Contributors are generally
3135 granted full access to the official repository after their first several
3136 patches pass successful review.
3138 This project is maintained in a git repository. The code and related tools are
3139 accessible at the following locations:
3143 =item * Official repo: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3145 =item * Official gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3147 =item * GitHub mirror: L<https://github.com/dbsrgits/sql-abstract>
3149 =item * Authorized committers: L<ssh://dbsrgits@git.shadowcat.co.uk/SQL-Abstract.git>
3155 Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>.
3156 Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior
3157 documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however,
3158 some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved
3159 differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order
3160 to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying
3161 on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.*
3162 B<might behave differently> in v1.50.
3164 The main changes are:
3170 support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [ $sql, @bind ] >> syntax.
3174 support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL)
3178 support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values)
3182 optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays">
3186 defensive programming: check arguments
3190 fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented
3191 through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would
3192 interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >>
3193 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>.
3194 Now this is interpreted
3195 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>.
3200 fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args
3204 dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary,
3205 we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree.
3209 dropped the C<_modlogic> function
3213 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
3215 There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with
3216 this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN
3217 so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are:
3219 Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support)
3220 Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support)
3221 Mark Stosberg (benchmarking)
3222 Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support)
3223 Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions)
3224 Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support)
3225 Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE")
3226 Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep")
3227 Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by)
3228 Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL)
3229 Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests)
3230 Peter Rabbitson (rewrite of SQLA::Test, misc. fixes & tests)
3231 Oliver Charles (support for "RETURNING" after "INSERT")
3237 L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>.
3241 Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved.
3243 This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
3245 For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list.
3246 While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of
3247 C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with
3248 how to create queries.
3252 This module is free software; you may copy this under the same
3253 terms as perl itself (either the GNU General Public License or
3254 the Artistic License)