1 package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file
5 use Module::Runtime ();
10 use Exporter 'import';
11 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(is_plain_value is_literal_value);
21 *SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION = $ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}
27 #======================================================================
29 #======================================================================
31 our $VERSION = '1.86';
33 # This would confuse some packagers
34 $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases
38 # special operators (-in, -between). May be extended/overridden by user.
39 # See section WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS below for implementation
40 my @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS = (
41 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? between $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
42 {regex => qr/^ is (?: \s+ not )? $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
43 {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? in $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
44 {regex => qr/^ ident $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
45 {regex => qr/^ value $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }},
48 #======================================================================
49 # DEBUGGING AND ERROR REPORTING
50 #======================================================================
53 return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster
54 my $func = (caller(1))[3];
55 warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n";
59 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
60 Carp::carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_;
64 my($func) = (caller(1))[3];
65 Carp::croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_;
68 sub is_literal_value ($) {
69 ref $_[0] eq 'SCALAR' ? [ ${$_[0]} ]
70 : ( ref $_[0] eq 'REF' and ref ${$_[0]} eq 'ARRAY' ) ? [ @${ $_[0] } ]
74 sub is_undef_value ($) {
78 and exists $_[0]->{-value}
79 and not defined $_[0]->{-value}
83 # FIXME XSify - this can be done so much more efficiently
84 sub is_plain_value ($) {
86 ! length ref $_[0] ? \($_[0])
88 ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' and keys %{$_[0]} == 1
90 exists $_[0]->{-value}
91 ) ? \($_[0]->{-value})
93 # reuse @_ for even moar speedz
94 defined ( $_[1] = Scalar::Util::blessed $_[0] )
96 # deliberately not using Devel::OverloadInfo - the checks we are
97 # intersted in are much more limited than the fullblown thing, and
98 # this is a very hot piece of code
100 # simply using ->can('(""') can leave behind stub methods that
101 # break actually using the overload later (see L<perldiag/Stub
102 # found while resolving method "%s" overloading "%s" in package
103 # "%s"> and the source of overload::mycan())
105 # either has stringification which DBI SHOULD prefer out of the box
106 grep { *{ (qq[${_}::(""]) }{CODE} } @{ $_[2] = mro::get_linear_isa( $_[1] ) }
108 # has nummification or boolification, AND fallback is *not* disabled
110 SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION
113 grep { *{"${_}::(0+"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
115 grep { *{"${_}::(bool"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]}
119 # no fallback specified at all
120 ! ( ($_[3]) = grep { *{"${_}::()"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} )
122 # fallback explicitly undef
123 ! defined ${"$_[3]::()"}
136 #======================================================================
138 #======================================================================
142 bool => '_expand_bool',
143 row => '_expand_row',
145 func => '_expand_func',
146 values => '_expand_values',
147 bind => '_expand_noop',
148 literal => '_expand_noop',
149 keyword => '_expand_noop',
152 'between' => '_expand_between',
153 'not_between' => '_expand_between',
154 'in' => '_expand_in',
155 'not_in' => '_expand_in',
156 'nest' => '_expand_nest',
157 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_andor'), ('and', 'or')),
158 (map +($_ => '_expand_op_is'), ('is', 'is_not')),
159 'ident' => '_expand_ident',
160 'value' => '_expand_value',
163 (map +($_, "_render_$_"),
164 qw(op func bind ident literal row values keyword)),
167 (map +($_ => '_render_op_between'), 'between', 'not_between'),
168 (map +($_ => '_render_op_in'), 'in', 'not_in'),
169 (map +($_ => '_render_unop_postfix'),
170 'is_null', 'is_not_null', 'asc', 'desc',
172 (not => '_render_unop_paren'),
173 (map +($_ => '_render_op_andor'), qw(and or)),
174 ',' => '_render_op_multop',
177 delete => [ qw(target where returning) ],
178 update => [ qw(target set where returning) ],
179 insert => [ qw(target fields from returning) ],
180 select => [ qw(select from where order_by) ],
183 'delete.from' => '_expand_delete_clause_target',
184 'update.update' => '_expand_update_clause_target',
185 'insert.into' => '_expand_insert_clause_target',
186 'insert.values' => '_expand_insert_clause_from',
189 'delete.target' => '_render_delete_clause_target',
190 'update.target' => '_render_update_clause_target',
191 'insert.target' => '_render_insert_clause_target',
192 'insert.fields' => '_render_insert_clause_fields',
193 'insert.from' => '_render_insert_clause_from',
197 foreach my $stmt (keys %{$Defaults{clauses_of}}) {
198 $Defaults{expand}{$stmt} = '_expand_statement';
199 $Defaults{render}{$stmt} = '_render_statement';
200 foreach my $clause (@{$Defaults{clauses_of}{$stmt}}) {
201 $Defaults{expand_clause}{"${stmt}.${clause}"}
202 = "_expand_${stmt}_clause_${clause}";
208 my $class = ref($self) || $self;
209 my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_;
211 # choose our case by keeping an option around
212 delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower';
214 # default logic for interpreting arrayrefs
215 $opt{logic} = $opt{logic} ? uc $opt{logic} : 'OR';
217 # how to return bind vars
218 $opt{bindtype} ||= 'normal';
220 # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden
223 # try to recognize which are the 'equality' and 'inequality' ops
224 # (temporary quickfix (in 2007), should go through a more seasoned API)
225 $opt{equality_op} = qr/^( \Q$opt{cmp}\E | \= )$/ix;
226 $opt{inequality_op} = qr/^( != | <> )$/ix;
228 $opt{like_op} = qr/^ (is_)?r?like $/xi;
229 $opt{not_like_op} = qr/^ (is_)?not_r?like $/xi;
232 $opt{sqltrue} ||= '1=1';
233 $opt{sqlfalse} ||= '0=1';
236 $opt{special_ops} ||= [];
239 $opt{unary_ops} ||= [];
241 # rudimentary sanity-check for user supplied bits treated as functions/operators
242 # If a purported function matches this regular expression, an exception is thrown.
243 # Literal SQL is *NOT* subject to this check, only functions (and column names
244 # when quoting is not in effect)
247 # need to guard against ()'s in column names too, but this will break tons of
248 # hacks... ideas anyone?
249 $opt{injection_guard} ||= qr/
255 $opt{expand_unary} = {};
257 foreach my $name (sort keys %Defaults) {
258 $opt{$name} = { %{$Defaults{$name}}, %{$opt{$name}||{}} };
261 if ($class ne __PACKAGE__) {
263 # check for overriden methods
265 foreach my $type (qw(insert update delete)) {
266 my $method = "_${type}_returning";
267 if (__PACKAGE__->can($method) ne $class->can($method)) {
268 my $clause = "${type}.returning";
269 $opt{expand_clause}{$clause} = sub { $_[2] },
270 $opt{render_clause}{$clause}
271 = sub { [ $_[0]->$method($_[3]) ] };
274 if (__PACKAGE__->can('_table') ne $class->can('_table')) {
275 $opt{expand_clause}{'select.from'} = sub {
276 return +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->_table($_[2]) ] };
279 if (__PACKAGE__->can('_order_by') ne $class->can('_order_by')) {
280 $opt{expand_clause}{'select.order_by'} = sub { $_[2] };
281 $opt{render_clause}{'select.order_by'} = sub {
282 [ $_[0]->_order_by($_[2]) ];
285 if ($class->isa('DBIx::Class::SQLMaker')) {
286 $opt{warn_once_on_nest} = 1;
287 $opt{disable_old_special_ops} = 1;
288 $opt{render_clause}{'select.where'} = sub {
289 my ($sql, @bind) = $_[0]->where($_[2]);
290 s/\A\s+//, s/\s+\Z// for $sql;
291 return [ $sql, @bind ];
296 if ($opt{lazy_join_sql_parts}) {
297 my $mod = Module::Runtime::use_module('SQL::Abstract::Parts');
298 $opt{join_sql_parts} ||= sub { $mod->new(@_) };
301 $opt{join_sql_parts} ||= sub { join $_[0], @_[1..$#_] };
303 return bless \%opt, $class;
307 my ($self, $name, $key, $value) = @_;
308 return $self->{$name}{$key} unless @_ > 3;
309 $self->{$name}{$key} = $value;
314 foreach my $type (qw(
315 expand op_expand render op_render clause_expand clause_render
317 my $name = join '_', reverse split '_', $type;
318 my $singular = "${type}er";
319 eval qq{sub ${singular} { shift->_ext_rw($name => \@_) }; 1 }
320 or die "Method builder failed for ${singular}: $@";
321 eval qq{sub wrap_${singular} {
322 my (\$self, \$key, \$builder) = \@_;
323 my \$orig = \$self->_ext_rw('${name}', \$key);
326 \$builder->(\$orig, '${name}', \$key)
328 }; 1 } or die "Method builder failed for wrap_${singular}: $@";
329 eval qq{sub ${singular}s {
330 my (\$self, \@args) = \@_;
331 while (my (\$this_key, \$this_value) = splice(\@args, 0, 2)) {
332 \$self->_ext_rw('${name}', \$this_key, \$this_value);
335 }; 1 } or die "Method builder failed for ${singular}s: $@";
336 eval qq{sub wrap_${singular}s {
337 my (\$self, \@args) = \@_;
338 while (my (\$this_key, \$this_builder) = splice(\@args, 0, 2)) {
339 my \$orig = \$self->_ext_rw('${name}', \$this_key);
341 '${name}', \$this_key,
342 \$this_builder->(\$orig, '${name}', \$this_key),
346 }; 1 } or die "Method builder failed for wrap_${singular}s: $@";
347 eval qq{sub ${singular}_list { sort keys %{\$_[0]->{\$name}} }; 1; }
348 or die "Method builder failed for ${singular}_list: $@";
352 sub register_op { $_[0]->{is_op}{$_[1]} = 1; $_[0] }
354 sub statement_list { sort keys %{$_[0]->{clauses_of}} }
357 my ($self, $of, @clauses) = @_;
359 return @{$self->{clauses_of}{$of}||[]};
361 if (ref($clauses[0]) eq 'CODE') {
362 @clauses = $self->${\($clauses[0])}(@{$self->{clauses_of}{$of}||[]});
364 $self->{clauses_of}{$of} = \@clauses;
373 ref($self->{$_}) eq 'HASH'
382 sub sqltrue { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqltrue} ] } }
383 sub sqlfalse { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqlfalse} ] } }
385 sub _assert_pass_injection_guard {
386 if ($_[1] =~ $_[0]->{injection_guard}) {
387 my $class = ref $_[0];
388 puke "Possible SQL injection attempt '$_[1]'. If this is indeed a part of the "
389 . "desired SQL use literal SQL ( \'...' or \[ '...' ] ) or supply your own "
390 . "{injection_guard} attribute to ${class}->new()"
395 #======================================================================
397 #======================================================================
400 my ($self, $table, $data, $options) = @_;
403 if (ref($table) eq 'HASH') {
406 my %clauses = (target => $table, values => $data, %{$options||{}});
410 my @rendered = $self->render_statement({ -insert => $stmt });
411 return wantarray ? @rendered : $rendered[0];
414 sub _expand_insert_clause_target {
415 +(target => $_[0]->expand_maybe_list_expr($_[2], -ident));
418 sub _expand_insert_clause_fields {
420 $_[0]->expand_maybe_list_expr($_[2], -ident)
421 ] } if ref($_[2]) eq 'ARRAY';
422 return $_[2]; # should maybe still expand somewhat?
425 sub _expand_insert_clause_from {
426 my ($self, undef, $data) = @_;
427 if (ref($data) eq 'HASH' and (keys(%$data))[0] =~ /^-/) {
428 return $self->expand_expr($data);
430 return $data if ref($data) eq 'HASH' and $data->{-row};
431 my ($f_aqt, $v_aqt) = $self->_expand_insert_values($data);
433 from => { -values => [ $v_aqt ] },
434 ($f_aqt ? (fields => $f_aqt) : ()),
438 sub _expand_insert_clause_returning {
439 +(returning => $_[0]->expand_maybe_list_expr($_[2], -ident));
442 sub _expand_insert_values {
443 my ($self, $data) = @_;
444 if (is_literal_value($data)) {
445 (undef, $self->expand_expr($data));
447 my ($fields, $values) = (
448 ref($data) eq 'HASH' ?
449 ([ sort keys %$data ], [ @{$data}{sort keys %$data} ])
453 # no names (arrayref) means can't generate bindtype
454 !($fields) && $self->{bindtype} eq 'columns'
455 && belch "can't do 'columns' bindtype when called with arrayref";
459 ? $self->expand_expr({ -row => $fields }, -ident)
464 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $fields->[$_];
465 $self->_expand_insert_value($values->[$_])
472 sub _render_insert_clause_fields {
473 return $_[0]->render_aqt($_[2]);
476 sub _render_insert_clause_target {
477 my ($self, undef, $from) = @_;
478 $self->join_query_parts(' ', { -keyword => 'insert into' }, $from);
481 sub _render_insert_clause_from {
482 return $_[0]->render_aqt($_[2], 1);
485 # So that subclasses can override INSERT ... RETURNING separately from
486 # UPDATE and DELETE (e.g. DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::Oracle does this)
487 sub _insert_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
489 sub _redispatch_returning {
490 my ($self, $type, undef, $returning) = @_;
491 [ $self->${\"_${type}_returning"}({ returning => $returning }) ];
495 my ($self, $options) = @_;
497 my $f = $options->{returning};
499 my ($sql, @bind) = @{ $self->render_aqt(
500 $self->expand_maybe_list_expr($f, -ident)
502 return ($self->_sqlcase(' returning ').$sql, @bind);
505 sub _expand_insert_value {
508 my $k = our $Cur_Col_Meta;
510 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
511 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) {
512 return +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] };
514 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
515 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
516 return +{ -literal => $v };
518 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
519 if (grep !/^-/, keys %$v) {
520 belch "HASH ref as bind value in insert is not supported";
521 return +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] };
525 return +{ -bind => [ $k, undef ] };
527 return $self->expand_expr($v);
532 #======================================================================
534 #======================================================================
537 my ($self, $table, $set, $where, $options) = @_;
540 if (ref($table) eq 'HASH') {
544 @clauses{qw(target set where)} = ($table, $set, $where);
545 puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update"
546 unless ref($clauses{set}) eq 'HASH';
547 @clauses{keys %$options} = values %$options;
551 my @rendered = $self->render_statement({ -update => $stmt });
552 return wantarray ? @rendered : $rendered[0];
555 sub _render_update_clause_target {
556 my ($self, undef, $target) = @_;
557 $self->join_query_parts(' ', { -keyword => 'update' }, $target);
560 sub _update_set_values {
561 my ($self, $data) = @_;
563 return @{ $self->render_aqt(
564 $self->_expand_update_set_values(undef, $data),
568 sub _expand_update_set_values {
569 my ($self, undef, $data) = @_;
570 $self->expand_maybe_list_expr( [
573 $set = { -bind => $_ } unless defined $set;
574 +{ -op => [ '=', { -ident => $k }, $set ] };
580 ? ($self->{array_datatypes}
581 ? [ $k, +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] } ]
582 : [ $k, +{ -literal => $v } ])
584 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
585 [ $k, $self->_expand_expr($v) ]
592 sub _expand_update_clause_target {
593 my ($self, undef, $target) = @_;
594 +(target => $self->expand_maybe_list_expr($target, -ident));
597 sub _expand_update_clause_set {
598 return $_[2] if ref($_[2]) eq 'HASH' and ($_[2]->{-op}||[''])->[0] eq ',';
599 +(set => $_[0]->_expand_update_set_values($_[1], $_[2]));
602 sub _expand_update_clause_where {
603 +(where => $_[0]->expand_expr($_[2]));
606 sub _expand_update_clause_returning {
607 +(returning => $_[0]->expand_maybe_list_expr($_[2], -ident));
610 # So that subclasses can override UPDATE ... RETURNING separately from
612 sub _update_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
616 #======================================================================
618 #======================================================================
621 my ($self, @args) = @_;
623 if (ref(my $sel = $args[0]) eq 'HASH') {
627 @clauses{qw(from select where order_by)} = @args;
629 # This oddity is to literalify since historically SQLA doesn't quote
630 # a single identifier argument, so we convert it into a literal
632 $clauses{select} = { -literal => [ $clauses{select}||'*' ] }
633 unless ref($clauses{select});
638 my @rendered = $self->render_statement({ -select => $stmt });
639 return wantarray ? @rendered : $rendered[0];
642 sub _expand_select_clause_select {
643 my ($self, undef, $select) = @_;
644 +(select => $self->expand_maybe_list_expr($select, -ident));
647 sub _expand_select_clause_from {
648 my ($self, undef, $from) = @_;
649 +(from => $self->expand_maybe_list_expr($from, -ident));
652 sub _expand_select_clause_where {
653 my ($self, undef, $where) = @_;
656 if (my $conv = $self->{convert}) {
668 ->wrap_expander(bind => $_wrap)
669 ->wrap_op_expanders(map +($_ => $_wrap), qw(ident value))
670 ->wrap_expander(func => sub {
673 my ($self, $type, $thing) = @_;
674 if (ref($thing) eq 'ARRAY' and $thing->[0] eq $conv
675 and @$thing == 2 and ref($thing->[1]) eq 'HASH'
678 or $thing->[1]{-value}
679 or $thing->[1]{-bind})
681 return { -func => $thing }; # already went through our expander
683 return $self->$orig($type, $thing);
691 return +(where => $sqla->expand_expr($where));
694 sub _expand_select_clause_order_by {
695 my ($self, undef, $order_by) = @_;
696 +(order_by => $self->_expand_order_by($order_by));
700 my ($self, $fields) = @_;
701 return $fields unless ref($fields);
702 return @{ $self->render_aqt(
703 $self->expand_maybe_list_expr($fields, '-ident')
707 #======================================================================
709 #======================================================================
712 my ($self, $table, $where, $options) = @_;
715 if (ref($table) eq 'HASH') {
718 my %clauses = (target => $table, where => $where, %{$options||{}});
722 my @rendered = $self->render_statement({ -delete => $stmt });
723 return wantarray ? @rendered : $rendered[0];
726 # So that subclasses can override DELETE ... RETURNING separately from
728 sub _delete_returning { shift->_returning(@_) }
730 sub _expand_delete_clause_target {
731 +(target => $_[0]->expand_maybe_list_expr($_[2], -ident));
734 sub _expand_delete_clause_where { +(where => $_[0]->expand_expr($_[2])); }
736 sub _expand_delete_clause_returning {
737 +(returning => $_[0]->expand_maybe_list_expr($_[2], -ident));
740 sub _render_delete_clause_target {
741 my ($self, undef, $from) = @_;
742 $self->join_query_parts(' ', { -keyword => 'delete from' }, $from);
745 #======================================================================
747 #======================================================================
751 # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses
753 my ($self, $where, $order) = @_;
755 local $self->{convert_where} = $self->{convert};
758 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where)
759 ? $self->_recurse_where($where)
761 $sql = (defined $sql and length $sql) ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : '';
765 my ($order_sql, @order_bind) = $self->_order_by($order);
767 push @bind, @order_bind;
770 return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql;
773 { our $Default_Scalar_To = -value }
776 my ($self, $expr, $default_scalar_to) = @_;
777 local our $Default_Scalar_To = $default_scalar_to if $default_scalar_to;
778 $self->_expand_expr($expr);
782 my ($self, $aqt, $top_level) = @_;
783 my ($k, $v, @rest) = %$aqt;
785 die "Not a node type: $k" unless $k =~ s/^-//;
786 if (my $meth = $self->{render}{$k}) {
787 local our $Render_Top_Level = $top_level;
788 return $self->$meth($k, $v);
790 die "notreached: $k";
794 my ($self, $expr, $default_scalar_to) = @_;
795 return @{ $self->render_aqt(
796 $self->expand_expr($expr, $default_scalar_to)
800 sub render_statement {
801 my ($self, $expr, $default_scalar_to) = @_;
803 $self->expand_expr($expr, $default_scalar_to), 1
807 sub _expand_statement {
808 my ($self, $type, $args) = @_;
809 my $ec = $self->{expand_clause};
812 $args->{$type} = delete $args->{_}
814 my %has_clause = map +($_ => 1), @{$self->{clauses_of}{$type}};
815 return +{ "-${type}" => +{
817 my $val = $args->{$_};
818 if (defined($val) and my $exp = $ec->{"${type}.$_"}) {
819 if ((my (@exp) = $self->$exp($_ => $val)) == 1) {
824 } elsif ($has_clause{$_}) {
825 ($_ => $self->expand_expr($val))
833 sub _render_statement {
834 my ($self, $type, $args) = @_;
836 foreach my $clause (@{$self->{clauses_of}{$type}}) {
837 next unless my $clause_expr = $args->{$clause};
839 if (my $rdr = $self->{render_clause}{"${type}.${clause}"}) {
840 $self->$rdr($clause, $clause_expr, $args);
842 my $r = $self->render_aqt($clause_expr, 1);
843 next unless defined $r->[0] and length $r->[0];
844 $self->join_query_parts(' ',
845 { -keyword => $clause },
852 my $q = $self->join_query_parts(' ', @parts);
853 return $self->join_query_parts('',
854 (our $Render_Top_Level ? $q : ('(', $q, ')'))
859 my ($self, $raw) = @_;
861 return $op if grep $_->{$op}, @{$self}{qw(is_op expand_op render_op)};
862 s/^-(?=.)//, s/\s+/_/g for $op;
867 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
868 our $Expand_Depth ||= 0; local $Expand_Depth = $Expand_Depth + 1;
869 return undef unless defined($expr);
870 if (ref($expr) eq 'HASH') {
871 return undef unless my $kc = keys %$expr;
873 return $self->_expand_op_andor(and => $expr);
875 my ($key, $value) = %$expr;
876 if ($key =~ /^-/ and $key =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) {
877 belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. '
878 . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ $key => COND1, $key => COND2 ... ]";
880 return $self->_expand_hashpair($key, $value);
882 if (ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY') {
883 return $self->_expand_op_andor(lc($self->{logic}), $expr);
885 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($expr)) {
886 return +{ -literal => $literal };
888 if (!ref($expr) or Scalar::Util::blessed($expr)) {
889 return $self->_expand_scalar($expr);
894 sub _expand_hashpair {
895 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
896 unless (defined($k) and length($k)) {
897 if (defined($k) and my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
898 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
899 return { -literal => $literal };
901 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported";
904 return $self->_expand_hashpair_op($k, $v);
905 } elsif ($k =~ /^[^\w]/i) {
906 my ($lhs, @rhs) = ref($v) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$v : $v;
907 return $self->_expand_op(
908 -op, [ $k, $self->expand_expr($lhs, -ident), @rhs ]
911 return $self->_expand_hashpair_ident($k, $v);
914 sub _expand_hashpair_ident {
915 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
917 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
919 # hash with multiple or no elements is andor
921 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH' and keys %$v != 1) {
922 return $self->_expand_op_andor(and => $v, $k);
925 # undef needs to be re-sent with cmp to achieve IS/IS NOT NULL
927 if (is_undef_value($v)) {
928 return $self->_expand_hashpair_cmp($k => undef);
931 # scalars and objects get expanded as whatever requested or values
933 if (!ref($v) or Scalar::Util::blessed($v)) {
934 return $self->_expand_hashpair_scalar($k, $v);
937 # single key hashref is a hashtriple
939 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
940 return $self->_expand_hashtriple($k, %$v);
943 # arrayref needs re-engineering over the elements
945 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
946 return $self->sqlfalse unless @$v;
947 $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements");
949 $v->[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i
950 ? (shift(@{$v = [ @$v ]}), $1)
951 : lc($self->{logic} || 'OR')
953 return $self->_expand_op_andor(
958 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) {
960 belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead';
963 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
964 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
966 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype($_);
969 return +{ -literal => [ $self->_quote($k).' '.$sql, @bind ] };
975 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
977 return $self->_expand_expr({ (our $Default_Scalar_To) => $expr });
980 sub _expand_hashpair_scalar {
981 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
983 return $self->_expand_hashpair_cmp(
984 $k, $self->_expand_scalar($v),
988 sub _expand_hashpair_op {
989 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
991 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($k =~ /\A-(.*)\Z/s);
993 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($k);
997 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
999 # the old special op system requires illegality for top-level use
1002 (our $Expand_Depth) == 1
1004 List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}
1006 $self->{disable_old_special_ops}
1007 and List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS
1011 puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'"
1015 if (my $exp = $self->{expand}{$op}||$self->{expand_op}{$op}) {
1016 return $self->$exp($op, $v);
1019 # Ops prefixed with -not_ get converted
1021 if (my ($rest) = $op =~/^not_(.*)$/) {
1024 $self->_expand_expr({ "-${rest}", $v })
1030 # the old unary op system means we should touch nothing and let it work
1032 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
1034 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
1035 return { -op => [ $op, $v ] };
1040 $self->{unknown_unop_always_func} && !$self->{render_op}{$op}
1050 and (keys %$v)[0] =~ /^-/
1054 (List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}})
1055 or $self->{render_op}{$op}
1063 if ($type eq -func and ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
1064 return $self->_expand_expr({ -func => [ $op, @$v ] });
1067 return $self->_expand_expr({ $type => [ $op, $v ] });
1070 sub _expand_hashpair_cmp {
1071 my ($self, $k, $v) = @_;
1072 $self->_expand_hashtriple($k, $self->{cmp}, $v);
1075 sub _expand_hashtriple {
1076 my ($self, $k, $vk, $vv) = @_;
1078 my $ik = $self->_expand_expr({ -ident => $k });
1080 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($vk);
1081 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op);
1083 if ($op =~ s/ _? \d+ $//x ) {
1084 return $self->_expand_expr($k, { $vk, $vv });
1086 if (my $x = $self->{expand_op}{$op}) {
1087 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
1088 return $self->$x($op, $vv, $k);
1092 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
1094 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}) {
1095 return { -op => [ $op, $ik, $vv ] };
1097 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
1101 { -op => [ $op, $vv ] }
1105 if (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY') {
1107 my $logic = (defined($raw[0]) and $raw[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i)
1108 ? (shift(@raw), lc $1) : 'or';
1109 my @values = map +{ $vk => $_ }, @raw;
1111 $op =~ $self->{inequality_op}
1112 or $op =~ $self->{not_like_op}
1114 if (lc($logic) eq 'or' and @values > 1) {
1115 belch "A multi-element arrayref as an argument to the inequality op '${\uc(join ' ', split '_', $op)}' "
1116 . 'is technically equivalent to an always-true 1=1 (you probably wanted '
1117 . "to say ...{ \$inequality_op => [ -and => \@values ] }... instead)"
1122 # try to DWIM on equality operators
1123 return ($self->_dwim_op_to_is($op,
1124 "Supplying an empty arrayref to '%s' is deprecated",
1125 "operator '%s' applied on an empty array (field '$k')"
1126 ) ? $self->sqlfalse : $self->sqltrue);
1128 return $self->_expand_op_andor($logic => \@values, $k);
1130 if (is_undef_value($vv)) {
1131 my $is = ($self->_dwim_op_to_is($op,
1132 "Supplying an undefined argument to '%s' is deprecated",
1133 "unexpected operator '%s' with undef operand",
1134 ) ? 'is' : 'is not');
1136 return $self->_expand_hashpair($k => { $is, undef });
1138 local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k;
1142 $self->_expand_expr($vv)
1146 sub _dwim_op_to_is {
1147 my ($self, $raw, $empty, $fail) = @_;
1149 my $op = $self->_normalize_op($raw);
1151 if ($op =~ /^not$/i) {
1154 if ($op =~ $self->{equality_op}) {
1157 if ($op =~ $self->{like_op}) {
1158 belch(sprintf $empty, uc(join ' ', split '_', $op));
1161 if ($op =~ $self->{inequality_op}) {
1164 if ($op =~ $self->{not_like_op}) {
1165 belch(sprintf $empty, uc(join ' ', split '_', $op));
1168 puke(sprintf $fail, $op);
1172 my ($self, undef, $args) = @_;
1173 my ($func, @args) = @$args;
1174 return +{ -func => [ $func, map $self->expand_expr($_), @args ] };
1178 my ($self, undef, $body, $k) = @_;
1179 return $self->_expand_hashpair_cmp(
1180 $k, { -ident => $body }
1182 unless (defined($body) or (ref($body) and ref($body) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1183 puke "-ident requires a single plain scalar argument (a quotable identifier) or an arrayref of identifier parts";
1185 my @parts = map split(/\Q${\($self->{name_sep}||'.')}\E/, $_),
1186 ref($body) ? @$body : $body;
1187 return { -ident => $parts[-1] } if $self->{_dequalify_idents};
1188 unless ($self->{quote_char}) {
1189 $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_) for @parts;
1191 return +{ -ident => \@parts };
1195 return $_[0]->_expand_hashpair_cmp(
1196 $_[3], { -value => $_[2] },
1197 ) if defined($_[3]);
1198 +{ -bind => [ our $Cur_Col_Meta, $_[2] ] };
1202 my ($self, undef, $args) = @_;
1203 +{ -row => [ map $self->expand_expr($_), @$args ] };
1207 my ($self, undef, $args) = @_;
1208 my ($op, @opargs) = @$args;
1209 if (my $exp = $self->{expand_op}{$op}) {
1210 return $self->$exp($op, \@opargs);
1212 +{ -op => [ $op, map $self->expand_expr($_), @opargs ] };
1216 my ($self, undef, $v) = @_;
1218 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
1220 puke "-bool => undef not supported" unless defined($v);
1221 return $self->_expand_expr({ -ident => $v });
1224 sub _expand_op_andor {
1225 my ($self, $logop, $v, $k) = @_;
1227 $v = [ map +{ $k, $_ },
1229 ? (map +{ $_ => $v->{$_} }, sort keys %$v)
1233 if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') {
1234 return undef unless keys %$v;
1237 map $self->_expand_expr({ $_ => $v->{$_} }),
1241 if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') {
1242 $logop eq 'and' or $logop eq 'or' or puke "unknown logic: $logop";
1245 (ref($_) eq 'ARRAY' and @$_)
1246 or (ref($_) eq 'HASH' and %$_)
1252 while (my ($el) = splice @expr, 0, 1) {
1253 puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in array-pairs"
1254 unless defined($el) and length($el);
1255 my $elref = ref($el);
1257 local our $Expand_Depth = 0;
1258 push(@res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr({ $el, shift(@expr) }));
1259 } elsif ($elref eq 'ARRAY') {
1260 push(@res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr($el)) if @$el;
1261 } elsif (my $l = is_literal_value($el)) {
1262 push @res, { -literal => $l };
1263 } elsif ($elref eq 'HASH') {
1264 local our $Expand_Depth = 0;
1265 push @res, grep defined, $self->_expand_expr($el) if %$el;
1271 # return $res[0] if @res == 1;
1272 return { -op => [ $logop, @res ] };
1278 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
1279 ($k, $vv) = @$vv unless defined $k;
1280 puke "$op can only take undef as argument"
1284 and exists($vv->{-value})
1285 and !defined($vv->{-value})
1287 return +{ -op => [ $op.'_null', $self->expand_expr($k, -ident) ] };
1290 sub _expand_between {
1291 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
1292 $k = shift @{$vv = [ @$vv ]} unless defined $k;
1293 my @rhs = map $self->_expand_expr($_),
1294 ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv;
1296 (@rhs == 1 and ref($rhs[0]) eq 'HASH' and $rhs[0]->{-literal})
1298 (@rhs == 2 and defined($rhs[0]) and defined($rhs[1]))
1300 puke "Operator '${\uc($op)}' requires either an arrayref with two defined values or expressions, or a single literal scalarref/arrayref-ref";
1304 $self->expand_expr(ref($k) ? $k : { -ident => $k }),
1305 map $self->expand_expr($_, -value), @rhs
1310 my ($self, $op, $vv, $k) = @_;
1311 $k = shift @{$vv = [ @$vv ]} unless defined $k;
1312 if (my $literal = is_literal_value($vv)) {
1313 my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal;
1314 my $opened_sql = $self->_open_outer_paren($sql);
1316 $op, $self->expand_expr($k, -ident),
1317 { -literal => [ $opened_sql, @bind ] }
1321 'SQL::Abstract before v1.75 used to generate incorrect SQL when the '
1322 . "-${\uc($op)} operator was given an undef-containing list: !!!AUDIT YOUR CODE "
1323 . 'AND DATA!!! (the upcoming Data::Query-based version of SQL::Abstract '
1324 . 'will emit the logically correct SQL instead of raising this exception)'
1326 puke("Argument passed to the '${\uc($op)}' operator can not be undefined")
1328 my @rhs = map $self->expand_expr($_, -value),
1329 map { defined($_) ? $_: puke($undef_err) }
1330 (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv);
1331 return $self->${\($op =~ /^not/ ? 'sqltrue' : 'sqlfalse')} unless @rhs;
1335 $self->expand_expr($k, -ident),
1341 my ($self, undef, $v) = @_;
1342 # DBIx::Class requires a nest warning to be emitted once but the private
1343 # method it overrode to do so no longer exists
1344 if ($self->{warn_once_on_nest}) {
1345 unless (our $Nest_Warned) {
1347 "-nest in search conditions is deprecated, you most probably wanted:\n"
1348 .q|{..., -and => [ \%cond0, \@cond1, \'cond2', \[ 'cond3', [ col => bind ] ], etc. ], ... }|
1353 return $self->_expand_expr($v);
1357 my ($self, $type, $v) = @_;
1358 return { "-${type}" => $v };
1361 sub _expand_values {
1362 my ($self, undef, $values) = @_;
1363 return { -values => [
1366 ? $self->expand_expr($_)
1367 : +{ -row => [ map $self->expand_expr($_), @$_ ] }
1368 ), ref($values) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$values : $values
1372 sub _recurse_where {
1373 my ($self, $where) = @_;
1375 # Special case: top level simple string treated as literal
1377 my $where_exp = (ref($where)
1378 ? $self->_expand_select_clause_where(undef, $where)
1379 : { -literal => [ $where ] });
1381 # dispatch expanded expression
1383 my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where_exp) ? @{ $self->render_aqt($where_exp) || [] } : ();
1384 # DBIx::Class used to call _recurse_where in scalar context
1385 # something else might too...
1387 return ($sql, @bind);
1390 belch "Calling _recurse_where in scalar context is deprecated and will go away before 2.0";
1396 my ($self, undef, $ident) = @_;
1398 return [ $self->_quote($ident) ];
1402 my ($self, undef, $values) = @_;
1403 return $self->join_query_parts('',
1405 $self->_render_op(undef, [ ',', @$values ]),
1411 my ($self, undef, $rest) = @_;
1412 my ($func, @args) = @$rest;
1413 return $self->join_query_parts('',
1414 $self->_sqlcase($func),
1415 $self->join_query_parts('',
1417 $self->join_query_parts(', ', @args),
1424 my ($self, undef, $bind) = @_;
1425 return [ '?', $self->_bindtype(@$bind) ];
1428 sub _render_literal {
1429 my ($self, undef, $literal) = @_;
1430 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@{$literal}[1..$#$literal]);
1434 sub _render_keyword {
1435 my ($self, undef, $keyword) = @_;
1436 return [ $self->_sqlcase(join ' ', split '_', $keyword) ];
1440 my ($self, undef, $v) = @_;
1441 my ($op, @args) = @$v;
1442 if (my $r = $self->{render_op}{$op}) {
1443 return $self->$r($op, \@args);
1448 my $op = join(' ', split '_', $op);
1450 my $ss = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}};
1451 if ($ss and @args > 1) {
1452 puke "Special op '${op}' requires first value to be identifier"
1453 unless my ($ident) = map $_->{-ident}, grep ref($_) eq 'HASH', $args[0];
1454 my $k = join(($self->{name_sep}||'.'), @$ident);
1455 local our $Expand_Depth = 1;
1456 return [ $self->${\($ss->{handler})}($k, $op, $args[1]) ];
1458 if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) {
1459 return [ $self->${\($us->{handler})}($op, $args[0]) ];
1462 return $self->_render_unop_paren($op, \@args);
1466 return $self->_render_unop_prefix($op, \@args);
1468 return $self->_render_op_multop($op, \@args);
1474 sub _render_op_between {
1475 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1476 my ($left, $low, $high) = @$args;
1479 puke "Single arg to between must be a literal"
1480 unless $low->{-literal};
1483 +($low, { -keyword => 'and' }, $high);
1486 return $self->join_query_parts(' ',
1487 '(', $left, { -keyword => $op }, @rh, ')',
1492 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1493 my ($lhs, @rhs) = @$args;
1495 return $self->join_query_parts(' ',
1497 { -keyword => $op },
1498 $self->join_query_parts(' ',
1500 $self->join_query_parts(', ', @rhs),
1506 sub _render_op_andor {
1507 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1508 return undef unless @$args;
1509 return $self->join_query_parts('', $args->[0]) if @$args == 1;
1510 my $inner = $self->_render_op_multop($op, $args);
1511 return undef unless defined($inner->[0]) and length($inner->[0]);
1512 return $self->join_query_parts(' ',
1517 sub _render_op_multop {
1518 my ($self, $op, $args) = @_;
1520 return undef unless @parts;
1521 return $self->render_aqt($parts[0]) if @parts == 1;
1522 my $join = ($op eq ','
1524 : { -keyword => " ${op} " }
1526 return $self->join_query_parts($join, @parts);
1529 sub _render_values {
1530 my ($self, undef, $values) = @_;
1531 my $inner = $self->join_query_parts(' ',
1532 { -keyword => 'values' },
1533 $self->join_query_parts(', ',
1534 ref($values) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$values : $values
1537 return $self->join_query_parts('',
1538 (our $Render_Top_Level ? $inner : ('(', $inner, ')'))
1542 sub join_query_parts {
1543 my ($self, $join, @parts) = @_;
1544 if (ref($join) eq 'HASH') {
1545 $join = $self->render_aqt($join)->[0];
1549 ? $self->render_aqt($_)
1550 : ((ref($_) eq 'ARRAY') ? $_ : [ $_ ])
1553 $self->{join_sql_parts}->(
1554 $join, grep defined && length, map $_->[0], @final
1556 (map @{$_}[1..$#$_], @final),
1560 sub _render_unop_paren {
1561 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1562 return $self->join_query_parts('',
1563 '(', $self->_render_unop_prefix($op, $v), ')'
1567 sub _render_unop_prefix {
1568 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1569 return $self->join_query_parts(' ',
1570 $self->_sqlcase($op), $v->[0]
1574 sub _render_unop_postfix {
1575 my ($self, $op, $v) = @_;
1576 return $self->join_query_parts(' ',
1577 $v->[0], { -keyword => $op },
1581 # Some databases (SQLite) treat col IN (1, 2) different from
1582 # col IN ( (1, 2) ). Use this to strip all outer parens while
1583 # adding them back in the corresponding method
1584 sub _open_outer_paren {
1585 my ($self, $sql) = @_;
1587 while (my ($inner) = $sql =~ /^ \s* \( (.*) \) \s* $/xs) {
1589 # there are closing parens inside, need the heavy duty machinery
1590 # to reevaluate the extraction starting from $sql (full reevaluation)
1591 if ($inner =~ /\)/) {
1592 require Text::Balanced;
1594 my (undef, $remainder) = do {
1595 # idiotic design - writes to $@ but *DOES NOT* throw exceptions
1597 Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed($sql, '()', qr/\s*/);
1600 # the entire expression needs to be a balanced bracketed thing
1601 # (after an extract no remainder sans trailing space)
1602 last if defined $remainder and $remainder =~ /\S/;
1612 #======================================================================
1614 #======================================================================
1616 sub _expand_order_by {
1617 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1619 return unless defined($arg) and not (ref($arg) eq 'ARRAY' and !@$arg);
1621 return $self->expand_maybe_list_expr($arg)
1622 if ref($arg) eq 'HASH' and ($arg->{-op}||[''])->[0] eq ',';
1624 my $expander = sub {
1625 my ($self, $dir, $expr) = @_;
1626 my @to_expand = ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$expr : $expr;
1627 foreach my $arg (@to_expand) {
1631 and grep /^-(asc|desc)$/, keys %$arg
1633 puke "ordering direction hash passed to order by must have exactly one key (-asc or -desc)";
1637 defined($dir) ? { -op => [ $dir =~ /^-?(.*)$/ ,=> $_ ] } : $_
1639 map $self->expand_expr($_, -ident),
1640 map ref($_) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$_ : $_, @to_expand;
1641 return undef unless @exp;
1642 return undef if @exp == 1 and not defined($exp[0]);
1643 return +{ -op => [ ',', @exp ] };
1646 local @{$self->{expand}}{qw(asc desc)} = (($expander) x 2);
1648 return $self->$expander(undef, $arg);
1652 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1654 return '' unless defined(my $expanded = $self->_expand_order_by($arg));
1656 my ($sql, @bind) = @{ $self->render_aqt($expanded) };
1658 return '' unless length($sql);
1660 my $final_sql = $self->_sqlcase(' order by ').$sql;
1662 return ($final_sql, @bind);
1665 # _order_by no longer needs to call this so doesn't but DBIC uses it.
1667 sub _order_by_chunks {
1668 my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1670 return () unless defined(my $expanded = $self->_expand_order_by($arg));
1672 my @res = $self->_chunkify_order_by($expanded);
1673 (ref() ? $_->[0] : $_) .= '' for @res;
1677 sub _chunkify_order_by {
1678 my ($self, $expanded) = @_;
1680 return grep length, @{ $self->render_aqt($expanded) }
1681 if $expanded->{-ident} or @{$expanded->{-literal}||[]} == 1;
1684 if (ref() eq 'HASH' and $_->{-op} and $_->{-op}[0] eq ',') {
1685 my ($comma, @list) = @{$_->{-op}};
1686 return map $self->_chunkify_order_by($_), @list;
1688 return $self->render_aqt($_);
1692 #======================================================================
1693 # DATASOURCE (FOR NOW, JUST PLAIN TABLE OR LIST OF TABLES)
1694 #======================================================================
1700 $self->expand_maybe_list_expr($from, -ident)
1705 #======================================================================
1707 #======================================================================
1709 sub expand_maybe_list_expr {
1710 my ($self, $expr, $default) = @_;
1712 ',', map $self->expand_expr($_, $default),
1713 @{$expr->{-op}}[1..$#{$expr->{-op}}]
1714 ] } if ref($expr) eq 'HASH' and ($expr->{-op}||[''])->[0] eq ',';
1715 return +{ -op => [ ',',
1716 map $self->expand_expr($_, $default),
1717 ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$expr : $expr
1721 # highly optimized, as it's called way too often
1723 # my ($self, $label) = @_;
1725 return '' unless defined $_[1];
1726 return ${$_[1]} if ref($_[1]) eq 'SCALAR';
1727 puke 'Identifier cannot be hashref' if ref($_[1]) eq 'HASH';
1729 unless ($_[0]->{quote_char}) {
1730 if (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY') {
1731 return join($_[0]->{name_sep}||'.', @{$_[1]});
1733 $_[0]->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_[1]);
1738 my $qref = ref $_[0]->{quote_char};
1740 !$qref ? ($_[0]->{quote_char}, $_[0]->{quote_char})
1741 : ($qref eq 'ARRAY') ? @{$_[0]->{quote_char}}
1742 : puke "Unsupported quote_char format: $_[0]->{quote_char}";
1744 my $esc = $_[0]->{escape_char} || $r;
1746 # parts containing * are naturally unquoted
1748 $_[0]->{name_sep}||'',
1752 : do { (my $n = $_) =~ s/(\Q$esc\E|\Q$r\E)/$esc$1/g; $l . $n . $r }
1754 (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY'
1758 ? split (/\Q$_[0]->{name_sep}\E/, $_[1] )
1766 # Conversion, if applicable
1768 #my ($self, $arg) = @_;
1769 if (my $conv = $_[0]->{convert_where}) {
1770 return @{ $_[0]->join_query_parts('',
1771 $_[0]->_sqlcase($conv),
1780 #my ($self, $col, @vals) = @_;
1781 # called often - tighten code
1782 return $_[0]->{bindtype} eq 'columns'
1783 ? map {[$_[1], $_]} @_[2 .. $#_]
1788 # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format
1789 # if bindtype is 'columns'.
1790 sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype {
1791 # my ($self, @bind) = @_;
1793 if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') {
1795 if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) {
1796 puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]"
1802 # Fix SQL case, if so requested
1804 # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we
1805 # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it!
1806 return $_[0]->{case} ? $_[1] : uc($_[1]);
1809 #======================================================================
1810 # DISPATCHING FROM REFKIND
1811 #======================================================================
1814 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1816 return 'UNDEF' unless defined $data;
1818 # blessed objects are treated like scalars
1819 my $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1821 return 'SCALAR' unless $ref;
1824 while ($ref eq 'REF') {
1826 $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data;
1830 return ($ref||'SCALAR') . ('REF' x $n_steps);
1834 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1835 my @try = ($self->_refkind($data));
1836 push @try, 'SCALAR_or_UNDEF' if $try[0] eq 'SCALAR' || $try[0] eq 'UNDEF';
1837 push @try, 'FALLBACK';
1841 sub _METHOD_FOR_refkind {
1842 my ($self, $meth_prefix, $data) = @_;
1845 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1846 $method = $self->can($meth_prefix."_".$_)
1850 return $method || puke "cannot dispatch on '$meth_prefix' for ".$self->_refkind($data);
1854 sub _SWITCH_refkind {
1855 my ($self, $data, $dispatch_table) = @_;
1858 for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) {
1859 $coderef = $dispatch_table->{$_}
1863 puke "no dispatch entry for ".$self->_refkind($data)
1872 #======================================================================
1873 # VALUES, GENERATE, AUTOLOAD
1874 #======================================================================
1876 # LDNOTE: original code from nwiger, didn't touch code in that section
1877 # I feel the AUTOLOAD stuff should not be the default, it should
1878 # only be activated on explicit demand by user.
1882 my $data = shift || return;
1883 puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash"
1884 unless ref $data eq 'HASH';
1887 foreach my $k (sort keys %$data) {
1888 my $v = $data->{$k};
1889 $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, {
1891 if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype
1892 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1894 else { # literal SQL with bind
1895 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1896 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1897 push @all_bind, @bind;
1900 ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind
1901 my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v};
1902 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1903 push @all_bind, @bind;
1905 SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind
1907 SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub {
1908 push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1919 my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv);
1923 if ($ref eq 'HASH') {
1924 for my $k (sort keys %$_) {
1927 my $label = $self->_quote($k);
1928 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') {
1929 # literal SQL with bind
1930 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1931 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1932 push @sqlq, "$label = $sql";
1934 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') {
1935 # literal SQL without bind
1936 push @sqlq, "$label = $$v";
1938 push @sqlq, "$label = ?";
1939 push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v);
1942 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq;
1943 } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') {
1944 # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL
1947 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind
1948 my ($sql, @bind) = @$v;
1949 $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind);
1952 } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind
1953 # embedded literal SQL
1960 push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')';
1961 } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') {
1965 # strings get case twiddled
1966 push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_);
1970 my $sql = join ' ', @sql;
1972 # this is pretty tricky
1973 # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind)
1974 # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline
1976 return ($sql, @sqlv);
1978 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv);
1979 ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e;
1988 # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr
1990 my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/;
1991 puke "AUTOLOAD invoked for method name ${name} and allow_autoload option not set" unless $self->{allow_autoload};
1992 return $self->generate($name, @_);
2003 SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures
2009 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
2011 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($source, \@fields, \%where, $order);
2013 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values);
2015 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where);
2017 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where);
2019 # Then, use these in your DBI statements
2020 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
2021 $sth->execute(@bind);
2023 # Just generate the WHERE clause
2024 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, $order);
2026 # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries
2027 # See PERFORMANCE section for more details
2028 my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals);
2032 This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>.
2033 However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted
2034 to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my
2035 statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to
2036 create an abstract SQL generation module.
2038 While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are
2039 several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE
2040 clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier
2041 to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive.
2042 The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based
2043 on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that
2044 you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes,
2045 as this module figures it out.
2047 To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash
2048 of C<key=value> pairs:
2051 name => 'Jimbo Bobson',
2052 phone => '123-456-7890',
2053 address => '42 Sister Lane',
2054 city => 'St. Louis',
2055 state => 'Louisiana',
2058 The SQL can then be generated with this:
2060 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
2062 Which would give you something like this:
2064 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people
2065 (address, city, name, phone, state)
2066 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
2067 @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson',
2068 '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana');
2070 These are then used directly in your DBI code:
2072 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
2073 $sth->execute(@bind);
2075 =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays
2077 If your database has array types (like for example Postgres),
2078 activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >>
2079 when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object.
2080 Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types:
2082 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1);
2084 planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/]
2087 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data);
2091 $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)"
2093 @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']);
2096 =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL
2098 In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may
2099 specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example,
2100 if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can
2101 say something like this:
2105 date_entered => \[ "to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003" ],
2108 The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are
2109 optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives
2112 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data);
2114 $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered)
2115 VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))";
2116 @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003');
2118 An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function:
2120 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data);
2122 Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate
2123 the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll
2124 want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is
2125 where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy...
2127 =head2 Complex where statements
2129 This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements
2130 easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean
2131 equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set
2132 of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to
2133 SELECT some data based on this criteria:
2136 requestor => 'inna',
2137 worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'],
2138 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
2141 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where);
2143 The above would give you something like this:
2145 $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE
2146 ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? )
2147 AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )";
2148 @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz');
2150 Which you could then use in DBI code like so:
2152 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt);
2153 $sth->execute(@bind);
2159 The methods are simple. There's one for every major SQL operation,
2160 and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a
2161 similar order for each method (table, then fields, then a where
2162 clause) to try and simplify things.
2164 =head2 new(option => 'value')
2166 The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns
2167 a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL
2168 through the methods below. The options accepted are:
2174 If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By
2175 default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like:
2177 SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%'
2179 Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored.
2183 This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default
2184 it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this:
2186 %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org');
2188 Will generate SQL like this:
2190 WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org'
2192 However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set
2193 C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as:
2195 WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org'
2197 You can also override the comparison on an individual basis - see
2198 the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom.
2200 =item sqltrue, sqlfalse
2202 Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements.
2203 By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used
2204 by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating
2205 correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below).
2209 This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE
2210 statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or"
2211 for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE
2215 event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
2216 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'},
2219 will generate SQL like this:
2221 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03'
2223 This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look
2224 at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify:
2226 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and');
2228 Which will change the above C<WHERE> to:
2230 WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03'
2232 The logic can also be changed locally by inserting
2233 a modifier in front of an arrayref:
2235 @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'},
2236 event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]);
2238 See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations.
2242 This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL
2243 function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument
2244 of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of
2245 case-insensitive "searches". For example, this:
2247 $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper');
2248 %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive');
2250 Will turn out the following SQL:
2252 WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive')
2254 The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function
2255 that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does
2256 not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim).
2260 This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't
2261 just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields.
2262 Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>:
2264 $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data');
2265 $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
2267 The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array,
2268 which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not.
2270 If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned.
2271 Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you
2272 specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this:
2274 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns');
2275 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...);
2278 [ 'column1', 'value1' ],
2279 [ 'column2', 'value2' ],
2280 [ 'column3', 'value3' ],
2283 You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>.
2285 $sth->prepare($stmt);
2288 my($col, $data) = @$_;
2289 if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') {
2290 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB});
2291 } elsif ($col eq 'image') {
2292 $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB});
2294 $sth->bind_param($i, $data);
2298 $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now
2300 Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap?
2301 Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields
2302 are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple
2303 sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still
2304 get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification.
2306 Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[ $sql, @bind ]>
2307 construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>)
2308 will expect the bind values in this format.
2312 This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted
2313 with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to
2314 the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this:
2316 SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%'
2318 Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left
2319 hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For
2320 example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes
2321 that generates SQL like this:
2323 SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%'
2325 Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved
2326 words in your database's SQL dialect.
2330 This is the character that will be used to escape L</quote_char>s appearing
2331 in an identifier before it has been quoted.
2333 The parameter default in case of a single L</quote_char> character is the quote
2336 When opening-closing-style quoting is used (L</quote_char> is an arrayref)
2337 this parameter defaults to the B<closing (right)> L</quote_char>. Occurrences
2338 of the B<opening (left)> L</quote_char> within the identifier are currently left
2339 untouched. The default for opening-closing-style quotes may change in future
2340 versions, thus you are B<strongly encouraged> to specify the escape character
2345 This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is
2346 necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected,
2347 so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this:
2349 SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1
2351 =item injection_guard
2353 A regular expression C<qr/.../> that is applied to any C<-function> and unquoted
2354 column name specified in a query structure. This is a safety mechanism to avoid
2355 injection attacks when mishandling user input e.g.:
2357 my %condition_as_column_value_pairs = get_values_from_user();
2358 $sqla->select( ... , \%condition_as_column_value_pairs );
2360 If the expression matches an exception is thrown. Note that literal SQL
2361 supplied via C<\'...'> or C<\['...']> is B<not> checked in any way.
2363 Defaults to checking for C<;> and the C<GO> keyword (TransactSQL)
2365 =item array_datatypes
2367 When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are
2368 interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly
2370 When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted
2371 as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs
2372 (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing
2373 new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax
2379 Takes a reference to a list of "special operators"
2380 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2381 See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details.
2385 Takes a reference to a list of "unary operators"
2386 to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>.
2387 See section L</"UNARY OPERATORS"> for details.
2393 =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)
2395 This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name
2396 and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs.
2397 It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values.
2398 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2399 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2400 with those data types.
2402 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2403 options to generate the insert SQL. Currently supported options
2410 Takes either a scalar of raw SQL fields, or an array reference of
2411 field names, and adds on an SQL C<RETURNING> statement at the end.
2412 This allows you to return data generated by the insert statement
2413 (such as row IDs) without performing another C<SELECT> statement.
2414 Note, however, this is not part of the SQL standard and may not
2415 be supported by all database engines.
2419 =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where, \%options)
2421 This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional
2422 hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list
2424 See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and
2425 L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert
2426 with those data types.
2428 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2429 options to generate the update SQL. Currently supported options
2436 See the C<returning> option to
2437 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2441 =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order)
2443 This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as
2444 specified by the arguments:
2450 Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement.
2451 The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table
2452 name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2453 of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref
2454 (literal SQL, not quoted).
2458 Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from
2460 The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list
2461 of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a
2462 plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted).
2463 Please observe that this API is not as flexible as that of
2464 the first argument C<$source>, for backwards compatibility reasons.
2468 Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query.
2469 The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be
2470 an arrayref or plain scalar --
2471 see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details.
2475 Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query.
2476 The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref
2477 -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">
2483 =head2 delete($table, \%where, \%options)
2485 This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>.
2486 It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values.
2488 The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional
2489 options to generate the delete SQL. Currently supported options
2496 See the C<returning> option to
2497 L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>.
2501 =head2 where(\%where, $order)
2503 This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example,
2504 if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the
2505 rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way
2506 to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE
2507 clause and list of bind values.
2510 =head2 values(\%data)
2512 This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same
2513 order that would be returned from any of the other above queries.
2514 Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you
2515 are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section.
2517 =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types)
2519 Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change.
2521 This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut.
2522 It will return two different things, depending on return context:
2524 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2525 my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields);
2527 These would return the following:
2529 # First calling form
2530 $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)";
2531 @bind = (field1, field2);
2533 # Second calling form
2534 $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)";
2536 Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct
2537 format. In this example, the second form is what you would want.
2541 $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' });
2545 ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY'
2547 You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything
2548 else remains verbatim.
2550 =head1 EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS
2552 =head2 is_plain_value
2554 Determines if the supplied argument is a plain value as understood by this
2559 =item * The value is C<undef>
2561 =item * The value is a non-reference
2563 =item * The value is an object with stringification overloading
2565 =item * The value is of the form C<< { -value => $anything } >>
2569 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns a B<scalar> reference
2570 to the original supplied argument.
2576 The stringification overloading detection is rather advanced: it takes
2577 into consideration not only the presence of a C<""> overload, but if that
2578 fails also checks for enabled
2579 L<autogenerated versions of C<"">|overload/Magic Autogeneration>, based
2580 on either C<0+> or C<bool>.
2582 Unfortunately testing in the field indicates that this
2583 detection B<< may tickle a latent bug in perl versions before 5.018 >>,
2584 but only when very large numbers of stringifying objects are involved.
2585 At the time of writing ( Sep 2014 ) there is no clear explanation of
2586 the direct cause, nor is there a manageably small test case that reliably
2587 reproduces the problem.
2589 If you encounter any of the following exceptions in B<random places within
2590 your application stack> - this module may be to blame:
2592 Operation "ne": no method found,
2593 left argument in overloaded package <something>,
2594 right argument in overloaded package <something>
2598 Stub found while resolving method "???" overloading """" in package <something>
2600 If you fall victim to the above - please attempt to reduce the problem
2601 to something that could be sent to the L<SQL::Abstract developers
2602 |DBIx::Class/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT>
2603 (either publicly or privately). As a workaround in the meantime you can
2604 set C<$ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}> to a true
2605 value, which will most likely eliminate your problem (at the expense of
2606 not being able to properly detect exotic forms of stringification).
2608 This notice and environment variable will be removed in a future version,
2609 as soon as the underlying problem is found and a reliable workaround is
2614 =head2 is_literal_value
2616 Determines if the supplied argument is a literal value as understood by this
2621 =item * C<\$sql_string>
2623 =item * C<\[ $sql_string, @bind_values ]>
2627 On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns an B<array> reference
2628 containing the unpacked version of the supplied literal SQL and bind values.
2630 =head1 WHERE CLAUSES
2634 This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It
2635 is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this
2636 module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes
2639 The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After
2640 each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used:
2642 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where);
2644 However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any
2645 of the other functions as well, as described above.
2647 =head2 Key-value pairs
2649 So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash:
2653 status => 'completed'
2656 Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements:
2658 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?";
2659 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2661 One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that
2662 a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of
2667 status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'];
2670 This simple code will create the following:
2672 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )";
2673 @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending');
2675 A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a
2676 logical false and will generate 0=1.
2678 =head2 Tests for NULL values
2680 If the value part is C<undef> then this is converted to SQL <IS NULL>
2689 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status IS NULL";
2692 To test if a column IS NOT NULL:
2696 status => { '!=', undef },
2699 =head2 Specific comparison operators
2701 If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison,
2702 you can use a hashref for a given column:
2706 status => { '!=', 'completed' }
2709 Which would generate:
2711 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?";
2712 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed');
2714 To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref:
2716 status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] };
2718 Which would give you:
2720 "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?"
2723 The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded
2724 into an C<AND> of its elements:
2728 status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' }
2731 # Or more dynamically, like from a form
2732 $where{user} = 'nwiger';
2733 $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed';
2734 $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%';
2736 # Both generate this
2737 $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?";
2738 @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%');
2741 To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea:
2745 priority => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ]
2748 Which would generate:
2750 $stmt = "WHERE ( priority = ? OR priority > ? ) AND user = ?";
2751 @bind = ('2', '5', 'nwiger');
2753 If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a
2754 scalar reference or reference to an arrayref as the value:
2757 date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] },
2758 date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" }
2761 Which would generate:
2763 $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()";
2764 @bind = ('11/26/2008');
2767 =head2 Logic and nesting operators
2769 In the example above,
2770 there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like
2771 this (notice the C<AND>):
2773 WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ?
2775 Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this:
2777 priority => { '!=' => 2, '!=' => 1 }
2779 As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution
2780 is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref:
2782 priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2},
2786 Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it
2787 to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the
2788 C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries
2789 work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes
2790 B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will
2791 B<NOT> do what you think it might:
2793 priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG!
2795 Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap:
2798 status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' }
2799 status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}]
2802 status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']}
2803 status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}]
2804 status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ]
2808 =head2 Special operators: IN, BETWEEN, etc.
2810 You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the
2811 C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref:
2814 status => 'completed',
2815 reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] }
2818 Which would generate:
2820 $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)";
2821 @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2');
2823 The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in
2826 If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated
2827 (by default: C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates
2828 'sqltrue' (by default: C<1=1>).
2830 In addition to the array you can supply a chunk of literal sql or
2831 literal sql with bind:
2834 customer => { -in => \[
2835 'SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ?',
2838 status => { -in => \'SELECT status_codes FROM states' },
2844 customer IN ( SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ? )
2845 AND status IN ( SELECT status_codes FROM states )
2849 Finally, if the argument to C<-in> is not a reference, it will be
2850 treated as a single-element array.
2852 Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>,
2853 used with an arrayref of two values:
2857 completion_date => {
2858 -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06']
2864 WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? )
2866 Just like with C<-in> all plausible combinations of literal SQL
2870 start0 => { -between => [ 1, 2 ] },
2871 start1 => { -between => \["? AND ?", 1, 2] },
2872 start2 => { -between => \"lower(x) AND upper(y)" },
2873 start3 => { -between => [
2875 \["upper(?)", 'stuff' ],
2882 ( start0 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
2883 AND ( start1 BETWEEN ? AND ? )
2884 AND ( start2 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(y) )
2885 AND ( start3 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(?) )
2887 @bind = (1, 2, 1, 2, 'stuff');
2890 These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the
2891 list can be expanded: see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below.
2893 =head2 Unary operators: bool
2895 If you wish to test against boolean columns or functions within your
2896 database you can use the C<-bool> and C<-not_bool> operators. For
2897 example to test the column C<is_user> being true and the column
2898 C<is_enabled> being false you would use:-
2902 -not_bool => 'is_enabled',
2907 WHERE is_user AND NOT is_enabled
2909 If a more complex combination is required, testing more conditions,
2910 then you should use the and/or operators:-
2915 -not_bool => { two=> { -rlike => 'bar' } },
2916 -not_bool => { three => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] },
2927 (NOT ( three = ? OR three > ? ))
2930 =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes
2932 So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level
2933 C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in
2934 hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example:
2939 status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] },
2943 status => 'unassigned',
2947 This data structure would create the following:
2949 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) )
2950 OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )";
2951 @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned');
2954 Clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or>
2955 to change the logic inside:
2961 -and => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ],
2962 -or => { workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' },
2969 $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ?
2970 AND ( ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? )
2971 OR ( workhrs < ? OR geo = ? ) ) )";
2972 @bind = ('nwiger', '20', 'ASIA', '50', 'EURO');
2974 =head3 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons
2976 C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or>
2977 operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting
2978 several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes
2979 C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features:
2982 -and => [a => 1, b => 2],
2983 -or => [c => 3, d => 4],
2984 e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ]
2989 WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? )
2990 OR ( c = ? OR d = ? )
2991 OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) )
2993 This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for
2994 historical reasons. So be careful: the two examples below would
2995 seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not
2998 { -like => 'foo%' },
2999 { -like => '%bar' },
3001 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) )
3004 { col => { -like => 'foo%' } },
3005 { col => { -like => '%bar' } },
3007 # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) )
3010 =head2 Literal SQL and value type operators
3012 The basic premise of SQL::Abstract is that in WHERE specifications the "left
3013 side" is a column name and the "right side" is a value (normally rendered as
3014 a placeholder). This holds true for both hashrefs and arrayref pairs as you
3015 see in the L</WHERE CLAUSES> examples above. Sometimes it is necessary to
3016 alter this behavior. There are several ways of doing so.
3020 This is a virtual operator that signals the string to its right side is an
3021 identifier (a column name) and not a value. For example to compare two
3022 columns you would write:
3025 priority => { '<', 2 },
3026 requestor => { -ident => 'submitter' },
3031 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor = submitter";
3034 If you are maintaining legacy code you may see a different construct as
3035 described in L</Deprecated usage of Literal SQL>, please use C<-ident> in new
3040 This is a virtual operator that signals that the construct to its right side
3041 is a value to be passed to DBI. This is for example necessary when you want
3042 to write a where clause against an array (for RDBMS that support such
3043 datatypes). For example:
3046 array => { -value => [1, 2, 3] }
3051 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ?';
3052 @bind = ([1, 2, 3]);
3054 Note that if you were to simply say:
3060 the result would probably not be what you wanted:
3062 $stmt = 'WHERE array = ? OR array = ? OR array = ?';
3067 Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. To include a random snippet
3068 of SQL verbatim, you specify it as a scalar reference. Consider this only
3069 as a last resort. Usually there is a better way. For example:
3072 priority => { '<', 2 },
3073 requestor => { -in => \'(SELECT name FROM hitmen)' },
3078 $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor IN (SELECT name FROM hitmen)"
3081 Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since
3082 the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement.
3086 Never use untrusted input as a literal SQL argument - this is a massive
3087 security risk (there is no way to check literal snippets for SQL
3088 injections and other nastyness). If you need to deal with untrusted input
3089 use literal SQL with placeholders as described next.
3091 =head3 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)
3093 If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values,
3094 use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference --
3095 not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date
3096 in Postgres you can use something like this:
3099 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", 10 ]
3104 $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )"
3107 Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned
3108 by L<where|/where(\%where, $order)>. This means that if you set L</bindtype>
3109 to C<columns>, you must provide the bind values in the
3110 C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where C<column_meta> is an opaque
3111 scalar value; most commonly the column name, but you can use any scalar value
3112 (including references and blessed references), L<SQL::Abstract> will simply
3113 pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set to C<columns> the above
3114 example will look like:
3117 date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", [ {} => 10 ] ]
3120 Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the
3121 main SQL query. Here is a first example:
3123 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?",
3127 bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
3132 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1
3133 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))";
3134 @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%");
3136 Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">,
3137 are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and
3138 its associated bind values can be generated through a former call
3141 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
3142 = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100},
3143 c3 => {-like => "foo%"}});
3146 bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
3149 In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column;
3150 but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where>
3151 hash, like an EXISTS subquery:
3153 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
3154 = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"});
3155 my %where = ( -and => [
3157 \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
3162 $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1
3163 WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))";
3167 Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to
3168 column C<t0.c0> of the main query: this is I<not> a bind
3169 value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref.
3170 Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated
3171 C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly
3172 what we wanted here.
3174 Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used
3175 for expressing unary negation:
3177 my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind)
3178 = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]});
3179 $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause
3181 lname => {like => '%son%'},
3182 \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind],
3187 $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )"
3188 @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20)
3190 =head3 Deprecated usage of Literal SQL
3192 Below are some examples of archaic use of literal SQL. It is shown only as
3193 reference for those who deal with legacy code. Each example has a much
3194 better, cleaner and safer alternative that users should opt for in new code.
3200 my %where = ( requestor => \'IS NOT NULL' )
3202 $stmt = "WHERE requestor IS NOT NULL"
3204 This used to be the way of generating NULL comparisons, before the handling
3205 of C<undef> got formalized. For new code please use the superior syntax as
3206 described in L</Tests for NULL values>.
3210 my %where = ( requestor => \'= submitter' )
3212 $stmt = "WHERE requestor = submitter"
3214 This used to be the only way to compare columns. Use the superior L</-ident>
3215 method for all new code. For example an identifier declared in such a way
3216 will be properly quoted if L</quote_char> is properly set, while the legacy
3217 form will remain as supplied.
3221 my %where = ( is_ready => \"", completed => { '>', '2012-12-21' } )
3223 $stmt = "WHERE completed > ? AND is_ready"
3224 @bind = ('2012-12-21')
3226 Using an empty string literal used to be the only way to express a boolean.
3227 For all new code please use the much more readable
3228 L<-bool|/Unary operators: bool> operator.
3234 These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data
3235 structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the
3236 module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function
3237 internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a
3238 little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best
3239 format for your data based on that.
3241 And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with
3242 variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you
3243 knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about
3244 dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your
3247 =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES
3249 Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a
3250 column name), a hashref of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' }
3251 >>, a scalarref, an arrayref-ref, or an arrayref of any of the previous
3254 Given | Will Generate
3255 ---------------------------------------------------------------
3257 'colA' | ORDER BY colA
3259 [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB
3261 {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC
3263 {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC
3265 ['colA', {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC
3267 { -asc => [qw/colA colB/] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC
3269 \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC
3271 \[ 'FUNC(colA, ?)', $x ] | ORDER BY FUNC(colA, ?)
3272 | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
3275 { -asc => 'colA' }, | colA ASC,
3276 { -desc => [qw/colB/] }, | colB DESC,
3277 { -asc => [qw/colC colD/] },| colC ASC, colD ASC,
3278 \'colE DESC', | colE DESC,
3279 \[ 'FUNC(colF, ?)', $x ], | FUNC(colF, ?)
3280 ] | /* ...with $x bound to ? */
3281 ===============================================================
3285 =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS
3287 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
3291 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
3297 handler => 'method_name',
3301 A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
3302 applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator.
3305 WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?)
3306 WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ?
3307 WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?)
3309 Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore
3310 are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract> (as the overridable methods
3311 C<_where_field_IN> and C<_where_field_BETWEEN>). For other operators,
3312 like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is specific to MySQL,
3313 you can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<special_ops>
3314 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
3315 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
3322 the regular expression to match the operator
3326 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
3327 the expected return is C<< ($sql, @bind) >>.
3329 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
3330 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
3332 $self->$method_name($field, $op, $arg)
3336 $field is the LHS of the operator
3337 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
3340 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
3342 $coderef->($self, $field, $op, $arg)
3347 For example, here is an implementation
3348 of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL
3350 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [
3352 # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...)
3353 {regex => qr/^match$/i,
3355 my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_;
3356 $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg;
3357 my $label = $self->_quote($field);
3358 my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?');
3359 my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg);
3360 my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) "
3361 . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) ";
3362 my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg);
3363 return ($sql, @bind);
3370 =head1 UNARY OPERATORS
3372 my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(unary_ops => [
3376 my ($self, $op, $arg) = @_;
3382 handler => 'method_name',
3386 A "unary operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be
3387 applied to a field - the operator goes before the field
3389 You can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<unary_ops>
3390 argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of
3391 operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two
3398 the regular expression to match the operator
3402 Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases
3403 the expected return is C<< $sql >>.
3405 When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the
3406 L<SQL::Abstract> object as:
3408 $self->$method_name($op, $arg)
3412 $op is the part that matched the handler regex
3413 $arg is the RHS or argument of the operator
3415 When supplied with a coderef, it is called as:
3417 $coderef->($self, $op, $arg)
3425 Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that
3426 this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>.
3427 I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a
3428 byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles
3431 To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following:
3433 # prepare a statement handle using the first row
3434 # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows
3436 for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) {
3437 $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href);
3438 $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt);
3439 $sth->execute($sql->values($href));
3442 The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted
3443 internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains
3444 the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time
3445 around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided
3446 by this module to return your values in the correct order.
3448 However this depends on the values having the same type - if, for
3449 example, the values of a where clause may either have values
3450 (resulting in sql of the form C<column = ?> with a single bind
3451 value), or alternatively the values might be C<undef> (resulting in
3452 sql of the form C<column IS NULL> with no bind value) then the
3453 caching technique suggested will not work.
3457 If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully
3458 really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query
3459 can be as simple as the following:
3466 use CGI::FormBuilder;
3469 my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...);
3470 my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new;
3472 if ($form->submitted) {
3473 my $field = $form->field;
3474 my $id = delete $field->{id};
3475 my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id});
3478 Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the
3479 query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your
3480 table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic.
3482 If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for
3483 a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently
3484 use these three modules together to write complex database query
3485 apps in under 50 lines.
3487 =head1 HOW TO CONTRIBUTE
3489 Contributions are always welcome, in all usable forms (we especially
3490 welcome documentation improvements). The delivery methods include git-
3491 or unified-diff formatted patches, GitHub pull requests, or plain bug
3492 reports either via RT or the Mailing list. Contributors are generally
3493 granted full access to the official repository after their first several
3494 patches pass successful review.
3496 This project is maintained in a git repository. The code and related tools are
3497 accessible at the following locations:
3501 =item * Official repo: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3503 =item * Official gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git>
3505 =item * GitHub mirror: L<https://github.com/dbsrgits/sql-abstract>
3507 =item * Authorized committers: L<ssh://dbsrgits@git.shadowcat.co.uk/SQL-Abstract.git>
3513 Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>.
3514 Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior
3515 documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however,
3516 some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved
3517 differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order
3518 to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying
3519 on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.*
3520 B<might behave differently> in v1.50.
3522 The main changes are:
3528 support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [ $sql, @bind ] >> syntax.
3532 support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL)
3536 support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values)
3540 optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays">
3544 defensive programming: check arguments
3548 fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented
3549 through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would
3550 interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >>
3551 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>.
3552 Now this is interpreted
3553 as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>.
3558 fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args
3562 dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary,
3563 we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree.
3567 dropped the C<_modlogic> function
3571 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
3573 There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with
3574 this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN
3575 so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are:
3577 Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support)
3578 Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support)
3579 Mark Stosberg (benchmarking)
3580 Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support)
3581 Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions)
3582 Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support)
3583 Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE")
3584 Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep")
3585 Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by)
3586 Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL)
3587 Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests)
3588 Peter Rabbitson (rewrite of SQLA::Test, misc. fixes & tests)
3589 Oliver Charles (support for "RETURNING" after "INSERT")
3595 L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>.
3599 Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved.
3601 This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
3603 For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list.
3604 While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of
3605 C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with
3606 how to create queries.
3610 This module is free software; you may copy this under the same
3611 terms as perl itself (either the GNU General Public License or
3612 the Artistic License)