1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
9 use Carp::Clan qw/^DBIx::Class/;
10 use DBIx::Class::Exception;
13 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
14 use DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle;
17 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
19 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class _source_handle/);
23 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
27 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
28 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
29 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
33 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
34 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
35 important/useful bit).
37 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
38 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
40 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
41 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
42 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Source> name.
44 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
46 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
47 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
48 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
50 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
51 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
54 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
55 the database when these methods are called:
56 L</find> L</next> L</all> L</first> L</single> L</count>
60 =head2 Chaining resultsets
62 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
63 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
64 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
65 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
70 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
71 my $schema = $self->get_schema; # Get the DBIC schema object somehow.
73 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
74 title => $request->param('title'),
75 year => $request->param('year'),
78 $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
83 sub apply_security_policy {
92 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
94 When a resultset is chained from another resultset, conditions and
95 attributes with the same keys need resolving.
97 L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes are merged
98 into the existing ones from the original resultset.
100 The L</where>, L</having> attribute, and any search conditions are
101 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
104 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
107 =head2 Multiple queries
109 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
110 things with it with the same object.
112 # Don't hit the DB yet.
113 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
114 title => 'something',
118 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
119 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
120 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
121 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
123 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
129 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
131 Which is the same as:
133 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
134 title => 'something',
139 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
143 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
144 However, if it is used in a booleand context it is always true. So if
145 you want to check if a resultset has any results use C<if $rs != 0>.
146 C<if $rs> will always be true.
154 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
156 =item Return Value: $rs
160 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
161 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
162 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
163 executed as needed by the other methods.
165 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
166 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
168 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
170 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
172 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
174 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
180 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
182 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
183 $source = $source->handle
184 unless $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
185 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
187 if ($attrs->{page}) {
188 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
191 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
193 # Creation of {} and bless separated to mitigate RH perl bug
194 # see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=196836
196 _source_handle => $source,
197 cond => $attrs->{where},
206 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->resolve->result_class
216 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
218 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
222 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
223 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
225 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
226 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
228 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
229 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
231 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
232 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
233 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
236 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
237 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
238 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching>. For a complete
239 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract>.
241 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
247 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
248 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
255 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
257 =item Return Value: $resultset
261 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
262 always return a resultset, even in list context.
269 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef).
270 if ( @_ == 2 && !defined $_[1] && !defined $_[0] ) {
275 $attrs = pop(@_) if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
276 my $our_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
277 my $having = delete $our_attrs->{having};
278 my $where = delete $our_attrs->{where};
282 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
285 (@_ && defined($_[0])) # @_ == () or (undef)
287 (keys %$attrs # empty attrs or only 'safe' attrs
288 && List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$attrs)
290 # no search, effectively just a clone
291 $rows = $self->get_cache;
294 my $new_attrs = { %{$our_attrs}, %{$attrs} };
296 # merge new attrs into inherited
297 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch +select +as bind/) {
298 next unless exists $attrs->{$key};
299 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{$key}, $attrs->{$key});
304 (@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
306 (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH')
308 (keys %{ $_[0] } > 0)
316 ? $self->throw_exception("Odd number of arguments to search")
323 if (defined $where) {
324 $new_attrs->{where} = (
325 defined $new_attrs->{where}
328 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
329 } $where, $new_attrs->{where}
336 $new_attrs->{where} = (
337 defined $new_attrs->{where}
340 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
341 } $cond, $new_attrs->{where}
347 if (defined $having) {
348 $new_attrs->{having} = (
349 defined $new_attrs->{having}
352 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
353 } $having, $new_attrs->{having}
359 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $new_attrs);
361 $rs->set_cache($rows) if ($rows);
366 =head2 search_literal
370 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
372 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
376 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
377 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
379 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
382 CAVEAT: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and should
383 only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience method.
384 It is equivalent to calling $schema->search(\[]), but if you want to ensure
385 columns are bound correctly, use C<search>.
387 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
389 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
390 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
393 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching> and
394 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
395 require C<search_literal>.
400 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
402 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
405 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ __DUMMY__ => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
412 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
414 =item Return Value: $row_object | undef
418 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example, to find
419 a row by its primary key:
421 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
423 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint using the C<key>
424 attribute. For example:
426 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find('Massive Attack', 'Mezzanine', {
427 key => 'cd_artist_title'
430 Additionally, you can specify the columns explicitly by name:
432 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
434 artist => 'Massive Attack',
435 title => 'Mezzanine',
437 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
440 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
442 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
443 source for which column data is provided, including the primary key.
445 If your table does not have a primary key, you B<must> provide a value for the
446 C<key> attribute matching one of the unique constraints on the source.
448 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
449 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
451 Note: If your query does not return only one row, a warning is generated:
453 Query returned more than one row
455 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to
456 declare unique constraints, see
457 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
463 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
465 # Default to the primary key, but allow a specific key
466 my @cols = exists $attrs->{key}
467 ? $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key})
468 : $self->result_source->primary_columns;
469 $self->throw_exception(
470 "Can't find unless a primary key is defined or unique constraint is specified"
473 # Parse out a hashref from input
475 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
476 $input_query = { %{$_[0]} };
478 elsif (@_ == @cols) {
480 @{$input_query}{@cols} = @_;
483 # Compatibility: Allow e.g. find(id => $value)
484 carp "Find by key => value deprecated; please use a hashref instead";
488 my (%related, $info);
490 KEY: foreach my $key (keys %$input_query) {
491 if (ref($input_query->{$key})
492 && ($info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($key))) {
493 my $val = delete $input_query->{$key};
494 next KEY if (ref($val) eq 'ARRAY'); # has_many for multi_create
495 my $rel_q = $self->result_source->_resolve_condition(
496 $info->{cond}, $val, $key
498 die "Can't handle OR join condition in find" if ref($rel_q) eq 'ARRAY';
499 @related{keys %$rel_q} = values %$rel_q;
502 if (my @keys = keys %related) {
503 @{$input_query}{@keys} = values %related;
507 # Build the final query: Default to the disjunction of the unique queries,
508 # but allow the input query in case the ResultSet defines the query or the
509 # user is abusing find
510 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
512 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
513 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key});
514 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($input_query, \@unique_cols);
515 $query = $self->_add_alias($unique_query, $alias);
517 elsif ($self->{attrs}{accessor} and $self->{attrs}{accessor} eq 'single') {
518 # This means that we got here after a merger of relationship conditions
519 # in ::Relationship::Base::search_related (the row method), and furthermore
520 # the relationship is of the 'single' type. This means that the condition
521 # provided by the relationship (already attached to $self) is sufficient,
522 # as there can be only one row in the databse that would satisfy the
526 my @unique_queries = $self->_unique_queries($input_query, $attrs);
527 $query = @unique_queries
528 ? [ map { $self->_add_alias($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
529 : $self->_add_alias($input_query, $alias);
533 my $rs = $self->search ($query, {result_class => $self->result_class, %$attrs});
534 if (keys %{$rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
536 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
546 # Add the specified alias to the specified query hash. A copy is made so the
547 # original query is not modified.
550 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
552 my %aliased = %$query;
553 foreach my $col (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %aliased) {
554 $aliased{"$alias.$col"} = delete $aliased{$col};
562 # Build a list of queries which satisfy unique constraints.
564 sub _unique_queries {
565 my ($self, $query, $attrs) = @_;
567 my @constraint_names = exists $attrs->{key}
569 : $self->result_source->unique_constraint_names;
571 my $where = $self->_collapse_cond($self->{attrs}{where} || {});
572 my $num_where = scalar keys %$where;
574 my (@unique_queries, %seen_column_combinations);
575 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
576 my @constraint_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
578 my $constraint_sig = join "\x00", sort @constraint_cols;
579 next if $seen_column_combinations{$constraint_sig}++;
581 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($query, \@constraint_cols);
583 my $num_cols = scalar @constraint_cols;
584 my $num_query = scalar keys %$unique_query;
586 my $total = $num_query + $num_where;
587 if ($num_query && ($num_query == $num_cols || $total == $num_cols)) {
588 # The query is either unique on its own or is unique in combination with
589 # the existing where clause
590 push @unique_queries, $unique_query;
594 return @unique_queries;
597 # _build_unique_query
599 # Constrain the specified query hash based on the specified column names.
601 sub _build_unique_query {
602 my ($self, $query, $unique_cols) = @_;
605 map { $_ => $query->{$_} }
606 grep { exists $query->{$_} }
611 =head2 search_related
615 =item Arguments: $rel, $cond, \%attrs?
617 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
621 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
625 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
626 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
631 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
634 =head2 search_related_rs
636 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
637 it guarantees a restultset, even in list context.
641 sub search_related_rs {
642 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
649 =item Arguments: none
651 =item Return Value: $cursor
655 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
656 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
663 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
665 return $self->{cursor}
666 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
667 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
674 =item Arguments: $cond?
676 =item Return Value: $row_object?
680 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
682 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
683 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by L</find> as a lean version of
686 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
687 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
688 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
689 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
695 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceeding
696 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
699 Query returned more than one row
701 In this case, you should be using L</next> or L</find> instead, or if you really
702 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
705 This method will also throw an exception if it is called on a resultset prefetching
706 has_many, as such a prefetch implies fetching multiple rows from the database in
707 order to assemble the resulting object.
714 my ($self, $where) = @_;
716 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
719 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
721 if (keys %{$attrs->{collapse}}) {
722 $self->throw_exception(
723 'single() can not be used on resultsets prefetching has_many. Use find( \%cond ) or next() instead'
728 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
731 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
732 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
735 $attrs->{where} = $where;
739 # XXX: Disabled since it doesn't infer uniqueness in all cases
740 # unless ($self->_is_unique_query($attrs->{where})) {
741 # carp "Query not guaranteed to return a single row"
742 # . "; please declare your unique constraints or use search instead";
745 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
746 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
747 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
750 return (@data ? ($self->_construct_object(@data))[0] : undef);
756 # Try to determine if the specified query is guaranteed to be unique, based on
757 # the declared unique constraints.
759 sub _is_unique_query {
760 my ($self, $query) = @_;
762 my $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($query);
763 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
765 foreach my $name ($self->result_source->unique_constraint_names) {
766 my @unique_cols = map {
768 } $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
770 # Count the values for each unique column
771 my %seen = map { $_ => 0 } @unique_cols;
773 foreach my $key (keys %$collapsed) {
774 my $aliased = $key =~ /\./ ? $key : "$alias.$key";
775 next unless exists $seen{$aliased}; # Additional constraints are okay
776 $seen{$aliased} = scalar keys %{ $collapsed->{$key} };
779 # If we get 0 or more than 1 value for a column, it's not necessarily unique
780 return 1 unless grep { $_ != 1 } values %seen;
788 # Recursively collapse the query, accumulating values for each column.
790 sub _collapse_query {
791 my ($self, $query, $collapsed) = @_;
795 if (ref $query eq 'ARRAY') {
796 foreach my $subquery (@$query) {
797 next unless ref $subquery; # -or
798 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
801 elsif (ref $query eq 'HASH') {
802 if (keys %$query and (keys %$query)[0] eq '-and') {
803 foreach my $subquery (@{$query->{-and}}) {
804 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
808 foreach my $col (keys %$query) {
809 my $value = $query->{$col};
810 $collapsed->{$col}{$value}++;
822 =item Arguments: $cond?
824 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
828 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
830 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
835 my ($self, $column) = @_;
836 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
844 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
846 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
850 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
851 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
853 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
854 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
855 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
857 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
859 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L</search()>
860 instead. An example conversion is:
862 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
866 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
873 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
874 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
875 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
877 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
878 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
879 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
880 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
887 =item Arguments: $first, $last
889 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
893 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
894 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
897 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
902 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
903 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
904 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
905 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
906 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
907 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
908 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
909 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
916 =item Arguments: none
918 =item Return Value: $result?
922 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
924 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
926 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
927 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
931 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
932 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
933 first record from the resultset.
939 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
940 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
941 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
943 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
944 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
945 return ($self->all)[0];
947 if ($self->{stashed_objects}) {
948 my $obj = shift(@{$self->{stashed_objects}});
949 delete $self->{stashed_objects} unless @{$self->{stashed_objects}};
953 exists $self->{stashed_row}
954 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
955 : $self->cursor->next
957 return undef unless (@row);
958 my ($row, @more) = $self->_construct_object(@row);
959 $self->{stashed_objects} = \@more if @more;
963 sub _construct_object {
964 my ($self, @row) = @_;
966 my $info = $self->_collapse_result($self->{_attrs}{as}, \@row)
968 my @new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
969 @new = $self->{_attrs}{record_filter}->(@new)
970 if exists $self->{_attrs}{record_filter};
974 sub _collapse_result {
975 my ($self, $as_proto, $row) = @_;
977 # if the first row that ever came in is totally empty - this means we got
978 # hit by a smooth^Wempty left-joined resultset. Just noop in that case
979 # instead of producing a {}
988 return undef unless $has_def;
992 # 'foo' => [ undef, 'foo' ]
993 # 'foo.bar' => [ 'foo', 'bar' ]
994 # 'foo.bar.baz' => [ 'foo.bar', 'baz' ]
996 my @construct_as = map { [ (/^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/) ] } @$as_proto;
998 my %collapse = %{$self->{_attrs}{collapse}||{}};
1002 # if we're doing collapsing (has_many prefetch) we need to grab records
1003 # until the PK changes, so fill @pri_index. if not, we leave it empty so
1004 # we know we don't have to bother.
1006 # the reason for not using the collapse stuff directly is because if you
1007 # had for e.g. two artists in a row with no cds, the collapse info for
1008 # both would be NULL (undef) so you'd lose the second artist
1010 # store just the index so we can check the array positions from the row
1011 # without having to contruct the full hash
1013 if (keys %collapse) {
1014 my %pri = map { ($_ => 1) } $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1015 foreach my $i (0 .. $#construct_as) {
1016 next if defined($construct_as[$i][0]); # only self table
1017 if (delete $pri{$construct_as[$i][1]}) {
1018 push(@pri_index, $i);
1020 last unless keys %pri; # short circuit (Johnny Five Is Alive!)
1024 # no need to do an if, it'll be empty if @pri_index is empty anyway
1026 my %pri_vals = map { ($_ => $copy[$_]) } @pri_index;
1030 do { # no need to check anything at the front, we always want the first row
1034 foreach my $this_as (@construct_as) {
1035 $const{$this_as->[0]||''}{$this_as->[1]} = shift(@copy);
1038 push(@const_rows, \%const);
1040 } until ( # no pri_index => no collapse => drop straight out
1043 do { # get another row, stash it, drop out if different PK
1045 @copy = $self->cursor->next;
1046 $self->{stashed_row} = \@copy;
1048 # last thing in do block, counts as true if anything doesn't match
1050 # check xor defined first for NULL vs. NOT NULL then if one is
1051 # defined the other must be so check string equality
1054 (defined $pri_vals{$_} ^ defined $copy[$_])
1055 || (defined $pri_vals{$_} && ($pri_vals{$_} ne $copy[$_]))
1060 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1067 foreach my $const (@const_rows) {
1068 scalar @const_keys or do {
1069 @const_keys = sort { length($a) <=> length($b) } keys %$const;
1071 foreach my $key (@const_keys) {
1074 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
1076 my $data = $const->{$key};
1077 foreach my $p (@parts) {
1078 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
1080 if ($cur eq ".${key}" && (my @ckey = @{$collapse{$cur}||[]})) {
1081 # collapsing at this point and on final part
1082 my $pos = $collapse_pos{$cur};
1083 CK: foreach my $ck (@ckey) {
1084 if (!defined $pos->{$ck} || $pos->{$ck} ne $data->{$ck}) {
1085 $collapse_pos{$cur} = $data;
1086 delete @collapse_pos{ # clear all positioning for sub-entries
1087 grep { m/^\Q${cur}.\E/ } keys %collapse_pos
1094 if (exists $collapse{$cur}) {
1095 $target = $target->[-1];
1098 $target->[0] = $data;
1100 $info->[0] = $const->{$key};
1108 =head2 result_source
1112 =item Arguments: $result_source?
1114 =item Return Value: $result_source
1118 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1125 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1127 =item Return Value: $result_class
1131 An accessor for the class to use when creating row objects. Defaults to
1132 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1133 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1135 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1136 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1137 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/load_components>. Any overloaded methods
1138 in the original source class will not run.
1143 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1144 if ($result_class) {
1145 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class);
1146 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1148 $self->_result_class;
1155 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
1157 =item Return Value: $count
1161 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1162 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1163 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1169 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1170 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1172 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1174 # this is a little optimization - it is faster to do the limit
1175 # adjustments in software, instead of a subquery
1176 my $rows = delete $attrs->{rows};
1177 my $offset = delete $attrs->{offset};
1180 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by/)) {
1181 $crs = $self->_count_subq_rs ($attrs);
1184 $crs = $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1186 my $count = $crs->next;
1188 $count -= $offset if $offset;
1189 $count = $rows if $rows and $rows < $count;
1190 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1199 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
1201 =item Return Value: $count_rs
1205 Same as L</count> but returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> object.
1206 This can be very handy for subqueries:
1208 ->search( { amount => $some_rs->count_rs->as_query } )
1210 As with regular resultsets the SQL query will be executed only after
1211 the resultset is accessed via L</next> or L</all>. That would return
1212 the same single value obtainable via L</count>.
1218 return $self->search(@_)->count_rs if @_;
1220 # this may look like a lack of abstraction (count() does about the same)
1221 # but in fact an _rs *must* use a subquery for the limits, as the
1222 # software based limiting can not be ported if this $rs is to be used
1223 # in a subquery itself (i.e. ->as_query)
1224 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by offset rows/)) {
1225 return $self->_count_subq_rs;
1228 return $self->_count_rs;
1233 # returns a ResultSetColumn object tied to the count query
1236 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1238 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1239 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs;
1241 my $tmp_attrs = { %$attrs };
1243 # take off any limits, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering a count
1244 delete $tmp_attrs->{$_} for (qw/select as rows offset order_by record_filter/);
1246 # overwrite the selector (supplied by the storage)
1247 $tmp_attrs->{select} = $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $tmp_attrs);
1248 $tmp_attrs->{as} = 'count';
1250 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
1251 $tmp_attrs->{from} = $self->_switch_to_inner_join_if_needed (
1252 $tmp_attrs->{from}, $tmp_attrs->{alias}
1255 my $tmp_rs = $rsrc->resultset_class->new($rsrc, $tmp_attrs)->get_column ('count');
1261 # same as above but uses a subquery
1263 sub _count_subq_rs {
1264 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1266 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1267 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1269 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1271 # extra selectors do not go in the subquery and there is no point of ordering it
1272 delete $sub_attrs->{$_} for qw/collapse select _prefetch_select as order_by/;
1274 # if we prefetch, we group_by primary keys only as this is what we would get out
1275 # of the rs via ->next/->all. We DO WANT to clobber old group_by regardless
1276 if ( keys %{$attrs->{collapse}} ) {
1277 $sub_attrs->{group_by} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($rsrc->primary_columns) ]
1280 $sub_attrs->{select} = $rsrc->storage->_subq_count_select ($rsrc, $sub_attrs);
1282 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
1283 $sub_attrs->{from} = $self->_switch_to_inner_join_if_needed (
1284 $sub_attrs->{from}, $sub_attrs->{alias}
1287 # this is so that ordering can be thrown away in things like Top limit
1288 $sub_attrs->{-for_count_only} = 1;
1290 my $sub_rs = $rsrc->resultset_class->new ($rsrc, $sub_attrs);
1293 -alias => 'count_subq',
1294 -source_handle => $rsrc->handle,
1295 count_subq => $sub_rs->as_query,
1298 # the subquery replaces this
1299 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/where bind collapse group_by having having_bind rows offset/;
1301 return $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1305 # The DBIC relationship chaining implementation is pretty simple - every
1306 # new related_relationship is pushed onto the {from} stack, and the {select}
1307 # window simply slides further in. This means that when we count somewhere
1308 # in the middle, we got to make sure that everything in the join chain is an
1309 # actual inner join, otherwise the count will come back with unpredictable
1310 # results (a resultset may be generated with _some_ rows regardless of if
1311 # the relation which the $rs currently selects has rows or not). E.g.
1312 # $artist_rs->cds->count - normally generates:
1313 # SELECT COUNT( * ) FROM artist me LEFT JOIN cd cds ON cds.artist = me.artistid
1314 # which actually returns the number of artists * (number of cds || 1)
1316 # So what we do here is crawl {from}, determine if the current alias is at
1317 # the top of the stack, and if not - make sure the chain is inner-joined down
1320 sub _switch_to_inner_join_if_needed {
1321 my ($self, $from, $alias) = @_;
1323 # subqueries and other oddness is naturally not supported
1325 ref $from ne 'ARRAY'
1329 ref $from->[0] ne 'HASH'
1331 ! $from->[0]{-alias}
1333 $from->[0]{-alias} eq $alias
1338 for my $j (@{$from}[1 .. $#$from]) {
1339 if ($j->[0]{-alias} eq $alias) {
1340 $switch_branch = $j->[0]{-join_path};
1345 # something else went wrong
1346 return $from unless $switch_branch;
1348 # So it looks like we will have to switch some stuff around.
1349 # local() is useless here as we will be leaving the scope
1350 # anyway, and deep cloning is just too fucking expensive
1351 # So replace the inner hashref manually
1352 my @new_from = ($from->[0]);
1353 my $sw_idx = { map { $_ => 1 } @$switch_branch };
1355 for my $j (@{$from}[1 .. $#$from]) {
1356 my $jalias = $j->[0]{-alias};
1358 if ($sw_idx->{$jalias}) {
1359 my %attrs = %{$j->[0]};
1360 delete $attrs{-join_type};
1379 =head2 count_literal
1383 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
1385 =item Return Value: $count
1389 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1390 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1394 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1400 =item Arguments: none
1402 =item Return Value: @objects
1406 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
1407 is returned in list context.
1414 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1417 return @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1421 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
1422 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
1423 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
1424 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
1425 # _construct_object to survive the approach
1426 $self->cursor->reset;
1427 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
1429 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
1430 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
1431 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1432 : $self->cursor->next);
1435 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
1438 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1447 =item Arguments: none
1449 =item Return Value: $self
1453 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1454 Implicitly resets the storage cursor, so a subsequent L</next> will trigger
1461 delete $self->{_attrs} if exists $self->{_attrs};
1462 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1463 $self->cursor->reset;
1471 =item Arguments: none
1473 =item Return Value: $object?
1477 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
1478 resultset returns anything).
1483 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1489 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1490 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1491 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1493 sub _rs_update_delete {
1494 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1496 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1498 my $needs_group_by_subq = $self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by -join/);
1499 my $needs_subq = $self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/row offset/);
1501 if ($needs_group_by_subq or $needs_subq) {
1503 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need)
1504 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1506 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/collapse select as/;
1507 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($self->result_source->primary_columns) ];
1509 if ($needs_group_by_subq) {
1510 # make sure no group_by was supplied, or if there is one - make sure it matches
1511 # the columns compiled above perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed
1512 # on most databases so croak right then and there
1514 if (my $g = $attrs->{group_by}) {
1515 my @current_group_by = map
1516 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1521 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1523 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1525 $self->throw_exception (
1526 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
1527 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
1528 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
1529 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
1530 . ' without using one at all.'
1535 $attrs->{group_by} = $attrs->{columns};
1539 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1541 return $self->result_source->storage->_subq_update_delete($subrs, $op, $values);
1544 return $rsrc->storage->$op(
1546 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
1556 =item Arguments: \%values
1558 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1562 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1563 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
1564 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
1569 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1570 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
1571 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1573 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
1580 =item Arguments: \%values
1582 =item Return Value: 1
1586 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
1587 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
1592 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1593 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
1594 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1595 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
1596 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
1605 =item Arguments: none
1607 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1611 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
1612 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
1613 to run. See also L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>.
1615 Return value will be the amount of rows deleted; exact type of return value
1616 is storage-dependent.
1622 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
1625 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
1632 =item Arguments: none
1634 =item Return Value: 1
1638 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
1639 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
1645 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
1648 $_->delete for $self->all;
1656 =item Arguments: \@data;
1660 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of arrayrefs.
1661 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure suitable
1662 forsubmitting to a $resultset->create(...) method.
1664 In void context, C<insert_bulk> in L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> is used
1665 to insert the data, as this is a faster method.
1667 Otherwise, each set of data is inserted into the database using
1668 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create>, and the resulting objects are
1669 accumulated into an array. The array itself, or an array reference
1670 is returned depending on scalar or list context.
1672 Example: Assuming an Artist Class that has many CDs Classes relating:
1674 my $Artist_rs = $schema->resultset("Artist");
1676 ## Void Context Example
1677 $Artist_rs->populate([
1678 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
1679 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
1680 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
1683 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
1684 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company' ,year => 2005 },
1685 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
1686 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
1691 ## Array Context Example
1692 my ($ArtistOne, $ArtistTwo, $ArtistThree) = $Artist_rs->populate([
1693 { name => "Artist One"},
1694 { name => "Artist Two"},
1695 { name => "Artist Three", cds=> [
1696 { title => "First CD", year => 2007},
1697 { title => "Second CD", year => 2008},
1701 print $ArtistOne->name; ## response is 'Artist One'
1702 print $ArtistThree->cds->count ## reponse is '2'
1704 For the arrayref of arrayrefs style, the first element should be a list of the
1705 fieldsnames to which the remaining elements are rows being inserted. For
1708 $Arstist_rs->populate([
1709 [qw/artistid name/],
1710 [100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer'],
1711 [101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago'],
1712 [102, 'An actually cool singer.'],
1715 Please note an important effect on your data when choosing between void and
1716 wantarray context. Since void context goes straight to C<insert_bulk> in
1717 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> this will skip any component that is overriding
1718 C<insert>. So if you are using something like L<DBIx-Class-UUIDColumns> to
1719 create primary keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this
1720 case you will have to use the wantarray context in order to create those
1726 my $self = shift @_;
1727 my $data = ref $_[0][0] eq 'HASH'
1728 ? $_[0] : ref $_[0][0] eq 'ARRAY' ? $self->_normalize_populate_args($_[0]) :
1729 $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashes or arrayref of arrayrefs');
1731 if(defined wantarray) {
1733 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1734 push(@created, $self->create($item));
1736 return wantarray ? @created : \@created;
1738 my $first = $data->[0];
1740 # if a column is a registered relationship, and is a non-blessed hash/array, consider
1741 # it relationship data
1742 my (@rels, @columns);
1743 for (keys %$first) {
1744 my $ref = ref $first->{$_};
1745 $self->result_source->has_relationship($_) && ($ref eq 'ARRAY' or $ref eq 'HASH')
1751 my @pks = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1753 ## do the belongs_to relationships
1754 foreach my $index (0..$#$data) {
1756 # delegate to create() for any dataset without primary keys with specified relationships
1757 if (grep { !defined $data->[$index]->{$_} } @pks ) {
1759 if (grep { ref $data->[$index]{$r} eq $_ } qw/HASH ARRAY/) { # a related set must be a HASH or AoH
1760 my @ret = $self->populate($data);
1766 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1767 next unless ref $data->[$index]->{$rel} eq "HASH";
1768 my $result = $self->related_resultset($rel)->create($data->[$index]->{$rel});
1769 my ($reverse) = keys %{$self->result_source->reverse_relationship_info($rel)};
1770 my $related = $result->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1771 $result->result_source->relationship_info($reverse)->{cond},
1776 delete $data->[$index]->{$rel};
1777 $data->[$index] = {%{$data->[$index]}, %$related};
1779 push @columns, keys %$related if $index == 0;
1783 ## do bulk insert on current row
1784 $self->result_source->storage->insert_bulk(
1785 $self->result_source,
1787 [ map { [ @$_{@columns} ] } @$data ],
1790 ## do the has_many relationships
1791 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1793 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1794 next unless $item->{$rel} && ref $item->{$rel} eq "ARRAY";
1796 my $parent = $self->find({map { $_ => $item->{$_} } @pks})
1797 || $self->throw_exception('Cannot find the relating object.');
1799 my $child = $parent->$rel;
1801 my $related = $child->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1802 $parent->result_source->relationship_info($rel)->{cond},
1807 my @rows_to_add = ref $item->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$item->{$rel}} : ($item->{$rel});
1808 my @populate = map { {%$_, %$related} } @rows_to_add;
1810 $child->populate( \@populate );
1816 =head2 _normalize_populate_args ($args)
1818 Private method used by L</populate> to normalize its incoming arguments. Factored
1819 out in case you want to subclass and accept new argument structures to the
1820 L</populate> method.
1824 sub _normalize_populate_args {
1825 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1826 my @names = @{shift(@$data)};
1827 my @results_to_create;
1828 foreach my $datum (@$data) {
1829 my %result_to_create;
1830 foreach my $index (0..$#names) {
1831 $result_to_create{$names[$index]} = $$datum[$index];
1833 push @results_to_create, \%result_to_create;
1835 return \@results_to_create;
1842 =item Arguments: none
1844 =item Return Value: $pager
1848 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1849 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1851 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
1852 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
1859 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
1861 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1862 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1863 unless $self->{attrs}{page};
1864 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1866 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
1867 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
1868 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
1869 delete $count_attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset page pager/;
1870 my $total_count = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs)->count;
1872 return $self->{pager} = Data::Page->new(
1875 $self->{attrs}{page}
1883 =item Arguments: $page_number
1885 =item Return Value: $rs
1889 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1890 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1891 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1896 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1897 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
1904 =item Arguments: \%vals
1906 =item Return Value: $rowobject
1910 Creates a new row object in the resultset's result class and returns
1911 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
1912 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
1913 will tell you whether the row object has been inserted or not.
1915 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
1920 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1921 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1922 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1925 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1928 defined $self->{cond}
1929 && $self->{cond} eq $DBIx::Class::ResultSource::UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION
1931 %new = %{ $self->{attrs}{related_objects} || {} }; # nothing might have been inserted yet
1932 $new{-from_resultset} = [ keys %new ] if keys %new;
1934 $self->throw_exception(
1935 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1936 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1938 my $collapsed_cond = (
1940 ? $self->_collapse_cond($self->{cond})
1944 # precendence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
1945 # the cond, so the order here is important.
1946 my %implied = %{$self->_remove_alias($collapsed_cond, $alias)};
1947 while( my($col,$value) = each %implied ){
1948 if(ref($value) eq 'HASH' && keys(%$value) && (keys %$value)[0] eq '='){
1949 $new{$col} = $value->{'='};
1952 $new{$col} = $value if $self->_is_deterministic_value($value);
1958 %{ $self->_remove_alias($values, $alias) },
1959 -source_handle => $self->_source_handle,
1960 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
1963 return $self->result_class->new(\%new);
1966 # _is_deterministic_value
1968 # Make an effor to strip non-deterministic values from the condition,
1969 # to make sure new_result chokes less
1971 sub _is_deterministic_value {
1974 my $ref_type = ref $value;
1975 return 1 if $ref_type eq '' || $ref_type eq 'SCALAR';
1976 return 1 if Scalar::Util::blessed($value);
1980 # _has_resolved_attr
1982 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
1983 # of the attributes supplied
1985 # used to determine if a subquery is neccessary
1987 # supports some virtual attributes:
1989 # This will scan for any joins being present on the resultset.
1990 # It is not a mere key-search but a deep inspection of {from}
1993 sub _has_resolved_attr {
1994 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
1996 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
2000 for my $n (@attr_names) {
2001 if (grep { $n eq $_ } (qw/-join/) ) {
2002 $extra_checks{$n}++;
2006 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
2008 next if not defined $attr;
2010 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2011 return 1 if keys %$attr;
2013 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2021 # a resolved join is expressed as a multi-level from
2023 $extra_checks{-join}
2025 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
2027 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
2035 # Recursively collapse the condition.
2037 sub _collapse_cond {
2038 my ($self, $cond, $collapsed) = @_;
2042 if (ref $cond eq 'ARRAY') {
2043 foreach my $subcond (@$cond) {
2044 next unless ref $subcond; # -or
2045 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
2048 elsif (ref $cond eq 'HASH') {
2049 if (keys %$cond and (keys %$cond)[0] eq '-and') {
2050 foreach my $subcond (@{$cond->{-and}}) {
2051 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
2055 foreach my $col (keys %$cond) {
2056 my $value = $cond->{$col};
2057 $collapsed->{$col} = $value;
2067 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
2068 # the original query is not modified.
2071 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
2073 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
2076 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
2078 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
2081 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
2082 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
2088 =head2 as_query (EXPERIMENTAL)
2092 =item Arguments: none
2094 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, @bind ]
2098 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
2100 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
2102 B<NOTE>: This feature is still experimental.
2109 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
2114 # my ($sql, \@bind, \%dbi_bind_attrs) = _select_args_to_query (...)
2115 # $sql also has no wrapping parenthesis in list ctx
2117 my $sqlbind = $self->result_source->storage
2118 ->_select_args_to_query ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs);
2127 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2129 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2133 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2134 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2136 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2137 { key => 'primary });
2139 Find an existing record from this resultset, based on its primary
2140 key, or a unique constraint. If none exists, instantiate a new result
2141 object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2142 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2144 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using
2145 a unique constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for
2148 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create>
2151 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_new> with a table having
2152 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2153 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2154 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2155 all in the call to C<find_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2161 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2162 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2163 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2166 return $self->new_result($hash);
2173 =item Arguments: \%vals
2175 =item Return Value: a L<DBIx::Class::Row> $object
2179 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2180 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2181 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2182 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2184 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2185 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2186 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2187 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2188 value will be set to its primary key.
2190 To create related objects, pass a hashref of related-object column values
2191 B<keyed on the relationship name>. If the relationship is of type C<multi>
2192 (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>) - pass an arrayref of hashrefs.
2193 The process will correctly identify columns holding foreign keys, and will
2194 transparrently populate them from the keys of the corresponding relation.
2195 This can be applied recursively, and will work correctly for a structure
2196 with an arbitrary depth and width, as long as the relationships actually
2197 exists and the correct column data has been supplied.
2200 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2201 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2202 L</new>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2204 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
2206 Example of creating a new row.
2208 $person_rs->create({
2209 name=>"Some Person",
2210 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2213 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2214 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2217 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2218 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2219 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2224 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2225 C<belongs_to>resultset. Note Hashref.
2228 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2231 name=>"Silly Musician",
2239 When subclassing ResultSet never attempt to override this method. Since
2240 it is a simple shortcut for C<< $self->new_result($attrs)->insert >>, a
2241 lot of the internals simply never call it, so your override will be
2242 bypassed more often than not. Override either L<new|DBIx::Class::Row/new>
2243 or L<insert|DBIx::Class::Row/insert> depending on how early in the
2244 L</create> process you need to intervene.
2251 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
2252 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
2253 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
2254 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
2257 =head2 find_or_create
2261 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2263 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2267 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2268 { key => 'primary' });
2270 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2271 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2273 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2275 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2276 title => 'Mezzanine',
2280 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2281 constraint. For example:
2283 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2285 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2286 title => 'Mezzanine',
2288 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2291 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2292 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2293 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2294 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2295 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2297 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_create> with a table having
2298 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2299 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2300 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2301 all in the call to C<find_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2303 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2304 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2308 sub find_or_create {
2310 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2311 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2312 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2315 return $self->create($hash);
2318 =head2 update_or_create
2322 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2324 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2328 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2330 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2331 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2332 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
2335 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2338 # In your application
2339 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
2341 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2342 title => 'Mezzanine',
2345 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2348 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
2349 producer => $producer,
2356 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
2357 source, including the primary key.
2359 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
2361 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2362 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2364 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_create> with a table having
2365 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2366 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2367 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2368 all in the call to C<update_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2372 sub update_or_create {
2374 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2375 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2377 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
2379 $row->update($cond);
2383 return $self->create($cond);
2386 =head2 update_or_new
2390 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2392 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2396 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
2398 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2399 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2400 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, instantiate
2401 a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2402 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2404 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2407 # In your application
2408 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
2410 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2411 title => 'Mezzanine',
2414 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2417 if ($cd->in_storage) {
2418 # the cd was updated
2421 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
2425 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_new> with a table having
2426 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2427 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2428 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2429 all in the call to C<update_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2431 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L</find_or_new>.
2437 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
2438 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2440 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
2441 if ( defined $row ) {
2442 $row->update($cond);
2446 return $self->new_result($cond);
2453 =item Arguments: none
2455 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
2459 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
2461 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
2462 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
2474 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
2476 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
2480 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
2481 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
2482 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
2483 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
2485 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
2486 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
2491 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
2492 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
2493 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
2494 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
2501 =item Arguments: none
2503 =item Return Value: []
2507 Clears the cache for the resultset.
2512 shift->set_cache(undef);
2519 =item Arguments: none
2521 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been paginated
2529 return !!$self->{attrs}{page};
2532 =head2 related_resultset
2536 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
2538 =item Return Value: $resultset
2542 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
2544 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
2548 sub related_resultset {
2549 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
2551 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
2552 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
2553 my $rel_info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
2555 $self->throw_exception(
2556 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->source_name .
2557 "' has no such relationship $rel")
2560 my ($from,$seen) = $self->_chain_relationship($rel);
2562 my $join_count = $seen->{$rel};
2563 my $alias = ($join_count > 1 ? join('_', $rel, $join_count) : $rel);
2565 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
2566 my %attrs = %{$self->{attrs}||{}};
2567 delete @attrs{qw(result_class alias)};
2571 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
2572 if ($cache->[0] && $cache->[0]->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache) {
2573 $new_cache = [ map { @{$_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache} }
2578 my $rel_source = $self->result_source->related_source($rel);
2582 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
2583 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
2584 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
2585 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
2586 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
2588 my $attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
2589 local $attrs->{alias} = $alias;
2591 $rel_source->resultset
2599 where => $self->{cond},
2604 $new->set_cache($new_cache) if $new_cache;
2609 =head2 current_source_alias
2613 =item Arguments: none
2615 =item Return Value: $source_alias
2619 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
2620 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
2622 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
2623 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
2624 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
2625 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
2626 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
2627 (and make this method unnecessary).
2629 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
2630 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
2631 source alias of the current result set:
2633 # in a result set class
2635 my ($self, $user) = @_;
2637 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
2639 return $self->search(
2640 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
2646 sub current_source_alias {
2649 return ($self->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
2652 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
2653 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
2654 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
2655 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
2656 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
2657 # current prefetch is not considered)
2659 # The increments happen in 1/2s to make it easier to correlate the
2660 # join depth with the join path. An integer means a relationship
2661 # specified via a search_related, whereas a fraction means an added
2662 # join/prefetch via attributes
2663 sub _chain_relationship {
2664 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
2665 my $source = $self->result_source;
2666 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2672 -source_handle => $source->handle,
2673 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
2674 $attrs->{alias} => $source->from,
2678 my $seen = { %{$attrs->{seen_join} || {} } };
2679 my $jpath = ($attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
2680 ? $from->[-1][0]{-join_path}
2684 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
2685 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
2686 my $merged = $self->_merge_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2688 my @requested_joins = $source->_resolve_join(
2695 push @$from, @requested_joins;
2697 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2699 # if $self already had a join/prefetch specified on it, the requested
2700 # $rel might very well be already included. What we do in this case
2701 # is effectively a no-op (except that we bump up the chain_depth on
2702 # the join in question so we could tell it *is* the search_related)
2706 # we consider the last one thus reverse
2707 for my $j (reverse @requested_joins) {
2708 if ($rel eq $j->[0]{-join_path}[-1]) {
2709 $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2715 # alternative way to scan the entire chain - not backwards compatible
2716 # for my $j (reverse @$from) {
2717 # next unless ref $j eq 'ARRAY';
2718 # if ($j->[0]{-join_path} && $j->[0]{-join_path}[-1] eq $rel) {
2719 # $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2720 # $already_joined++;
2725 unless ($already_joined) {
2726 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join(
2734 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2736 return ($from,$seen);
2739 # too many times we have to do $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} }
2740 sub _resolved_attrs_copy {
2742 return { %{$self->_resolved_attrs (@_)} };
2745 sub _resolved_attrs {
2747 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
2749 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
2750 my $source = $self->result_source;
2751 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
2753 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if exists $attrs->{cols};
2756 # build columns (as long as select isn't set) into a set of as/select hashes
2757 unless ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2759 my @cols = ( ref($attrs->{columns}) eq 'ARRAY' )
2760 ? @{ delete $attrs->{columns}}
2762 ( delete $attrs->{columns} )
2769 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2773 /^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/
2787 # add the additional columns on
2788 foreach ( 'include_columns', '+columns' ) {
2789 push @colbits, map {
2790 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2792 : { ( split( /\./, $_ ) )[-1] => ( /\./ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" ) }
2793 } ( ref($attrs->{$_}) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? @{ delete $attrs->{$_} } : delete $attrs->{$_} if ( $attrs->{$_} );
2796 # start with initial select items
2797 if ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2799 ( ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' )
2800 ? [ @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2801 : [ $attrs->{select} ];
2805 ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY'
2806 ? [ @{ $attrs->{as} } ]
2809 : [ map { m/^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2814 # otherwise we intialise select & as to empty
2815 $attrs->{select} = [];
2819 # now add colbits to select/as
2820 push( @{ $attrs->{select} }, map { values( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2821 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, map { keys( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2824 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+select'} ) {
2825 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2827 @{ $attrs->{select} },
2828 map { /\./ || ref $_ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @$adds
2831 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+as'} ) {
2832 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2833 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, @$adds );
2836 $attrs->{from} ||= [ {
2837 -source_handle => $source->handle,
2838 -alias => $self->{attrs}{alias},
2839 $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from,
2842 if ( $attrs->{join} || $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2844 $self->throw_exception ('join/prefetch can not be used with a custom {from}')
2845 if ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY';
2847 my $join = delete $attrs->{join} || {};
2849 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2850 $join = $self->_merge_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2853 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
2855 @{ $attrs->{from} },
2856 $source->_resolve_join(
2859 { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } },
2860 ($attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
2861 ? $attrs->{from}[-1][0]{-join_path}
2868 if ( defined $attrs->{order_by} ) {
2869 $attrs->{order_by} = (
2870 ref( $attrs->{order_by} ) eq 'ARRAY'
2871 ? [ @{ $attrs->{order_by} } ]
2872 : [ $attrs->{order_by} || () ]
2876 if ($attrs->{group_by} and ref $attrs->{group_by} ne 'ARRAY') {
2877 $attrs->{group_by} = [ $attrs->{group_by} ];
2880 # generate the distinct induced group_by early, as prefetch will be carried via a
2881 # subquery (since a group_by is present)
2882 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
2883 if ($attrs->{group_by}) {
2884 carp ("Useless use of distinct on a grouped resultset ('distinct' is ignored when a 'group_by' is present)");
2887 $attrs->{group_by} = [ grep { !ref($_) || (ref($_) ne 'HASH') } @{$attrs->{select}} ];
2891 $attrs->{collapse} ||= {};
2892 if ( my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2893 $prefetch = $self->_merge_attr( {}, $prefetch );
2895 my $prefetch_ordering = [];
2897 my $join_map = $self->_joinpath_aliases ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{seen_join});
2900 $source->_resolve_prefetch( $prefetch, $alias, $join_map, $prefetch_ordering, $attrs->{collapse} );
2902 # we need to somehow mark which columns came from prefetch
2903 $attrs->{_prefetch_select} = [ map { $_->[0] } @prefetch ];
2905 push @{ $attrs->{select} }, @{$attrs->{_prefetch_select}};
2906 push @{ $attrs->{as} }, (map { $_->[1] } @prefetch);
2908 push( @{$attrs->{order_by}}, @$prefetch_ordering );
2909 $attrs->{_collapse_order_by} = \@$prefetch_ordering;
2912 # if both page and offset are specified, produce a combined offset
2913 # even though it doesn't make much sense, this is what pre 081xx has
2915 if (my $page = delete $attrs->{page}) {
2917 ($attrs->{rows} * ($page - 1))
2919 ($attrs->{offset} || 0)
2923 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
2926 sub _joinpath_aliases {
2927 my ($self, $fromspec, $seen) = @_;
2930 return $paths unless ref $fromspec eq 'ARRAY';
2932 my $cur_depth = $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} || 0;
2934 if (int ($cur_depth) != $cur_depth) {
2935 $self->throw_exception ("-relation_chain_depth is not an integer, something went horribly wrong ($cur_depth)");
2938 for my $j (@$fromspec) {
2940 next if ref $j ne 'ARRAY';
2941 next if ($j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} || 0) < $cur_depth;
2943 my $jpath = $j->[0]{-join_path};
2946 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @{$jpath}[$cur_depth .. $#$jpath];
2947 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-alias};
2954 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2956 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2957 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
2958 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2959 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
2965 sub _rollout_array {
2966 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2969 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
2970 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
2971 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
2972 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
2973 # XXX - should probably recurse here
2974 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
2976 push( @rolled_array, $element );
2979 return \@rolled_array;
2983 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2986 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
2987 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
2989 return \@rolled_array;
2992 sub _calculate_score {
2993 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
2995 if (defined $a xor defined $b) {
2998 elsif (not defined $a) {
3002 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
3003 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
3004 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3005 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3006 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
3007 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
3012 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
3015 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3016 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3017 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
3019 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
3025 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
3027 return $import unless defined($orig);
3028 return $orig unless defined($import);
3030 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
3031 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
3034 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
3035 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
3036 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
3037 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
3038 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
3039 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
3040 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
3041 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
3045 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
3047 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
3048 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
3050 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
3051 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
3052 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
3053 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
3054 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
3055 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
3056 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
3059 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
3069 $self->_source_handle($_[0]->handle);
3071 $self->_source_handle->resolve;
3075 =head2 throw_exception
3077 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
3081 sub throw_exception {
3084 if (ref $self && $self->_source_handle->schema) {
3085 $self->_source_handle->schema->throw_exception(@_)
3088 DBIx::Class::Exception->throw(@_);
3092 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
3096 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
3097 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
3098 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
3101 These are in no particular order:
3107 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
3111 Which column(s) to order the results by.
3113 [The full list of suitable values is documented in
3114 L<SQL::Abstract/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">; the following is a summary of
3117 If a single column name, or an arrayref of names is supplied, the
3118 argument is passed through directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows
3119 for connection-agnostic specification of ordering direction:
3121 For descending order:
3123 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
3125 For explicit ascending order:
3127 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
3129 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
3130 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
3131 syntax as outlined above.
3137 =item Value: \@columns
3141 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
3142 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
3143 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
3144 expression). Adds C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
3145 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
3146 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
3147 earlier versions of DBIC.)
3153 =item Value: \@columns
3157 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same
3158 as L</columns> but adds columns to the selection. (You may also use the
3159 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC). For
3162 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
3163 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
3167 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
3168 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
3169 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
3170 accessor in the related table.
3172 =head2 include_columns
3176 =item Value: \@columns
3180 Deprecated. Acts as a synonym for L</+columns> for backward compatibility.
3186 =item Value: \@select_columns
3190 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
3191 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
3194 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3197 { count => 'employeeid' },
3202 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
3203 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
3204 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
3206 B<NOTE:> You will almost always need a corresponding 'as' entry when you use
3213 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
3214 L</select> but adds columns to the selection.
3222 Indicates additional column names for those added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
3230 =item Value: \@inflation_names
3234 Indicates column names for object inflation. That is, C<as>
3235 indicates the name that the column can be accessed as via the
3236 C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor, B<if one already
3237 exists>). It has nothing to do with the SQL code C<SELECT foo AS bar>.
3239 The C<as> attribute is used in conjunction with C<select>,
3240 usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
3243 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3246 { count => 'employeeid' }
3248 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
3251 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
3253 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
3254 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
3255 the accessor as normal:
3257 my $name = $employee->name();
3259 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
3260 use C<get_column> instead:
3262 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
3264 You can create your own accessors if required - see
3265 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
3267 Please note: This will NOT insert an C<AS employee_count> into the SQL
3268 statement produced, it is used for internal access only. Thus
3269 attempting to use the accessor in an C<order_by> clause or similar
3270 will fail miserably.
3272 To get around this limitation, you can supply literal SQL to your
3273 C<select> attibute that contains the C<AS alias> text, eg:
3275 select => [\'myfield AS alias']
3281 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3285 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
3288 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
3289 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3290 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
3291 { join => 'artist' }
3294 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
3297 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
3298 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
3299 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
3300 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
3301 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
3302 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
3305 # In your application
3306 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3307 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
3309 join => { cd => 'track' },
3310 order_by => 'artist.name',
3314 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
3315 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
3316 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
3318 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
3319 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3322 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
3324 { join => 'tracks' }
3327 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
3328 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
3330 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
3331 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
3332 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
3334 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
3337 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
3338 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
3340 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
3343 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
3349 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3353 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with
3354 the main query (when they are accessed afterwards the data will
3355 already be available, without extra queries to the database). This is
3356 useful for when you know you will need the related objects, because it
3357 saves at least one query:
3359 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
3368 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
3370 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
3371 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
3372 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
3374 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
3375 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
3378 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
3379 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
3381 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
3382 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
3383 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter'). A more complex example that
3384 prefetches an artists cds, the tracks on those cds, and the tags associted
3385 with that artist is given below (assuming many-to-many from artists to tags):
3387 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3391 { cds => 'tracks' },
3392 { artist_tags => 'tags' }
3398 B<NOTE:> If you specify a C<prefetch> attribute, the C<join> and C<select>
3399 attributes will be ignored.
3401 B<CAVEATs>: Prefetch does a lot of deep magic. As such, it may not behave
3402 exactly as you might expect.
3408 Prefetch uses the L</cache> to populate the prefetched relationships. This
3409 may or may not be what you want.
3413 If you specify a condition on a prefetched relationship, ONLY those
3414 rows that match the prefetched condition will be fetched into that relationship.
3415 This means that adding prefetch to a search() B<may alter> what is returned by
3416 traversing a relationship. So, if you have C<< Artist->has_many(CDs) >> and you do
3418 my $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
3424 my $count = $artist_rs->first->cds->count;
3426 my $artist_rs_prefetch = $artist_rs->search( {}, { prefetch => 'cds' } );
3428 my $prefetch_count = $artist_rs_prefetch->first->cds->count;
3430 cmp_ok( $count, '==', $prefetch_count, "Counts should be the same" );
3432 that cmp_ok() may or may not pass depending on the datasets involved. This
3433 behavior may or may not survive the 0.09 transition.
3445 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
3446 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
3449 If L<rows> attribute is not specified it defaults to 10 rows per page.
3451 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
3452 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
3453 C<total_entries> on it.
3463 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
3464 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
3470 =item Value: $offset
3474 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
3475 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
3481 =item Value: \@columns
3485 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
3487 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
3493 =item Value: $condition
3497 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
3498 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
3501 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
3507 =item Value: (0 | 1)
3511 Set to 1 to group by all columns. If the resultset already has a group_by
3512 attribute, this setting is ignored and an appropriate warning is issued.
3518 Adds to the WHERE clause.
3520 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
3521 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } }); )
3523 Can be overridden by passing C<< { where => undef } >> as an attribute
3530 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
3531 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
3533 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
3535 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
3539 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
3541 By default, searches are not cached.
3543 For more examples of using these attributes, see
3544 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
3550 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' )
3554 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT