Deprecate -nest with strong prejudice

[dbsrgits/DBIx-Class.git] / lib / DBIx / Class / Manual / Cookbook.pod

=head1 NAME

DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook - Miscellaneous recipes

=head1 SEARCHING

=head2 Paged results

When you expect a large number of results, you can ask L<DBIx::Class> for a
paged resultset, which will fetch only a defined number of records at a time:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    undef,
    {
      page => 1,  # page to return (defaults to 1)
      rows => 10, # number of results per page
    },
  );

  return $rs->all(); # all records for page 1

  return $rs->page(2); # records for page 2

You can get a L<Data::Page> object for the resultset (suitable for use
in e.g. a template) using the C<pager> method:

  return $rs->pager();

=head2 Complex WHERE clauses

Sometimes you need to formulate a query using specific operators:

  my @albums = $schema->resultset('Album')->search({
    artist => { 'like', '%Lamb%' },
    title  => { 'like', '%Fear of Fours%' },
  });

This results in something like the following C<WHERE> clause:

  WHERE artist LIKE ? AND title LIKE ?

And the following bind values for the placeholders: C<'%Lamb%'>, C<'%Fear of
Fours%'>.

Other queries might require slightly more complex logic:

  my @albums = $schema->resultset('Album')->search({
    -or => [
      -and => [
        artist => { 'like', '%Smashing Pumpkins%' },
        title  => 'Siamese Dream',
      ],
      artist => 'Starchildren',
    ],
  });

This results in the following C<WHERE> clause:

  WHERE ( artist LIKE '%Smashing Pumpkins%' AND title = 'Siamese Dream' )
    OR artist = 'Starchildren'

For more information on generating complex queries, see
L<SQL::Abstract/WHERE CLAUSES>.

=head2 Retrieve one and only one row from a resultset

Sometimes you need only the first "top" row of a resultset. While this
can be easily done with L<< $rs->first|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/first
>>, it is suboptimal, as a full blown cursor for the resultset will be
created and then immediately destroyed after fetching the first row
object.  L<< $rs->single|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/single >> is designed
specifically for this case - it will grab the first returned result
without even instantiating a cursor.

Before replacing all your calls to C<first()> with C<single()> please observe the
following CAVEATS:

=over

=item *

While single() takes a search condition just like search() does, it does
_not_ accept search attributes. However one can always chain a single() to
a search():

  my $top_cd = $cd_rs->search({}, { order_by => 'rating' })->single;


=item *

Since single() is the engine behind find(), it is designed to fetch a
single row per database query. Thus a warning will be issued when the
underlying SELECT returns more than one row. Sometimes however this usage
is valid: i.e. we have an arbitrary number of cd's but only one of them is
at the top of the charts at any given time. If you know what you are doing,
you can silence the warning by explicitly limiting the resultset size:

  my $top_cd = $cd_rs->search ({}, { order_by => 'rating', rows => 1 })->single;

=back

=head2 Arbitrary SQL through a custom ResultSource

Sometimes you have to run arbitrary SQL because your query is too complex
(e.g. it contains Unions, Sub-Selects, Stored Procedures, etc.) or has to
be optimized for your database in a special way, but you still want to
get the results as a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>.

This is accomplished by defining a
L<ResultSource::View|DBIx::Class::ResultSource::View> for your query,
almost like you would define a regular ResultSource.

  package My::Schema::Result::UserFriendsComplex;
  use strict;
  use warnings;
  use base qw/DBIx::Class::Core/;

  __PACKAGE__->table_class('DBIx::Class::ResultSource::View');

  # ->table, ->add_columns, etc.

  # do not attempt to deploy() this view
  __PACKAGE__->result_source_instance->is_virtual(1);

  __PACKAGE__->result_source_instance->view_definition(q[
    SELECT u.* FROM user u
    INNER JOIN user_friends f ON u.id = f.user_id
    WHERE f.friend_user_id = ?
    UNION
    SELECT u.* FROM user u
    INNER JOIN user_friends f ON u.id = f.friend_user_id
    WHERE f.user_id = ?
  ]);

Next, you can execute your complex query using bind parameters like this:

  my $friends = $schema->resultset( 'UserFriendsComplex' )->search( {},
    {
      bind  => [ 12345, 12345 ]
    }
  );

... and you'll get back a perfect L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> (except, of course,
that you cannot modify the rows it contains, e.g. cannot call L</update>,
L</delete>, ...  on it).

Note that you cannot have bind parameters unless is_virtual is set to true.

=over

=item * NOTE

If you're using the old deprecated C<< $rsrc_instance->name(\'( SELECT ...') >>
method for custom SQL execution, you are highly encouraged to update your code
to use a virtual view as above. If you do not want to change your code, and just
want to suppress the deprecation warning when you call
L<DBIx::Class::Schema/deploy>, add this line to your source definition, so that
C<deploy> will exclude this "table":

  sub sqlt_deploy_hook { $_[1]->schema->drop_table ($_[1]) }

=back

=head2 Using specific columns

When you only want specific columns from a table, you can use
C<columns> to specify which ones you need. This is useful to avoid
loading columns with large amounts of data that you aren't about to
use anyway:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    undef,
    {
      columns => [qw/ name /]
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT artist.name FROM artist

This is a shortcut for C<select> and C<as>, see below. C<columns>
cannot be used together with C<select> and C<as>.

=head2 Using database functions or stored procedures

The combination of C<select> and C<as> can be used to return the result of a
database function or stored procedure as a column value. You use C<select> to
specify the source for your column value (e.g. a column name, function, or
stored procedure name). You then use C<as> to set the column name you will use
to access the returned value:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {},
    {
      select => [ 'name', { LENGTH => 'name' } ],
      as     => [qw/ name name_length /],
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT name name, LENGTH( name )
  # FROM artist

Note that the C<as> attribute B<has absolutely nothing to do> with the SQL
syntax C< SELECT foo AS bar > (see the documentation in
L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/ATTRIBUTES>). You can control the C<AS> part of the
generated SQL via the C<-as> field attribute as follows:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {},
    {
      join => 'cds',
      distinct => 1,
      '+select' => [ { count => 'cds.cdid', -as => 'amount_of_cds' } ],
      '+as' => [qw/num_cds/],
      order_by => { -desc => 'amount_of_cds' },
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL
  # SELECT me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield, COUNT( cds.cdid ) AS amount_of_cds
  #   FROM artist me LEFT JOIN cd cds ON cds.artist = me.artistid
  # GROUP BY me.artistid, me.name, me.rank, me.charfield
  # ORDER BY amount_of_cds DESC


If your alias exists as a column in your base class (i.e. it was added with
L<add_columns|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_columns>), you just access it as
normal. Our C<Artist> class has a C<name> column, so we just use the C<name>
accessor:

  my $artist = $rs->first();
  my $name = $artist->name();

If on the other hand the alias does not correspond to an existing column, you
have to fetch the value using the C<get_column> accessor:

  my $name_length = $artist->get_column('name_length');

If you don't like using C<get_column>, you can always create an accessor for
any of your aliases using either of these:

  # Define accessor manually:
  sub name_length { shift->get_column('name_length'); }

  # Or use DBIx::Class::AccessorGroup:
  __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('column' => 'name_length');

See also L</Using SQL functions on the left hand side of a comparison>.

=head2 SELECT DISTINCT with multiple columns

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {},
    {
      columns => [ qw/artist_id name rank/ ],
      distinct => 1
    }
  );

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {},
    {
      columns => [ qw/artist_id name rank/ ],
      group_by => [ qw/artist_id name rank/ ],
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT me.artist_id, me.name, me.rank
  # FROM artist me
  # GROUP BY artist_id, name, rank

=head2 SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT colname)

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {},
    {
      columns => [ qw/name/ ],
      distinct => 1
    }
  );

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {},
    {
      columns => [ qw/name/ ],
      group_by => [ qw/name/ ],
    }
  );

  my $count = $rs->count;

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT COUNT( * ) FROM (SELECT me.name FROM artist me GROUP BY me.name) me:

=head2 Grouping results

L<DBIx::Class> supports C<GROUP BY> as follows:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {},
    {
      join     => [qw/ cds /],
      select   => [ 'name', { count => 'cds.id' } ],
      as       => [qw/ name cd_count /],
      group_by => [qw/ name /]
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT name, COUNT( cd.id ) FROM artist
  # LEFT JOIN cd ON artist.id = cd.artist
  # GROUP BY name

Please see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/ATTRIBUTES> documentation if you
are in any way unsure about the use of the attributes above (C< join
>, C< select >, C< as > and C< group_by >).

=head2 Subqueries

You can write subqueries relatively easily in DBIC.

  my $inside_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
    name => [ 'Billy Joel', 'Brittany Spears' ],
  });

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
    artist_id => { 'IN' => $inside_rs->get_column('id')->as_query },
  });

The usual operators ( =, !=, IN, NOT IN, etc.) are supported.

B<NOTE>: You have to explicitly use '=' when doing an equality comparison.
The following will B<not> work:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
    artist_id => $inside_rs->get_column('id')->as_query,  # does NOT work
  });

=head3 Support

Subqueries are supported in the where clause (first hashref), and in the
from, select, and +select attributes.

=head3 Correlated subqueries

  my $cdrs = $schema->resultset('CD');
  my $rs = $cdrs->search({
    year => {
      '=' => $cdrs->search(
        { artist_id => { '=' => { -ident => 'me.artist_id' } } },
        { alias => 'inner' }
      )->get_column('year')->max_rs->as_query,
    },
  });

That creates the following SQL:

  SELECT me.cdid, me.artist, me.title, me.year, me.genreid, me.single_track
    FROM cd me
   WHERE year = (
      SELECT MAX(inner.year)
        FROM cd inner
       WHERE artist_id = me.artist_id
      )

=head2 Predefined searches

You can define frequently used searches as methods by subclassing
L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>:

  package My::DBIC::ResultSet::CD;
  use strict;
  use warnings;
  use base 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';

  sub search_cds_ordered {
      my ($self) = @_;

      return $self->search(
          {},
          { order_by => 'name DESC' },
      );
  }

  1;

If you're using L<DBIx::Class::Schema/load_namespaces>, simply place the file
into the C<ResultSet> directory next to your C<Result> directory, and it will
be automatically loaded.

If however you are still using L<DBIx::Class::Schema/load_classes>, first tell
DBIx::Class to create an instance of the ResultSet class for you, in your
My::DBIC::Schema::CD class:

  # class definition as normal
  use base 'DBIx::Class::Core';
  __PACKAGE__->table('cd');

  # tell DBIC to use the custom ResultSet class
  __PACKAGE__->resultset_class('My::DBIC::ResultSet::CD');

Note that C<resultset_class> must be called after C<load_components> and C<table>, or you will get errors about missing methods.

Then call your new method in your code:

   my $ordered_cds = $schema->resultset('CD')->search_cds_ordered();

=head2 Using SQL functions on the left hand side of a comparison

Using SQL functions on the left hand side of a comparison is generally not a
good idea since it requires a scan of the entire table. (Unless your RDBMS
supports indexes on expressions - including return values of functions - and
you create an index on the return value of the function in question.) However,
it can be accomplished with C<DBIx::Class> when necessary by resorting to
literal SQL:

  $rs->search(\[ 'YEAR(date_of_birth) = ?', [ plain_value => 1979 ] ]);

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT * FROM employee WHERE YEAR(date_of_birth) = ?

  $rs->search({ -and => [
    name => 'Bob',
    \[ 'YEAR(date_of_birth) = ?', [ plain_value => 1979 ] ],
  ]});

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name = ? AND YEAR(date_of_birth) = ?

Note: the C<plain_value> string in the C<< [ plain_value => 1979 ] >> part
should be either the same as the name of the column (do this if the type of the
return value of the function is the same as the type of the column) or in the
case of a function it's currently treated as a dummy string (it is a good idea
to use C<plain_value> or something similar to convey intent). The value is
currently only significant when handling special column types (BLOBs, arrays,
etc.), but this may change in the future.

See also L<SQL::Abstract/Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values
(subqueries)>.

=head1 JOINS AND PREFETCHING

=head2 Using joins and prefetch

You can use the C<join> attribute to allow searching on, or sorting your
results by, one or more columns in a related table.

This requires that you have defined the L<DBIx::Class::Relationship>. For example :

  My::Schema::CD->has_many( artists => 'My::Schema::Artist', 'artist_id');

To return all CDs matching a particular artist name, you specify the name of the relationship ('artists'):

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
    {
      'artists.name' => 'Bob Marley'
    },
    {
      join => 'artists', # join the artist table
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT cd.* FROM cd
  # JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.id
  # WHERE artist.name = 'Bob Marley'

In that example both the join, and the condition use the relationship name rather than the table name
(see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining> for more details on aliasing ).

If required, you can now sort on any column in the related tables by including
it in your C<order_by> attribute, (again using the aliased relation name rather than table name) :

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
    {
      'artists.name' => 'Bob Marley'
    },
    {
      join     => 'artists',
      order_by => [qw/ artists.name /]
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT cd.* FROM cd
  # JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.id
  # WHERE artist.name = 'Bob Marley'
  # ORDER BY artist.name

Note that the C<join> attribute should only be used when you need to search or
sort using columns in a related table. Joining related tables when you only
need columns from the main table will make performance worse!

Now let's say you want to display a list of CDs, each with the name of the
artist. The following will work fine:

  while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
    print "CD: " . $cd->title . ", Artist: " . $cd->artist->name;
  }

There is a problem however. We have searched both the C<cd> and C<artist> tables
in our main query, but we have only returned data from the C<cd> table. To get
the artist name for any of the CD objects returned, L<DBIx::Class> will go back
to the database:

  SELECT artist.* FROM artist WHERE artist.id = ?

A statement like the one above will run for each and every CD returned by our
main query. Five CDs, five extra queries. A hundred CDs, one hundred extra
queries!

Thankfully, L<DBIx::Class> has a C<prefetch> attribute to solve this problem.
This allows you to fetch results from related tables in advance:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
    {
      'artists.name' => 'Bob Marley'
    },
    {
      join     => 'artists',
      order_by => [qw/ artists.name /],
      prefetch => 'artists' # return artist data too!
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL (note SELECT from both "cd" and "artist"):
  # SELECT cd.*, artist.* FROM cd
  # JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.id
  # WHERE artist.name = 'Bob Marley'
  # ORDER BY artist.name

The code to print the CD list remains the same:

  while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
    print "CD: " . $cd->title . ", Artist: " . $cd->artist->name;
  }

L<DBIx::Class> has now prefetched all matching data from the C<artist> table,
so no additional SQL statements are executed. You now have a much more
efficient query.

Also note that C<prefetch> should only be used when you know you will
definitely use data from a related table. Pre-fetching related tables when you
only need columns from the main table will make performance worse!

=head2 Multiple joins

In the examples above, the C<join> attribute was a scalar.  If you
pass an array reference instead, you can join to multiple tables.  In
this example, we want to limit the search further, using
C<LinerNotes>:

  # Relationships defined elsewhere:
  # CD->belongs_to('artist' => 'Artist');
  # CD->has_one('liner_notes' => 'LinerNotes', 'cd');
  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
    {
      'artist.name' => 'Bob Marley'
      'liner_notes.notes' => { 'like', '%some text%' },
    },
    {
      join     => [qw/ artist liner_notes /],
      order_by => [qw/ artist.name /],
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT cd.*, artist.*, liner_notes.* FROM cd
  # JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.id
  # JOIN liner_notes ON cd.id = liner_notes.cd
  # WHERE artist.name = 'Bob Marley'
  # ORDER BY artist.name

=head2 Multi-step joins

Sometimes you want to join more than one relationship deep. In this example,
we want to find all C<Artist> objects who have C<CD>s whose C<LinerNotes>
contain a specific string:

  # Relationships defined elsewhere:
  # Artist->has_many('cds' => 'CD', 'artist');
  # CD->has_one('liner_notes' => 'LinerNotes', 'cd');

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {
      'liner_notes.notes' => { 'like', '%some text%' },
    },
    {
      join => {
        'cds' => 'liner_notes'
      }
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT artist.* FROM artist
  # LEFT JOIN cd ON artist.id = cd.artist
  # LEFT JOIN liner_notes ON cd.id = liner_notes.cd
  # WHERE liner_notes.notes LIKE '%some text%'

Joins can be nested to an arbitrary level. So if we decide later that we
want to reduce the number of Artists returned based on who wrote the liner
notes:

  # Relationship defined elsewhere:
  # LinerNotes->belongs_to('author' => 'Person');

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {
      'liner_notes.notes' => { 'like', '%some text%' },
      'author.name' => 'A. Writer'
    },
    {
      join => {
        'cds' => {
          'liner_notes' => 'author'
        }
      }
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT artist.* FROM artist
  # LEFT JOIN cd ON artist.id = cd.artist
  # LEFT JOIN liner_notes ON cd.id = liner_notes.cd
  # LEFT JOIN author ON author.id = liner_notes.author
  # WHERE liner_notes.notes LIKE '%some text%'
  # AND author.name = 'A. Writer'

=head2 Multi-step and multiple joins

With various combinations of array and hash references, you can join
tables in any combination you desire.  For example, to join Artist to
CD and Concert, and join CD to LinerNotes:

  # Relationships defined elsewhere:
  # Artist->has_many('concerts' => 'Concert', 'artist');

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    { },
    {
      join => [
        {
          cds => 'liner_notes'
        },
        'concerts'
      ],
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT artist.* FROM artist
  # LEFT JOIN cd ON artist.id = cd.artist
  # LEFT JOIN liner_notes ON cd.id = liner_notes.cd
  # LEFT JOIN concert ON artist.id = concert.artist

=head2 Multi-step prefetch

C<prefetch> can be nested more than one relationship
deep using the same syntax as a multi-step join:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
    {},
    {
      prefetch => {
        cd => 'artist'
      }
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
  # JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.id
  # JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.id

Now accessing our C<cd> and C<artist> relationships does not need additional
SQL statements:

  my $tag = $rs->first;
  print $tag->cd->artist->name;

=head1 ROW-LEVEL OPERATIONS

=head2 Retrieving a row object's Schema

It is possible to get a Schema object from a row object like so:

  my $schema = $cd->result_source->schema;
  # use the schema as normal:
  my $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist');

This can be useful when you don't want to pass around a Schema object to every
method.

=head2 Getting the value of the primary key for the last database insert

AKA getting last_insert_id

Thanks to the core component PK::Auto, this is straightforward:

  my $foo = $rs->create(\%blah);
  # do more stuff
  my $id = $foo->id; # foo->my_primary_key_field will also work.

If you are not using autoincrementing primary keys, this will probably
not work, but then you already know the value of the last primary key anyway.

=head2 Stringification

Employ the standard stringification technique by using the L<overload>
module.

To make an object stringify itself as a single column, use something
like this (replace C<name> with the column/method of your choice):

  use overload '""' => sub { shift->name}, fallback => 1;

For more complex stringification, you can use an anonymous subroutine:

  use overload '""' => sub { $_[0]->name . ", " .
                             $_[0]->address }, fallback => 1;

=head3 Stringification Example

Suppose we have two tables: C<Product> and C<Category>. The table
specifications are:

  Product(id, Description, category)
  Category(id, Description)

C<category> is a foreign key into the Category table.

If you have a Product object C<$obj> and write something like

  print $obj->category

things will not work as expected.

To obtain, for example, the category description, you should add this
method to the class defining the Category table:

  use overload "" => sub {
      my $self = shift;

      return $self->Description;
  }, fallback => 1;

=head2 Want to know if find_or_create found or created a row?

Just use C<find_or_new> instead, then check C<in_storage>:

  my $obj = $rs->find_or_new({ blah => 'blarg' });
  unless ($obj->in_storage) {
    $obj->insert;
    # do whatever else you wanted if it was a new row
  }

=head2 Static sub-classing DBIx::Class result classes

AKA adding additional relationships/methods/etc. to a model for a
specific usage of the (shared) model.

B<Schema definition>

    package My::App::Schema;

    use base 'DBIx::Class::Schema';

    # load subclassed classes from My::App::Schema::Result/ResultSet
    __PACKAGE__->load_namespaces;

    # load classes from shared model
    load_classes({
        'My::Shared::Model::Result' => [qw/
            Foo
            Bar
        /]});

    1;

B<Result-Subclass definition>

    package My::App::Schema::Result::Baz;

    use strict;
    use warnings;
    use base 'My::Shared::Model::Result::Baz';

    # WARNING: Make sure you call table() again in your subclass,
    # otherwise DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table will not be called
    # and the class name is not correctly registered as a source
    __PACKAGE__->table('baz');

    sub additional_method {
        return "I'm an additional method only needed by this app";
    }

    1;

=head2 Dynamic Sub-classing DBIx::Class proxy classes

AKA multi-class object inflation from one table

L<DBIx::Class> classes are proxy classes, therefore some different
techniques need to be employed for more than basic subclassing.  In
this example we have a single user table that carries a boolean bit
for admin.  We would like like to give the admin users
objects (L<DBIx::Class::Row>) the same methods as a regular user but
also special admin only methods.  It doesn't make sense to create two
separate proxy-class files for this.  We would be copying all the user
methods into the Admin class.  There is a cleaner way to accomplish
this.

Overriding the C<inflate_result> method within the User proxy-class
gives us the effect we want.  This method is called by
L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> when inflating a result from storage.  So we
grab the object being returned, inspect the values we are looking for,
bless it if it's an admin object, and then return it.  See the example
below:

B<Schema Definition>

    package My::Schema;

    use base qw/DBIx::Class::Schema/;

    __PACKAGE__->load_namespaces;

    1;


B<Proxy-Class definitions>

    package My::Schema::Result::User;

    use strict;
    use warnings;
    use base qw/DBIx::Class::Core/;

    ### Define what our admin class is, for ensure_class_loaded()
    my $admin_class = __PACKAGE__ . '::Admin';

    __PACKAGE__->table('users');

    __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/user_id   email    password
                                firstname lastname active
                                admin/);

    __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('user_id');

    sub inflate_result {
        my $self = shift;
        my $ret = $self->next::method(@_);
        if( $ret->admin ) {### If this is an admin, rebless for extra functions
            $self->ensure_class_loaded( $admin_class );
            bless $ret, $admin_class;
        }
        return $ret;
    }

    sub hello {
        print "I am a regular user.\n";
        return ;
    }

    1;


    package My::Schema::Result::User::Admin;

    use strict;
    use warnings;
    use base qw/My::Schema::Result::User/;

    # This line is important
    __PACKAGE__->table('users');

    sub hello
    {
        print "I am an admin.\n";
        return;
    }

    sub do_admin_stuff
    {
        print "I am doing admin stuff\n";
        return ;
    }

    1;

B<Test File> test.pl

    use warnings;
    use strict;
    use My::Schema;

    my $user_data = { email    => 'someguy@place.com',
                      password => 'pass1',
                      admin    => 0 };

    my $admin_data = { email    => 'someadmin@adminplace.com',
                       password => 'pass2',
                       admin    => 1 };

    my $schema = My::Schema->connection('dbi:Pg:dbname=test');

    $schema->resultset('User')->create( $user_data );
    $schema->resultset('User')->create( $admin_data );

    ### Now we search for them
    my $user = $schema->resultset('User')->single( $user_data );
    my $admin = $schema->resultset('User')->single( $admin_data );

    print ref $user, "\n";
    print ref $admin, "\n";

    print $user->password , "\n"; # pass1
    print $admin->password , "\n";# pass2; inherited from User
    print $user->hello , "\n";# I am a regular user.
    print $admin->hello, "\n";# I am an admin.

    ### The statement below will NOT print
    print "I can do admin stuff\n" if $user->can('do_admin_stuff');
    ### The statement below will print
    print "I can do admin stuff\n" if $admin->can('do_admin_stuff');

Alternatively you can use L<DBIx::Class::DynamicSubclass> that implements
exactly the above functionality.

=head2 Skip row object creation for faster results

DBIx::Class is not built for speed, it's built for convenience and
ease of use, but sometimes you just need to get the data, and skip the
fancy objects.

To do this simply use L<DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator>.

 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD');

 $rs->result_class('DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator');

 my $hash_ref = $rs->find(1);

Wasn't that easy?

Beware, changing the Result class using
L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/result_class> will replace any existing class
completely including any special components loaded using
load_components, eg L<DBIx::Class::InflateColumn::DateTime>.

=head2 Get raw data for blindingly fast results

If the L<HashRefInflator|DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator> solution
above is not fast enough for you, you can use a DBIx::Class to return values
exactly as they come out of the database with none of the convenience methods
wrapped round them.

This is used like so:

  my $cursor = $rs->cursor
  while (my @vals = $cursor->next) {
      # use $val[0..n] here
  }

You will need to map the array offsets to particular columns (you can
use the L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/select> attribute of L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search> to force ordering).

=head1 RESULTSET OPERATIONS

=head2 Getting Schema from a ResultSet

To get the L<DBIx::Class::Schema> object from a ResultSet, do the following:

 $rs->result_source->schema

=head2 Getting Columns Of Data

AKA Aggregating Data

If you want to find the sum of a particular column there are several
ways, the obvious one is to use search:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Items')->search(
    {},
    {
       select => [ { sum => 'Cost' } ],
       as     => [ 'total_cost' ], # remember this 'as' is for DBIx::Class::ResultSet not SQL
    }
  );
  my $tc = $rs->first->get_column('total_cost');

Or, you can use the L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>, which gets
returned when you ask the C<ResultSet> for a column using
C<get_column>:

  my $cost = $schema->resultset('Items')->get_column('Cost');
  my $tc = $cost->sum;

With this you can also do:

  my $minvalue = $cost->min;
  my $maxvalue = $cost->max;

Or just iterate through the values of this column only:

  while ( my $c = $cost->next ) {
    print $c;
  }

  foreach my $c ($cost->all) {
    print $c;
  }

C<ResultSetColumn> only has a limited number of built-in functions. If
you need one that it doesn't have, then you can use the C<func> method
instead:

  my $avg = $cost->func('AVERAGE');

This will cause the following SQL statement to be run:

  SELECT AVERAGE(Cost) FROM Items me

Which will of course only work if your database supports this function.
See L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> for more documentation.

=head2 Creating a result set from a set of rows

Sometimes you have a (set of) row objects that you want to put into a
resultset without the need to hit the DB again. You can do that by using the
L<set_cache|DBIx::Class::Resultset/set_cache> method:

 my @uploadable_groups;
 while (my $group = $groups->next) {
   if ($group->can_upload($self)) {
     push @uploadable_groups, $group;
   }
 }
 my $new_rs = $self->result_source->resultset;
 $new_rs->set_cache(\@uploadable_groups);
 return $new_rs;


=head1 USING RELATIONSHIPS

=head2 Create a new row in a related table

  my $author = $book->create_related('author', { name => 'Fred'});

=head2 Search in a related table

Only searches for books named 'Titanic' by the author in $author.

  my $books_rs = $author->search_related('books', { name => 'Titanic' });

=head2 Delete data in a related table

Deletes only the book named Titanic by the author in $author.

  $author->delete_related('books', { name => 'Titanic' });

=head2 Ordering a relationship result set

If you always want a relation to be ordered, you can specify this when you
create the relationship.

To order C<< $book->pages >> by descending page_number, create the relation
as follows:

  __PACKAGE__->has_many('pages' => 'Page', 'book', { order_by => { -desc => 'page_number'} } );

=head2 Filtering a relationship result set

If you want to get a filtered result set, you can just add add to $attr as follows:

 __PACKAGE__->has_many('pages' => 'Page', 'book', { where => { scrap => 0 } } );

=head2 Many-to-many relationships

This is straightforward using L<ManyToMany|DBIx::Class::Relationship/many_to_many>:

  package My::User;
  use base 'DBIx::Class::Core';
  __PACKAGE__->table('user');
  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/id name/);
  __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('id');
  __PACKAGE__->has_many('user_address' => 'My::UserAddress', 'user');
  __PACKAGE__->many_to_many('addresses' => 'user_address', 'address');

  package My::UserAddress;
  use base 'DBIx::Class::Core';
  __PACKAGE__->table('user_address');
  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/user address/);
  __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key(qw/user address/);
  __PACKAGE__->belongs_to('user' => 'My::User');
  __PACKAGE__->belongs_to('address' => 'My::Address');

  package My::Address;
  use base 'DBIx::Class::Core';
  __PACKAGE__->table('address');
  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/id street town area_code country/);
  __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('id');
  __PACKAGE__->has_many('user_address' => 'My::UserAddress', 'address');
  __PACKAGE__->many_to_many('users' => 'user_address', 'user');

  $rs = $user->addresses(); # get all addresses for a user
  $rs = $address->users(); # get all users for an address

  my $address = $user->add_to_addresses(    # returns a My::Address instance,
                                            # NOT a My::UserAddress instance!
    {
      country => 'United Kingdom',
      area_code => 'XYZ',
      town => 'London',
      street => 'Sesame',
    }
  );

=head2 Relationships across DB schemas

Mapping relationships across L<DB schemas|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/DB schema>
is easy as long as the schemas themselves are all accessible via the same DBI
connection. In most cases, this means that they are on the same database host
as each other and your connecting database user has the proper permissions to them.

To accomplish this one only needs to specify the DB schema name in the table
declaration, like so...

  package MyDatabase::Main::Artist;
  use base qw/DBIx::Class::Core/;

  __PACKAGE__->table('database1.artist'); # will use "database1.artist" in FROM clause

  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ artist_id name /);
  __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('artist_id');
  __PACKAGE__->has_many('cds' => 'MyDatabase::Main::Cd');

  1;

Whatever string you specify there will be used to build the "FROM" clause in SQL
queries.

The big drawback to this is you now have DB schema names hardcoded in your
class files. This becomes especially troublesome if you have multiple instances
of your application to support a change lifecycle (e.g. DEV, TEST, PROD) and
the DB schemas are named based on the environment (e.g. database1_dev).

However, one can dynamically "map" to the proper DB schema by overriding the
L<connection|DBIx::Class::Schama/connection> method in your Schema class and
building a renaming facility, like so:

  package MyDatabase::Schema;
  use Moose;

  extends 'DBIx::Class::Schema';

  around connection => sub {
    my ( $inner, $self, $dsn, $username, $pass, $attr ) = ( shift, @_ );

    my $postfix = delete $attr->{schema_name_postfix};

    $inner->(@_);

    if ( $postfix ) {
        $self->append_db_name($postfix);
    }
  };

  sub append_db_name {
    my ( $self, $postfix ) = @_;

    my @sources_with_db
        = grep
            { $_->name =~ /^\w+\./mx }
            map
                { $self->source($_) }
                $self->sources;

    foreach my $source (@sources_with_db) {
        my $name = $source->name;
        $name =~ s{^(\w+)\.}{${1}${postfix}\.}mx;

        $source->name($name);
    }
  }

  1;

By overridding the L<connection|DBIx::Class::Schama/connection>
method and extracting a custom option from the provided \%attr hashref one can
then simply iterate over all the Schema's ResultSources, renaming them as
needed.

To use this facility, simply add or modify the \%attr hashref that is passed to
L<connection|DBIx::Class::Schama/connect>, as follows:

  my $schema
    = MyDatabase::Schema->connect(
      $dsn,
      $user,
      $pass,
      {
        schema_name_postfix => '_dev'
        # ... Other options as desired ...
      })

Obviously, one could accomplish even more advanced mapping via a hash map or a
callback routine.

=head1 TRANSACTIONS

=head2 Transactions with txn_do

As of version 0.04001, there is improved transaction support in
L<DBIx::Class::Storage> and L<DBIx::Class::Schema>.  Here is an
example of the recommended way to use it:

  my $genus = $schema->resultset('Genus')->find(12);

  my $coderef2 = sub {
    $genus->extinct(1);
    $genus->update;
  };

  my $coderef1 = sub {
    $genus->add_to_species({ name => 'troglodyte' });
    $genus->wings(2);
    $genus->update;
    $schema->txn_do($coderef2); # Can have a nested transaction. Only the outer will actualy commit
    return $genus->species;
  };

  use Try::Tiny;
  my $rs;
  try {
    $rs = $schema->txn_do($coderef1);
  } catch {
    # Transaction failed
    die "the sky is falling!"           #
      if ($_ =~ /Rollback failed/);     # Rollback failed

    deal_with_failed_transaction();
  };

Note: by default C<txn_do> will re-run the coderef one more time if an
error occurs due to client disconnection (e.g. the server is bounced).
You need to make sure that your coderef can be invoked multiple times
without terrible side effects.

Nested transactions will work as expected. That is, only the outermost
transaction will actually issue a commit to the $dbh, and a rollback
at any level of any transaction will cause the entire nested
transaction to fail.

=head2 Nested transactions and auto-savepoints

If savepoints are supported by your RDBMS, it is possible to achieve true
nested transactions with minimal effort. To enable auto-savepoints via nested
transactions, supply the C<< auto_savepoint = 1 >> connection attribute.

Here is an example of true nested transactions. In the example, we start a big
task which will create several rows. Generation of data for each row is a
fragile operation and might fail. If we fail creating something, depending on
the type of failure, we want to abort the whole task, or only skip the failed
row.

  my $schema = MySchema->connect("dbi:Pg:dbname=my_db");

  # Start a transaction. Every database change from here on will only be
  # committed into the database if the try block succeeds.
  use Try::Tiny;
  my $exception;
  try {
    $schema->txn_do(sub {
      # SQL: BEGIN WORK;

      my $job = $schema->resultset('Job')->create({ name=> 'big job' });
      # SQL: INSERT INTO job ( name) VALUES ( 'big job' );

      for (1..10) {

        # Start a nested transaction, which in fact sets a savepoint.
        try {
          $schema->txn_do(sub {
            # SQL: SAVEPOINT savepoint_0;

            my $thing = $schema->resultset('Thing')->create({ job=>$job->id });
            # SQL: INSERT INTO thing ( job) VALUES ( 1 );

            if (rand > 0.8) {
              # This will generate an error, thus setting $@

              $thing->update({force_fail=>'foo'});
              # SQL: UPDATE thing SET force_fail = 'foo'
              #      WHERE ( id = 42 );
            }
          });
        } catch {
          # SQL: ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT savepoint_0;

          # There was an error while creating a $thing. Depending on the error
          # we want to abort the whole transaction, or only rollback the
          # changes related to the creation of this $thing

          # Abort the whole job
          if ($_ =~ /horrible_problem/) {
            print "something horrible happend, aborting job!";
            die $_;                # rethrow error
          }

          # Ignore this $thing, report the error, and continue with the
          # next $thing
          print "Cannot create thing: $_";
        }
        # There was no error, so save all changes since the last
        # savepoint.

        # SQL: RELEASE SAVEPOINT savepoint_0;
      }
    });
  } catch {
    $exception = $_;
  }

  if ($caught) {
    # There was an error while handling the $job. Rollback all changes
    # since the transaction started, including the already committed
    # ('released') savepoints. There will be neither a new $job nor any
    # $thing entry in the database.

    # SQL: ROLLBACK;

    print "ERROR: $exception\n";
  }
  else {
    # There was no error while handling the $job. Commit all changes.
    # Only now other connections can see the newly created $job and
    # @things.

    # SQL: COMMIT;

    print "Ok\n";
  }

In this example it might be hard to see where the rollbacks, releases and
commits are happening, but it works just the same as for plain L<<txn_do>>: If
the C<try>-block around C<txn_do> fails, a rollback is issued. If the C<try>
succeeds, the transaction is committed (or the savepoint released).

While you can get more fine-grained control using C<svp_begin>, C<svp_release>
and C<svp_rollback>, it is strongly recommended to use C<txn_do> with coderefs.

=head2 Simple Transactions with DBIx::Class::Storage::TxnScopeGuard

An easy way to use transactions is with
L<DBIx::Class::Storage::TxnScopeGuard>. See L</Automatically creating
related objects> for an example.

Note that unlike txn_do, TxnScopeGuard will only make sure the connection is
alive when issuing the C<BEGIN> statement. It will not (and really can not)
retry if the server goes away mid-operations, unlike C<txn_do>.

=head1 SQL

=head2 Creating Schemas From An Existing Database

L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> will connect to a database and create a
L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and associated sources by examining the database.

The recommend way of achieving this is to use the
L<make_schema_at|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader/make_schema_at> method:

  perl -MDBIx::Class::Schema::Loader=make_schema_at,dump_to_dir:./lib \
    -e 'make_schema_at("My::Schema", { debug => 1 }, [ "dbi:Pg:dbname=foo","postgres" ])'

This will create a tree of files rooted at C<./lib/My/Schema/> containing
source definitions for all the tables found in the C<foo> database.

=head2 Creating DDL SQL

The following functionality requires you to have L<SQL::Translator>
(also known as "SQL Fairy") installed.

To create a set of database-specific .sql files for the above schema:

 my $schema = My::Schema->connect($dsn);
 $schema->create_ddl_dir(['MySQL', 'SQLite', 'PostgreSQL'],
                        '0.1',
                        './dbscriptdir/'
                        );

By default this will create schema files in the current directory, for
MySQL, SQLite and PostgreSQL, using the $VERSION from your Schema.pm.

To create a new database using the schema:

 my $schema = My::Schema->connect($dsn);
 $schema->deploy({ add_drop_table => 1});

To import created .sql files using the mysql client:

  mysql -h "host" -D "database" -u "user" -p < My_Schema_1.0_MySQL.sql

To create C<ALTER TABLE> conversion scripts to update a database to a
newer version of your schema at a later point, first set a new
C<$VERSION> in your Schema file, then:

 my $schema = My::Schema->connect($dsn);
 $schema->create_ddl_dir(['MySQL', 'SQLite', 'PostgreSQL'],
                         '0.2',
                         '/dbscriptdir/',
                         '0.1'
                         );

This will produce new database-specific .sql files for the new version
of the schema, plus scripts to convert from version 0.1 to 0.2. This
requires that the files for 0.1 as created above are available in the
given directory to diff against.

=head2 Select from dual

Dummy tables are needed by some databases to allow calling functions
or expressions that aren't based on table content, for examples of how
this applies to various database types, see:
L<http://troels.arvin.dk/db/rdbms/#other-dummy_table>.

Note: If you're using Oracles dual table don't B<ever> do anything
other than a select, if you CRUD on your dual table you *will* break
your database.

Make a table class as you would for any other table

  package MyAppDB::Dual;
  use strict;
  use warnings;
  use base 'DBIx::Class::Core';
  __PACKAGE__->table("Dual");
  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(
    "dummy",
    { data_type => "VARCHAR2", is_nullable => 0, size => 1 },
  );

Once you've loaded your table class select from it using C<select>
and C<as> instead of C<columns>

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Dual')->search(undef,
    { select => [ 'sydate' ],
      as     => [ 'now' ]
    },
  );

All you have to do now is be careful how you access your resultset, the below
will not work because there is no column called 'now' in the Dual table class

  while (my $dual = $rs->next) {
    print $dual->now."\n";
  }
  # Can't locate object method "now" via package "MyAppDB::Dual" at headshot.pl line 23.

You could of course use 'dummy' in C<as> instead of 'now', or C<add_columns> to
your Dual class for whatever you wanted to select from dual, but that's just
silly, instead use C<get_column>

  while (my $dual = $rs->next) {
    print $dual->get_column('now')."\n";
  }

Or use C<cursor>

  my $cursor = $rs->cursor;
  while (my @vals = $cursor->next) {
    print $vals[0]."\n";
  }

In case you're going to use this "trick" together with L<DBIx::Class::Schema/deploy> or
L<DBIx::Class::Schema/create_ddl_dir> a table called "dual" will be created in your
current schema. This would overlap "sys.dual" and you could not fetch "sysdate" or
"sequence.nextval" anymore from dual. To avoid this problem, just tell
L<SQL::Translator> to not create table dual:

    my $sqlt_args = {
        add_drop_table => 1,
        parser_args    => { sources => [ grep $_ ne 'Dual', schema->sources ] },
    };
    $schema->create_ddl_dir( [qw/Oracle/], undef, './sql', undef, $sqlt_args );

Or use L<DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator>

  $rs->result_class('DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator');
  while ( my $dual = $rs->next ) {
    print $dual->{now}."\n";
  }

Here are some example C<select> conditions to illustrate the different syntax
you could use for doing stuff like
C<oracles.heavily(nested(functions_can('take', 'lots'), OF), 'args')>

  # get a sequence value
  select => [ 'A_SEQ.nextval' ],

  # get create table sql
  select => [ { 'dbms_metadata.get_ddl' => [ "'TABLE'", "'ARTIST'" ]} ],

  # get a random num between 0 and 100
  select => [ { "trunc" => [ { "dbms_random.value" => [0,100] } ]} ],

  # what year is it?
  select => [ { 'extract' => [ \'year from sysdate' ] } ],

  # do some math
  select => [ {'round' => [{'cos' => [ \'180 * 3.14159265359/180' ]}]}],

  # which day of the week were you born on?
  select => [{'to_char' => [{'to_date' => [ "'25-DEC-1980'", "'dd-mon-yyyy'" ]}, "'day'"]}],

  # select 16 rows from dual
  select   => [ "'hello'" ],
  as       => [ 'world' ],
  group_by => [ 'cube( 1, 2, 3, 4 )' ],



=head2 Adding Indexes And Functions To Your SQL

Often you will want indexes on columns on your table to speed up searching. To
do this, create a method called C<sqlt_deploy_hook> in the relevant source
class (refer to the advanced
L<callback system|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/sqlt_deploy_callback> if you wish
to share a hook between multiple sources):

 package My::Schema::Result::Artist;

 __PACKAGE__->table('artist');
 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(id => { ... }, name => { ... })

 sub sqlt_deploy_hook {
   my ($self, $sqlt_table) = @_;

   $sqlt_table->add_index(name => 'idx_name', fields => ['name']);
 }

 1;

Sometimes you might want to change the index depending on the type of the
database for which SQL is being generated:

  my ($db_type = $sqlt_table->schema->translator->producer_type)
    =~ s/^SQL::Translator::Producer:://;

You can also add hooks to the schema level to stop certain tables being
created:

 package My::Schema;

 ...

 sub sqlt_deploy_hook {
   my ($self, $sqlt_schema) = @_;

   $sqlt_schema->drop_table('table_name');
 }

You could also add views, procedures or triggers to the output using
L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_view>,
L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_procedure> or
L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_trigger>.


=head2 Schema versioning

The following example shows simplistically how you might use DBIx::Class to
deploy versioned schemas to your customers. The basic process is as follows:

=over 4

=item 1.

Create a DBIx::Class schema

=item 2.

Save the schema

=item 3.

Deploy to customers

=item 4.

Modify schema to change functionality

=item 5.

Deploy update to customers

=back

B<Create a DBIx::Class schema>

This can either be done manually, or generated from an existing database as
described under L</Creating Schemas From An Existing Database>

B<Save the schema>

Call L<DBIx::Class::Schema/create_ddl_dir> as above under L</Creating DDL SQL>.

B<Deploy to customers>

There are several ways you could deploy your schema. These are probably
beyond the scope of this recipe, but might include:

=over 4

=item 1.

Require customer to apply manually using their RDBMS.

=item 2.

Package along with your app, making database dump/schema update/tests
all part of your install.

=back

B<Modify the schema to change functionality>

As your application evolves, it may be necessary to modify your schema
to change functionality. Once the changes are made to your schema in
DBIx::Class, export the modified schema and the conversion scripts as
in L</Creating DDL SQL>.

B<Deploy update to customers>

Add the L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Versioned> schema component to your
Schema class. This will add a new table to your database called
C<dbix_class_schema_vesion> which will keep track of which version is installed
and warn if the user tries to run a newer schema version than the
database thinks it has.

Alternatively, you can send the conversion SQL scripts to your
customers as above.

=head2 Setting quoting for the generated SQL

If the database contains column names with spaces and/or reserved words, they
need to be quoted in the SQL queries. This is done using:

 $schema->storage->sql_maker->quote_char([ qw/[ ]/] );
 $schema->storage->sql_maker->name_sep('.');

The first sets the quote characters. Either a pair of matching
brackets, or a C<"> or C<'>:

 $schema->storage->sql_maker->quote_char('"');

Check the documentation of your database for the correct quote
characters to use. C<name_sep> needs to be set to allow the SQL
generator to put the quotes the correct place, and defaults to
C<.> if not supplied.

In most cases you should set these as part of the arguments passed to
L<DBIx::Class::Schema/connect>:

 my $schema = My::Schema->connect(
  'dbi:mysql:my_db',
  'db_user',
  'db_password',
  {
    quote_char => '"',
    name_sep   => '.'
  }
 )

In some cases, quoting will be required for all users of a schema. To enforce
this, you can also overload the C<connection> method for your schema class:

 sub connection {
     my $self = shift;
     my $rv = $self->next::method( @_ );
     $rv->storage->sql_maker->quote_char([ qw/[ ]/ ]);
     $rv->storage->sql_maker->name_sep('.');
     return $rv;
 }

=head2 Working with PostgreSQL array types

You can also assign values to PostgreSQL array columns by passing array
references in the C<\%columns> (C<\%vals>) hashref of the
L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/update> family of
methods:

  $resultset->create({
    numbers => [1, 2, 3]
  });

  $row->update(
    {
      numbers => [1, 2, 3]
    },
    {
      day => '2008-11-24'
    }
  );

In conditions (e.g. C<\%cond> in the L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search> family of
methods) you cannot directly use array references (since this is interpreted as
a list of values to be C<OR>ed), but you can use the following syntax to force
passing them as bind values:

  $resultset->search(
    {
      numbers => \[ '= ?', [numbers => [1, 2, 3]] ]
    }
  );

See L<SQL::Abstract/array_datatypes> and L<SQL::Abstract/Literal SQL with
placeholders and bind values (subqueries)> for more explanation. Note that
L<DBIx::Class> sets L<SQL::Abstract/bindtype> to C<columns>, so you must pass
the bind values (the C<[1, 2, 3]> arrayref in the above example) wrapped in
arrayrefs together with the column name, like this:
C<< [column_name => value] >>.

=head2 Formatting DateTime objects in queries

To ensure C<WHERE> conditions containing L<DateTime> arguments are properly
formatted to be understood by your RDBMS, you must use the C<DateTime>
formatter returned by L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI/datetime_parser> to format
any L<DateTime> objects you pass to L<search|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search>
conditions. Any L<Storage|DBIx::Class::Storage> object attached to your
L<Schema|DBIx::Class::Schema> provides a correct C<DateTime> formatter, so
all you have to do is:

  my $dtf = $schema->storage->datetime_parser;
  my $rs = $schema->resultset('users')->search(
    {
      signup_date => {
        -between => [
          $dtf->format_datetime($dt_start),
          $dtf->format_datetime($dt_end),
        ],
      }
    },
  );

Without doing this the query will contain the simple stringification of the
C<DateTime> object, which almost never matches the RDBMS expectations.

This kludge is necessary only for conditions passed to
L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search>, whereas
L<create|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create>,
L<find|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/find>,
L<DBIx::Class::Row/update> (but not L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/update>) are all
L<DBIx::Class::InflateColumn>-aware and will do the right thing when supplied
an inflated C<DateTime> object.

=head2 Using Unicode

When using unicode character data there are two alternatives -
either your database supports unicode characters (including setting
the utf8 flag on the returned string), or you need to encode/decode
data appropriately each time a string field is inserted into or
retrieved from the database. It is better to avoid
encoding/decoding data and to use your database's own unicode
capabilities if at all possible.

The L<DBIx::Class::UTF8Columns> component handles storing selected
unicode columns in a database that does not directly support
unicode. If used with a database that does correctly handle unicode
then strange and unexpected data corrupt B<will> occur.

The Catalyst Wiki Unicode page at
L<http://wiki.catalystframework.org/wiki/tutorialsandhowtos/using_unicode>
has additional information on the use of Unicode with Catalyst and
DBIx::Class.

The following databases do correctly handle unicode data:-

=head3 MySQL

MySQL supports unicode, and will correctly flag utf8 data from the
database if the C<mysql_enable_utf8> is set in the connect options.

  my $schema = My::Schema->connection('dbi:mysql:dbname=test',
                                      $user, $pass,
                                      { mysql_enable_utf8 => 1} );


When set, a data retrieved from a textual column type (char,
varchar, etc) will have the UTF-8 flag turned on if necessary. This
enables character semantics on that string. You will also need to
ensure that your database / table / column is configured to use
UTF8. See Chapter 10 of the mysql manual for details.

See L<DBD::mysql> for further details.

=head3 Oracle

Information about Oracle support for unicode can be found in
L<DBD::Oracle/Unicode>.

=head3 PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL supports unicode if the character set is correctly set
at database creation time. Additionally the C<pg_enable_utf8>
should be set to ensure unicode data is correctly marked.

  my $schema = My::Schema->connection('dbi:Pg:dbname=test',
                                      $user, $pass,
                                      { pg_enable_utf8 => 1} );

Further information can be found in L<DBD::Pg>.

=head3 SQLite

SQLite version 3 and above natively use unicode internally. To
correctly mark unicode strings taken from the database, the
C<sqlite_unicode> flag should be set at connect time (in versions
of L<DBD::SQLite> prior to 1.27 this attribute was named
C<unicode>).

  my $schema = My::Schema->connection('dbi:SQLite:/tmp/test.db',
                                      '', '',
                                      { sqlite_unicode => 1} );

=head1 BOOTSTRAPPING/MIGRATING

=head2 Easy migration from class-based to schema-based setup

You want to start using the schema-based approach to L<DBIx::Class>
(see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Intro/Setting it up manually>), but have an
established class-based setup with lots of existing classes that you don't
want to move by hand. Try this nifty script instead:

  use MyDB;
  use SQL::Translator;

  my $schema = MyDB->schema_instance;

  my $translator           =  SQL::Translator->new(
      debug                => $debug          ||  0,
      trace                => $trace          ||  0,
      no_comments          => $no_comments    ||  0,
      show_warnings        => $show_warnings  ||  0,
      add_drop_table       => $add_drop_table ||  0,
      validate             => $validate       ||  0,
      parser_args          => {
         'DBIx::Schema'    => $schema,
                              },
      producer_args   => {
          'prefix'         => 'My::Schema',
                         },
  );

  $translator->parser('SQL::Translator::Parser::DBIx::Class');
  $translator->producer('SQL::Translator::Producer::DBIx::Class::File');

  my $output = $translator->translate(@args) or die
          "Error: " . $translator->error;

  print $output;

You could use L<Module::Find> to search for all subclasses in the MyDB::*
namespace, which is currently left as an exercise for the reader.

=head1 OVERLOADING METHODS

L<DBIx::Class> uses the L<Class::C3> package, which provides for redispatch of
method calls, useful for things like default values and triggers. You have to
use calls to C<next::method> to overload methods. More information on using
L<Class::C3> with L<DBIx::Class> can be found in
L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Component>.

=head2 Setting default values for a row

It's as simple as overriding the C<new> method.  Note the use of
C<next::method>.

  sub new {
    my ( $class, $attrs ) = @_;

    $attrs->{foo} = 'bar' unless defined $attrs->{foo};

    my $new = $class->next::method($attrs);

    return $new;
  }

For more information about C<next::method>, look in the L<Class::C3>
documentation. See also L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Component> for more
ways to write your own base classes to do this.

People looking for ways to do "triggers" with DBIx::Class are probably
just looking for this.

=head2 Changing one field whenever another changes

For example, say that you have three columns, C<id>, C<number>, and
C<squared>.  You would like to make changes to C<number> and have
C<squared> be automagically set to the value of C<number> squared.
You can accomplish this by wrapping the C<number> accessor with
L<Class::Method::Modifiers>:

  around number => sub {
    my ($orig, $self) = (shift, shift);

    if (@_) {
      my $value = $_[0];
      $self->squared( $value * $value );
    }

    $self->next::method(@_);
  }

Note that the hard work is done by the call to C<next::method>, which
redispatches your call to store_column in the superclass(es).

Generally, if this is a calculation your database can easily do, try
and avoid storing the calculated value, it is safer to calculate when
needed, than rely on the data being in sync.

=head2 Automatically creating related objects

You might have a class C<Artist> which has many C<CD>s.  Further, you
want to create a C<CD> object every time you insert an C<Artist> object.
You can accomplish this by overriding C<insert> on your objects:

  sub insert {
    my ( $self, @args ) = @_;
    $self->next::method(@args);
    $self->create_related ('cds', \%initial_cd_data );
    return $self;
  }

If you want to wrap the two inserts in a transaction (for consistency,
an excellent idea), you can use the awesome
L<DBIx::Class::Storage::TxnScopeGuard>:

  sub insert {
    my ( $self, @args ) = @_;

    my $guard = $self->result_source->schema->txn_scope_guard;

    $self->next::method(@args);
    $self->create_related ('cds', \%initial_cd_data );

    $guard->commit;

    return $self
  }


=head2 Wrapping/overloading a column accessor

B<Problem:>

Say you have a table "Camera" and want to associate a description
with each camera. For most cameras, you'll be able to generate the description from
the other columns. However, in a few special cases you may want to associate a
custom description with a camera.

B<Solution:>

In your database schema, define a description field in the "Camera" table that
can contain text and null values.

In DBIC, we'll overload the column accessor to provide a sane default if no
custom description is defined. The accessor will either return or generate the
description, depending on whether the field is null or not.

First, in your "Camera" schema class, define the description field as follows:

  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(description => { accessor => '_description' });

Next, we'll define the accessor-wrapper subroutine:

  sub description {
      my $self = shift;

      # If there is an update to the column, we'll let the original accessor
      # deal with it.
      return $self->_description(@_) if @_;

      # Fetch the column value.
      my $description = $self->_description;

      # If there's something in the description field, then just return that.
      return $description if defined $description && length $descripton;

      # Otherwise, generate a description.
      return $self->generate_description;
  }

=head1 DEBUGGING AND PROFILING

=head2 DBIx::Class objects with Data::Dumper

L<Data::Dumper> can be a very useful tool for debugging, but sometimes it can
be hard to find the pertinent data in all the data it can generate.
Specifically, if one naively tries to use it like so,

  use Data::Dumper;

  my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(1);
  print Dumper($cd);

several pages worth of data from the CD object's schema and result source will
be dumped to the screen. Since usually one is only interested in a few column
values of the object, this is not very helpful.

Luckily, it is possible to modify the data before L<Data::Dumper> outputs
it. Simply define a hook that L<Data::Dumper> will call on the object before
dumping it. For example,

  package My::DB::CD;

  sub _dumper_hook {
    $_[0] = bless {
      %{ $_[0] },
      result_source => undef,
    }, ref($_[0]);
  }

  [...]

  use Data::Dumper;

  local $Data::Dumper::Freezer = '_dumper_hook';

  my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(1);
  print Dumper($cd);
         # dumps $cd without its ResultSource

If the structure of your schema is such that there is a common base class for
all your table classes, simply put a method similar to C<_dumper_hook> in the
base class and set C<$Data::Dumper::Freezer> to its name and L<Data::Dumper>
will automagically clean up your data before printing it. See
L<Data::Dumper/EXAMPLES> for more information.

=head2 Profiling

When you enable L<DBIx::Class::Storage>'s debugging it prints the SQL
executed as well as notifications of query completion and transaction
begin/commit.  If you'd like to profile the SQL you can subclass the
L<DBIx::Class::Storage::Statistics> class and write your own profiling
mechanism:

  package My::Profiler;
  use strict;

  use base 'DBIx::Class::Storage::Statistics';

  use Time::HiRes qw(time);

  my $start;

  sub query_start {
    my $self = shift();
    my $sql = shift();
    my @params = @_;

    $self->print("Executing $sql: ".join(', ', @params)."\n");
    $start = time();
  }

  sub query_end {
    my $self = shift();
    my $sql = shift();
    my @params = @_;

    my $elapsed = sprintf("%0.4f", time() - $start);
    $self->print("Execution took $elapsed seconds.\n");
    $start = undef;
  }

  1;

You can then install that class as the debugging object:

  __PACKAGE__->storage->debugobj(new My::Profiler());
  __PACKAGE__->storage->debug(1);

A more complicated example might involve storing each execution of SQL in an
array:

  sub query_end {
    my $self = shift();
    my $sql = shift();
    my @params = @_;

    my $elapsed = time() - $start;
    push(@{ $calls{$sql} }, {
        params => \@params,
        elapsed => $elapsed
    });
  }

You could then create average, high and low execution times for an SQL
statement and dig down to see if certain parameters cause aberrant behavior.
You might want to check out L<DBIx::Class::QueryLog> as well.

=head1 IMPROVING PERFORMANCE

=over

=item *

Install L<Class::XSAccessor> to speed up L<Class::Accessor::Grouped>.

=item *

On Perl 5.8 install L<Class::C3::XS>.

=item *

L<prefetch|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/prefetch> relationships, where possible. See
L</Using joins and prefetch>.

=item *

Use L<populate|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/populate> in void context to insert data
when you don't need the resulting L<DBIx::Class::Row> objects, if possible, but
see the caveats.

When inserting many rows, for best results, populate a large number of rows at a
time, but not so large that the table is locked for an unacceptably long time.

If using L<create|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create> instead, use a transaction and
commit every C<X> rows; where C<X> gives you the best performance without
locking the table for too long.

=item *

When selecting many rows, if you don't need full-blown L<DBIx::Class::Row>
objects, consider using L<DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator>.

=item *

See also L</STARTUP SPEED> and L</MEMORY USAGE> in this document.

=back

=head1 STARTUP SPEED

L<DBIx::Class|DBIx::Class> programs can have a significant startup delay
as the ORM loads all the relevant classes. This section examines
techniques for reducing the startup delay.

These tips are are listed in order of decreasing effectiveness - so the
first tip, if applicable, should have the greatest effect on your
application.

=head2 Statically Define Your Schema

If you are using
L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> to build the
classes dynamically based on the database schema then there will be a
significant startup delay.

For production use a statically defined schema (which can be generated
using L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> to dump
the database schema once - see
L<make_schema_at|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader/make_schema_at> and
L<dump_directory|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader/dump_directory> for more
details on creating static schemas from a database).

=head2 Move Common Startup into a Base Class

Typically L<DBIx::Class> result classes start off with

    use base qw/DBIx::Class::Core/;
    __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/InflateColumn::DateTime/);

If this preamble is moved into a common base class:-

    package MyDBICbase;

    use base qw/DBIx::Class::Core/;
    __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/InflateColumn::DateTime/);
    1;

and each result class then uses this as a base:-

    use base qw/MyDBICbase/;

then the load_components is only performed once, which can result in a
considerable startup speedup for schemas with many classes.

=head2 Explicitly List Schema Result Classes

The schema class will normally contain

    __PACKAGE__->load_classes();

to load the result classes. This will use L<Module::Find|Module::Find>
to find and load the appropriate modules. Explicitly defining the
classes you wish to load will remove the overhead of
L<Module::Find|Module::Find> and the related directory operations:

    __PACKAGE__->load_classes(qw/ CD Artist Track /);

If you are instead using the L<load_namespaces|DBIx::Class::Schema/load_namespaces>
syntax to load the appropriate classes there is not a direct alternative
avoiding L<Module::Find|Module::Find>.

=head1 MEMORY USAGE

=head2 Cached statements

L<DBIx::Class> normally caches all statements with L<< prepare_cached()|DBI/prepare_cached >>.
This is normally a good idea, but if too many statements are cached, the database may use too much
memory and may eventually run out and fail entirely.  If you suspect this may be the case, you may want
to examine DBI's L<< CachedKids|DBI/CachedKidsCachedKids_(hash_ref) >> hash:

    # print all currently cached prepared statements
    print for keys %{$schema->storage->dbh->{CachedKids}};
    # get a count of currently cached prepared statements
    my $count = scalar keys %{$schema->storage->dbh->{CachedKids}};

If it's appropriate, you can simply clear these statements, automatically deallocating them in the
database:

    my $kids = $schema->storage->dbh->{CachedKids};
    delete @{$kids}{keys %$kids} if scalar keys %$kids > 100;

But what you probably want is to expire unused statements and not those that are used frequently.
You can accomplish this with L<Tie::Cache> or L<Tie::Cache::LRU>:

    use Tie::Cache;
    use DB::Main;
    my $schema = DB::Main->connect($dbi_dsn, $user, $pass, {
        on_connect_do => sub { tie %{shift->_dbh->{CachedKids}}, 'Tie::Cache', 100 },
    });

=cut