[dbsrgits/DBIx-Class.git] / lib / DBIx / Class / Storage / DBI.pm

package DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI;
# -*- mode: cperl; cperl-indent-level: 2 -*-

use base 'DBIx::Class::Storage';

use strict;    
use warnings;
use Carp::Clan qw/^DBIx::Class/;
use DBI;
use DBIx::Class::SQLAHacks;
use DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::Cursor;
use DBIx::Class::Storage::Statistics;
use Scalar::Util qw/blessed weaken/;

__PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' =>
    qw/_connect_info _dbi_connect_info _dbh _sql_maker _sql_maker_opts
       _conn_pid _conn_tid transaction_depth _dbh_autocommit savepoints/
);

# the values for these accessors are picked out (and deleted) from
# the attribute hashref passed to connect_info
my @storage_options = qw/
  on_connect_do on_disconnect_do disable_sth_caching unsafe auto_savepoint
/;
__PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => @storage_options);


# default cursor class, overridable in connect_info attributes
__PACKAGE__->cursor_class('DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::Cursor');

__PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('inherited' => qw/sql_maker_class/);
__PACKAGE__->sql_maker_class('DBIx::Class::SQLAHacks');


=head1 NAME

DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI - DBI storage handler

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  my $schema = MySchema->connect('dbi:SQLite:my.db');

  $schema->storage->debug(1);
  $schema->dbh_do("DROP TABLE authors");

  $schema->resultset('Book')->search({
     written_on => $schema->storage->datetime_parser(DateTime->now)
  });

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This class represents the connection to an RDBMS via L<DBI>.  See
L<DBIx::Class::Storage> for general information.  This pod only
documents DBI-specific methods and behaviors.

=head1 METHODS

=cut

sub new {
  my $new = shift->next::method(@_);

  $new->transaction_depth(0);
  $new->_sql_maker_opts({});
  $new->{savepoints} = [];
  $new->{_in_dbh_do} = 0;
  $new->{_dbh_gen} = 0;

  $new;
}

=head2 connect_info

This method is normally called by L<DBIx::Class::Schema/connection>, which
encapsulates its argument list in an arrayref before passing them here.

The argument list may contain:

=over

=item *

The same 4-element argument set one would normally pass to
L<DBI/connect>, optionally followed by
L<extra attributes|/DBIx::Class specific connection attributes>
recognized by DBIx::Class:

  $connect_info_args = [ $dsn, $user, $password, \%dbi_attributes?, \%extra_attributes? ];

=item *

A single code reference which returns a connected 
L<DBI database handle|DBI/connect> optionally followed by 
L<extra attributes|/DBIx::Class specific connection attributes> recognized
by DBIx::Class:

  $connect_info_args = [ sub { DBI->connect (...) }, \%extra_attributes? ];

=item *

A single hashref with all the attributes and the dsn/user/password
mixed together:

  $connect_info_args = [{
    dsn => $dsn,
    user => $user,
    password => $pass,
    %dbi_attributes,
    %extra_attributes,
  }];

This is particularly useful for L<Catalyst> based applications, allowing the 
following config (L<Config::General> style):

  <Model::DB>
    schema_class   App::DB
    <connect_info>
      dsn          dbi:mysql:database=test
      user         testuser
      password     TestPass
      AutoCommit   1
    </connect_info>
  </Model::DB>

=back

Please note that the L<DBI> docs recommend that you always explicitly
set C<AutoCommit> to either I<0> or I<1>.  L<DBIx::Class> further
recommends that it be set to I<1>, and that you perform transactions
via our L<DBIx::Class::Schema/txn_do> method.  L<DBIx::Class> will set it
to I<1> if you do not do explicitly set it to zero.  This is the default 
for most DBDs. See L</DBIx::Class and AutoCommit> for details.

=head3 DBIx::Class specific connection attributes

In addition to the standard L<DBI|DBI/ATTRIBUTES_COMMON_TO_ALL_HANDLES>
L<connection|DBI/Database_Handle_Attributes> attributes, DBIx::Class recognizes
the following connection options. These options can be mixed in with your other
L<DBI> connection attributes, or placed in a seperate hashref
(C<\%extra_attributes>) as shown above.

Every time C<connect_info> is invoked, any previous settings for
these options will be cleared before setting the new ones, regardless of
whether any options are specified in the new C<connect_info>.


=over

=item on_connect_do

Specifies things to do immediately after connecting or re-connecting to
the database.  Its value may contain:

=over

=item an array reference

This contains SQL statements to execute in order.  Each element contains
a string or a code reference that returns a string.

=item a code reference

This contains some code to execute.  Unlike code references within an
array reference, its return value is ignored.

=back

=item on_disconnect_do

Takes arguments in the same form as L</on_connect_do> and executes them
immediately before disconnecting from the database.

Note, this only runs if you explicitly call L</disconnect> on the
storage object.

=item disable_sth_caching

If set to a true value, this option will disable the caching of
statement handles via L<DBI/prepare_cached>.

=item limit_dialect 

Sets the limit dialect. This is useful for JDBC-bridge among others
where the remote SQL-dialect cannot be determined by the name of the
driver alone. See also L<SQL::Abstract::Limit>.

=item quote_char

Specifies what characters to use to quote table and column names. If 
you use this you will want to specify L</name_sep> as well.

C<quote_char> expects either a single character, in which case is it
is placed on either side of the table/column name, or an arrayref of length
2 in which case the table/column name is placed between the elements.

For example under MySQL you should use C<< quote_char => '`' >>, and for
SQL Server you should use C<< quote_char => [qw/[ ]/] >>.

=item name_sep

This only needs to be used in conjunction with C<quote_char>, and is used to 
specify the charecter that seperates elements (schemas, tables, columns) from 
each other. In most cases this is simply a C<.>.

The consequences of not supplying this value is that L<SQL::Abstract>
will assume DBIx::Class' uses of aliases to be complete column
names. The output will look like I<"me.name"> when it should actually
be I<"me"."name">.

=item unsafe

This Storage driver normally installs its own C<HandleError>, sets
C<RaiseError> and C<ShowErrorStatement> on, and sets C<PrintError> off on
all database handles, including those supplied by a coderef.  It does this
so that it can have consistent and useful error behavior.

If you set this option to a true value, Storage will not do its usual
modifications to the database handle's attributes, and instead relies on
the settings in your connect_info DBI options (or the values you set in
your connection coderef, in the case that you are connecting via coderef).

Note that your custom settings can cause Storage to malfunction,
especially if you set a C<HandleError> handler that suppresses exceptions
and/or disable C<RaiseError>.

=item auto_savepoint

If this option is true, L<DBIx::Class> will use savepoints when nesting
transactions, making it possible to recover from failure in the inner
transaction without having to abort all outer transactions.

=item cursor_class

Use this argument to supply a cursor class other than the default
L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::Cursor>.

=back

Some real-life examples of arguments to L</connect_info> and
L<DBIx::Class::Schema/connect>

  # Simple SQLite connection
  ->connect_info([ 'dbi:SQLite:./foo.db' ]);

  # Connect via subref
  ->connect_info([ sub { DBI->connect(...) } ]);

  # A bit more complicated
  ->connect_info(
    [
      'dbi:Pg:dbname=foo',
      'postgres',
      'my_pg_password',
      { AutoCommit => 1 },
      { quote_char => q{"}, name_sep => q{.} },
    ]
  );

  # Equivalent to the previous example
  ->connect_info(
    [
      'dbi:Pg:dbname=foo',
      'postgres',
      'my_pg_password',
      { AutoCommit => 1, quote_char => q{"}, name_sep => q{.} },
    ]
  );

  # Same, but with hashref as argument
  # See parse_connect_info for explanation
  ->connect_info(
    [{
      dsn         => 'dbi:Pg:dbname=foo',
      user        => 'postgres',
      password    => 'my_pg_password',
      AutoCommit  => 1,
      quote_char  => q{"},
      name_sep    => q{.},
    }]
  );

  # Subref + DBIx::Class-specific connection options
  ->connect_info(
    [
      sub { DBI->connect(...) },
      {
          quote_char => q{`},
          name_sep => q{@},
          on_connect_do => ['SET search_path TO myschema,otherschema,public'],
          disable_sth_caching => 1,
      },
    ]
  );


=cut

sub connect_info {
  my ($self, $info_arg) = @_;

  return $self->_connect_info if !$info_arg;

  my @args = @$info_arg;  # take a shallow copy for further mutilation
  $self->_connect_info([@args]); # copy for _connect_info


  # combine/pre-parse arguments depending on invocation style

  my %attrs;
  if (ref $args[0] eq 'CODE') {     # coderef with optional \%extra_attributes
    %attrs = %{ $args[1] || {} };
    @args = $args[0];
  }
  elsif (ref $args[0] eq 'HASH') { # single hashref (i.e. Catalyst config)
    %attrs = %{$args[0]};
    @args = ();
    for (qw/password user dsn/) {
      unshift @args, delete $attrs{$_};
    }
  }
  else {                # otherwise assume dsn/user/password + \%attrs + \%extra_attrs
    %attrs = (
      % { $args[3] || {} },
      % { $args[4] || {} },
    );
    @args = @args[0,1,2];
  }

  # Kill sql_maker/_sql_maker_opts, so we get a fresh one with only
  #  the new set of options
  $self->_sql_maker(undef);
  $self->_sql_maker_opts({});

  if(keys %attrs) {
    for my $storage_opt (@storage_options, 'cursor_class') {    # @storage_options is declared at the top of the module
      if(my $value = delete $attrs{$storage_opt}) {
        $self->$storage_opt($value);
      }
    }
    for my $sql_maker_opt (qw/limit_dialect quote_char name_sep/) {
      if(my $opt_val = delete $attrs{$sql_maker_opt}) {
        $self->_sql_maker_opts->{$sql_maker_opt} = $opt_val;
      }
    }
  }

  %attrs = () if (ref $args[0] eq 'CODE');  # _connect() never looks past $args[0] in this case

  $self->_dbi_connect_info([@args, keys %attrs ? \%attrs : ()]);
  $self->_connect_info;
}

=head2 on_connect_do

This method is deprecated in favour of setting via L</connect_info>.


=head2 dbh_do

Arguments: ($subref | $method_name), @extra_coderef_args?

Execute the given $subref or $method_name using the new exception-based
connection management.

The first two arguments will be the storage object that C<dbh_do> was called
on and a database handle to use.  Any additional arguments will be passed
verbatim to the called subref as arguments 2 and onwards.

Using this (instead of $self->_dbh or $self->dbh) ensures correct
exception handling and reconnection (or failover in future subclasses).

Your subref should have no side-effects outside of the database, as
there is the potential for your subref to be partially double-executed
if the database connection was stale/dysfunctional.

Example:

  my @stuff = $schema->storage->dbh_do(
    sub {
      my ($storage, $dbh, @cols) = @_;
      my $cols = join(q{, }, @cols);
      $dbh->selectrow_array("SELECT $cols FROM foo");
    },
    @column_list
  );

=cut

sub dbh_do {
  my $self = shift;
  my $code = shift;

  my $dbh = $self->_dbh;

  return $self->$code($dbh, @_) if $self->{_in_dbh_do}
      || $self->{transaction_depth};

  local $self->{_in_dbh_do} = 1;

  my @result;
  my $want_array = wantarray;

  eval {
    $self->_verify_pid if $dbh;
    if(!$self->_dbh) {
        $self->_populate_dbh;
        $dbh = $self->_dbh;
    }

    if($want_array) {
        @result = $self->$code($dbh, @_);
    }
    elsif(defined $want_array) {
        $result[0] = $self->$code($dbh, @_);
    }
    else {
        $self->$code($dbh, @_);
    }
  };

  my $exception = $@;
  if(!$exception) { return $want_array ? @result : $result[0] }

  $self->throw_exception($exception) if $self->connected;

  # We were not connected - reconnect and retry, but let any
  #  exception fall right through this time
  $self->_populate_dbh;
  $self->$code($self->_dbh, @_);
}

# This is basically a blend of dbh_do above and DBIx::Class::Storage::txn_do.
# It also informs dbh_do to bypass itself while under the direction of txn_do,
#  via $self->{_in_dbh_do} (this saves some redundant eval and errorcheck, etc)
sub txn_do {
  my $self = shift;
  my $coderef = shift;

  ref $coderef eq 'CODE' or $self->throw_exception
    ('$coderef must be a CODE reference');

  return $coderef->(@_) if $self->{transaction_depth} && ! $self->auto_savepoint;

  local $self->{_in_dbh_do} = 1;

  my @result;
  my $want_array = wantarray;

  my $tried = 0;
  while(1) {
    eval {
      $self->_verify_pid if $self->_dbh;
      $self->_populate_dbh if !$self->_dbh;

      $self->txn_begin;
      if($want_array) {
          @result = $coderef->(@_);
      }
      elsif(defined $want_array) {
          $result[0] = $coderef->(@_);
      }
      else {
          $coderef->(@_);
      }
      $self->txn_commit;
    };

    my $exception = $@;
    if(!$exception) { return $want_array ? @result : $result[0] }

    if($tried++ > 0 || $self->connected) {
      eval { $self->txn_rollback };
      my $rollback_exception = $@;
      if($rollback_exception) {
        my $exception_class = "DBIx::Class::Storage::NESTED_ROLLBACK_EXCEPTION";
        $self->throw_exception($exception)  # propagate nested rollback
          if $rollback_exception =~ /$exception_class/;

        $self->throw_exception(
          "Transaction aborted: ${exception}. "
          . "Rollback failed: ${rollback_exception}"
        );
      }
      $self->throw_exception($exception)
    }

    # We were not connected, and was first try - reconnect and retry
    # via the while loop
    $self->_populate_dbh;
  }
}

=head2 disconnect

Our C<disconnect> method also performs a rollback first if the
database is not in C<AutoCommit> mode.

=cut

sub disconnect {
  my ($self) = @_;

  if( $self->connected ) {
    my $connection_do = $self->on_disconnect_do;
    $self->_do_connection_actions($connection_do) if ref($connection_do);

    $self->_dbh->rollback unless $self->_dbh_autocommit;
    $self->_dbh->disconnect;
    $self->_dbh(undef);
    $self->{_dbh_gen}++;
  }
}

=head2 with_deferred_fk_checks

=over 4

=item Arguments: C<$coderef>

=item Return Value: The return value of $coderef

=back

Storage specific method to run the code ref with FK checks deferred or
in MySQL's case disabled entirely.

=cut

# Storage subclasses should override this
sub with_deferred_fk_checks {
  my ($self, $sub) = @_;

  $sub->();
}

sub connected {
  my ($self) = @_;

  if(my $dbh = $self->_dbh) {
      if(defined $self->_conn_tid && $self->_conn_tid != threads->tid) {
          $self->_dbh(undef);
          $self->{_dbh_gen}++;
          return;
      }
      else {
          $self->_verify_pid;
          return 0 if !$self->_dbh;
      }
      return ($dbh->FETCH('Active') && $dbh->ping);
  }

  return 0;
}

# handle pid changes correctly
#  NOTE: assumes $self->_dbh is a valid $dbh
sub _verify_pid {
  my ($self) = @_;

  return if defined $self->_conn_pid && $self->_conn_pid == $$;

  $self->_dbh->{InactiveDestroy} = 1;
  $self->_dbh(undef);
  $self->{_dbh_gen}++;

  return;
}

sub ensure_connected {
  my ($self) = @_;

  unless ($self->connected) {
    $self->_populate_dbh;
  }
}

=head2 dbh

Returns the dbh - a data base handle of class L<DBI>.

=cut

sub dbh {
  my ($self) = @_;

  $self->ensure_connected;
  return $self->_dbh;
}

sub _sql_maker_args {
    my ($self) = @_;
    
    return ( bindtype=>'columns', array_datatypes => 1, limit_dialect => $self->dbh, %{$self->_sql_maker_opts} );
}

sub sql_maker {
  my ($self) = @_;
  unless ($self->_sql_maker) {
    my $sql_maker_class = $self->sql_maker_class;
    $self->_sql_maker($sql_maker_class->new( $self->_sql_maker_args ));
  }
  return $self->_sql_maker;
}

sub _rebless {}

sub _populate_dbh {
  my ($self) = @_;
  my @info = @{$self->_dbi_connect_info || []};
  $self->_dbh($self->_connect(@info));

  # Always set the transaction depth on connect, since
  #  there is no transaction in progress by definition
  $self->{transaction_depth} = $self->_dbh_autocommit ? 0 : 1;

  if(ref $self eq 'DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI') {
    my $driver = $self->_dbh->{Driver}->{Name};
    if ($self->load_optional_class("DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::${driver}")) {
      bless $self, "DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI::${driver}";
      $self->_rebless();
    }
  }

  $self->_conn_pid($$);
  $self->_conn_tid(threads->tid) if $INC{'threads.pm'};

  my $connection_do = $self->on_connect_do;
  $self->_do_connection_actions($connection_do) if ref($connection_do);
}

sub _do_connection_actions {
  my $self = shift;
  my $connection_do = shift;

  if (ref $connection_do eq 'ARRAY') {
    $self->_do_query($_) foreach @$connection_do;
  }
  elsif (ref $connection_do eq 'CODE') {
    $connection_do->($self);
  }

  return $self;
}

sub _do_query {
  my ($self, $action) = @_;

  if (ref $action eq 'CODE') {
    $action = $action->($self);
    $self->_do_query($_) foreach @$action;
  }
  else {
    # Most debuggers expect ($sql, @bind), so we need to exclude
    # the attribute hash which is the second argument to $dbh->do
    # furthermore the bind values are usually to be presented
    # as named arrayref pairs, so wrap those here too
    my @do_args = (ref $action eq 'ARRAY') ? (@$action) : ($action);
    my $sql = shift @do_args;
    my $attrs = shift @do_args;
    my @bind = map { [ undef, $_ ] } @do_args;

    $self->_query_start($sql, @bind);
    $self->_dbh->do($sql, $attrs, @do_args);
    $self->_query_end($sql, @bind);
  }

  return $self;
}

sub _connect {
  my ($self, @info) = @_;

  $self->throw_exception("You failed to provide any connection info")
    if !@info;

  my ($old_connect_via, $dbh);

  if ($INC{'Apache/DBI.pm'} && $ENV{MOD_PERL}) {
    $old_connect_via = $DBI::connect_via;
    $DBI::connect_via = 'connect';
  }

  eval {
    if(ref $info[0] eq 'CODE') {
       $dbh = &{$info[0]}
    }
    else {
       $dbh = DBI->connect(@info);
    }

    if($dbh && !$self->unsafe) {
      my $weak_self = $self;
      weaken($weak_self);
      $dbh->{HandleError} = sub {
          if ($weak_self) {
            $weak_self->throw_exception("DBI Exception: $_[0]");
          }
          else {
            croak ("DBI Exception: $_[0]");
          }
      };
      $dbh->{ShowErrorStatement} = 1;
      $dbh->{RaiseError} = 1;
      $dbh->{PrintError} = 0;
    }
  };

  $DBI::connect_via = $old_connect_via if $old_connect_via;

  $self->throw_exception("DBI Connection failed: " . ($@||$DBI::errstr))
    if !$dbh || $@;

  $self->_dbh_autocommit($dbh->{AutoCommit});

  $dbh;
}

sub svp_begin {
  my ($self, $name) = @_;

  $name = $self->_svp_generate_name
    unless defined $name;

  $self->throw_exception ("You can't use savepoints outside a transaction")
    if $self->{transaction_depth} == 0;

  $self->throw_exception ("Your Storage implementation doesn't support savepoints")
    unless $self->can('_svp_begin');
  
  push @{ $self->{savepoints} }, $name;

  $self->debugobj->svp_begin($name) if $self->debug;
  
  return $self->_svp_begin($name);
}

sub svp_release {
  my ($self, $name) = @_;

  $self->throw_exception ("You can't use savepoints outside a transaction")
    if $self->{transaction_depth} == 0;

  $self->throw_exception ("Your Storage implementation doesn't support savepoints")
    unless $self->can('_svp_release');

  if (defined $name) {
    $self->throw_exception ("Savepoint '$name' does not exist")
      unless grep { $_ eq $name } @{ $self->{savepoints} };

    # Dig through the stack until we find the one we are releasing.  This keeps
    # the stack up to date.
    my $svp;

    do { $svp = pop @{ $self->{savepoints} } } while $svp ne $name;
  } else {
    $name = pop @{ $self->{savepoints} };
  }

  $self->debugobj->svp_release($name) if $self->debug;

  return $self->_svp_release($name);
}

sub svp_rollback {
  my ($self, $name) = @_;

  $self->throw_exception ("You can't use savepoints outside a transaction")
    if $self->{transaction_depth} == 0;

  $self->throw_exception ("Your Storage implementation doesn't support savepoints")
    unless $self->can('_svp_rollback');

  if (defined $name) {
      # If they passed us a name, verify that it exists in the stack
      unless(grep({ $_ eq $name } @{ $self->{savepoints} })) {
          $self->throw_exception("Savepoint '$name' does not exist!");
      }

      # Dig through the stack until we find the one we are releasing.  This keeps
      # the stack up to date.
      while(my $s = pop(@{ $self->{savepoints} })) {
          last if($s eq $name);
      }
      # Add the savepoint back to the stack, as a rollback doesn't remove the
      # named savepoint, only everything after it.
      push(@{ $self->{savepoints} }, $name);
  } else {
      # We'll assume they want to rollback to the last savepoint
      $name = $self->{savepoints}->[-1];
  }

  $self->debugobj->svp_rollback($name) if $self->debug;
  
  return $self->_svp_rollback($name);
}

sub _svp_generate_name {
    my ($self) = @_;

    return 'savepoint_'.scalar(@{ $self->{'savepoints'} });
}

sub txn_begin {
  my $self = shift;
  $self->ensure_connected();
  if($self->{transaction_depth} == 0) {
    $self->debugobj->txn_begin()
      if $self->debug;
    # this isn't ->_dbh-> because
    #  we should reconnect on begin_work
    #  for AutoCommit users
    $self->dbh->begin_work;
  } elsif ($self->auto_savepoint) {
    $self->svp_begin;
  }
  $self->{transaction_depth}++;
}

sub txn_commit {
  my $self = shift;
  if ($self->{transaction_depth} == 1) {
    my $dbh = $self->_dbh;
    $self->debugobj->txn_commit()
      if ($self->debug);
    $dbh->commit;
    $self->{transaction_depth} = 0
      if $self->_dbh_autocommit;
  }
  elsif($self->{transaction_depth} > 1) {
    $self->{transaction_depth}--;
    $self->svp_release
      if $self->auto_savepoint;
  }
}

sub txn_rollback {
  my $self = shift;
  my $dbh = $self->_dbh;
  eval {
    if ($self->{transaction_depth} == 1) {
      $self->debugobj->txn_rollback()
        if ($self->debug);
      $self->{transaction_depth} = 0
        if $self->_dbh_autocommit;
      $dbh->rollback;
    }
    elsif($self->{transaction_depth} > 1) {
      $self->{transaction_depth}--;
      if ($self->auto_savepoint) {
        $self->svp_rollback;
        $self->svp_release;
      }
    }
    else {
      die DBIx::Class::Storage::NESTED_ROLLBACK_EXCEPTION->new;
    }
  };
  if ($@) {
    my $error = $@;
    my $exception_class = "DBIx::Class::Storage::NESTED_ROLLBACK_EXCEPTION";
    $error =~ /$exception_class/ and $self->throw_exception($error);
    # ensure that a failed rollback resets the transaction depth
    $self->{transaction_depth} = $self->_dbh_autocommit ? 0 : 1;
    $self->throw_exception($error);
  }
}

# This used to be the top-half of _execute.  It was split out to make it
#  easier to override in NoBindVars without duping the rest.  It takes up
#  all of _execute's args, and emits $sql, @bind.
sub _prep_for_execute {
  my ($self, $op, $extra_bind, $ident, $args) = @_;

  if( blessed($ident) && $ident->isa("DBIx::Class::ResultSource") ) {
    $ident = $ident->from();
  }

  my ($sql, @bind) = $self->sql_maker->$op($ident, @$args);

  unshift(@bind,
    map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? $_ : [ '!!dummy', $_ ] } @$extra_bind)
      if $extra_bind;
  return ($sql, \@bind);
}

sub _fix_bind_params {
    my ($self, @bind) = @_;

    ### Turn @bind from something like this:
    ###   ( [ "artist", 1 ], [ "cdid", 1, 3 ] )
    ### to this:
    ###   ( "'1'", "'1'", "'3'" )
    return
        map {
            if ( defined( $_ && $_->[1] ) ) {
                map { qq{'$_'}; } @{$_}[ 1 .. $#$_ ];
            }
            else { q{'NULL'}; }
        } @bind;
}

sub _query_start {
    my ( $self, $sql, @bind ) = @_;

    if ( $self->debug ) {
        @bind = $self->_fix_bind_params(@bind);
        
        $self->debugobj->query_start( $sql, @bind );
    }
}

sub _query_end {
    my ( $self, $sql, @bind ) = @_;

    if ( $self->debug ) {
        @bind = $self->_fix_bind_params(@bind);
        $self->debugobj->query_end( $sql, @bind );
    }
}

sub _dbh_execute {
  my ($self, $dbh, $op, $extra_bind, $ident, $bind_attributes, @args) = @_;

  my ($sql, $bind) = $self->_prep_for_execute($op, $extra_bind, $ident, \@args);

  $self->_query_start( $sql, @$bind );

  my $sth = $self->sth($sql,$op);

  my $placeholder_index = 1; 

  foreach my $bound (@$bind) {
    my $attributes = {};
    my($column_name, @data) = @$bound;

    if ($bind_attributes) {
      $attributes = $bind_attributes->{$column_name}
      if defined $bind_attributes->{$column_name};
    }

    foreach my $data (@data) {
      my $ref = ref $data;
      $data = $ref && $ref ne 'ARRAY' ? ''.$data : $data; # stringify args (except arrayrefs)

      $sth->bind_param($placeholder_index, $data, $attributes);
      $placeholder_index++;
    }
  }

  # Can this fail without throwing an exception anyways???
  my $rv = $sth->execute();
  $self->throw_exception($sth->errstr) if !$rv;

  $self->_query_end( $sql, @$bind );

  return (wantarray ? ($rv, $sth, @$bind) : $rv);
}

sub _execute {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->dbh_do('_dbh_execute', @_)
}

sub insert {
  my ($self, $source, $to_insert) = @_;
  
  my $ident = $source->from; 
  my $bind_attributes = $self->source_bind_attributes($source);

  my $updated_cols = {};

  $self->ensure_connected;
  foreach my $col ( $source->columns ) {
    if ( !defined $to_insert->{$col} ) {
      my $col_info = $source->column_info($col);

      if ( $col_info->{auto_nextval} ) {
        $updated_cols->{$col} = $to_insert->{$col} = $self->_sequence_fetch( 'nextval', $col_info->{sequence} || $self->_dbh_get_autoinc_seq($self->dbh, $source) );
      }
    }
  }

  $self->_execute('insert' => [], $source, $bind_attributes, $to_insert);

  return $updated_cols;
}

## Still not quite perfect, and EXPERIMENTAL
## Currently it is assumed that all values passed will be "normal", i.e. not 
## scalar refs, or at least, all the same type as the first set, the statement is
## only prepped once.
sub insert_bulk {
  my ($self, $source, $cols, $data) = @_;
  my %colvalues;
  my $table = $source->from;
  @colvalues{@$cols} = (0..$#$cols);
  my ($sql, @bind) = $self->sql_maker->insert($table, \%colvalues);
  
  $self->_query_start( $sql, @bind );
  my $sth = $self->sth($sql);

#  @bind = map { ref $_ ? ''.$_ : $_ } @bind; # stringify args

  ## This must be an arrayref, else nothing works!
  my $tuple_status = [];

  ## Get the bind_attributes, if any exist
  my $bind_attributes = $self->source_bind_attributes($source);

  ## Bind the values and execute
  my $placeholder_index = 1; 

  foreach my $bound (@bind) {

    my $attributes = {};
    my ($column_name, $data_index) = @$bound;

    if( $bind_attributes ) {
      $attributes = $bind_attributes->{$column_name}
      if defined $bind_attributes->{$column_name};
    }

    my @data = map { $_->[$data_index] } @$data;

    $sth->bind_param_array( $placeholder_index, [@data], $attributes );
    $placeholder_index++;
  }
  my $rv = $sth->execute_array({ArrayTupleStatus => $tuple_status});
  $self->throw_exception($sth->errstr) if !$rv;

  $self->_query_end( $sql, @bind );
  return (wantarray ? ($rv, $sth, @bind) : $rv);
}

sub update {
  my $self = shift @_;
  my $source = shift @_;
  my $bind_attributes = $self->source_bind_attributes($source);
  
  return $self->_execute('update' => [], $source, $bind_attributes, @_);
}


sub delete {
  my $self = shift @_;
  my $source = shift @_;
  
  my $bind_attrs = {}; ## If ever it's needed...
  
  return $self->_execute('delete' => [], $source, $bind_attrs, @_);
}

sub _select {
  my $self = shift;
  my $sql_maker = $self->sql_maker;
  local $sql_maker->{for};
  return $self->_execute($self->_select_args(@_));
}

sub _select_args {
  my ($self, $ident, $select, $condition, $attrs) = @_;
  my $order = $attrs->{order_by};

  my $for = delete $attrs->{for};
  my $sql_maker = $self->sql_maker;
  $sql_maker->{for} = $for;

  if (exists $attrs->{group_by} || $attrs->{having}) {
    $order = {
      group_by => $attrs->{group_by},
      having => $attrs->{having},
      ($order ? (order_by => $order) : ())
    };
  }
  my $bind_attrs = {}; ## Future support
  my @args = ('select', $attrs->{bind}, $ident, $bind_attrs, $select, $condition, $order);
  if ($attrs->{software_limit} ||
      $self->sql_maker->_default_limit_syntax eq "GenericSubQ") {
        $attrs->{software_limit} = 1;
  } else {
    $self->throw_exception("rows attribute must be positive if present")
      if (defined($attrs->{rows}) && !($attrs->{rows} > 0));

    # MySQL actually recommends this approach.  I cringe.
    $attrs->{rows} = 2**48 if not defined $attrs->{rows} and defined $attrs->{offset};
    push @args, $attrs->{rows}, $attrs->{offset};
  }
  return @args;
}

sub source_bind_attributes {
  my ($self, $source) = @_;
  
  my $bind_attributes;
  foreach my $column ($source->columns) {
  
    my $data_type = $source->column_info($column)->{data_type} || '';
    $bind_attributes->{$column} = $self->bind_attribute_by_data_type($data_type)
     if $data_type;
  }

  return $bind_attributes;
}

=head2 select

=over 4

=item Arguments: $ident, $select, $condition, $attrs

=back

Handle a SQL select statement.

=cut

sub select {
  my $self = shift;
  my ($ident, $select, $condition, $attrs) = @_;
  return $self->cursor_class->new($self, \@_, $attrs);
}

sub select_single {
  my $self = shift;
  my ($rv, $sth, @bind) = $self->_select(@_);
  my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array;
  my @nextrow = $sth->fetchrow_array if @row;
  if(@row && @nextrow) {
    carp "Query returned more than one row.  SQL that returns multiple rows is DEPRECATED for ->find and ->single";
  }
  # Need to call finish() to work round broken DBDs
  $sth->finish();
  return @row;
}

=head2 sth

=over 4

=item Arguments: $sql

=back

Returns a L<DBI> sth (statement handle) for the supplied SQL.

=cut

sub _dbh_sth {
  my ($self, $dbh, $sql) = @_;

  # 3 is the if_active parameter which avoids active sth re-use
  my $sth = $self->disable_sth_caching
    ? $dbh->prepare($sql)
    : $dbh->prepare_cached($sql, {}, 3);

  # XXX You would think RaiseError would make this impossible,
  #  but apparently that's not true :(
  $self->throw_exception($dbh->errstr) if !$sth;

  $sth;
}

sub sth {
  my ($self, $sql) = @_;
  $self->dbh_do('_dbh_sth', $sql);
}

sub _dbh_columns_info_for {
  my ($self, $dbh, $table) = @_;

  if ($dbh->can('column_info')) {
    my %result;
    eval {
      my ($schema,$tab) = $table =~ /^(.+?)\.(.+)$/ ? ($1,$2) : (undef,$table);
      my $sth = $dbh->column_info( undef,$schema, $tab, '%' );
      $sth->execute();
      while ( my $info = $sth->fetchrow_hashref() ){
        my %column_info;
        $column_info{data_type}   = $info->{TYPE_NAME};
        $column_info{size}      = $info->{COLUMN_SIZE};
        $column_info{is_nullable}   = $info->{NULLABLE} ? 1 : 0;
        $column_info{default_value} = $info->{COLUMN_DEF};
        my $col_name = $info->{COLUMN_NAME};
        $col_name =~ s/^\"(.*)\"$/$1/;

        $result{$col_name} = \%column_info;
      }
    };
    return \%result if !$@ && scalar keys %result;
  }

  my %result;
  my $sth = $dbh->prepare($self->sql_maker->select($table, undef, \'1 = 0'));
  $sth->execute;
  my @columns = @{$sth->{NAME_lc}};
  for my $i ( 0 .. $#columns ){
    my %column_info;
    $column_info{data_type} = $sth->{TYPE}->[$i];
    $column_info{size} = $sth->{PRECISION}->[$i];
    $column_info{is_nullable} = $sth->{NULLABLE}->[$i] ? 1 : 0;

    if ($column_info{data_type} =~ m/^(.*?)\((.*?)\)$/) {
      $column_info{data_type} = $1;
      $column_info{size}    = $2;
    }

    $result{$columns[$i]} = \%column_info;
  }
  $sth->finish;

  foreach my $col (keys %result) {
    my $colinfo = $result{$col};
    my $type_num = $colinfo->{data_type};
    my $type_name;
    if(defined $type_num && $dbh->can('type_info')) {
      my $type_info = $dbh->type_info($type_num);
      $type_name = $type_info->{TYPE_NAME} if $type_info;
      $colinfo->{data_type} = $type_name if $type_name;
    }
  }

  return \%result;
}

sub columns_info_for {
  my ($self, $table) = @_;
  $self->dbh_do('_dbh_columns_info_for', $table);
}

=head2 last_insert_id

Return the row id of the last insert.

=cut

sub _dbh_last_insert_id {
    # All Storage's need to register their own _dbh_last_insert_id
    # the old SQLite-based method was highly inappropriate

    my $self = shift;
    my $class = ref $self;
    $self->throw_exception (<<EOE);

No _dbh_last_insert_id() method found in $class.
Since the method of obtaining the autoincrement id of the last insert
operation varies greatly between different databases, this method must be
individually implemented for every storage class.
EOE
}

sub last_insert_id {
  my $self = shift;
  $self->dbh_do('_dbh_last_insert_id', @_);
}

=head2 sqlt_type

Returns the database driver name.

=cut

sub sqlt_type { shift->dbh->{Driver}->{Name} }

=head2 bind_attribute_by_data_type

Given a datatype from column info, returns a database specific bind
attribute for C<< $dbh->bind_param($val,$attribute) >> or nothing if we will
let the database planner just handle it.

Generally only needed for special case column types, like bytea in postgres.

=cut

sub bind_attribute_by_data_type {
    return;
}

=head2 create_ddl_dir

=over 4

=item Arguments: $schema \@databases, $version, $directory, $preversion, \%sqlt_args

=back

Creates a SQL file based on the Schema, for each of the specified
database types, in the given directory.

By default, C<\%sqlt_args> will have

 { add_drop_table => 1, ignore_constraint_names => 1, ignore_index_names => 1 }

merged with the hash passed in. To disable any of those features, pass in a 
hashref like the following

 { ignore_constraint_names => 0, # ... other options }

=cut

sub create_ddl_dir {
  my ($self, $schema, $databases, $version, $dir, $preversion, $sqltargs) = @_;

  if(!$dir || !-d $dir) {
    warn "No directory given, using ./\n";
    $dir = "./";
  }
  $databases ||= ['MySQL', 'SQLite', 'PostgreSQL'];
  $databases = [ $databases ] if(ref($databases) ne 'ARRAY');

  my $schema_version = $schema->schema_version || '1.x';
  $version ||= $schema_version;

  $sqltargs = {
    add_drop_table => 1, 
    ignore_constraint_names => 1,
    ignore_index_names => 1,
    %{$sqltargs || {}}
  };

  $self->throw_exception(q{Can't create a ddl file without SQL::Translator 0.09003: '}
      . $self->_check_sqlt_message . q{'})
          if !$self->_check_sqlt_version;

  my $sqlt = SQL::Translator->new( $sqltargs );

  $sqlt->parser('SQL::Translator::Parser::DBIx::Class');
  my $sqlt_schema = $sqlt->translate({ data => $schema }) or die $sqlt->error;

  foreach my $db (@$databases) {
    $sqlt->reset();
    $sqlt->{schema} = $sqlt_schema;
    $sqlt->producer($db);

    my $file;
    my $filename = $schema->ddl_filename($db, $version, $dir);
    if (-e $filename && ($version eq $schema_version )) {
      # if we are dumping the current version, overwrite the DDL
      warn "Overwriting existing DDL file - $filename";
      unlink($filename);
    }

    my $output = $sqlt->translate;
    if(!$output) {
      warn("Failed to translate to $db, skipping. (" . $sqlt->error . ")");
      next;
    }
    if(!open($file, ">$filename")) {
      $self->throw_exception("Can't open $filename for writing ($!)");
      next;
    }
    print $file $output;
    close($file);
  
    next unless ($preversion);

    require SQL::Translator::Diff;

    my $prefilename = $schema->ddl_filename($db, $preversion, $dir);
    if(!-e $prefilename) {
      warn("No previous schema file found ($prefilename)");
      next;
    }

    my $difffile = $schema->ddl_filename($db, $version, $dir, $preversion);
    if(-e $difffile) {
      warn("Overwriting existing diff file - $difffile");
      unlink($difffile);
    }
    
    my $source_schema;
    {
      my $t = SQL::Translator->new($sqltargs);
      $t->debug( 0 );
      $t->trace( 0 );
      $t->parser( $db )                       or die $t->error;
      my $out = $t->translate( $prefilename ) or die $t->error;
      $source_schema = $t->schema;
      unless ( $source_schema->name ) {
        $source_schema->name( $prefilename );
      }
    }

    # The "new" style of producers have sane normalization and can support 
    # diffing a SQL file against a DBIC->SQLT schema. Old style ones don't
    # And we have to diff parsed SQL against parsed SQL.
    my $dest_schema = $sqlt_schema;
    
    unless ( "SQL::Translator::Producer::$db"->can('preprocess_schema') ) {
      my $t = SQL::Translator->new($sqltargs);
      $t->debug( 0 );
      $t->trace( 0 );
      $t->parser( $db )                    or die $t->error;
      my $out = $t->translate( $filename ) or die $t->error;
      $dest_schema = $t->schema;
      $dest_schema->name( $filename )
        unless $dest_schema->name;
    }
    
    my $diff = SQL::Translator::Diff::schema_diff($source_schema, $db,
                                                  $dest_schema,   $db,
                                                  $sqltargs
                                                 );
    if(!open $file, ">$difffile") { 
      $self->throw_exception("Can't write to $difffile ($!)");
      next;
    }
    print $file $diff;
    close($file);
  }
}

=head2 deployment_statements

=over 4

=item Arguments: $schema, $type, $version, $directory, $sqlt_args

=back

Returns the statements used by L</deploy> and L<DBIx::Class::Schema/deploy>.
The database driver name is given by C<$type>, though the value from
L</sqlt_type> is used if it is not specified.

C<$directory> is used to return statements from files in a previously created
L</create_ddl_dir> directory and is optional. The filenames are constructed
from L<DBIx::Class::Schema/ddl_filename>, the schema name and the C<$version>.

If no C<$directory> is specified then the statements are constructed on the
fly using L<SQL::Translator> and C<$version> is ignored.

See L<SQL::Translator/METHODS> for a list of values for C<$sqlt_args>.

=cut

sub deployment_statements {
  my ($self, $schema, $type, $version, $dir, $sqltargs) = @_;
  # Need to be connected to get the correct sqlt_type
  $self->ensure_connected() unless $type;
  $type ||= $self->sqlt_type;
  $version ||= $schema->schema_version || '1.x';
  $dir ||= './';
  my $filename = $schema->ddl_filename($type, $version, $dir);
  if(-f $filename)
  {
      my $file;
      open($file, "<$filename") 
        or $self->throw_exception("Can't open $filename ($!)");
      my @rows = <$file>;
      close($file);
      return join('', @rows);
  }

  $self->throw_exception(q{Can't deploy without SQL::Translator 0.09003: '}
      . $self->_check_sqlt_message . q{'})
          if !$self->_check_sqlt_version;

  require SQL::Translator::Parser::DBIx::Class;
  eval qq{use SQL::Translator::Producer::${type}};
  $self->throw_exception($@) if $@;

  # sources needs to be a parser arg, but for simplicty allow at top level 
  # coming in
  $sqltargs->{parser_args}{sources} = delete $sqltargs->{sources}
      if exists $sqltargs->{sources};

  my $tr = SQL::Translator->new(%$sqltargs);
  SQL::Translator::Parser::DBIx::Class::parse( $tr, $schema );
  return "SQL::Translator::Producer::${type}"->can('produce')->($tr);
}

sub deploy {
  my ($self, $schema, $type, $sqltargs, $dir) = @_;
  my $deploy = sub {
    my $line = shift;
    return if($line =~ /^--/);
    return if(!$line);
    # next if($line =~ /^DROP/m);
    return if($line =~ /^BEGIN TRANSACTION/m);
    return if($line =~ /^COMMIT/m);
    return if $line =~ /^\s+$/; # skip whitespace only
    $self->_query_start($line);
    eval {
      $self->dbh->do($line); # shouldn't be using ->dbh ?
    };
    if ($@) {
      warn qq{$@ (running "${line}")};
    }
    $self->_query_end($line);
  };
  my @statements = $self->deployment_statements($schema, $type, undef, $dir, { no_comments => 1, %{ $sqltargs || {} } } );
  if (@statements > 1) {
    foreach my $statement (@statements) {
      $deploy->( $statement );
    }
  }
  elsif (@statements == 1) {
    foreach my $line ( split(";\n", $statements[0])) {
      $deploy->( $line );
    }
  }
}

=head2 datetime_parser

Returns the datetime parser class

=cut

sub datetime_parser {
  my $self = shift;
  return $self->{datetime_parser} ||= do {
    $self->ensure_connected;
    $self->build_datetime_parser(@_);
  };
}

=head2 datetime_parser_type

Defines (returns) the datetime parser class - currently hardwired to
L<DateTime::Format::MySQL>

=cut

sub datetime_parser_type { "DateTime::Format::MySQL"; }

=head2 build_datetime_parser

See L</datetime_parser>

=cut

sub build_datetime_parser {
  my $self = shift;
  my $type = $self->datetime_parser_type(@_);
  eval "use ${type}";
  $self->throw_exception("Couldn't load ${type}: $@") if $@;
  return $type;
}

{
    my $_check_sqlt_version; # private
    my $_check_sqlt_message; # private
    sub _check_sqlt_version {
        return $_check_sqlt_version if defined $_check_sqlt_version;
        eval 'use SQL::Translator "0.09003"';
        $_check_sqlt_message = $@ || '';
        $_check_sqlt_version = !$@;
    }

    sub _check_sqlt_message {
        _check_sqlt_version if !defined $_check_sqlt_message;
        $_check_sqlt_message;
    }
}

=head2 is_replicating

A boolean that reports if a particular L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> is set to
replicate from a master database.  Default is undef, which is the result
returned by databases that don't support replication.

=cut

sub is_replicating {
    return;
    
}

=head2 lag_behind_master

Returns a number that represents a certain amount of lag behind a master db
when a given storage is replicating.  The number is database dependent, but
starts at zero and increases with the amount of lag. Default in undef

=cut

sub lag_behind_master {
    return;
}

sub DESTROY {
  my $self = shift;
  return if !$self->_dbh;
  $self->_verify_pid;
  $self->_dbh(undef);
}

1;

=head1 USAGE NOTES

=head2 DBIx::Class and AutoCommit

DBIx::Class can do some wonderful magic with handling exceptions,
disconnections, and transactions when you use C<< AutoCommit => 1 >>
combined with C<txn_do> for transaction support.

If you set C<< AutoCommit => 0 >> in your connect info, then you are always
in an assumed transaction between commits, and you're telling us you'd
like to manage that manually.  A lot of the magic protections offered by
this module will go away.  We can't protect you from exceptions due to database
disconnects because we don't know anything about how to restart your
transactions.  You're on your own for handling all sorts of exceptional
cases if you choose the C<< AutoCommit => 0 >> path, just as you would
be with raw DBI.


=head1 AUTHORS

Matt S. Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>

Andy Grundman <andy@hybridized.org>

=head1 LICENSE

You may distribute this code under the same terms as Perl itself.

=cut