use strict;
use warnings;
-our $VERSION = '0.26';
+our $VERSION = '0.28';
our $AUTHORITY = 'cpan:STEVAN';
use Scalar::Util 'blessed', 'reftype';
-use Carp 'confess';
-use Sub::Name 'subname';
-use B 'svref_2object';
+use Carp 'confess';
+use Sub::Name 'subname';
+use B 'svref_2object';
use Sub::Exporter;
sub init_meta {
my ( $class, $base_class, $metaclass ) = @_;
$base_class = $class unless defined $base_class;
- $metaclass = 'Moose::Meta::Class' unless defined $metaclass;
+ $metaclass = 'Moose::Meta::Class' unless defined $metaclass;
confess
"The Metaclass $metaclass must be a subclass of Moose::Meta::Class."
}
);
+ # 1 extra level because it's called by import so there's a layer of indirection
+ sub _get_caller{
+ my $offset = 1;
+ return
+ ref $_[1] && defined $_[1]->{into}
+ ? $_[1]->{into}
+ : ref $_[1] && defined $_[1]->{into_level}
+ ? caller($offset + $_[1]->{into_level})
+ : caller($offset);
+ }
+
sub import {
- $CALLER =
- ref $_[1] && defined $_[1]->{into} ? $_[1]->{into}
- : ref $_[1]
- && defined $_[1]->{into_level} ? caller( $_[1]->{into_level} )
- : caller();
+ $CALLER = _get_caller(@_);
+
strict->import;
warnings->import;
sub unimport {
no strict 'refs';
- my $class = caller();
+ my $class = _get_caller(@_);
# loop through the exports ...
foreach my $name ( keys %exports ) {
$_->meta->make_immutable(
inline_constructor => 0,
- inline_accessors => 1,
+ inline_accessors => 1, # these are Class::MOP accessors, so they need inlining
)
for (
'Moose::Meta::Attribute',
'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint',
'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Union',
- 'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Container',
+ 'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterized',
'Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion',
'Moose::Meta::Method',
package Point;
use Moose; # automatically turns on strict and warnings
-
+
has 'x' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
has 'y' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
-
+
sub clear {
my $self = shift;
$self->x(0);
- $self->y(0);
+ $self->y(0);
}
-
+
package Point3D;
use Moose;
-
+
extends 'Point';
-
+
has 'z' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
-
+
after 'clear' => sub {
my $self = shift;
$self->z(0);
- };
+ };
=head1 DESCRIPTION
-Moose is an extension of the Perl 5 object system.
+Moose is an extension of the Perl 5 object system.
=head2 Another object system!?!?
-Yes, I know there has been an explosion recently of new ways to
+Yes, I know there has been an explosion recently of new ways to
build object's in Perl 5, most of them based on inside-out objects
-and other such things. Moose is different because it is not a new
-object system for Perl 5, but instead an extension of the existing
+and other such things. Moose is different because it is not a new
+object system for Perl 5, but instead an extension of the existing
object system.
-Moose is built on top of L<Class::MOP>, which is a metaclass system
-for Perl 5. This means that Moose not only makes building normal
-Perl 5 objects better, but it also provides the power of metaclass
+Moose is built on top of L<Class::MOP>, which is a metaclass system
+for Perl 5. This means that Moose not only makes building normal
+Perl 5 objects better, but it also provides the power of metaclass
programming.
=head2 Is this for real? Or is this just an experiment?
Moose is I<based> on the prototypes and experiments I did for the Perl 6
-meta-model. However, Moose is B<NOT> an experiment/prototype; it is for B<real>.
+meta-model. However, Moose is B<NOT> an experiment/prototype; it is for B<real>.
-=head2 Is this ready for use in production?
+=head2 Is this ready for use in production?
-Yes, I believe that it is.
+Yes, I believe that it is.
-I have two medium-to-large-ish web applications which use Moose heavily
-and have been in production (without issue) for several months now. At
-$work, we are re-writing our core offering in it. And several people on
-#moose have been using it (in production) for several months now as well.
+Moose has been used successfully in production environemnts by several people
+and companies (including the one I work for). There are Moose applications
+which have been in production with little or no issue now for over a year.
+I consider it highly stable and we are commited to keeping it stable.
-Of course, in the end, you need to make this call yourself. If you have
-any questions or concerns, please feel free to email me, or even the list
+Of course, in the end, you need to make this call yourself. If you have
+any questions or concerns, please feel free to email me, or even the list
or just stop by #moose and ask away.
=head2 Is Moose just Perl 6 in Perl 5?
class construction/definition, but still stay out of your way if you want it
to. Here are a few items to note when building classes with Moose.
-Unless specified with C<extends>, any class which uses Moose will
+Unless specified with C<extends>, any class which uses Moose will
inherit from L<Moose::Object>.
Moose will also manage all attributes (including inherited ones) that are
=head1 EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
-Moose will export a number of functions into the class's namespace which
-may then be used to set up the class. These functions all work directly
+Moose will export a number of functions into the class's namespace which
+may then be used to set up the class. These functions all work directly
on the current class.
=over 4
This function will set the superclass(es) for the current class.
-This approach is recommended instead of C<use base>, because C<use base>
-actually C<push>es onto the class's C<@ISA>, whereas C<extends> will
-replace it. This is important to ensure that classes which do not have
+This approach is recommended instead of C<use base>, because C<use base>
+actually C<push>es onto the class's C<@ISA>, whereas C<extends> will
+replace it. This is important to ensure that classes which do not have
superclasses still properly inherit from L<Moose::Object>.
=item B<with (@roles)>
-This will apply a given set of C<@roles> to the local class. Role support
+This will apply a given set of C<@roles> to the local class. Role support
is currently under heavy development; see L<Moose::Role> for more details.
=item B<has $name =E<gt> %options>
-This will install an attribute of a given C<$name> into the current class.
-The C<%options> are the same as those provided by
-L<Class::MOP::Attribute>, in addition to the list below which are provided
+This will install an attribute of a given C<$name> into the current class.
+The C<%options> are the same as those provided by
+L<Class::MOP::Attribute>, in addition to the list below which are provided
by Moose (L<Moose::Meta::Attribute> to be more specific):
=over 4
=item I<is =E<gt> 'rw'|'ro'>
-The I<is> option accepts either I<rw> (for read/write) or I<ro> (for read
-only). These will create either a read/write accessor or a read-only
+The I<is> option accepts either I<rw> (for read/write) or I<ro> (for read
+only). These will create either a read/write accessor or a read-only
accessor respectively, using the same name as the C<$name> of the attribute.
If you need more control over how your accessors are named, you can use the
=item I<isa =E<gt> $type_name>
-The I<isa> option uses Moose's type constraint facilities to set up runtime
-type checking for this attribute. Moose will perform the checks during class
-construction, and within any accessors. The C<$type_name> argument must be a
-string. The string may be either a class name or a type defined using
+The I<isa> option uses Moose's type constraint facilities to set up runtime
+type checking for this attribute. Moose will perform the checks during class
+construction, and within any accessors. The C<$type_name> argument must be a
+string. The string may be either a class name or a type defined using
Moose's type definition features. (Refer to L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints>
for information on how to define a new type, and how to retrieve type meta-data).
=item I<coerce =E<gt> (1|0)>
-This will attempt to use coercion with the supplied type constraint to change
-the value passed into any accessors or constructors. You B<must> have supplied
+This will attempt to use coercion with the supplied type constraint to change
+the value passed into any accessors or constructors. You B<must> have supplied
a type constraint in order for this to work. See L<Moose::Cookbook::Recipe5>
for an example.
=item I<does =E<gt> $role_name>
-This will accept the name of a role which the value stored in this attribute
+This will accept the name of a role which the value stored in this attribute
is expected to have consumed.
=item I<required =E<gt> (1|0)>
-This marks the attribute as being required. This means a I<defined> value must be
-supplied during class construction, and the attribute may never be set to
-C<undef> with an accessor.
+This marks the attribute as being required. This means a I<defined> value must be
+supplied during class construction, and the attribute may never be set to
+C<undef> with an accessor.
=item I<weak_ref =E<gt> (1|0)>
=item I<lazy =E<gt> (1|0)>
-This will tell the class to not create this slot until absolutely necessary.
+This will tell the class to not create this slot until absolutely necessary.
If an attribute is marked as lazy it B<must> have a default supplied.
=item I<auto_deref =E<gt> (1|0)>
-This tells the accessor whether to automatically dereference the value returned.
+This tells the accessor whether to automatically dereference the value returned.
This is only legal if your C<isa> option is either C<ArrayRef> or C<HashRef>.
=item I<metaclass =E<gt> $metaclass_name>
=item I<handles =E<gt> ARRAY | HASH | REGEXP | ROLE | CODE>
-The I<handles> option provides Moose classes with automated delegation features.
-This is a pretty complex and powerful option. It accepts many different option
-formats, each with its own benefits and drawbacks.
+The I<handles> option provides Moose classes with automated delegation features.
+This is a pretty complex and powerful option. It accepts many different option
+formats, each with its own benefits and drawbacks.
B<NOTE:> This feature is no longer experimental, but it may still have subtle
bugs lurking in the deeper corners. If you think you have found a bug, you
-probably have, so please report it to me right away.
+probably have, so please report it to me right away.
B<NOTE:> The class being delegated to does not need to be a Moose based class,
which is why this feature is especially useful when wrapping non-Moose classes.
=item C<ARRAY>
-This is the most common usage for I<handles>. You basically pass a list of
-method names to be delegated, and Moose will install a delegation method
+This is the most common usage for I<handles>. You basically pass a list of
+method names to be delegated, and Moose will install a delegation method
for each one.
=item C<HASH>
-This is the second most common usage for I<handles>. Instead of a list of
-method names, you pass a HASH ref where each key is the method name you
-want installed locally, and its value is the name of the original method
-in the class being delegated to.
+This is the second most common usage for I<handles>. Instead of a list of
+method names, you pass a HASH ref where each key is the method name you
+want installed locally, and its value is the name of the original method
+in the class being delegated to.
-This can be very useful for recursive classes like trees. Here is a
+This can be very useful for recursive classes like trees. Here is a
quick example (soon to be expanded into a Moose::Cookbook::Recipe):
package Tree;
use Moose;
-
+
has 'node' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Any');
-
+
has 'children' => (
is => 'ro',
isa => 'ArrayRef',
default => sub { [] }
);
-
+
has 'parent' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'Tree',
is_weak_ref => 1,
handles => {
parent_node => 'node',
- siblings => 'children',
+ siblings => 'children',
}
);
In this example, the Tree package gets C<parent_node> and C<siblings> methods,
which delegate to the C<node> and C<children> methods (respectively) of the Tree
-instance stored in the C<parent> slot.
+instance stored in the C<parent> slot.
=item C<REGEXP>
-The regexp option works very similar to the ARRAY option, except that it builds
-the list of methods for you. It starts by collecting all possible methods of the
-class being delegated to, then filters that list using the regexp supplied here.
+The regexp option works very similar to the ARRAY option, except that it builds
+the list of methods for you. It starts by collecting all possible methods of the
+class being delegated to, then filters that list using the regexp supplied here.
-B<NOTE:> An I<isa> option is required when using the regexp option format. This
-is so that we can determine (at compile time) the method list from the class.
+B<NOTE:> An I<isa> option is required when using the regexp option format. This
+is so that we can determine (at compile time) the method list from the class.
Without an I<isa> this is just not possible.
=item C<ROLE>
-With the role option, you specify the name of a role whose "interface" then
-becomes the list of methods to handle. The "interface" can be defined as; the
-methods of the role and any required methods of the role. It should be noted
-that this does B<not> include any method modifiers or generated attribute
+With the role option, you specify the name of a role whose "interface" then
+becomes the list of methods to handle. The "interface" can be defined as; the
+methods of the role and any required methods of the role. It should be noted
+that this does B<not> include any method modifiers or generated attribute
methods (which is consistent with role composition).
=item C<CODE>
This takes a code reference, which should expect two arguments. The first is the
attribute meta-object this I<handles> is attached to. The second is the
metaclass of the class being delegated to. It expects you to return a hash (not
-a HASH ref) of the methods you want mapped.
+a HASH ref) of the methods you want mapped.
=back
=item B<has +$name =E<gt> %options>
-This is variation on the normal attibute creator C<has> which allows you to
+This is variation on the normal attibute creator C<has> which allows you to
clone and extend an attribute from a superclass. Here is a quick example:
package Foo;
use Moose;
-
+
has 'message' => (
- is => 'rw',
+ is => 'rw',
isa => 'Str',
default => 'Hello, I am a Foo'
);
-
+
package My::Foo;
use Moose;
-
+
extends 'Foo';
-
+
has '+message' => (default => 'Hello I am My::Foo');
What is happening here is that B<My::Foo> is cloning the C<message> attribute
=over 4
-=item I<default>
+=item I<default>
Change the default value of an attribute.
-=item I<coerce>
+=item I<coerce>
Change whether the attribute attempts to coerce a value passed to it.
-=item I<required>
+=item I<required>
Change if the attribute is required to have a value.
=item I<handles>
-You are allowed to B<add> a new C<handles> definition, but you are B<not>
-allowed to I<change> one.
+You are allowed to B<add> a new C<handles> definition, but you are B<not>
+allowed to I<change> one.
=back
=item B<super>
-The keyword C<super> is a no-op when called outside of an C<override> method. In
-the context of an C<override> method, it will call the next most appropriate
+The keyword C<super> is a no-op when called outside of an C<override> method. In
+the context of an C<override> method, it will call the next most appropriate
superclass method with the same arguments as the original method.
=item B<override ($name, &sub)>
-An C<override> method is a way of explicitly saying "I am overriding this
-method from my superclass". You can call C<super> within this method, and
-it will work as expected. The same thing I<can> be accomplished with a normal
-method call and the C<SUPER::> pseudo-package; it is really your choice.
+An C<override> method is a way of explicitly saying "I am overriding this
+method from my superclass". You can call C<super> within this method, and
+it will work as expected. The same thing I<can> be accomplished with a normal
+method call and the C<SUPER::> pseudo-package; it is really your choice.
=item B<inner>
-The keyword C<inner>, much like C<super>, is a no-op outside of the context of
-an C<augment> method. You can think of C<inner> as being the inverse of
+The keyword C<inner>, much like C<super>, is a no-op outside of the context of
+an C<augment> method. You can think of C<inner> as being the inverse of
C<super>; the details of how C<inner> and C<augment> work is best described in
the L<Moose::Cookbook>.
=item B<augment ($name, &sub)>
-An C<augment> method, is a way of explicitly saying "I am augmenting this
-method from my superclass". Once again, the details of how C<inner> and
+An C<augment> method, is a way of explicitly saying "I am augmenting this
+method from my superclass". Once again, the details of how C<inner> and
C<augment> work is best described in the L<Moose::Cookbook>.
=item B<confess>
This is the C<Carp::confess> function, and exported here because I use it
-all the time. This feature may change in the future, so you have been warned.
+all the time. This feature may change in the future, so you have been warned.
=item B<blessed>
This is the C<Scalar::Util::blessed> function, it is exported here because I
-use it all the time. It is highly recommended that this is used instead of
+use it all the time. It is highly recommended that this is used instead of
C<ref> anywhere you need to test for an object's class name.
=back
has 'first_name' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Str');
has 'last_name' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Str');
-
- sub full_name {
+
+ sub full_name {
my $self = shift;
- $self->first_name . ' ' . $self->last_name
+ $self->first_name . ' ' . $self->last_name
}
-
- no Moose; # keywords are removed from the Person package
+
+ no Moose; # keywords are removed from the Person package
=head1 EXTENDING AND EMBEDDING MOOSE
-Moose also offers some options for extending or embedding it into your own
+Moose also offers some options for extending or embedding it into your own
framework. The basic premise is to have something that sets up your class'
-metaclass and export the moose declarators (C<has>, C<with>, C<extends>,...).
+metaclass and export the moose declarators (C<has>, C<with>, C<extends>,...).
Here is an example:
package MyFramework;
use Moose;
-
+
sub import {
my $CALLER = caller();
Moose->import({into => $CALLER});
# Do my custom framework stuff
-
+
return 1;
}
-
+
=head2 B<import>
-Moose's C<import> method supports the Sub::Exporter form of C<{into =E<gt> $pkg}>
+Moose's C<import> method supports the L<Sub::Exporter> form of C<{into =E<gt> $pkg}>
and C<{into_level =E<gt> 1}>
=head2 B<init_meta ($class, $baseclass, $metaclass)>
-Moose does some boot strapping: it creates a metaclass object for your class,
-and then injects a C<meta> accessor into your class to retrieve it. Then it
-sets your baseclass to Moose::Object or the value you pass in unless you already
-have one. This is all done via C<init_meta> which takes the name of your class
+Moose does some boot strapping: it creates a metaclass object for your class,
+and then injects a C<meta> accessor into your class to retrieve it. Then it
+sets your baseclass to Moose::Object or the value you pass in unless you already
+have one. This is all done via C<init_meta> which takes the name of your class
and optionally a baseclass and a metaclass as arguments.
-
+
=head1 CAVEATS
=over 4
method. However, they may be combined within the same class hierarchy; see
F<t/014_override_augment_inner_super.t> for an example.
-The reason for this is that C<super> is only valid within a method
-with the C<override> modifier, and C<inner> will never be valid within an
-C<override> method. In fact, C<augment> will skip over any C<override> methods
+The reason for this is that C<super> is only valid within a method
+with the C<override> modifier, and C<inner> will never be valid within an
+C<override> method. In fact, C<augment> will skip over any C<override> methods
when searching for its appropriate C<inner>.
This might seem like a restriction, but I am of the opinion that keeping these
=item I blame Audrey Tang for then encouraging my meta-model habit in #perl6.
-=item Without Yuval "nothingmuch" Kogman this module would not be possible,
+=item Without Yuval "nothingmuch" Kogman this module would not be possible,
and it certainly wouldn't have this name ;P
-=item The basis of the TypeContraints module was Rob Kinyon's idea
+=item The basis of the TypeContraints module was Rob Kinyon's idea
originally, I just ran with it.
-=item Thanks to mst & chansen and the whole #moose poose for all the
+=item Thanks to mst & chansen and the whole #moose poose for all the
early ideas/feature-requests/encouragement/bug-finding.
=item Thanks to David "Theory" Wheeler for meta-discussions and spelling fixes.
=item L<http://www.iinteractive.com/moose>
This is the official web home of Moose, it contains links to our public SVN repo
-as well as links to a number of talks and articles on Moose and Moose related
-technologies.
+as well as links to a number of talks and articles on Moose and Moose related
+technologies.
=item L<Class::MOP> documentation
=back
-=head2 Papers
+=head2 Papers
=over 4
=item L<http://www.cs.utah.edu/plt/publications/oopsla04-gff.pdf>
-This paper (suggested by lbr on #moose) was what lead to the implementation
-of the C<super>/C<override> and C<inner>/C<augment> features. If you really
+This paper (suggested by lbr on #moose) was what lead to the implementation
+of the C<super>/C<override> and C<inner>/C<augment> features. If you really
want to understand them, I suggest you read this.
=back
=head1 BUGS
-All complex software has bugs lurking in it, and this module is no
+All complex software has bugs lurking in it, and this module is no
exception. If you find a bug please either email me, or add the bug
to cpan-RT.
Christian (chansen) Hansen
+Hans Dieter (confound) Pearcey
+
Eric (ewilhelm) Wilhelm
Guillermo (groditi) Roditi
Chris (perigrin) Prather
+Jonathan (jrockway) Rockway
+
+Piotr (dexter) Roszatycki
+
+Sam (mugwump) Vilain
+
... and many other #moose folks
=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
L<http://www.iinteractive.com>
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the same terms as Perl itself.
+it under the same terms as Perl itself.
=cut
projects / gitmo/Moose.git / blobdiff