return $rs->all(); # all records for page 1
-The C<page> attribute does not have to be specified in your search:
-
- my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
- undef,
- {
- rows => 10,
- }
- );
-
- return $rs->page(1); # DBIx::Class::ResultSet containing first 10 records
-
-In either of the above cases, you can get a L<Data::Page> object for the
-resultset (suitable for use in e.g. a template) using the C<pager> method:
+You can get a L<Data::Page> object for the resultset (suitable for use
+in e.g. a template) using the C<pager> method:
return $rs->pager();
SQL
# Finally, register your new ResultSource with your Schema
- My::Schema->register_source( 'UserFriendsComplex' => $new_source );
+ My::Schema->register_extra_source( 'UserFriendsComplex' => $new_source );
Next, you can execute your complex query using bind parameters like this:
}
) ];
-... and you'll get back a perfect L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>.
+... and you'll get back a perfect L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> (except, of course,
+that you cannot modify the rows it contains, ie. cannot call L</update>,
+L</delete>, ... on it).
+
+If you prefer to have the definitions of these custom ResultSources in separate
+files (instead of stuffing all of them into the same resultset class), you can
+achieve the same with subclassing the resultset class and defining the
+ResultSource there:
+
+ package My::Schema::UserFriendsComplex;
+
+ use My::Schema::User;
+ use base qw/My::Schema::User/;
+
+ __PACKAGE__->table('dummy'); # currently must be called before anything else
+
+ # Hand in your query as a scalar reference
+ # It will be added as a sub-select after FROM,
+ # so pay attention to the surrounding brackets!
+ __PACKAGE__->name( \<<SQL );
+ ( SELECT u.* FROM user u
+ INNER JOIN user_friends f ON u.id = f.user_id
+ WHERE f.friend_user_id = ?
+ UNION
+ SELECT u.* FROM user u
+ INNER JOIN user_friends f ON u.id = f.friend_user_id
+ WHERE f.user_id = ? )
+ SQL
+
+TIMTOWDI.
=head2 Using specific columns
are in any way unsure about the use of the attributes above (C< join
>, C< select >, C< as > and C< group_by >).
+=head2 Subqueries (EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+You can write subqueries relatively easily in DBIC.
+
+ my $inside_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
+ name => [ 'Billy Joel', 'Brittany Spears' ],
+ });
+
+ my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
+ artist_id => { 'IN' => $inside_rs->get_column('id')->as_query },
+ });
+
+The usual operators ( =, !=, IN, NOT IN, etc) are supported.
+
+B<NOTE>: You have to explicitly use '=' when doing an equality comparison.
+The following will B<not> work:
+
+ my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
+ artist_id => $inside_rs->get_column('id')->as_query,
+ });
+
+=head3 Support
+
+Subqueries are supported in the where clause (first hashref), and in the
+from, select, and +select attributes.
+
+=head3 Correlated subqueries
+
+ my $cdrs = $schema->resultset('CD');
+ my $rs = $cdrs->search({
+ year => {
+ '=' => $cdrs->search(
+ { artistid => { '=' => \'me.artistid' } },
+ { alias => 'inner' }
+ )->get_column('year')->max_rs->as_query,
+ },
+ });
+
+That creates the following SQL:
+
+ SELECT me.cdid, me.artist, me.title, me.year, me.genreid, me.single_track
+ FROM cd me
+ WHERE year = (
+ SELECT MAX(inner.year)
+ FROM cd inner
+ WHERE artistid = me.artistid
+ )
+
+=head3 EXPERIMENTAL
+
+Please note that subqueries are considered an experimental feature.
+
=head2 Predefined searches
You can write your own L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> class by inheriting from it
module.
To make an object stringify itself as a single column, use something
-like this (replace C<foo> with the column/method of your choice):
+like this (replace C<name> with the column/method of your choice):
use overload '""' => sub { shift->name}, fallback => 1;
my $hash_ref = $rs->find(1);
Wasn't that easy?
-
+
+Beware, changing the Result class using
+L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/result_class> will replace any existing class
+completely including any special components loaded using
+load_components, eg L<DBIx::Class::InflateColumn::DateTime>.
+
=head2 Get raw data for blindingly fast results
If the L<HashRefInflator|DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator> solution
above is not fast enough for you, you can use a DBIx::Class to return values
-exactly as they come out of the data base with none of the convenience methods
+exactly as they come out of the database with none of the convenience methods
wrapped round them.
-This is used like so:-
+This is used like so:
my $cursor = $rs->cursor
while (my @vals = $cursor->next) {
}
You will need to map the array offsets to particular columns (you can
-use the I<select> attribute of C<search()> to force ordering).
+use the L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/select> attribute of L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search> to force ordering).
=head1 RESULTSET OPERATIONS
=head2 Getting Schema from a ResultSet
-To get the schema object from a result set, do the following:
+To get the L<DBIx::Class::Schema> object from a ResultSet, do the following:
$rs->result_source->schema
__PACKAGE__->has_many('pages' => 'Page', 'book', { order_by => \'page_number DESC'} );
+=head2 Filtering a relationship result set
+
+If you want to get a filtered result set, you can just add add to $attr as follows:
+
+ __PACKAGE__->has_many('pages' => 'Page', 'book', { where => { scrap => 0 } } );
+
=head2 Many-to-many relationships
This is straightforward using L<ManyToMany|DBIx::Class::Relationship/many_to_many>:
$rs = $user->addresses(); # get all addresses for a user
$rs = $address->users(); # get all users for an address
+=head2 Relationships across DB schemas
+
+Mapping relationships across L<DB schemas|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/DB schema>
+is easy as long as the schemas themselves are all accessible via the same DBI
+connection. In most cases, this means that they are on the same database host
+as each other and your connecting database user has the proper permissions to them.
+
+To accomplish this one only needs to specify the DB schema name in the table
+declaration, like so...
+
+ package MyDatabase::Main::Artist;
+ use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
+ __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/PK::Auto Core/);
+
+ __PACKAGE__->table('database1.artist'); # will use "database1.artist" in FROM clause
+
+ __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ artistid name /);
+ __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('artistid');
+ __PACKAGE__->has_many('cds' => 'MyDatabase::Main::Cd');
+
+ 1;
+
+Whatever string you specify there will be used to build the "FROM" clause in SQL
+queries.
+
+The big drawback to this is you now have DB schema names hardcoded in your
+class files. This becomes especially troublesome if you have multiple instances
+of your application to support a change lifecycle (e.g. DEV, TEST, PROD) and
+the DB schemas are named based on the environment (e.g. database1_dev).
+
+However, one can dynamically "map" to the proper DB schema by overriding the
+L<connection|DBIx::Class::Schama/connection> method in your Schema class and
+building a renaming facility, like so:
+
+ package MyDatabase::Schema;
+ use Moose;
+
+ extends 'DBIx::Class::Schema';
+
+ around connection => sub {
+ my ( $inner, $self, $dsn, $username, $pass, $attr ) = ( shift, @_ );
+
+ my $postfix = delete $attr->{schema_name_postfix};
+
+ $inner->(@_);
+
+ if ( $postfix ) {
+ $self->append_db_name($postfix);
+ }
+ };
+
+ sub append_db_name {
+ my ( $self, $postfix ) = @_;
+
+ my @sources_with_db
+ = grep
+ { $_->name =~ /^\w+\./mx }
+ map
+ { $self->source($_) }
+ $self->sources;
+
+ foreach my $source (@sources_with_db) {
+ my $name = $source->name;
+ $name =~ s{^(\w+)\.}{${1}${postfix}\.}mx;
+
+ $source->name($name);
+ }
+ }
+
+ 1;
+
+By overridding the L<connection|DBIx::Class::Schama/connection>
+method and extracting a custom option from the provided \%attr hashref one can
+then simply iterate over all the Schema's ResultSources, renaming them as
+needed.
+
+To use this facility, simply add or modify the \%attr hashref that is passed to
+L<connection|DBIx::Class::Schama/connect>, as follows:
+
+ my $schema
+ = MyDatabase::Schema->connect(
+ $dsn,
+ $user,
+ $pass,
+ {
+ schema_name_postfix => '_dev'
+ # ... Other options as desired ...
+ })
+
+Obviously, one could accomplish even more advanced mapping via a hash map or a
+callback routine.
+
=head1 TRANSACTIONS
As of version 0.04001, there is improved transaction support in
while (my @vals = $cursor->next) {
print $vals[0]."\n";
}
+
+In case you're going to use this "trick" together with L<DBIx::Class::Schema/deploy> or
+L<DBIx::Class::Schema/create_ddl_dir> a table called "dual" will be created in your
+current schema. This would overlap "sys.dual" and you could not fetch "sysdate" or
+"sequence.nextval" anymore from dual. To avoid this problem, just tell
+L<SQL::Translator> to not create table dual:
+
+ my $sqlt_args = {
+ add_drop_table => 1,
+ parser_args => { sources => [ grep $_ ne 'Dual', schema->sources ] },
+ };
+ $schema->create_ddl_dir( [qw/Oracle/], undef, './sql', undef, $sqlt_args );
Or use L<DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator>
Often you will want indexes on columns on your table to speed up searching. To
do this, create a method called C<sqlt_deploy_hook> in the relevant source
-class:
+class (refer to the advanced
+L<callback system|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/sqlt_deploy_callback> if you wish
+to share a hook between multiple sources):
package My::Schema::Artist;
$sqlt_schema->drop_table('table_name');
}
-You could also add views or procedures to the output using
-L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_view> or
-L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_procedure>.
+You could also add views, procedures or triggers to the output using
+L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_view>,
+L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_procedure> or
+L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_trigger>.
+
=head2 Schema versioning
generator to put the quotes the correct place.
In most cases you should set these as part of the arguments passed to
-L<DBIx::Class::Schema/conect>:
+L<DBIx::Class::Schema/connect>:
my $schema = My::Schema->connect(
'dbi:mysql:my_db',
The limit dialect can also be set at connect time by specifying a
C<limit_dialect> key in the final hash as shown above.
+=head2 Working with PostgreSQL array types
+
+You can also assign values to PostgreSQL array columns by passing array
+references in the C<\%columns> (C<\%vals>) hashref of the
+L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/update> family of
+methods:
+
+ $resultset->create({
+ numbers => [1, 2, 3]
+ });
+
+ $row->update(
+ {
+ numbers => [1, 2, 3]
+ },
+ {
+ day => '2008-11-24'
+ }
+ );
+
+In conditions (eg. C<\%cond> in the L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search> family of
+methods) you cannot directly use array references (since this is interpreted as
+a list of values to be C<OR>ed), but you can use the following syntax to force
+passing them as bind values:
+
+ $resultset->search(
+ {
+ numbers => \[ '= ?', [numbers => [1, 2, 3]] ]
+ }
+ );
+
+See L<SQL::Abstract/array_datatypes> and L<SQL::Abstract/Literal SQL with
+placeholders and bind values (subqueries)> for more explanation. Note that
+L<DBIx::Class> sets L<SQL::Abstract/bindtype> to C<columns>, so you must pass
+the bind values (the C<[1, 2, 3]> arrayref in the above example) wrapped in
+arrayrefs together with the column name, like this: C<< [column_name => value]
+>>.
+
=head1 BOOTSTRAPPING/MIGRATING
=head2 Easy migration from class-based to schema-based setup
statement and dig down to see if certain parameters cause aberrant behavior.
You might want to check out L<DBIx::Class::QueryLog> as well.
+=head1 STARTUP SPEED
+
+L<DBIx::Class|DBIx::Class> programs can have a significant startup delay
+as the ORM loads all the relevant classes. This section examines
+techniques for reducing the startup delay.
+
+These tips are are listed in order of decreasing effectiveness - so the
+first tip, if applicable, should have the greatest effect on your
+application.
+
+=head2 Statically Define Your Schema
+
+If you are using
+L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> to build the
+classes dynamically based on the database schema then there will be a
+significant startup delay.
+
+For production use a statically defined schema (which can be generated
+using L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> to dump
+the database schema once - see
+L<make_schema_at|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader/make_schema_at> and
+L<dump_directory|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader/dump_directory> for more
+details on creating static schemas from a database).
+
+=head2 Move Common Startup into a Base Class
+
+Typically L<DBIx::Class> result classes start off with
+
+ use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
+ __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/InflateColumn::DateTime Core/);
+
+If this preamble is moved into a common base class:-
+
+ package MyDBICbase;
+
+ use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
+ __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/InflateColumn::DateTime Core/);
+ 1;
+
+and each result class then uses this as a base:-
+
+ use base qw/MyDBICbase/;
+
+then the load_components is only performed once, which can result in a
+considerable startup speedup for schemas with many classes.
+
+=head2 Explicitly List Schema Result Classes
+
+The schema class will normally contain
+
+ __PACKAGE__->load_classes();
+
+to load the result classes. This will use L<Module::Find|Module::Find>
+to find and load the appropriate modules. Explicitly defining the
+classes you wish to load will remove the overhead of
+L<Module::Find|Module::Find> and the related directory operations:-
+
+ __PACKAGE__->load_classes(qw/ CD Artist Track /);
+
+If you are instead using the L<load_namespaces|DBIx::Class::Schema/load_namespaces>
+syntax to load the appropriate classes there is not a direct alternative
+avoiding L<Module::Find|Module::Find>.
+
+=head1 MEMORY USAGE
+
+=head2 Cached statements
+
+L<DBIx::Class> normally caches all statements with L<< prepare_cached()|DBI/prepare_cached >>.
+This is normally a good idea, but if too many statements are cached, the database may use too much
+memory and may eventually run out and fail entirely. If you suspect this may be the case, you may want
+to examine DBI's L<< CachedKids|DBI/CachedKidsCachedKids_(hash_ref) >> hash:
+
+ # print all currently cached prepared statements
+ print for keys %{$schema->storage->dbh->{CachedKids}};
+ # get a count of currently cached prepared statements
+ my $count = scalar keys %{$schema->storage->dbh->{CachedKids}};
+
+If it's appropriate, you can simply clear these statements, automatically deallocating them in the
+database:
+
+ my $kids = $schema->storage->dbh->{CachedKids};
+ delete @{$kids}{keys %$kids} if scalar keys %$kids > 100;
+
+But what you probably want is to expire unused statements and not those that are used frequently.
+You can accomplish this with L<Tie::Cache> or L<Tie::Cache::LRU>:
+
+ use Tie::Cache;
+ use DB::Main;
+ my $schema = DB::Main->connect($dbi_dsn, $user, $pass, {
+ on_connect_do => sub { tie %{shift->_dbh->{CachedKids}}, 'Tie::Cache', 100 },
+ });
=cut
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