8 our $AUTHORITY = 'cpan:STEVAN';
10 use Scalar::Util 'blessed', 'reftype';
12 use Sub::Name 'subname';
13 use B 'svref_2object';
19 use Moose::Meta::Class;
20 use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint;
21 use Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion;
22 use Moose::Meta::Attribute;
23 use Moose::Meta::Instance;
25 use Moose::Meta::Role;
28 use Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
34 my ($class, $base_class) = @_;
35 $base_class = $class unless defined $base_class;
37 # make a subtype for each Moose class
40 => where { $_->isa($class) }
41 => optimize_as { blessed($_[0]) && $_[0]->isa($class) }
42 unless find_type_constraint($class);
45 if ($class->can('meta')) {
47 # this is the case where the metaclass pragma
48 # was used before the 'use Moose' statement to
49 # override a specific class
50 $meta = $class->meta();
51 (blessed($meta) && $meta->isa('Moose::Meta::Class'))
52 || confess "You already have a &meta function, but it does not return a Moose::Meta::Class";
56 # this is broken currently, we actually need
57 # to allow the possiblity of an inherited
58 # meta, which will not be visible until the
59 # user 'extends' first. This needs to have
60 # more intelligence to it
61 $meta = Moose::Meta::Class->initialize($class);
62 $meta->add_method('meta' => sub {
63 # re-initialize so it inherits properly
64 Moose::Meta::Class->initialize(blessed($_[0]) || $_[0]);
68 # make sure they inherit from Moose::Object
69 $meta->superclasses($base_class)
70 unless $meta->superclasses();
76 return subname 'Moose::extends' => sub (@) {
77 confess "Must derive at least one class" unless @_;
78 Class::MOP::load_class($_) for @_;
79 # this checks the metaclass to make sure
80 # it is correct, sometimes it can get out
81 # of sync when the classes are being built
82 my $meta = $class->meta->_fix_metaclass_incompatability(@_);
83 $meta->superclasses(@_);
88 return subname 'Moose::with' => sub (@) {
90 confess "Must specify at least one role" unless @roles;
91 Class::MOP::load_class($_) for @roles;
92 $class->meta->_apply_all_roles(@roles);
97 return subname 'Moose::has' => sub ($;%) {
98 my ($name, %options) = @_;
99 my $attrs = (ref($name) eq 'ARRAY') ? $name : [($name)];
100 $class->meta->_process_attribute($_, %options) for @$attrs;
105 return subname 'Moose::before' => sub (@&) {
107 my $meta = $class->meta;
108 $meta->add_before_method_modifier($_, $code) for @_;
113 return subname 'Moose::after' => sub (@&) {
115 my $meta = $class->meta;
116 $meta->add_after_method_modifier($_, $code) for @_;
121 return subname 'Moose::around' => sub (@&) {
123 my $meta = $class->meta;
124 $meta->add_around_method_modifier($_, $code) for @_;
131 $SUPER_SLOT{$CALLER} = \*{"${CALLER}::super"};
133 return subname 'Moose::super' => sub {};
137 return subname 'Moose::override' => sub ($&) {
138 my ($name, $method) = @_;
139 $class->meta->add_override_method_modifier($name => $method);
146 $INNER_SLOT{$CALLER} = \*{"${CALLER}::inner"};
148 return subname 'Moose::inner' => sub {};
152 return subname 'Moose::augment' => sub (@&) {
153 my ($name, $method) = @_;
154 $class->meta->add_augment_method_modifier($name => $method);
159 # this is experimental, but I am not
160 # happy with it. If you want to try
161 # it, you will have to uncomment it
163 # There is a really good chance that
164 # this will be deprecated, dont get
167 # return subname 'Moose::self' => sub {};
170 # my $class = $CALLER;
171 # return subname 'Moose::method' => sub {
172 # my ($name, $method) = @_;
173 # $class->meta->add_method($name, sub {
176 # no warnings 'redefine';
177 # local *{$class->meta->name . '::self'} = sub { $self };
184 return \&Carp::confess;
187 return \&Scalar::Util::blessed;
191 my $exporter = Sub::Exporter::build_exporter({
192 exports => \%exports,
200 = ref $_[1] && defined $_[1]->{into} ? $_[1]->{into}
201 : ref $_[1] && defined $_[1]->{into_level} ? caller($_[1]->{into_level})
206 # we should never export to main
207 return if $CALLER eq 'main';
209 _init_meta($CALLER, 'Moose::Object');
216 my $class = caller();
217 # loop through the exports ...
218 foreach my $name (keys %exports) {
221 if (defined &{$class . '::' . $name}) {
222 my $keyword = \&{$class . '::' . $name};
224 # make sure it is from Moose
225 my $pkg_name = eval { svref_2object($keyword)->GV->STASH->NAME };
227 next if $pkg_name ne 'Moose';
229 # and if it is from Moose then undef the slot
230 delete ${$class . '::'}{$name};
238 ## make 'em all immutable
240 $_->meta->make_immutable(
241 inline_constructor => 0,
242 inline_accessors => 1,
244 'Moose::Meta::Attribute',
245 'Moose::Meta::Class',
246 'Moose::Meta::Instance',
248 'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint',
249 'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Union',
250 'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Container',
251 'Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion',
253 'Moose::Meta::Method',
254 'Moose::Meta::Method::Accessor',
255 'Moose::Meta::Method::Constructor',
256 'Moose::Meta::Method::Destructor',
257 'Moose::Meta::Method::Overriden',
260 'Moose::Meta::Role::Method',
261 'Moose::Meta::Role::Method::Required',
272 Moose - A complete modern object system for Perl 5
277 use Moose; # automatically turns on strict and warnings
279 has 'x' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
280 has 'y' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
293 has 'z' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
295 after 'clear' => sub {
302 Moose is an extension of the Perl 5 object system.
304 =head2 Another object system!?!?
306 Yes, I know there has been an explosion recently of new ways to
307 build object's in Perl 5, most of them based on inside-out objects
308 and other such things. Moose is different because it is not a new
309 object system for Perl 5, but instead an extension of the existing
312 Moose is built on top of L<Class::MOP>, which is a metaclass system
313 for Perl 5. This means that Moose not only makes building normal
314 Perl 5 objects better, but it also provides the power of metaclass
317 =head2 Is this for real? Or is this just an experiment?
319 Moose is I<based> on the prototypes and experiments I did for the Perl 6
320 meta-model. However, Moose is B<NOT> an experiment/prototype; it is for B<real>.
322 =head2 Is this ready for use in production?
324 Yes, I believe that it is.
326 I have two medium-to-large-ish web applications which use Moose heavily
327 and have been in production (without issue) for several months now. At
328 $work, we are re-writing our core offering in it. And several people on
329 #moose have been using it (in production) for several months now as well.
331 Of course, in the end, you need to make this call yourself. If you have
332 any questions or concerns, please feel free to email me, or even the list
333 or just stop by #moose and ask away.
335 =head2 Is Moose just Perl 6 in Perl 5?
337 No. While Moose is very much inspired by Perl 6, it is not itself Perl 6.
338 Instead, it is an OO system for Perl 5. I built Moose because I was tired of
339 writing the same old boring Perl 5 OO code, and drooling over Perl 6 OO. So
340 instead of switching to Ruby, I wrote Moose :)
342 =head1 BUILDING CLASSES WITH MOOSE
344 Moose makes every attempt to provide as much convenience as possible during
345 class construction/definition, but still stay out of your way if you want it
346 to. Here are a few items to note when building classes with Moose.
348 Unless specified with C<extends>, any class which uses Moose will
349 inherit from L<Moose::Object>.
351 Moose will also manage all attributes (including inherited ones) that are
352 defined with C<has>. And (assuming you call C<new>, which is inherited from
353 L<Moose::Object>) this includes properly initializing all instance slots,
354 setting defaults where appropriate, and performing any type constraint checking
357 =head1 EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
359 Moose will export a number of functions into the class's namespace which
360 may then be used to set up the class. These functions all work directly
361 on the current class.
367 This is a method which provides access to the current class's metaclass.
369 =item B<extends (@superclasses)>
371 This function will set the superclass(es) for the current class.
373 This approach is recommended instead of C<use base>, because C<use base>
374 actually C<push>es onto the class's C<@ISA>, whereas C<extends> will
375 replace it. This is important to ensure that classes which do not have
376 superclasses still properly inherit from L<Moose::Object>.
378 =item B<with (@roles)>
380 This will apply a given set of C<@roles> to the local class. Role support
381 is currently under heavy development; see L<Moose::Role> for more details.
383 =item B<has $name =E<gt> %options>
385 This will install an attribute of a given C<$name> into the current class.
386 The C<%options> are the same as those provided by
387 L<Class::MOP::Attribute>, in addition to the list below which are provided
388 by Moose (L<Moose::Meta::Attribute> to be more specific):
392 =item I<is =E<gt> 'rw'|'ro'>
394 The I<is> option accepts either I<rw> (for read/write) or I<ro> (for read
395 only). These will create either a read/write accessor or a read-only
396 accessor respectively, using the same name as the C<$name> of the attribute.
398 If you need more control over how your accessors are named, you can use the
399 I<reader>, I<writer> and I<accessor> options inherited from
400 L<Class::MOP::Attribute>.
402 =item I<isa =E<gt> $type_name>
404 The I<isa> option uses Moose's type constraint facilities to set up runtime
405 type checking for this attribute. Moose will perform the checks during class
406 construction, and within any accessors. The C<$type_name> argument must be a
407 string. The string may be either a class name or a type defined using
408 Moose's type definition features. (Refer to L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints>
409 for information on how to define a new type, and how to retrieve type meta-data).
411 =item I<coerce =E<gt> (1|0)>
413 This will attempt to use coercion with the supplied type constraint to change
414 the value passed into any accessors or constructors. You B<must> have supplied
415 a type constraint in order for this to work. See L<Moose::Cookbook::Recipe5>
418 =item I<does =E<gt> $role_name>
420 This will accept the name of a role which the value stored in this attribute
421 is expected to have consumed.
423 =item I<required =E<gt> (1|0)>
425 This marks the attribute as being required. This means a I<defined> value must be
426 supplied during class construction, and the attribute may never be set to
427 C<undef> with an accessor.
429 =item I<weak_ref =E<gt> (1|0)>
431 This will tell the class to store the value of this attribute as a weakened
432 reference. If an attribute is a weakened reference, it B<cannot> also be
435 =item I<lazy =E<gt> (1|0)>
437 This will tell the class to not create this slot until absolutely necessary.
438 If an attribute is marked as lazy it B<must> have a default supplied.
440 =item I<auto_deref =E<gt> (1|0)>
442 This tells the accessor whether to automatically dereference the value returned.
443 This is only legal if your C<isa> option is either C<ArrayRef> or C<HashRef>.
445 =item I<metaclass =E<gt> $metaclass_name>
447 This tells the class to use a custom attribute metaclass for this particular
448 attribute. Custom attribute metaclasses are useful for extending the
449 capabilities of the I<has> keyword: they are the simplest way to extend the MOP,
450 but they are still a fairly advanced topic and too much to cover here. I will
451 try and write a recipe on them soon.
453 The default behavior here is to just load C<$metaclass_name>; however, we also
454 have a way to alias to a shorter name. This will first look to see if
455 B<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::$metaclass_name> exists. If it does, Moose
456 will then check to see if that has the method C<register_implemenetation>, which
457 should return the actual name of the custom attribute metaclass. If there is no
458 C<register_implemenetation> method, it will fall back to using
459 B<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::$metaclass_name> as the metaclass name.
461 =item I<trigger =E<gt> $code>
463 The I<trigger> option is a CODE reference which will be called after the value of
464 the attribute is set. The CODE ref will be passed the instance itself, the
465 updated value and the attribute meta-object (this is for more advanced fiddling
466 and can typically be ignored). You B<cannot> have a trigger on a read-only
469 =item I<handles =E<gt> ARRAY | HASH | REGEXP | ROLE | CODE>
471 The I<handles> option provides Moose classes with automated delegation features.
472 This is a pretty complex and powerful option. It accepts many different option
473 formats, each with its own benefits and drawbacks.
475 B<NOTE:> This feature is no longer experimental, but it may still have subtle
476 bugs lurking in the deeper corners. If you think you have found a bug, you
477 probably have, so please report it to me right away.
479 B<NOTE:> The class being delegated to does not need to be a Moose based class,
480 which is why this feature is especially useful when wrapping non-Moose classes.
482 All I<handles> option formats share the following traits:
484 You cannot override a locally defined method with a delegated method; an
485 exception will be thrown if you try. That is to say, if you define C<foo> in
486 your class, you cannot override it with a delegated C<foo>. This is almost never
487 something you would want to do, and if it is, you should do it by hand and not
490 You cannot override any of the methods found in Moose::Object, or the C<BUILD>
491 and C<DEMOLISH> methods. These will not throw an exception, but will silently
492 move on to the next method in the list. My reasoning for this is that you would
493 almost never want to do this, since it usually breaks your class. As with
494 overriding locally defined methods, if you do want to do this, you should do it
495 manually, not with Moose.
497 Below is the documentation for each option format:
503 This is the most common usage for I<handles>. You basically pass a list of
504 method names to be delegated, and Moose will install a delegation method
509 This is the second most common usage for I<handles>. Instead of a list of
510 method names, you pass a HASH ref where each key is the method name you
511 want installed locally, and its value is the name of the original method
512 in the class being delegated to.
514 This can be very useful for recursive classes like trees. Here is a
515 quick example (soon to be expanded into a Moose::Cookbook::Recipe):
520 has 'node' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Any');
525 default => sub { [] }
533 parent_node => 'node',
534 siblings => 'children',
538 In this example, the Tree package gets C<parent_node> and C<siblings> methods,
539 which delegate to the C<node> and C<children> methods (respectively) of the Tree
540 instance stored in the C<parent> slot.
544 The regexp option works very similar to the ARRAY option, except that it builds
545 the list of methods for you. It starts by collecting all possible methods of the
546 class being delegated to, then filters that list using the regexp supplied here.
548 B<NOTE:> An I<isa> option is required when using the regexp option format. This
549 is so that we can determine (at compile time) the method list from the class.
550 Without an I<isa> this is just not possible.
554 With the role option, you specify the name of a role whose "interface" then
555 becomes the list of methods to handle. The "interface" can be defined as; the
556 methods of the role and any required methods of the role. It should be noted
557 that this does B<not> include any method modifiers or generated attribute
558 methods (which is consistent with role composition).
562 This is the option to use when you really want to do something funky. You should
563 only use it if you really know what you are doing, as it involves manual
566 This takes a code reference, which should expect two arguments. The first is the
567 attribute meta-object this I<handles> is attached to. The second is the
568 metaclass of the class being delegated to. It expects you to return a hash (not
569 a HASH ref) of the methods you want mapped.
575 =item B<has +$name =E<gt> %options>
577 This is variation on the normal attibute creator C<has> which allows you to
578 clone and extend an attribute from a superclass. Here is a quick example:
586 default => 'Hello, I am a Foo'
594 has '+message' => (default => 'Hello I am My::Foo');
596 What is happening here is that B<My::Foo> is cloning the C<message> attribute
597 from its parent class B<Foo>, retaining the C<is =E<gt> 'rw'> and C<isa =E<gt>
598 'Str'> characteristics, but changing the value in C<default>.
600 This feature is restricted somewhat, so as to try and force at least I<some>
601 sanity into it. You are only allowed to change the following attributes:
607 Change the default value of an attribute.
611 Change whether the attribute attempts to coerce a value passed to it.
615 Change if the attribute is required to have a value.
617 =item I<documentation>
619 Change the documentation string associated with the attribute.
623 Change if the attribute lazily initializes the slot.
627 You I<are> allowed to change the type, B<if and only if> the new type is a
628 subtype of the old type.
632 You are allowed to B<add> a new C<handles> definition, but you are B<not>
633 allowed to I<change> one.
637 =item B<before $name|@names =E<gt> sub { ... }>
639 =item B<after $name|@names =E<gt> sub { ... }>
641 =item B<around $name|@names =E<gt> sub { ... }>
643 This three items are syntactic sugar for the before, after, and around method
644 modifier features that L<Class::MOP> provides. More information on these may be
645 found in the L<Class::MOP::Class documentation|Class::MOP::Class/"Method
650 The keyword C<super> is a no-op when called outside of an C<override> method. In
651 the context of an C<override> method, it will call the next most appropriate
652 superclass method with the same arguments as the original method.
654 =item B<override ($name, &sub)>
656 An C<override> method is a way of explicitly saying "I am overriding this
657 method from my superclass". You can call C<super> within this method, and
658 it will work as expected. The same thing I<can> be accomplished with a normal
659 method call and the C<SUPER::> pseudo-package; it is really your choice.
663 The keyword C<inner>, much like C<super>, is a no-op outside of the context of
664 an C<augment> method. You can think of C<inner> as being the inverse of
665 C<super>; the details of how C<inner> and C<augment> work is best described in
666 the L<Moose::Cookbook>.
668 =item B<augment ($name, &sub)>
670 An C<augment> method, is a way of explicitly saying "I am augmenting this
671 method from my superclass". Once again, the details of how C<inner> and
672 C<augment> work is best described in the L<Moose::Cookbook>.
676 This is the C<Carp::confess> function, and exported here because I use it
677 all the time. This feature may change in the future, so you have been warned.
681 This is the C<Scalar::Util::blessed> function, it is exported here because I
682 use it all the time. It is highly recommended that this is used instead of
683 C<ref> anywhere you need to test for an object's class name.
687 =head1 UNIMPORTING FUNCTIONS
691 Moose offers a way to remove the keywords it exports, through the C<unimport>
692 method. You simply have to say C<no Moose> at the bottom of your code for this
693 to work. Here is an example:
698 has 'first_name' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Str');
699 has 'last_name' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Str');
703 $self->first_name . ' ' . $self->last_name
706 no Moose; # keywords are removed from the Person package
714 It should be noted that C<super> and C<inner> B<cannot> be used in the same
715 method. However, they may be combined within the same class hierarchy; see
716 F<t/014_override_augment_inner_super.t> for an example.
718 The reason for this is that C<super> is only valid within a method
719 with the C<override> modifier, and C<inner> will never be valid within an
720 C<override> method. In fact, C<augment> will skip over any C<override> methods
721 when searching for its appropriate C<inner>.
723 This might seem like a restriction, but I am of the opinion that keeping these
724 two features separate (yet interoperable) actually makes them easy to use, since
725 their behavior is then easier to predict. Time will tell whether I am right or
726 not (UPDATE: so far so good).
730 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
734 =item I blame Sam Vilain for introducing me to the insanity that is meta-models.
736 =item I blame Audrey Tang for then encouraging my meta-model habit in #perl6.
738 =item Without Yuval "nothingmuch" Kogman this module would not be possible,
739 and it certainly wouldn't have this name ;P
741 =item The basis of the TypeContraints module was Rob Kinyon's idea
742 originally, I just ran with it.
744 =item Thanks to mst & chansen and the whole #moose poose for all the
745 early ideas/feature-requests/encouragement/bug-finding.
747 =item Thanks to David "Theory" Wheeler for meta-discussions and spelling fixes.
755 =item L<http://www.iinteractive.com/moose>
757 This is the official web home of Moose, it contains links to our public SVN repo
758 as well as links to a number of talks and articles on Moose and Moose related
761 =item L<Class::MOP> documentation
763 =item The #moose channel on irc.perl.org
765 =item The Moose mailing list - moose@perl.org
767 =item Moose stats on ohloh.net - L<http://www.ohloh.net/projects/5788>
775 =item L<http://www.cs.utah.edu/plt/publications/oopsla04-gff.pdf>
777 This paper (suggested by lbr on #moose) was what lead to the implementation
778 of the C<super>/C<override> and C<inner>/C<augment> features. If you really
779 want to understand them, I suggest you read this.
785 All complex software has bugs lurking in it, and this module is no
786 exception. If you find a bug please either email me, or add the bug
791 Stevan Little E<lt>stevan@iinteractive.comE<gt>
793 B<with contributions from:>
799 Anders (Debolaz) Nor Berle
801 Nathan (kolibre) Gray
803 Christian (chansen) Hansen
805 Eric (ewilhelm) Wilhelm
807 Guillermo (groditi) Roditi
809 Jess (castaway) Robinson
813 Robert (phaylon) Sedlacek
817 Scott (konobi) McWhirter
819 Shlomi (rindolf) Fish
821 Yuval (nothingmuch) Kogman
823 Chris (perigrin) Prather
825 ... and many other #moose folks
827 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
829 Copyright 2006, 2007 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
831 L<http://www.iinteractive.com>
833 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
834 it under the same terms as Perl itself.