6 Moose::Cookbook::Snack::Perl5ObjsVsMooseObjs - Short comparison between Perl 5
7 objects and Moose objects
12 use Moose; # automagically sets 'strict' and 'warnings'
14 has 'script_name' => ( is => 'rw', required => 1);
18 # '$0' is the name of this script, set automatically by Perl
19 my $demo = Moose::Demo->new( script_name => $0 );
21 print "My name is " . $demo->script_name . "\n";
22 print "I am a " . $demo->meta->name . " type of object\n";
26 So what's the big stink about Moose? Perl 5 comes with objects and object
27 oriented programming already. Given the above Moose code, what would similar
28 code look like in the existing Perl 5 object-oriented style of programming?
29 Let's take a look and find out...
31 =head2 Perl 5 OO Example
33 # Perl 5 Object, as taught by the 'perltoot' POD page
41 # assign the rest of the method arguments to a temp hash
44 # create the object out of a blessed hash reference
45 my $self = bless ( {}, ref($class) || $class );
46 # create the script_name attribute
47 $self->{script_name} = undef;
49 # verify that the user passed in the 'script_name' attribute
50 if ( exists $args{script_name} ) {
51 $self->script_name($args{script_name});
54 die "ERROR: can't create object without 'script_name' ";
57 # return the object reference back to the caller
63 # check for arguments; use the argument
64 # if passed in, otherwise return the
65 # existing value (if any)
67 $self->{script_name} = shift;
69 return $self->{script_name};
76 my $demo = Perl5::Demo->new( script_name => $0 );
78 print "My name is " . $demo->script_name . "\n";
79 print "I am a " . ref($demo) . " type of object\n";
81 Looks more complex, right? Moose does a lot of the labor when working with
82 Perl objects, so that you don't have to. What are some of the specific
83 differences between Moose and Perl 5 Objects?
85 =head3 Difference #1 - declaration of object attributes
87 Both the Moose and Perl 5 objects have one attribute, C<script_name>. It's a
88 good programming practice to always validate user input, so we have the Perl 5
89 object check to make sure that the user passes in the C<script_name> attribute
90 to it when the object is created. The Moose object automatically checks this
91 for us when we set C<required =E<gt> 1> in the C<has> function for the Moose
94 In more advanced Moose usage, you can use something called 'type constraints'
95 when creating your Moose objects. Type constraints are used to validate what
96 the user passes in when setting Moose object attributes. If the user passes
97 in a type of data that Moose is not expecting, then the type constraints in
98 Moose (specifically, the L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraint> module) will let the
99 user know this in no uncertain terms. Type constraints in Moose can be as
100 simple as strings or numbers, or as complex as other Moose objects.
102 =head3 Difference #2 - strict and warning pragmas
104 Moose sets the 'strict' and 'warnings' pragmas for you automatically. We have
105 to do this for ourselves in the Perl 5 example.
107 =head3 Difference #3 - Determining an object's class name
109 The C<ref()> function in Perl 5 is how you determine an object's class name.
110 The proper way to do this with Moose is C<$object-E<gt>meta-E<gt>name>;
112 # an object's class name in Perl 5 OO
113 print "I am a " . ref($demo) . " type of object\n";
115 # an object's class name in Moose
116 print "I am a " . $demo->meta->name . " type of object\n";
118 Moose builds on C<Class::MOP> to provide a rich introspection API that
119 goes way beyond just getting the class name. Check out the
120 C<Class::MOP> documentation for more details.
122 =head3 Difference #4 - Assigning values to Moose object attributes
124 When you wish to assign a value directly to an object attribute for a Perl 5
125 object, you can either create an object method that handles the value for you;
128 sub set_x { # some code here that sets 'x' }
133 or you can assign the value directly to the Perl 5 object attribute like this:
137 Moose creates object methods for handling attributes for you, as long as you
138 specified C<is =E<gt> rw> for each C<has> statement inside the object
139 declaration. This is mentioned in L<Moose::Cookbook::WTF>, in the section
140 labeld B<Accessors>, but briefly:
143 has 'x' => (is => 'rw');
148 The syntax shown for the Perl 5 object (C<$self-E<gt>{x} = 0>) will
149 also work on the Moose object, as Moose objects are, by default,
150 blessed hashes just like the average Perl object is. However, if you
151 access the object's hash reference directly via the latter syntax you
152 will have several problems.
154 First, Moose will no longer be able to enforce attribute constraints,
155 such as read-only or type constraints. Second, you've broken that
156 object's encapsulation, and encapsulation is one of the reasons you
157 want to use objects in the first place, right?
163 =item L<Moose::Cookbook::Recipe1> - The 'Point' object example
165 =item L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints> - Type constraints that Moose can use
166 and the tools to extend them or create your own.
168 =item L<Moose::Cookbook::WTF> - For when things go wrong with Moose
174 Brian Manning <elspicyjack at gmail dot com>
176 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
178 Copyright 2006-2008 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
180 L<http://www.iinteractive.com>
182 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
183 it under the same terms as Perl itself.