6 Moose::Cookbook::Snack::HashRef - Using the HashRef type constraint
13 has 'species' => ( is => 'rw', required => 1 );
17 use Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
19 has 'fruit_aisle' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'HashRef[Fruit]' );
24 # we need something to put in the fruit aisle
25 my $orange = Fruit->new( species => 'C. sinensis' );
26 my $apple = Fruit->new( species => 'M. domestica' );
27 my %fruit = ( orange => $orange, apple => $apple );
28 my $store = ProduceStore->new( fruit_aisle => \%fruit );
32 The HashRef type constraint is used to store a reference to a Perl hash
33 variable as an attribute of a Moose object.
37 The code in this document will work on Moose as advertised, but the developers
38 strongly recommend using something like L<Moose::Autobox> or
39 L<MooseX::AttributeHelpers> when working with hash references in order to
40 help keep your Moose objects nice and encapsulated.
42 =head2 Assigning hashes to a HashRef attribute
44 Once a Moose-based object with a C<HashRef> attribute has been created, you
45 can pass a hash (by reference) to that attribute using that attribute's
46 accessor. This is how we assign the apple and orange to the store's
47 C<fruit_aisle> C<HashRef> attribute, we pass a hash containing both objects by
48 reference to the C<fruit_aisle> attribute:
50 my %fruit = ( orange => $orange, apple => $apple );
51 my $store = ProduceStore->new( fruit_aisle => \%fruit );
53 Or you can pass an anonymous hash to the C<HashRef> attribute as well. If you
54 created two new objects, C<$grape> and C<$tomato>, and assigned them to the
55 C<HashRef>, they would replace the apple and the orange in the store's fruit
58 $store->fruit_aisle( { grape => $grape, tomato => $tomato } );
60 Our C<fruit_aisle> C<HashRef> example is parameterized, meaning, that the
61 C<fruit_aisle> C<HashRef> can contain nothing but C<Fruit> objects as hash
62 values. If you try to pass in a reference to a hash using C<Int> objects as
63 hash values for example, Moose will complain:
65 Attribute (fruit_aisle) does not pass the type constraint (HashRef[Int])
67 =head2 Dumping the contents of the HashRef
69 In order to dump the contents of a C<HashRef> object attribute, you must first
70 de-reference the C<HashRef>, and then enumerate over it's keys.
72 foreach my $item ( keys(%{$self->fruit_aisle}) ) {
73 my $fruit = $self->{fruit_aisle}{$item};
74 print "Item: $item, type: " . $fruit->meta->name
75 . " species: " . $fruit->species . "\n";
78 If the above de-referencing of the C<fruit_aisle> C<HashRef> is a little too
79 noisy, you could create a copy of it, and then enumerate over that copy:
81 my %fruit_aisle_copy = %{$self->fruit_aisle};
82 foreach my $item ( keys(%fruit_aisle_copy) ) {
83 my $fruit = $fruit_aisle_copy{$item};
84 print "Item: $item, type: " . $fruit->meta->name
85 . " species: " . $fruit->species . "\n";
88 =head2 Assigning to a HashRef attribute will overwrite
90 Once you create an object containing a C<HashRef> attribute, if you assign a
91 new hash reference to that attribute, it will replace any existing hash
94 # this replaces the existing HashRef contents
95 my $grape = Fruit->new( species => 'V. vinifera' );
96 my $tomato = Fruit->new( species => 'S. lycopersicum');
97 $store->fruit_aisle( { grape => $grape, tomato => $tomato } );
99 =head2 Appending/Deleting key/value pairs to a HashRef
101 In order to append or delete key/value pairs to the hash referred to by the
102 C<HashRef> attribute, you will need to make a copy of the hash first, add or
103 delete the desired key/value pairs, then assign your modified copy back to the
104 C<HashRef> attribute. Here's an example of appending new key/value pars:
106 my %fruit_aisle_copy = %{$store->fruit_aisle};
107 my $avocado = Fruit->new( species => 'P. americana' );
108 $fruit_aisle_copy{avocado} = $avocado;
109 $store->fruit_aisle( \%fruit_aisle_copy );
111 And here's an example of deleting existing key/value pairs:
113 # delete an attribute from the HashRef
114 %fruit_aisle_copy = %{$store->fruit_aisle};
115 delete($fruit_aisle_copy{tomato});
116 $store->fruit_aisle( \%fruit_aisle_copy );
118 Putting the above code into their own object methods would make appending to
119 and deleting from a C<HashRef> a trivial operation.
121 =head2 Clearing the HashRef
123 Assigning C<undef> to clear a C<HashRef> will not work because the attribute
124 was originally defined with a type constraint, meaning that attribute must have
125 0 or more of that type of value to be valid. B<undef> in Perl is not a value,
126 so it won't work for clearing the C<HashRef>.
128 If you assign an empty anonymous hash to a C<HashRef> attribute, this will
129 clear out that attribute yet still satisfy the type constraint.
131 # this clears the HashRef
132 $store->fruit_aisle( { } );
138 =item L<Moose::Cookbook::Snack::Types> - Snippets of code for using Types and
141 =item L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints> - Type constraints that Moose can use
142 and the tools to extend them or create your own.
144 =item L<Moose::Autobox> - Autoboxed wrappers for Native Perl datatypes
146 =item L<MooseX::AttributeHelpers> - Extends attribute interfaces
152 Brian Manning <elspicyjack at gmail dot com>
154 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
156 Copyright 2006-2008 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
158 L<http://www.iinteractive.com>
160 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
161 it under the same terms as Perl itself.