6 Moose::Cookbook::Recipe2 - A simple B<BankAccount> example
13 has 'balance' => (isa => 'Int', is => 'rw', default => 0);
16 my ($self, $amount) = @_;
17 $self->balance($self->balance + $amount);
21 my ($self, $amount) = @_;
22 my $current_balance = $self->balance();
23 ($current_balance >= $amount)
24 || confess "Account overdrawn";
25 $self->balance($current_balance - $amount);
28 package CheckingAccount;
31 extends 'BankAccount';
33 has 'overdraft_account' => (isa => 'BankAccount', is => 'rw');
35 before 'withdraw' => sub {
36 my ($self, $amount) = @_;
37 my $overdraft_amount = $amount - $self->balance();
38 if ($self->overdraft_account && $overdraft_amount > 0) {
39 $self->overdraft_account->withdraw($overdraft_amount);
40 $self->deposit($overdraft_amount);
46 In the first recipe we demonstrated the construction of basic
47 Moose classes whose attributes had various accessor schemes and
48 builtin type constraints. However, our objects were very data-
49 oriented, and did not have many behavioral aspects (i.e. methods)
50 to them. In this recipe, we will expand upon the concepts from
51 the first recipe and give a more realistic scenario of more
52 behavior oriented classes.
54 We are using the example of a bank account, which has a standard
55 account (you can deposit money, withdraw money and check your
56 current balance), and a checking account which has optional
57 overdraft protection. The overdraft protection will protect the
58 owner of the checking account by automatically withdrawing the
59 needed funds from the overdraft account to ensure that a check
62 Now, onto the code. The first class, B<BankAccount>, introduces a
63 new attribute feature: a default value.
65 has 'balance' => (isa => 'Int', is => 'rw', default => 0);
67 This tells us that a B<BankAccount> has a C<balance> attribute,
68 which has the C<Int> type constraint, a read/write accessor,
69 and a default value of C<0>. This means that every instance of
70 B<BankAccount> that is created will have its C<balance> slot
71 initialized to C<0>. Very simple really :)
73 Next come the methods. The C<deposit> and C<withdraw> methods
74 should be fairly self-explanatory; they are nothing specific to
75 Moose, just your standard Perl 5 OO.
77 Now, onto the B<CheckingAccount> class. As you know from the
78 first recipe, the keyword C<extends> sets a class's superclass
79 relationship. Here we see that B<CheckingAccount> is a
80 B<BankAccount>. The next line introduces yet another new aspect
81 of Moose, that of class-based type-constraints:
83 has 'overdraft_account' => (isa => 'BankAccount', is => 'rw');
85 Up until now, we have only had C<Int> type constraints, which
86 (as I said in the first recipe) is a builtin type constraint
87 that Moose provides for you. The C<BankAccount> type constraint
88 is new, and was actually defined the moment we created the
89 B<BankAccount> class itself. In fact, for every class in
90 your program, a corresponding type constraint will be created. This
91 means that in the first recipe, both C<Point> and C<Point3D> type
92 constraints were created, and in this recipe, both C<BankAccount>
93 and C<CheckingAccount> type constraints were created. Moose does
94 this as a convenience so that your class model and the type
95 constraint model can be kept in sync with one another. In short,
96 Moose makes sure that it will just DWIM (1).
98 Next, we come to the behavioral part of B<CheckingAccount>, and
99 again we see a method modifier, but this time it is a C<before>
102 before 'withdraw' => sub {
103 my ($self, $amount) = @_;
104 my $overdraft_amount = $amount - $self->balance();
105 if ($self->overdraft_account && $overdraft_amount > 0) {
106 $self->overdraft_account->withdraw($overdraft_amount);
107 $self->deposit($overdraft_amount);
111 Just as with the C<after> modifier from the first recipe, Moose
112 will handle calling the superclass method (in this case the
113 C<BankAccount::withdraw> method). The C<before> modifier shown
114 above will run (obviously) I<before> the code from the superclass
115 with run. The C<before> modifier here implements the overdraft
116 protection by first checking if there are enough available
117 funds in the checking account and if not (and if there is an overdraft
118 account available), it transfers the appropriate funds into the
121 As with the method modifier in the first recipe, there is another
122 way to accomplish this same thing using the built in C<SUPER::>
123 pseudo-package. So the above method is equivalent to the one here.
126 my ($self, $amount) = @_;
127 my $overdraft_amount = $amount - $self->balance();
128 if ($self->overdraft_account && $overdraft_amount > 0) {
129 $self->overdraft_account->withdraw($overdraft_amount);
130 $self->deposit($overdraft_amount);
132 $self->SUPER::withdraw($amount);
135 The benefits of taking the method modifier approach is that the
136 author of the B<BankAccount> subclass does not need to remember
137 to call C<SUPER::withdraw> and to pass it the C<$amount> argument.
138 Instead the method modifier ensures that all arguments make it
139 to the superclass method correctly. But this is actually more
140 than just a convenience for forgetful programmers, it also helps
141 isolate subclasses from changes in the superclasses. For instance,
142 if B<BankAccount::withdraw> were to add an additional argument
143 of some kind, the version of B<CheckingAccount::withdraw> which
144 uses C<SUPER::withdraw> would not pass that extra argument
145 correctly, whereas the method modifier version would automatically
146 pass along all arguments correctly.
148 Just as with the first recipe, object instantiation is a fairly
149 normal process, here is an example:
151 my $savings_account = BankAccount->new(balance => 250);
152 my $checking_account = CheckingAccount->new(
154 overdraft_account => $savings_account
157 And as with the first recipe, a more in-depth example of using
158 these classes can be found in the F<t/000_recipes/002_recipe.t> test file.
162 The aim of this recipe was to take the knowledge gained in the
163 first recipe and expand upon it with a more realistic use case. I
164 hope that this recipe has accomplished this goal. The next recipe
165 will expand even more upon the capabilities of attributes in Moose
166 to create a behaviorally sophisticated class almost entirely
167 defined by attributes.
175 Moose does not attempt to encode a class's is-a relationships
176 within the type constraint hierarchy. Instead, Moose just
177 considers the class type constraint to be a subtype of C<Object>,
178 and specializes the constraint check to allow for subclasses. This
179 means that an instance of B<CheckingAccount> will pass a
180 C<BankAccount> type constraint successfully. For more details,
181 please refer to the L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints> documentation.
191 The BankAccount example in this recipe is directly taken from the
192 examples in this chapter of "Practical Common Lisp":
194 L<http://www.gigamonkeys.com/book/object-reorientation-generic-functions.html>
200 Stevan Little E<lt>stevan@iinteractive.comE<gt>
202 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
204 Copyright 2006-2008 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
206 L<http://www.iinteractive.com>
208 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
209 it under the same terms as Perl itself.