6 Moose::Cookbook::Meta::Recipe2 - A meta-attribute, attributes with labels
10 package MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
12 extends 'Moose::Meta::Attribute';
17 predicate => 'has_label',
20 package Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled;
21 sub register_implementation { 'MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled' }
23 package MyApp::Website;
25 use MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
28 metaclass => 'Labeled',
31 label => "The site's URL",
42 # iterate over all the attributes in $self
43 my %attributes = %{ $self->meta->get_attribute_map };
44 while (my ($name, $attribute) = each %attributes) {
46 # print the label if available
47 if ($attribute->isa('MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled')
48 && $attribute->has_label) {
49 print $attribute->label;
51 # otherwise print the name
56 # print the attribute's value
57 my $reader = $attribute->get_read_method;
58 print ": " . $self->$reader . "\n";
63 my $app = MyApp::Website->new(url => "http://google.com", name => "Google");
68 In this recipe, we begin to really delve into the wonder of meta-programming.
69 Some readers may scoff and claim that this is the arena only of the most
70 twisted Moose developers. Absolutely not! Any sufficiently twisted developer
71 can benefit greatly from going more meta.
73 The high-level goal of this recipe's code is to allow each attribute to have a
74 human-readable "label" attached to it. Such labels would be used when showing
75 data to an end user. In this recipe we label the "url" attribute with "The
76 site's URL" and create a simple method to demonstrate how to use that label.
78 =head1 REAL ATTRIBUTES 101
80 All the attributes of a Moose-based object are actually objects themselves.
81 These objects have methods and (surprisingly) attributes. Let's look at a
84 has 'x' => (isa => 'Int', is => 'ro');
85 has 'y' => (isa => 'Int', is => 'rw');
87 Ahh, the veritable x and y of the Point example. Internally, every Point has an
88 x object and a y object. They have methods (such as "get_value") and attributes
89 (such as "is_lazy"). What class are they instances of?
90 L<Moose::Meta::Attribute>. You don't normally see the objects lurking behind
91 the scenes, because you usually just use C<< $point->x >> and C<< $point->y >>
92 and forget that there's a lot of machinery lying in such methods.
94 So you have a C<$point> object, which has C<x> and C<y> methods. How can you
95 actually access the objects behind these attributes? Here's one way:
97 $point->meta->get_attribute_map()
99 C<get_attribute_map> returns a hash reference that maps attribute names to
100 their objects. In our case, C<get_attribute_map> might return something that
101 looks like the following:
104 x => Moose::Meta::Attribute=HASH(0x196c23c),
105 y => Moose::Meta::Attribute=HASH(0x18d1690),
108 Another way to get a handle on an attribute's object is
109 C<< $self->meta->get_attribute('name') >>. Here's one thing you can do now that
110 you can interact with the attribute's object directly:
112 print $point->meta->get_attribute('x')->type_constraint;
115 (As an aside, it's not called C<< ->isa >> because C<< $obj->isa >> is already
118 So to actually beef up attributes, what we need to do is:
122 =item Create a new attribute metaclass
124 =item Create attributes using that new metaclass
128 Moose makes both of these easy!
130 Let's start dissecting the recipe's code.
134 We get the ball rolling by creating a new attribute metaclass. It starts off
135 somewhat ungloriously.
137 package MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
139 extends 'Moose::Meta::Attribute';
141 You subclass metaclasses the same way you subclass regular classes. (Extra
142 credit: how in the actual hell can you use the MOP to extend itself?)
147 predicate => 'has_label',
150 Hey, this looks pretty reasonable! This is plain jane Moose code. Recipe 1
151 fare. This is merely making a new attribute. An attribute that attributes have.
152 A meta-attribute. It may sound scary, but it really isn't! Reread
153 L<REAL ATTRIBUTES 101> if this really is terrifying.
155 The name is "label", it will have a regular accessor, and is a string.
156 C<predicate> is a standard part of C<has>. It just creates a method that asks
157 the question "Does this attribute have a value?"
159 package Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled;
160 sub register_implementation { 'MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled' }
162 This lets Moose discover our new metaclass. That way attributes can actually
163 use it. More on what this is doing in a moment.
165 Note that we're done defining the new metaclass! Only nine lines of code, and
166 not particularly difficult lines, either. Now to start using the metaclass.
168 package MyApp::Website;
170 use MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
172 Nothing new here. We do have to actually load our metaclass to be able to use
176 metaclass => 'Labeled',
179 label => "The site's URL",
182 Ah ha! Now we're using the metaclass. We're adding a new attribute, C<url>, to
183 C<MyApp::Website>. C<has> lets you set the metaclass of the attribute.
184 Ordinarily (as we've seen), the metaclass is C<Moose::Meta::Attribute>.
186 When C<has> sees that you're using a new metaclass, it will take the
187 metaclass's name, prepend C<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::>, and call the
188 C<register_implementation> function in that package. So here Moose calls
189 C<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled::register_implementation>. We defined
190 that function in the beginning -- it just returns our "real" metaclass'
191 package, C<MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled>. So Moose uses that metaclass for
192 the attribute. It may seem a bit convoluted, but the alternative would be to
193 use C<< metaclass => 'MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled' >> on every attribute.
194 As usual, Moose optimizes in favor of the end user, not the metaprogrammer. :)
195 We also could have just defined the metaclass in
196 C<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled>, but it's probably better to keep to
199 Finally, we see that C<has> is setting our new meta-attribute, C<label>, to
200 C<"The site's URL">. We can access this meta-attribute with:
202 $website->meta->get_attribute('url')->label()
204 Well, back to the code.
211 Of course, you don't have to use the new metaclass for B<all> new attributes.
213 Now we begin defining a method that will dump the C<MyApp::Website> instance
219 # iterate over all the attributes in $self
220 my %attributes = %{ $self->meta->get_attribute_map };
221 while (my ($name, $attribute) = each %attributes) {
223 Recall that C<get_attribute_map> returns a hashref of attribute names and their
226 # print the label if available
227 if ($attribute->isa('MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled')
228 && $attribute->has_label) {
229 print $attribute->label;
232 We have two checks here. The first is "is this attribute an instance of
233 C<MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled>?". It's good to code defensively. Even if
234 all of your attributes have this metaclass, you never know when someone is
235 going to subclass your work of art. Poorly. In other words, it's likely that
236 there will still be (many) attributes that are instances of the default
237 C<Moose::Meta::Attribute>.
239 The second check is "does this attribute have a label?". This method was
240 defined in the new metaclass as the "predicate". If we pass both checks, we
241 print the attribute's label.
243 # otherwise print the name
248 Another good, defensive coding practice: Provide reasonable defaults.
250 # print the attribute's value
251 my $reader = $attribute->get_read_method;
252 print ": " . $self->$reader . "\n";
256 Here's another example of using the attribute metaclass.
257 C<< $attribute->get_read_method >> returns the name of the method that can
258 be invoked on the original object to read the attribute's value.
259 C<< $self->$reader >> is an example of "reflection" -- instead of using the
260 name of the method, we're using a variable with the name of the method in it.
261 Perl doesn't mind. Another way to write this would be
262 C<< $self->can($reader)->($self) >>. Yuck. :)
265 my $app = MyApp::Website->new(url => "http://google.com", name => "Google");
268 And we wrap up the example with a script to show off our newfound magic.
272 Why oh why would you want to go through all of these contortions when you can
273 just print "The site's URL" directly in the C<dump> method? For one, the DRY
274 (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle. If you have it in the C<dump> method, you'll
275 probably also have it in the C<as_form> method, and C<to_file>, and so on. So
276 why not have a method that maps attribute names to labels? That could work, but
277 why not include the label where it belongs, in the attribute's definition?
278 That way you're also less likely to forget to add the label.
280 More importantly, this was a very simple example. Your metaclasses aren't
281 limited to just adding new meta-attributes. For example, you could implement
282 a metaclass that expires attributes after a certain amount of time. You
283 might use it as such:
286 metaclass => 'TimedExpiry',
287 expires_after => { hours => 1 },
288 refresh_with => sub { get($_->url) },
297 Shawn M Moore E<lt>sartak@gmail.comE<gt>
299 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
301 Copyright 2006-2008 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
303 L<http://www.iinteractive.com>
305 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
306 it under the same terms as Perl itself.