6 Moose::Cookbook::Meta::Recipe2 - A meta-attribute, attributes with labels
10 package MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
12 extends 'Moose::Meta::Attribute';
17 predicate => 'has_label',
20 package Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled;
21 sub register_implementation {'MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled'}
23 package MyApp::Website;
25 use MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
28 metaclass => 'Labeled',
31 label => "The site's URL",
42 # iterate over all the attributes in $self
43 my %attributes = %{ $self->meta->get_attribute_map };
44 while ( my ( $name, $attribute ) = each %attributes ) {
46 # print the label if available
47 if ( $attribute->isa('MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled')
48 && $attribute->has_label ) {
49 print $attribute->label;
52 # otherwise print the name
57 # print the attribute's value
58 my $reader = $attribute->get_read_method;
59 print ": " . $self->$reader . "\n";
64 my $app = MyApp::Website->new( url => "http://google.com", name => "Google" );
69 In this recipe, we begin to delve into the wonder of meta-programming.
70 Some readers may scoff and claim that this is the arena of only the
71 most twisted Moose developers. Absolutely not! Any sufficiently
72 twisted developer can benefit greatly from going more meta.
74 Our goal is to allow each attribute to have a human-readable "label"
75 attached to it. Such labels would be used when showing data to an end
76 user. In this recipe we label the C<url> attribute with "The site's
77 URL" and create a simple method showing how to use that label.
79 =head1 META-ATTRIBUTE OBJECTS
81 All the attributes of a Moose-based object are actually objects
82 themselves. These objects have methods and attributes. Let's look at
85 has 'x' => ( isa => 'Int', is => 'ro' );
86 has 'y' => ( isa => 'Int', is => 'rw' );
88 Internally, the metaclass for C<Point> has two
89 L<Moose::Meta::Attribute>. There are several methods for getting
90 meta-attributes out of a metaclass, one of which is
91 C<get_attribute_map>. This method is called on the metaclass object.
93 The C<get_attribute_map> method returns a hash reference that maps
94 attribute names to their objects. In our case, C<get_attribute_map>
95 might return something that looks like the following:
98 x => $attr_object_for_x,
99 y => $attr_object_for_y,
102 You can also get a single L<Moose::Meta::Attribute> with
103 C<get_attribute('name')>. Once you have this meta-attribute object,
104 you can call methods on it like this:
106 print $point->meta->get_attribute('x')->type_constraint;
109 To add a label to our attributes there are two steps. First, we need a
110 new attribute metaclass that can store a label for an
111 attribute. Second, we nede to create attributes that use that
116 We start by creating a new attribute metaclass.
118 package MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
120 extends 'Moose::Meta::Attribute';
122 We can subclass a Moose metaclass in the same way that we subclass
128 predicate => 'has_label',
131 Again, this is standard Moose code.
133 Then we need to register our metaclass with Moose:
135 package Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled;
136 sub register_implementation { 'MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled' }
138 This is a bit of magic that lets us use a short name, "Labeled", when
139 referring to our new metaclas.
141 That was the whole attribute metaclass.
143 Now we start using it.
145 package MyApp::Website;
147 use MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
149 We have to load the metaclass to use it, just like any Perl class.
151 Finally, we use it for an attribute:
154 metaclass => 'Labeled',
157 label => "The site's URL",
160 This looks like a normal attribute declaraion, except for two things,
161 the C<metaclass> and C<label> parameters. The C<metaclass> parameter
162 tells Moose we want to use a custom metaclass for this (one)
163 attribute. The C<label> parameter will be stored in the meta-attribute
166 The reason that we can pass the name C<Labeled>, instead of
167 C<MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled>, is because of the
168 C<register_implementation> code we touched on previously.
170 When you pass a metaclass to C<has>, it will take the name you provide
171 and prefix it with C<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::>. Then it calls
172 C<register_implementation> in the package. In this case, that means
173 Moose ends up calling
174 C<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled::register_implementation>.
176 If this function exists, it should return the I<real> metaclass
177 package name. This is exactly what our code does, returning
178 C<MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled>. This is a little convoluted, and
179 if you don't like it, you can always use the fully-qualified name.
181 We can access this meta-attribute and its label like this:
183 $website->meta->get_attribute('url')->label()
185 MyApp::Website->meta->get_attribute('url')->label()
187 We also have a regular attribute, C<name>:
194 This is a regular Moose attribute, because we have not specified a new
197 Finally, we have a C<dump> method, which creates a human-readable
198 representation of a C<MyApp::Website> object. It will use an
199 attribute's label if it has one.
204 # iterate over all the attributes in $self
205 my %attributes = %{ $self->meta->get_attribute_map };
206 while ( my ( $name, $attribute ) = each %attributes ) {
208 # print the label if available
209 if ( $attribute->isa('MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled')
210 && $attribute->has_label ) {
211 print $attribute->label;
214 This is a bit of defensive code. We cannot depend on every
215 meta-attribute having a label. Even if we define one for every
216 attribute in our class, a subclass may neglect to do so. Or a
217 superclass could add an attribute without a label.
219 We also check that the attribute has a label using the predicate we
220 defined. We could instead make the label C<required>. If we have a
221 label, we print it, otherwise we print the attribute name:
223 # otherwise print the name
228 # print the attribute's value
229 my $reader = $attribute->get_read_method;
230 print ": " . $self->$reader . "\n";
234 The C<get_read_method> is part of the L<Moose::Meta::Attribute>
235 API. It returns the name of a method that can read the attribute's
236 value, I<when called on the real object> (don't call this on the
241 You might wonder why you'd bother with all this. You could just
242 hardcode "The Site's URL" in the C<dump> method. But we want to avoid
243 repetition. If you need the label once, you may need it elsewhere,
244 maybe in the C<as_form> method you write next.
246 Associating a label with an attribute just makes sense! The label is a
247 piece of information I<about> the attribute.
249 It's also important to realize that this was a trivial example. You
250 can make much more powerful metaclasses that I<do> things, as opposed
251 to just storing some more information. For example, you could
252 implement a metaclass that expires attributes after a certain amount
256 metaclass => 'TimedExpiry',
257 expires_after => { hours => 1 },
258 refresh_with => sub { get( $_[0]->url ) },
267 Shawn M Moore E<lt>sartak@gmail.comE<gt>
269 Dave Rolsky E<lt>autarch@urth.org<gt>
271 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
273 Copyright 2006-2009 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
275 L<http://www.iinteractive.com>
277 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
278 it under the same terms as Perl itself.