6 Moose::Cookbook::Meta::Recipe2 - A meta-attribute, attributes with labels
10 package MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
12 extends 'Moose::Meta::Attribute';
17 predicate => 'has_label',
20 package Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled;
21 sub register_implementation {'MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled'}
23 package MyApp::Website;
25 use MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
28 metaclass => 'Labeled',
31 label => "The site's URL",
42 # iterate over all the attributes in $self
43 my %attributes = %{ $self->meta->get_attribute_map };
44 while ( my ( $name, $attribute ) = each %attributes ) {
46 # print the label if available
47 if ( $attribute->isa('MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled')
48 && $attribute->has_label ) {
49 print $attribute->label;
52 # otherwise print the name
57 # print the attribute's value
58 my $reader = $attribute->get_read_method;
59 print ": " . $self->$reader . "\n";
64 my $app = MyApp::Website->new( url => "http://google.com", name => "Google" );
69 In this recipe, we begin to really delve into the wonder of meta-programming.
70 Some readers may scoff and claim that this is the arena only of the most
71 twisted Moose developers. Absolutely not! Any sufficiently twisted developer
72 can benefit greatly from going more meta.
74 The high-level goal of this recipe's code is to allow each attribute to have a
75 human-readable "label" attached to it. Such labels would be used when showing
76 data to an end user. In this recipe we label the C<url> attribute with "The
77 site's URL" and create a simple method to demonstrate how to use that label.
79 =head1 REAL ATTRIBUTES 101
81 All the attributes of a Moose-based object are actually objects themselves.
82 These objects have methods and (surprisingly) attributes. Let's look at a
85 has 'x' => ( isa => 'Int', is => 'ro' );
86 has 'y' => ( isa => 'Int', is => 'rw' );
88 Ah, the veritable x and y of the Point example. Internally, every Point has an
89 x object and a y object. They have methods (such as "get_value") and attributes
90 (such as "is_lazy"). What class are they instances of?
91 L<Moose::Meta::Attribute>. You don't normally see the objects lurking behind
92 the scenes, because you usually just use C<< $point->x >> and C<< $point->y >>
93 and forget that there's a lot of machinery lying in such methods.
95 So you have a C<$point> object, which has C<x> and C<y> methods. How can you
96 actually access the objects behind these attributes? Here's one way:
98 $point->meta->get_attribute_map()
100 C<get_attribute_map> returns a hash reference that maps attribute names to
101 their objects. In our case, C<get_attribute_map> might return something that
102 looks like the following:
105 x => Moose::Meta::Attribute=HASH(0x196c23c),
106 y => Moose::Meta::Attribute=HASH(0x18d1690),
109 Another way to get a handle on an attribute's object is
110 C<< $self->meta->get_attribute('name') >>. Here's one thing you can do now that
111 you can interact with the attribute's object directly:
113 print $point->meta->get_attribute('x')->type_constraint;
116 (As an aside, it's not called C<< ->isa >> because C<< $obj->isa >> is already
119 So to actually beef up attributes, what we need to do is:
123 =item Create a new attribute metaclass
125 =item Create attributes using that new metaclass
129 Moose makes both of these easy!
131 Let's start dissecting the recipe's code.
135 We get the ball rolling by creating a new attribute metaclass. It starts off
136 somewhat ungloriously.
138 package MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
140 extends 'Moose::Meta::Attribute';
142 You subclass metaclasses the same way you subclass regular classes. (Extra
143 credit: how in the actual hell can you use the MOP to extend itself?)
148 predicate => 'has_label',
151 Hey, this looks pretty reasonable! This is plain-Jane Moose code. Recipe 1
152 fare. This is merely making a new attribute. An attribute that attributes have.
153 A meta-attribute. It may sound scary, but it really isn't! Reread
154 L<REAL ATTRIBUTES 101> if this really is terrifying.
156 The name is "label", it will have a regular accessor, and is a string.
157 C<predicate> is a standard part of C<has>. It just creates a method that asks
158 the question "Does this attribute have a value?"
160 package Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled;
161 sub register_implementation { 'MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled' }
163 This lets Moose discover our new metaclass. That way attributes can actually
164 use it. More on what this is doing in a moment.
166 Note that we're done defining the new metaclass! Only nine lines of code, and
167 not particularly difficult lines, either. Now to start using the metaclass.
169 package MyApp::Website;
171 use MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled;
173 Nothing new here. We do have to actually load our metaclass to be able to use
177 metaclass => 'Labeled',
180 label => "The site's URL",
183 Ah ha! Now we're using the metaclass. We're adding a new attribute, C<url>, to
184 C<MyApp::Website>. C<has> lets you set the metaclass of the attribute.
185 Ordinarily (as we've seen), the metaclass is C<Moose::Meta::Attribute>.
187 When C<has> sees that you're using a new metaclass, it will take the
188 metaclass's name, prepend C<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::>, and call the
189 C<register_implementation> function in that package. So here Moose calls
190 C<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled::register_implementation>. We defined
191 that function in the beginning -- it just returns our "real" metaclass'
192 package, C<MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled>. So Moose uses that metaclass for
193 the attribute. It may seem a bit convoluted, but the alternative would be to
194 use C<< metaclass => 'MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled' >> on every attribute.
195 As usual, Moose optimizes in favor of the end user, not the metaprogrammer. :)
196 We also could have just defined the metaclass in
197 C<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Labeled>, but it's probably better to keep to
200 Finally, we see that C<has> is setting our new meta-attribute, C<label>, to
201 C<"The site's URL">. We can access this meta-attribute with:
203 $website->meta->get_attribute('url')->label()
205 Well, back to the code.
212 Of course, you don't have to use the new metaclass for B<all> new attributes.
214 Now we begin defining a method that will dump the C<MyApp::Website> instance
220 # iterate over all the attributes in $self
221 my %attributes = %{ $self->meta->get_attribute_map };
222 while ( my ( $name, $attribute ) = each %attributes ) {
224 Recall that C<get_attribute_map> returns a hashref of attribute names and their
227 # print the label if available
228 if ( $attribute->isa('MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled')
229 && $attribute->has_label ) {
230 print $attribute->label;
233 We have two checks here. The first is "is this attribute an instance of
234 C<MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Labeled>?". It's good to code defensively. Even if
235 all of your attributes have this metaclass, you never know when someone is
236 going to subclass your work of art. Poorly. In other words, it's likely that
237 there will still be (many) attributes that are instances of the default
238 C<Moose::Meta::Attribute>.
240 The second check is "does this attribute have a label?". This method was
241 defined in the new metaclass as the "predicate". If we pass both checks, we
242 print the attribute's label.
244 # otherwise print the name
249 Another good, defensive coding practice: Provide reasonable defaults.
251 # print the attribute's value
252 my $reader = $attribute->get_read_method;
253 print ": " . $self->$reader . "\n";
257 Here's another example of using the attribute metaclass.
258 C<< $attribute->get_read_method >> returns the name of the method that can
259 be invoked on the original object to read the attribute's value.
260 C<< $self->$reader >> is an example of "reflection" -- instead of using the
261 name of the method, we're using a variable with the name of the method in it.
262 Perl doesn't mind. Another way to write this would be
263 C<< $self->can($reader)->($self) >>. Yuck. :)
266 my $app = MyApp::Website->new( url => "http://google.com", name => "Google" );
269 And we wrap up the example with a script to show off our newfound magic.
273 Why oh why would you want to go through all of these contortions when you can
274 just print "The site's URL" directly in the C<dump> method? For one, the DRY
275 (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle. If you have it in the C<dump> method, you'll
276 probably also have it in the C<as_form> method, and C<to_file>, and so on. So
277 why not have a method that maps attribute names to labels? That could work, but
278 why not include the label where it belongs, in the attribute's definition?
279 That way you're also less likely to forget to add the label.
281 More importantly, this was a very simple example. Your metaclasses aren't
282 limited to just adding new meta-attributes. For example, you could implement
283 a metaclass that expires attributes after a certain amount of time. You
284 might use it as such:
287 metaclass => 'TimedExpiry',
288 expires_after => { hours => 1 },
289 refresh_with => sub { get( $_->url ) },
298 Shawn M Moore E<lt>sartak@gmail.comE<gt>
300 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
302 Copyright 2006-2009 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
304 L<http://www.iinteractive.com>
306 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
307 it under the same terms as Perl itself.