7 # Always remember to do all digits for the version even if they're 0
8 # i.e. first release of 0.XX *must* be 0.XX000. This avoids fBSD ports
9 # brain damage and presumably various other packaging systems too
11 # $VERSION declaration must stay up here, ahead of any other package
12 # declarations, as to not confuse various modules attempting to determine
13 # this ones version, whether that be s.c.o. or Module::Metadata, etc
14 $VERSION = '0.082899_15';
16 $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases
18 use DBIx::Class::_Util;
21 use base qw/DBIx::Class::Componentised DBIx::Class::AccessorGroup/;
22 use DBIx::Class::StartupCheck;
23 use DBIx::Class::Exception;
25 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors(inherited => '_skip_namespace_frames');
26 __PACKAGE__->_skip_namespace_frames('^DBIx::Class|^SQL::Abstract|^Try::Tiny|^Class::Accessor::Grouped|^Context::Preserve|^Moose::Meta::');
28 # FIXME - this is not really necessary, and is in
29 # fact going to slow things down a bit
30 # However it is the right thing to do in order to get
31 # various install bases to highlight their brokenness
32 # Remove at some unknown point in the future
34 # The oddball BEGIN is there for... reason unknown
35 # It does make non-segfaulty difference on pre-5.8.5 perls, so shrug
37 sub DESTROY { &DBIx::Class::_Util::detected_reinvoked_destructor };
40 sub component_base_class { 'DBIx::Class' }
42 sub MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES {
43 my ($class,$code,@attrs) = @_;
44 $class->mk_classaccessor('__attr_cache' => {})
45 unless $class->can('__attr_cache');
46 $class->__attr_cache->{$code} = [@attrs];
52 my $cache = $self->can('__attr_cache') ? $self->__attr_cache : {};
56 %{ $self->maybe::next::method || {} },
60 # *DO NOT* change this URL nor the identically named =head1 below
61 # it is linked throughout the ecosystem
62 sub DBIx::Class::_ENV_::HELP_URL () {
63 'http://p3rl.org/DBIx::Class#GETTING_HELP/SUPPORT'
72 DBIx::Class - Extensible and flexible object <-> relational mapper.
74 =head1 WHERE TO START READING
76 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::DocMap> for an overview of the exhaustive documentation.
77 To get the most out of DBIx::Class with the least confusion it is strongly
78 recommended to read (at the very least) the
79 L<Manuals|DBIx::Class::Manual::DocMap/Manuals> in the order presented there.
83 =head1 GETTING HELP/SUPPORT
85 Due to the sheer size of its problem domain, DBIx::Class is a relatively
86 complex framework. After you start using DBIx::Class questions will inevitably
87 arise. If you are stuck with a problem or have doubts about a particular
88 approach do not hesitate to contact us via any of the following options (the
89 list is sorted by "fastest response time"):
93 =item * IRC: irc.perl.org#dbix-class
96 <a href="https://chat.mibbit.com/#dbix-class@irc.perl.org">(click for instant chatroom login)</a>
98 =item * Mailing list: L<http://lists.scsys.co.uk/mailman/listinfo/dbix-class>
100 =item * RT Bug Tracker: L<https://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=DBIx-Class>
102 =item * Twitter: L<https://www.twitter.com/dbix_class>
104 =item * Web Site: L<http://www.dbix-class.org/>
110 For the very impatient: L<DBIx::Class::Manual::QuickStart>
112 This code in the next step can be generated automatically from an existing
113 database, see L<dbicdump> from the distribution C<DBIx-Class-Schema-Loader>.
115 =head2 Schema classes preparation
117 Create a schema class called F<MyApp/Schema.pm>:
119 package MyApp::Schema;
120 use base qw/DBIx::Class::Schema/;
122 __PACKAGE__->load_namespaces();
126 Create a result class to represent artists, who have many CDs, in
127 F<MyApp/Schema/Result/Artist.pm>:
129 See L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource> for docs on defining result classes.
131 package MyApp::Schema::Result::Artist;
132 use base qw/DBIx::Class::Core/;
134 __PACKAGE__->table('artist');
135 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ artistid name /);
136 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('artistid');
137 __PACKAGE__->has_many(cds => 'MyApp::Schema::Result::CD', 'artistid');
141 A result class to represent a CD, which belongs to an artist, in
142 F<MyApp/Schema/Result/CD.pm>:
144 package MyApp::Schema::Result::CD;
145 use base qw/DBIx::Class::Core/;
147 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/InflateColumn::DateTime/);
148 __PACKAGE__->table('cd');
149 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ cdid artistid title year /);
150 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('cdid');
151 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(artist => 'MyApp::Schema::Result::Artist', 'artistid');
157 Then you can use these classes in your application's code:
159 # Connect to your database.
161 my $schema = MyApp::Schema->connect($dbi_dsn, $user, $pass, \%dbi_params);
163 # Query for all artists and put them in an array,
164 # or retrieve them as a result set object.
165 # $schema->resultset returns a DBIx::Class::ResultSet
166 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->all;
167 my $all_artists_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist');
169 # Output all artists names
170 # $artist here is a DBIx::Class::Row, which has accessors
171 # for all its columns. Rows are also subclasses of your Result class.
172 foreach $artist (@all_artists) {
173 print $artist->name, "\n";
176 # Create a result set to search for artists.
177 # This does not query the DB.
178 my $johns_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
179 # Build your WHERE using an SQL::Abstract structure:
180 { name => { like => 'John%' } }
183 # Execute a joined query to get the cds.
184 my @all_john_cds = $johns_rs->search_related('cds')->all;
186 # Fetch the next available row.
187 my $first_john = $johns_rs->next;
189 # Specify ORDER BY on the query.
190 my $first_john_cds_by_title_rs = $first_john->cds(
192 { order_by => 'title' }
195 # Create a result set that will fetch the artist data
196 # at the same time as it fetches CDs, using only one query.
197 my $millennium_cds_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
199 { prefetch => 'artist' }
202 my $cd = $millennium_cds_rs->next; # SELECT ... FROM cds JOIN artists ...
203 my $cd_artist_name = $cd->artist->name; # Already has the data so no 2nd query
205 # new() makes a Result object but doesn't insert it into the DB.
206 # create() is the same as new() then insert().
207 my $new_cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
208 $new_cd->artist($cd->artist);
209 $new_cd->insert; # Auto-increment primary key filled in after INSERT
210 $new_cd->title('Fork');
212 $schema->txn_do(sub { $new_cd->update }); # Runs the update in a transaction
214 # change the year of all the millennium CDs at once
215 $millennium_cds_rs->update({ year => 2002 });
219 This is an SQL to OO mapper with an object API inspired by L<Class::DBI>
220 (with a compatibility layer as a springboard for porting) and a resultset API
221 that allows abstract encapsulation of database operations. It aims to make
222 representing queries in your code as perl-ish as possible while still
223 providing access to as many of the capabilities of the database as possible,
224 including retrieving related records from multiple tables in a single query,
225 C<JOIN>, C<LEFT JOIN>, C<COUNT>, C<DISTINCT>, C<GROUP BY>, C<ORDER BY> and
228 DBIx::Class can handle multi-column primary and foreign keys, complex
229 queries and database-level paging, and does its best to only query the
230 database in order to return something you've directly asked for. If a
231 resultset is used as an iterator it only fetches rows off the statement
232 handle as requested in order to minimise memory usage. It has auto-increment
233 support for SQLite, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server and DB2 and is
234 known to be used in production on at least the first four, and is fork-
235 and thread-safe out of the box (although
236 L<your DBD may not be|DBI/Threads and Thread Safety>).
238 This project is still under rapid development, so large new features may be
239 marked B<experimental> - such APIs are still usable but may have edge bugs.
240 Failing test cases are I<always> welcome and point releases are put out rapidly
241 as bugs are found and fixed.
243 We do our best to maintain full backwards compatibility for published
244 APIs, since DBIx::Class is used in production in many organisations,
245 and even backwards incompatible changes to non-published APIs will be fixed
246 if they're reported and doing so doesn't cost the codebase anything.
248 The test suite is quite substantial, and several developer releases
249 are generally made to CPAN before the branch for the next release is
250 merged back to trunk for a major release.
252 =head1 HOW TO CONTRIBUTE
254 Contributions are always welcome, in all usable forms (we especially
255 welcome documentation improvements). The delivery methods include git-
256 or unified-diff formatted patches, GitHub pull requests, or plain bug
257 reports either via RT or the Mailing list. Contributors are generally
258 granted access to the official repository after their first several
259 patches pass successful review. Don't hesitate to
260 L<contact|/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT> either of the L</CAT HERDERS> with
261 any further questions you may have.
264 FIXME: Getty, frew and jnap need to get off their asses and finish the contrib section so we can link it here ;)
266 This project is maintained in a git repository. The code and related tools are
267 accessible at the following locations:
271 =item * Official repo: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/DBIx-Class.git>
273 =item * Official gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/DBIx-Class.git>
275 =item * GitHub mirror: L<https://github.com/dbsrgits/DBIx-Class>
277 =item * Authorized committers: L<ssh://dbsrgits@git.shadowcat.co.uk/DBIx-Class.git>
279 =item * Travis-CI log: L<https://travis-ci.org/dbsrgits/dbix-class/builds>
282 ↪ Bleeding edge dev CI status: <img src="https://secure.travis-ci.org/dbsrgits/dbix-class.png?branch=master"></img>
288 Even though a large portion of the source I<appears> to be written by just a
289 handful of people, this library continues to remain a collaborative effort -
290 perhaps one of the most successful such projects on L<CPAN|http://cpan.org>.
291 It is important to remember that ideas do not always result in a direct code
292 contribution, but deserve acknowledgement just the same. Time and time again
293 the seemingly most insignificant questions and suggestions have been shown
294 to catalyze monumental improvements in consistency, accuracy and performance.
296 =for comment this line is replaced with the author list at dist-building time
298 The canonical source of authors and their details is the F<AUTHORS> file at
299 the root of this distribution (or repository). The canonical source of
300 per-line authorship is the L<git repository|/HOW TO CONTRIBUTE> history
305 The fine folks nudging the project in a particular direction:
309 B<ribasushi>: Peter Rabbitson <ribasushi@cpan.org>
310 (present day maintenance and controlled evolution)
312 B<castaway>: Jess Robinson <castaway@desert-island.me.uk>
313 (lions share of the reference documentation and manuals)
315 B<mst>: Matt S Trout <mst@shadowcat.co.uk> (project founder -
316 original idea, architecture and implementation)
320 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
322 Copyright (c) 2005 by mst, castaway, ribasushi, and other DBIx::Class
323 L</AUTHORS> as listed above and in F<AUTHORS>.
325 This library is free software and may be distributed under the same terms
326 as perl5 itself. See F<LICENSE> for the complete licensing terms.