1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
9 use Carp::Clan qw/^DBIx::Class/;
13 use Scalar::Util qw/weaken/;
15 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
16 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
17 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/AccessorGroup/);
18 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/result_source result_class/);
22 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Responsible for fetching and creating resultset.
26 my $rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search(registered => 1);
27 my @rows = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(year => 2005);
31 The resultset is also known as an iterator. It is responsible for handling
32 queries that may return an arbitrary number of rows, e.g. via L</search>
33 or a C<has_many> relationship.
35 In the examples below, the following table classes are used:
37 package MyApp::Schema::Artist;
38 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
39 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
40 __PACKAGE__->table('artist');
41 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/artistid name/);
42 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('artistid');
43 __PACKAGE__->has_many(cds => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
46 package MyApp::Schema::CD;
47 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
48 __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/);
49 __PACKAGE__->table('cd');
50 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/cdid artist title year/);
51 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('cdid');
52 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(artist => 'MyApp::Schema::Artist');
61 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
63 =item Return Value: $rs
67 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
68 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
69 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
70 executed as needed by the other methods.
72 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
73 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
75 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
77 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
79 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
81 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
87 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
89 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
93 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
94 $attrs->{offset} ||= 0;
95 $attrs->{offset} += ($attrs->{rows} * ($attrs->{page} - 1));
98 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
101 result_source => $source,
102 result_class => $attrs->{result_class} || $source->result_class,
103 cond => $attrs->{where},
104 # from => $attrs->{from},
105 # collapse => $collapse,
107 page => delete $attrs->{page},
117 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
119 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
123 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
124 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
126 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
127 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
129 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
130 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
132 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
133 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
134 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
141 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
142 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
149 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
151 =item Return Value: $resultset
155 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
156 always return a resultset, even in list context.
164 $attrs = pop(@_) if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
165 my $our_attrs = ($attrs->{_parent_attrs}) ? { %{$attrs->{_parent_attrs}} } : { %{$self->{attrs}} };
166 my $having = delete $our_attrs->{having};
168 # XXX this is getting messy
169 if ($attrs->{_live_join_stack}) {
170 my $live_join = $attrs->{_live_join_stack};
171 foreach (reverse @{$live_join}) {
172 $attrs->{_live_join_h} = (defined $attrs->{_live_join_h}) ? { $_ => $attrs->{_live_join_h} } : $_;
176 # merge new attrs into old
177 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch/) {
178 next unless (exists $attrs->{$key});
179 if ($attrs->{_live_join_stack} || $our_attrs->{_live_join_stack}) {
180 my $live_join = $attrs->{_live_join_stack} || $our_attrs->{_live_join_stack};
181 foreach (reverse @{$live_join}) {
182 $attrs->{$key} = { $_ => $attrs->{$key} };
186 if (exists $our_attrs->{$key}) {
187 $our_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{$key}, $attrs->{$key});
189 $our_attrs->{$key} = $attrs->{$key};
191 delete $attrs->{$key};
194 $our_attrs->{join} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{join}, $attrs->{_live_join_h}, 1) if ($attrs->{_live_join_h});
196 if (exists $our_attrs->{prefetch}) {
197 $our_attrs->{join} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{join}, $our_attrs->{prefetch}, 1);
200 my $new_attrs = { %{$our_attrs}, %{$attrs} };
202 ? ((@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
205 ? $self->throw_exception(
206 "Odd number of arguments to search")
209 if (defined $where) {
210 $new_attrs->{where} = (defined $new_attrs->{where}
212 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
213 $where, $new_attrs->{where} ] }
217 if (defined $having) {
218 $new_attrs->{having} = (defined $new_attrs->{having}
220 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
221 $having, $new_attrs->{having} ] }
225 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $new_attrs);
226 $rs->{_parent_rs} = $self->{_parent_rs} if ($self->{_parent_rs}); #XXX - hack to pass through parent of related resultsets
228 unless (@_) { # no search, effectively just a clone
229 my $rows = $self->get_cache;
231 $rs->set_cache($rows);
238 =head2 search_literal
242 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
244 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
248 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
249 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
251 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
257 my ($self, $cond, @vals) = @_;
258 my $attrs = (ref $vals[$#vals] eq 'HASH' ? { %{ pop(@vals) } } : {});
259 $attrs->{bind} = [ @{$self->{attrs}{bind}||[]}, @vals ];
260 return $self->search(\$cond, $attrs);
267 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
269 =item Return Value: $row_object
273 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example, to find
274 a row by its primary key:
276 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
278 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint using the C<key>
279 attribute. For example:
281 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find('Massive Attack', 'Mezzanine', { key => 'cd_artist_title' });
283 Additionally, you can specify the columns explicitly by name:
285 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
287 artist => 'Massive Attack',
288 title => 'Mezzanine',
290 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
293 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
295 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
296 source, including the primary key.
298 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to
299 declare unique constraints, see
300 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
306 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
308 # Default to the primary key, but allow a specific key
309 my @cols = exists $attrs->{key}
310 ? $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key})
311 : $self->result_source->primary_columns;
312 $self->throw_exception(
313 "Can't find unless a primary key or unique constraint is defined"
316 # Parse out a hashref from input
318 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
319 $input_query = { %{$_[0]} };
321 elsif (@_ == @cols) {
323 @{$input_query}{@cols} = @_;
326 # Compatibility: Allow e.g. find(id => $value)
327 carp "Find by key => value deprecated; please use a hashref instead";
331 my @unique_queries = $self->_unique_queries($input_query, $attrs);
333 # Handle cases where the ResultSet defines the query, or where the user is
335 my $query = @unique_queries ? \@unique_queries : $input_query;
339 my $rs = $self->search($query, $attrs);
341 return keys %{$rs->{_attrs}->{collapse}} ? $rs->next : $rs->single;
345 return (keys %{$self->{_attrs}->{collapse}})
346 ? $self->search($query)->next
347 : $self->single($query);
353 # Build a list of queries which satisfy unique constraints.
355 sub _unique_queries {
356 my ($self, $query, $attrs) = @_;
358 my @constraint_names = exists $attrs->{key}
360 : $self->result_source->unique_constraint_names;
363 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
364 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
365 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($query, \@unique_cols);
367 next unless scalar keys %$unique_query;
369 # Add the ResultSet's alias
370 foreach my $key (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %$unique_query) {
371 my $alias = ($self->{attrs}->{_live_join}) ? $self->{attrs}->{_live_join} : $self->{attrs}->{alias};
372 $unique_query->{"$alias.$key"} = delete $unique_query->{$key};
375 push @unique_queries, $unique_query;
378 return @unique_queries;
381 # _build_unique_query
383 # Constrain the specified query hash based on the specified column names.
385 sub _build_unique_query {
386 my ($self, $query, $unique_cols) = @_;
389 map { $_ => $query->{$_} }
390 grep { exists $query->{$_} }
393 return \%unique_query;
396 =head2 search_related
400 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
402 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
406 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
410 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
411 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
416 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
423 =item Arguments: none
425 =item Return Value: $cursor
429 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
430 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
438 my $attrs = { %{$self->{_attrs}} };
439 return $self->{cursor}
440 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
441 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
448 =item Arguments: $cond?
450 =item Return Value: $row_object?
454 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
456 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
457 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by L</find> as an optimisation.
459 Can optionally take an additional condition *only* - this is a fast-code-path
460 method; if you need to add extra joins or similar call ->search and then
461 ->single without a condition on the $rs returned from that.
466 my ($self, $where) = @_;
468 my $attrs = { %{$self->{_attrs}} };
470 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
473 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
474 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
477 $attrs->{where} = $where;
481 unless ($self->_is_unique_query($attrs->{where})) {
482 carp "Query not guaranteed to return a single row"
483 . "; please declare your unique constraints or use search instead";
486 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
487 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
488 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
489 return (@data ? $self->_construct_object(@data) : ());
494 # Try to determine if the specified query is guaranteed to be unique, based on
495 # the declared unique constraints.
497 sub _is_unique_query {
498 my ($self, $query) = @_;
500 my $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($query);
502 my $alias = ($self->{attrs}->{_live_join}) ? $self->{attrs}->{_live_join} : $self->{attrs}->{alias};
503 foreach my $name ($self->result_source->unique_constraint_names) {
504 my @unique_cols = map { "$alias.$_" }
505 $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
507 # Count the values for each unique column
508 my %seen = map { $_ => 0 } @unique_cols;
510 foreach my $key (keys %$collapsed) {
512 $aliased = "$alias.$key" unless $key =~ /\./;
514 next unless exists $seen{$aliased}; # Additional constraints are okay
515 $seen{$aliased} = scalar @{ $collapsed->{$key} };
518 # If we get 0 or more than 1 value for a column, it's not necessarily unique
519 return 1 unless grep { $_ != 1 } values %seen;
527 # Recursively collapse the query, accumulating values for each column.
529 sub _collapse_query {
530 my ($self, $query, $collapsed) = @_;
534 if (ref $query eq 'ARRAY') {
535 foreach my $subquery (@$query) {
536 next unless ref $subquery; # -or
537 # warn "ARRAY: " . Dumper $subquery;
538 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
541 elsif (ref $query eq 'HASH') {
542 if (keys %$query and (keys %$query)[0] eq '-and') {
543 foreach my $subquery (@{$query->{-and}}) {
544 # warn "HASH: " . Dumper $subquery;
545 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
549 # warn "LEAF: " . Dumper $query;
550 foreach my $key (keys %$query) {
551 push @{$collapsed->{$key}}, $query->{$key};
563 =item Arguments: $cond?
565 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
569 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
571 Returns a ResultSetColumn instance for $column based on $self
576 my ($self, $column) = @_;
578 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
586 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
588 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
592 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
593 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
595 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
596 that this is simply a convenience method. You most likely want to use
597 L</search> with specific operators.
599 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
605 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
606 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
607 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
608 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
615 =item Arguments: $first, $last
617 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
621 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
622 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
625 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
630 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
631 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
632 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
633 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
634 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
635 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
636 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
637 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
644 =item Arguments: none
646 =item Return Value: $result?
650 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
652 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
654 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
655 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
659 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
660 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
661 first record from the resultset.
667 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
668 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
669 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
671 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
672 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
673 return ($self->all)[0];
675 my @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row} ?
676 @{delete $self->{stashed_row}} :
679 return unless (@row);
680 return $self->_construct_object(@row);
686 return if(exists $self->{_attrs}); #return if _resolve has already been called
688 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
689 my $source = ($self->{_parent_rs}) ? $self->{_parent_rs} : $self->{result_source};
691 # XXX - lose storable dclone
692 my $record_filter = delete $attrs->{record_filter} if (defined $attrs->{record_filter});
693 $attrs = Storable::dclone($attrs || {}); # { %{ $attrs || {} } };
694 $attrs->{record_filter} = $record_filter if ($record_filter);
695 $self->{attrs}->{record_filter} = $record_filter if ($record_filter);
697 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
699 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if $attrs->{cols};
700 delete $attrs->{as} if $attrs->{columns};
701 $attrs->{columns} ||= [ $self->{result_source}->columns ] unless $attrs->{select};
702 my $select_alias = ($self->{_parent_rs}) ? $self->{attrs}->{_live_join} : $alias;
704 map { m/\./ ? $_ : "${select_alias}.$_" } @{delete $attrs->{columns}}
705 ] if $attrs->{columns};
707 map { m/^\Q$alias.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{$attrs->{select}}
709 if (my $include = delete $attrs->{include_columns}) {
710 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, @$include);
711 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { m/([^.]+)$/; $1; } @$include);
714 $attrs->{from} ||= [ { $alias => $source->from } ];
715 $attrs->{seen_join} ||= {};
717 if (my $join = delete $attrs->{join}) {
718 foreach my $j (ref $join eq 'ARRAY' ? @$join : ($join)) {
719 if (ref $j eq 'HASH') {
720 $seen{$_} = 1 foreach keys %$j;
726 push(@{$attrs->{from}}, $source->resolve_join($join, $attrs->{alias}, $attrs->{seen_join}));
728 $attrs->{group_by} ||= $attrs->{select} if delete $attrs->{distinct};
729 $attrs->{order_by} = [ $attrs->{order_by} ] if
730 $attrs->{order_by} and !ref($attrs->{order_by});
731 $attrs->{order_by} ||= [];
733 if(my $seladds = delete($attrs->{'+select'})) {
734 my @seladds = (ref($seladds) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$seladds : ($seladds));
736 @{ $attrs->{select} },
737 map { (m/\./ || ref($_)) ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } $seladds
740 if(my $asadds = delete($attrs->{'+as'})) {
741 my @asadds = (ref($asadds) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$asadds : ($asadds));
742 $attrs->{as} = [ @{ $attrs->{as} }, @asadds ];
744 my $collapse = $attrs->{collapse} || {};
745 if (my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch}) {
747 foreach my $p (ref $prefetch eq 'ARRAY' ? @$prefetch : ($prefetch)) {
748 if ( ref $p eq 'HASH' ) {
749 foreach my $key (keys %$p) {
750 push(@{$attrs->{from}}, $source->resolve_join($p, $attrs->{alias}))
754 push(@{$attrs->{from}}, $source->resolve_join($p, $attrs->{alias}))
758 # we're about to resolve_join on the current class, so we need to bring
759 # the joins (which are from the original class) to the right level
760 # XXX the below alg is ridiculous
761 if ($attrs->{_live_join_stack}) {
762 STACK: foreach (@{$attrs->{_live_join_stack}}) {
763 if (ref $p eq 'HASH') {
764 if (exists $p->{$_}) {
770 } elsif (ref $p eq 'ARRAY') {
771 foreach my $pe (@{$p}) {
776 next unless(ref $pe eq 'HASH');
777 next unless(exists $pe->{$_});
791 my @prefetch = $self->result_source->resolve_prefetch(
792 $p, $attrs->{alias}, {}, \@pre_order, $collapse);
794 push(@{$attrs->{select}}, map { $_->[0] } @prefetch);
795 push(@{$attrs->{as}}, map { $_->[1] } @prefetch);
798 push(@{$attrs->{order_by}}, @pre_order);
800 $attrs->{collapse} = $collapse;
801 $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
805 my ($self, $a, $b, $is_prefetch) = @_;
808 if (ref $b eq 'HASH' && ref $a eq 'HASH') {
809 foreach my $key (keys %{$b}) {
810 if (exists $a->{$key}) {
811 $a->{$key} = $self->_merge_attr($a->{$key}, $b->{$key}, $is_prefetch);
813 $a->{$key} = $b->{$key};
818 $a = [$a] unless (ref $a eq 'ARRAY');
819 $b = [$b] unless (ref $b eq 'ARRAY');
824 foreach my $element (@{$_}) {
825 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
826 $hash = $self->_merge_attr($hash, $element, $is_prefetch);
827 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
828 $array = [@{$array}, @{$element}];
830 if (($b == $_) && $is_prefetch) {
831 $self->_merge_array($array, $element, $is_prefetch);
833 push(@{$array}, $element);
839 my $final_array = [];
840 foreach my $element (@{$array}) {
841 push(@{$final_array}, $element) unless (exists $hash->{$element});
843 $array = $final_array;
845 if ((keys %{$hash}) && (scalar(@{$array} > 0))) {
846 return [$hash, @{$array}];
848 return (keys %{$hash}) ? $hash : $array;
854 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
856 $b = [$b] unless (ref $b eq 'ARRAY');
857 # add elements from @{$b} to @{$a} which aren't already in @{$a}
858 foreach my $b_element (@{$b}) {
859 push(@{$a}, $b_element) unless grep {$b_element eq $_} @{$a};
863 sub _construct_object {
864 my ($self, @row) = @_;
865 my @as = @{ $self->{_attrs}{as} };
867 my $info = $self->_collapse_result(\@as, \@row);
868 my $new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
869 $new = $self->{_attrs}{record_filter}->($new)
870 if exists $self->{_attrs}{record_filter};
874 sub _collapse_result {
875 my ($self, $as, $row, $prefix) = @_;
877 my $live_join = $self->{attrs}->{_live_join} ||="";
881 foreach my $this_as (@$as) {
882 my $val = shift @copy;
883 if (defined $prefix) {
884 if ($this_as =~ m/^\Q${prefix}.\E(.+)$/) {
886 $remain =~ /^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/;
887 $const{$1||''}{$2} = $val;
890 $this_as =~ /^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/;
891 $const{$1||''}{$2} = $val;
895 my $info = [ {}, {} ];
896 foreach my $key (keys %const) {
897 if (length $key && $key ne $live_join) {
899 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
900 foreach my $p (@parts) {
901 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
903 $target->[0] = $const{$key};
905 $info->[0] = $const{$key};
910 if (defined $prefix) {
912 m/^\Q${prefix}.\E(.+)$/ ? ($1) : ()
913 } keys %{$self->{_attrs}->{collapse}}
915 @collapse = keys %{$self->{_attrs}->{collapse}};
919 my ($c) = sort { length $a <=> length $b } @collapse;
921 foreach my $p (split(/\./, $c)) {
922 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
924 my $c_prefix = (defined($prefix) ? "${prefix}.${c}" : $c);
925 my @co_key = @{$self->{_attrs}->{collapse}{$c_prefix}};
926 my $tree = $self->_collapse_result($as, $row, $c_prefix);
927 my %co_check = map { ($_, $tree->[0]->{$_}); } @co_key;
931 !defined($tree->[0]->{$_}) ||
932 $co_check{$_} ne $tree->[0]->{$_}
935 last unless (@raw = $self->cursor->next);
936 $row = $self->{stashed_row} = \@raw;
937 $tree = $self->_collapse_result($as, $row, $c_prefix);
939 @$target = (@final ? @final : [ {}, {} ]);
940 # single empty result to indicate an empty prefetched has_many
943 #print "final info: " . Dumper($info);
951 =item Arguments: $result_source?
953 =item Return Value: $result_source
957 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
967 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
969 =item Return Value: $count
973 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
974 with to find the number of elements. If passed arguments, does a search
975 on the resultset and counts the results of that.
977 Note: When using C<count> with C<group_by>, L<DBIX::Class> emulates C<GROUP BY>
978 using C<COUNT( DISTINCT( columns ) )>. Some databases (notably SQLite) do
979 not support C<DISTINCT> with multiple columns. If you are using such a
980 database, you should only use columns from the main table in your C<group_by>
987 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
988 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
989 my $count = $self->_count;
990 return 0 unless $count;
992 $count -= $self->{attrs}{offset} if $self->{attrs}{offset};
993 $count = $self->{attrs}{rows} if
994 $self->{attrs}{rows} and $self->{attrs}{rows} < $count;
998 sub _count { # Separated out so pager can get the full count
1000 my $select = { count => '*' };
1003 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{_attrs} } };
1004 if (my $group_by = delete $attrs->{group_by}) {
1005 delete $attrs->{having};
1006 my @distinct = (ref $group_by ? @$group_by : ($group_by));
1007 # todo: try CONCAT for multi-column pk
1008 my @pk = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1010 foreach my $column (@distinct) {
1011 if ($column =~ qr/^(?:\Q$attrs->{alias}.\E)?$pk[0]$/) {
1012 @distinct = ($column);
1018 $select = { count => { distinct => \@distinct } };
1021 $attrs->{select} = $select;
1022 $attrs->{as} = [qw/count/];
1024 # offset, order by and page are not needed to count. record_filter is cdbi
1025 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset order_by page pager record_filter/;
1026 my $tmp_rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
1027 $tmp_rs->{_parent_rs} = $self->{_parent_rs} if ($self->{_parent_rs}); #XXX - hack to pass through parent of related resultsets
1029 my ($count) = $tmp_rs->cursor->next;
1033 =head2 count_literal
1037 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
1039 =item Return Value: $count
1043 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1044 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1048 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1054 =item Arguments: none
1056 =item Return Value: @objects
1060 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
1061 is returned in list context.
1067 return @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1071 # TODO: don't call resolve here
1073 if (keys %{$self->{_attrs}->{collapse}}) {
1074 # if ($self->{attrs}->{prefetch}) {
1075 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
1076 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
1077 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
1078 # _construct_object to survive the approach
1079 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
1081 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
1082 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
1083 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1084 : $self->cursor->next);
1087 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
1090 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1098 =item Arguments: none
1100 =item Return Value: $self
1104 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1110 delete $self->{_attrs} if (exists $self->{_attrs});
1112 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1113 $self->cursor->reset;
1121 =item Arguments: none
1123 =item Return Value: $object?
1127 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
1128 resultset returns anything).
1133 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1136 # _cond_for_update_delete
1138 # update/delete require the condition to be modified to handle
1139 # the differing SQL syntax available. This transforms the $self->{cond}
1140 # appropriately, returning the new condition.
1142 sub _cond_for_update_delete {
1146 if (!ref($self->{cond})) {
1147 # No-op. No condition, we're updating/deleting everything
1149 elsif (ref $self->{cond} eq 'ARRAY') {
1153 foreach my $key (keys %{$_}) {
1155 $hash{$1} = $_->{$key};
1161 elsif (ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH') {
1162 if ((keys %{$self->{cond}})[0] eq '-and') {
1165 my @cond = @{$self->{cond}{-and}};
1166 for (my $i = 0; $i <= @cond - 1; $i++) {
1167 my $entry = $cond[$i];
1170 if (ref $entry eq 'HASH') {
1171 foreach my $key (keys %{$entry}) {
1173 $hash{$1} = $entry->{$key};
1177 $entry =~ /([^.]+)$/;
1178 $hash{$1} = $cond[++$i];
1181 push @{$cond->{-and}}, \%hash;
1185 foreach my $key (keys %{$self->{cond}}) {
1187 $cond->{$1} = $self->{cond}{$key};
1192 $self->throw_exception(
1193 "Can't update/delete on resultset with condition unless hash or array"
1205 =item Arguments: \%values
1207 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1211 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1212 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
1213 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
1218 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1219 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
1220 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1222 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
1224 return $self->result_source->storage->update(
1225 $self->result_source->from, $values, $cond
1233 =item Arguments: \%values
1235 =item Return Value: 1
1239 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
1240 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
1245 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1246 $self->throw_exception("Values for update must be a hash")
1247 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1248 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
1249 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
1258 =item Arguments: none
1260 =item Return Value: 1
1264 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
1265 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
1274 my $cond = $self->_cond_for_update_delete;
1276 $self->result_source->storage->delete($self->result_source->from, $cond);
1284 =item Arguments: none
1286 =item Return Value: 1
1290 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
1291 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
1297 $_->delete for $self->all;
1305 =item Arguments: none
1307 =item Return Value: $pager
1311 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1312 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1318 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1319 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1320 unless $self->{page};
1321 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1322 return $self->{pager} ||= Data::Page->new(
1323 $self->_count, $attrs->{rows}, $self->{page});
1330 =item Arguments: $page_number
1332 =item Return Value: $rs
1336 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1337 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1338 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1343 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1344 my $attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
1345 $attrs->{page} = $page;
1346 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
1353 =item Arguments: \%vals
1355 =item Return Value: $object
1359 Creates an object in the resultset's result class and returns it.
1364 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1365 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1366 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1367 $self->throw_exception(
1368 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1369 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1371 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1372 foreach my $key (keys %{$self->{cond}||{}}) {
1373 $new{$1} = $self->{cond}{$key} if ($key =~ m/^(?:\Q${alias}.\E)?([^.]+)$/);
1375 my $obj = $self->result_class->new(\%new);
1376 $obj->result_source($self->result_source) if $obj->can('result_source');
1384 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
1386 =item Return Value: $object
1390 Find an existing record from this resultset. If none exists, instantiate a new
1391 result object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
1392 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
1394 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
1400 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1401 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1402 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1403 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->new_result($hash);
1410 =item Arguments: \%vals
1412 =item Return Value: $object
1416 Inserts a record into the resultset and returns the object representing it.
1418 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
1423 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1424 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
1425 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
1426 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
1429 =head2 find_or_create
1433 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
1435 =item Return Value: $object
1439 $class->find_or_create({ key => $val, ... });
1441 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraint; if none
1442 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
1444 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
1446 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1447 title => 'Mezzanine',
1451 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
1452 constraint. For example:
1454 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
1456 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1457 title => 'Mezzanine',
1459 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
1462 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
1463 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
1467 sub find_or_create {
1469 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1470 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1471 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
1472 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->create($hash);
1475 =head2 update_or_create
1479 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
1481 =item Return Value: $object
1485 $class->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
1487 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
1488 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
1489 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
1492 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
1495 # In your application
1496 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
1498 artist => 'Massive Attack',
1499 title => 'Mezzanine',
1502 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
1505 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
1506 source, including the primary key.
1508 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
1510 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
1511 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
1515 sub update_or_create {
1517 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
1518 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
1520 my $row = $self->find($cond);
1522 $row->update($cond);
1526 return $self->create($cond);
1533 =item Arguments: none
1535 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
1539 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
1551 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
1553 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
1557 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
1558 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
1559 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
1560 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
1565 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
1566 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
1567 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
1568 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
1575 =item Arguments: none
1577 =item Return Value: []
1581 Clears the cache for the resultset.
1586 shift->set_cache(undef);
1589 =head2 related_resultset
1593 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
1595 =item Return Value: $resultset
1599 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
1601 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
1605 sub related_resultset {
1606 my ( $self, $rel ) = @_;
1608 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
1609 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
1610 #warn "fetching related resultset for rel '$rel' " . $self->result_source->{name};
1611 my $rel_obj = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
1612 #print Dumper($self->result_source->_relationships);
1613 $self->throw_exception(
1614 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->name .
1615 "' has no such relationship ${rel}")
1616 unless $rel_obj; #die Dumper $self->{attrs};
1618 my @live_join_stack = (exists $self->{attrs}->{_live_join_stack}) ?
1619 @{$self->{attrs}->{_live_join_stack}}:
1621 push(@live_join_stack, $rel);
1623 my $rs = $self->result_source->schema->resultset($rel_obj->{class}
1627 _live_join => $rel, #the most recent
1628 _live_join_stack => \@live_join_stack, #the trail of rels
1629 _parent_attrs => $self->{attrs}}
1632 # keep reference of the original resultset
1633 $rs->{_parent_rs} = ($self->{_parent_rs}) ? $self->{_parent_rs} : $self->result_source;
1638 =head2 throw_exception
1640 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
1644 sub throw_exception {
1646 $self->result_source->schema->throw_exception(@_);
1649 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
1653 The resultset takes various attributes that modify its behavior. Here's an
1660 =item Value: ($order_by | \@order_by)
1664 Which column(s) to order the results by. This is currently passed
1665 through directly to SQL, so you can give e.g. C<year DESC> for a
1666 descending order on the column `year'.
1668 Please note that if you have quoting enabled (see
1669 L<DBIx::Class::Storage/quote_char>) you will need to do C<\'year DESC' > to
1670 specify an order. (The scalar ref causes it to be passed as raw sql to the DB,
1671 so you will need to manually quote things as appropriate.)
1677 =item Value: \@columns
1681 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Adds
1682 C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in it and sets C<select>
1683 from that, then auto-populates C<as> from C<select> as normal. (You may also
1684 use the C<cols> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC.)
1686 =head2 include_columns
1690 =item Value: \@columns
1694 Shortcut to include additional columns in the returned results - for example
1696 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
1697 include_columns => ['artist.name'],
1701 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
1702 passed to object inflation
1708 =item Value: \@select_columns
1712 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
1713 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
1716 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
1719 { count => 'employeeid' },
1724 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
1725 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
1726 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
1732 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
1733 L<select> but adds columns to the selection.
1741 Indicates additional column names for those added via L<+select>.
1749 =item Value: \@inflation_names
1753 Indicates column names for object inflation. This is used in conjunction with
1754 C<select>, usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
1757 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
1760 { count => 'employeeid' }
1762 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
1765 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
1767 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
1768 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
1769 the accessor as normal:
1771 my $name = $employee->name();
1773 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
1774 use C<get_column> instead:
1776 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
1778 You can create your own accessors if required - see
1779 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
1781 Please note: This will NOT insert an C<AS employee_count> into the SQL statement
1782 produced, it is used for internal access only. Thus attempting to use the accessor
1783 in an C<order_by> clause or similar will fail misrably.
1789 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
1793 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
1796 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
1797 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
1798 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
1799 { join => 'artist' }
1802 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
1805 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
1806 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
1807 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
1808 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
1809 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
1810 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
1813 # In your application
1814 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
1815 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
1817 join => { cd => 'track' },
1818 order_by => 'artist.name',
1822 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
1823 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
1825 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
1826 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
1827 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
1829 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
1832 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
1833 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
1835 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
1842 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
1846 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with the main
1847 query (when they are accessed afterwards they will have already been
1848 "prefetched"). This is useful for when you know you will need the related
1849 objects, because it saves at least one query:
1851 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
1860 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
1862 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
1863 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
1864 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
1866 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
1867 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
1870 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
1871 for a C<join> attribute in the above search. If you're prefetching to
1872 depth (e.g. { cd => { artist => 'label' } or similar), you'll need to
1873 specify the join as well.
1875 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
1876 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
1877 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter').
1887 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
1888 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
1891 If L<rows> attribute is not specified it defualts to 10 rows per page.
1901 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
1902 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
1908 =item Value: $offset
1912 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
1913 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
1919 =item Value: \@columns
1923 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
1925 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
1931 =item Value: $condition
1935 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
1936 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
1939 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
1945 =item Value: (0 | 1)
1949 Set to 1 to group by all columns.
1953 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
1954 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
1956 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
1958 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
1962 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
1964 By default, searches are not cached.
1966 For more examples of using these attributes, see
1967 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
1973 =item Value: \@from_clause
1977 The C<from> attribute gives you manual control over the C<FROM> clause of SQL
1978 statements generated by L<DBIx::Class>, allowing you to express custom C<JOIN>
1981 NOTE: Use this on your own risk. This allows you to shoot off your foot!
1983 C<join> will usually do what you need and it is strongly recommended that you
1984 avoid using C<from> unless you cannot achieve the desired result using C<join>.
1985 And we really do mean "cannot", not just tried and failed. Attempting to use
1986 this because you're having problems with C<join> is like trying to use x86
1987 ASM because you've got a syntax error in your C. Trust us on this.
1989 Now, if you're still really, really sure you need to use this (and if you're
1990 not 100% sure, ask the mailing list first), here's an explanation of how this
1993 The syntax is as follows -
1996 { <alias1> => <table1> },
1998 { <alias2> => <table2>, -join_type => 'inner|left|right' },
1999 [], # nested JOIN (optional)
2000 { <table1.column1> => <table2.column2>, ... (more conditions) },
2002 # More of the above [ ] may follow for additional joins
2009 ON <table1.column1> = <table2.column2>
2010 <more joins may follow>
2012 An easy way to follow the examples below is to remember the following:
2014 Anything inside "[]" is a JOIN
2015 Anything inside "{}" is a condition for the enclosing JOIN
2017 The following examples utilize a "person" table in a family tree application.
2018 In order to express parent->child relationships, this table is self-joined:
2020 # Person->belongs_to('father' => 'Person');
2021 # Person->belongs_to('mother' => 'Person');
2023 C<from> can be used to nest joins. Here we return all children with a father,
2024 then search against all mothers of those children:
2026 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
2029 alias => 'mother', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
2031 { mother => 'person' },
2034 { child => 'person' },
2036 { father => 'person' },
2037 { 'father.person_id' => 'child.father_id' }
2040 { 'mother.person_id' => 'child.mother_id' }
2047 # SELECT mother.* FROM person mother
2050 # JOIN person father
2051 # ON ( father.person_id = child.father_id )
2053 # ON ( mother.person_id = child.mother_id )
2055 The type of any join can be controlled manually. To search against only people
2056 with a father in the person table, we could explicitly use C<INNER JOIN>:
2058 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
2061 alias => 'child', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
2063 { child => 'person' },
2065 { father => 'person', -join_type => 'inner' },
2066 { 'father.id' => 'child.father_id' }
2073 # SELECT child.* FROM person child
2074 # INNER JOIN person father ON child.father_id = father.id