1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
9 use Carp::Clan qw/^DBIx::Class/;
10 use DBIx::Class::Exception;
13 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
14 use DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle;
17 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
19 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class _source_handle/);
23 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
27 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
28 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
29 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
33 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
34 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
35 important/useful bit).
37 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
38 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
40 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
41 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
42 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Source> name.
44 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
46 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
47 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
48 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
50 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
51 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
54 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
55 the database when these methods are called:
56 L</find> L</next> L</all> L</first> L</single> L</count>
60 =head2 Chaining resultsets
62 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
63 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
64 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
65 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
70 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
71 my $schema = $self->get_schema; # Get the DBIC schema object somehow.
73 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
74 title => $request->param('title'),
75 year => $request->param('year'),
78 $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
83 sub apply_security_policy {
92 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
94 When a resultset is chained from another resultset, conditions and
95 attributes with the same keys need resolving.
97 L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes are merged
98 into the existing ones from the original resultset.
100 The L</where>, L</having> attribute, and any search conditions are
101 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
104 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
107 =head2 Multiple queries
109 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
110 things with it with the same object.
112 # Don't hit the DB yet.
113 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
114 title => 'something',
118 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
119 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
120 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
121 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
123 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
129 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
131 Which is the same as:
133 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
134 title => 'something',
139 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
143 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
144 However, if it is used in a booleand context it is always true. So if
145 you want to check if a resultset has any results use C<if $rs != 0>.
146 C<if $rs> will always be true.
154 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
156 =item Return Value: $rs
160 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
161 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
162 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
163 executed as needed by the other methods.
165 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
166 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
168 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
170 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
172 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
174 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
180 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
182 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
183 $source = $source->handle
184 unless $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
185 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
187 if ($attrs->{page}) {
188 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
191 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
193 # Creation of {} and bless separated to mitigate RH perl bug
194 # see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=196836
196 _source_handle => $source,
197 cond => $attrs->{where},
206 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->resolve->result_class
216 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
218 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
222 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
223 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
225 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
226 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
228 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
229 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
231 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
232 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
233 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
236 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
237 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
238 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching>. For a complete
239 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract>.
241 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
247 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
248 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
255 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
257 =item Return Value: $resultset
261 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
262 always return a resultset, even in list context.
269 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef).
270 if ( @_ == 2 && !defined $_[1] && !defined $_[0] ) {
275 $attrs = pop(@_) if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
276 my $our_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
277 my $having = delete $our_attrs->{having};
278 my $where = delete $our_attrs->{where};
282 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
285 (@_ && defined($_[0])) # @_ == () or (undef)
287 (keys %$attrs # empty attrs or only 'safe' attrs
288 && List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$attrs)
290 # no search, effectively just a clone
291 $rows = $self->get_cache;
294 my $new_attrs = { %{$our_attrs}, %{$attrs} };
296 # merge new attrs into inherited
297 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch +select +as bind/) {
298 next unless exists $attrs->{$key};
299 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{$key}, $attrs->{$key});
304 (@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
306 (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH')
308 (keys %{ $_[0] } > 0)
316 ? $self->throw_exception("Odd number of arguments to search")
323 if (defined $where) {
324 $new_attrs->{where} = (
325 defined $new_attrs->{where}
328 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
329 } $where, $new_attrs->{where}
336 $new_attrs->{where} = (
337 defined $new_attrs->{where}
340 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
341 } $cond, $new_attrs->{where}
347 if (defined $having) {
348 $new_attrs->{having} = (
349 defined $new_attrs->{having}
352 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
353 } $having, $new_attrs->{having}
359 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $new_attrs);
361 $rs->set_cache($rows) if ($rows);
366 =head2 search_literal
370 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
372 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
376 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
377 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
379 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
382 CAVEAT: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and should
383 only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience method.
384 It is equivalent to calling $schema->search(\[]), but if you want to ensure
385 columns are bound correctly, use C<search>.
387 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
389 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
390 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
393 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching> and
394 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
395 require C<search_literal>.
400 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
402 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
405 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ __DUMMY__ => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
412 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
414 =item Return Value: $row_object | undef
418 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example, to find
419 a row by its primary key:
421 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
423 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint using the C<key>
424 attribute. For example:
426 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find('Massive Attack', 'Mezzanine', {
427 key => 'cd_artist_title'
430 Additionally, you can specify the columns explicitly by name:
432 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
434 artist => 'Massive Attack',
435 title => 'Mezzanine',
437 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
440 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
442 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
443 source for which column data is provided, including the primary key.
445 If your table does not have a primary key, you B<must> provide a value for the
446 C<key> attribute matching one of the unique constraints on the source.
448 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
449 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
451 Note: If your query does not return only one row, a warning is generated:
453 Query returned more than one row
455 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to
456 declare unique constraints, see
457 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
463 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
465 # Default to the primary key, but allow a specific key
466 my @cols = exists $attrs->{key}
467 ? $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key})
468 : $self->result_source->primary_columns;
469 $self->throw_exception(
470 "Can't find unless a primary key is defined or unique constraint is specified"
473 # Parse out a hashref from input
475 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
476 $input_query = { %{$_[0]} };
478 elsif (@_ == @cols) {
480 @{$input_query}{@cols} = @_;
483 # Compatibility: Allow e.g. find(id => $value)
484 carp "Find by key => value deprecated; please use a hashref instead";
488 my (%related, $info);
490 KEY: foreach my $key (keys %$input_query) {
491 if (ref($input_query->{$key})
492 && ($info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($key))) {
493 my $val = delete $input_query->{$key};
494 next KEY if (ref($val) eq 'ARRAY'); # has_many for multi_create
495 my $rel_q = $self->result_source->_resolve_condition(
496 $info->{cond}, $val, $key
498 die "Can't handle OR join condition in find" if ref($rel_q) eq 'ARRAY';
499 @related{keys %$rel_q} = values %$rel_q;
502 if (my @keys = keys %related) {
503 @{$input_query}{@keys} = values %related;
507 # Build the final query: Default to the disjunction of the unique queries,
508 # but allow the input query in case the ResultSet defines the query or the
509 # user is abusing find
510 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
512 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
513 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key});
514 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($input_query, \@unique_cols);
515 $query = $self->_add_alias($unique_query, $alias);
517 elsif ($self->{attrs}{accessor} and $self->{attrs}{accessor} eq 'single') {
518 # This means that we got here after a merger of relationship conditions
519 # in ::Relationship::Base::search_related (the row method), and furthermore
520 # the relationship is of the 'single' type. This means that the condition
521 # provided by the relationship (already attached to $self) is sufficient,
522 # as there can be only one row in the databse that would satisfy the
526 my @unique_queries = $self->_unique_queries($input_query, $attrs);
527 $query = @unique_queries
528 ? [ map { $self->_add_alias($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
529 : $self->_add_alias($input_query, $alias);
533 my $rs = $self->search ($query, {result_class => $self->result_class, %$attrs});
534 if (keys %{$rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
536 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
546 # Add the specified alias to the specified query hash. A copy is made so the
547 # original query is not modified.
550 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
552 my %aliased = %$query;
553 foreach my $col (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %aliased) {
554 $aliased{"$alias.$col"} = delete $aliased{$col};
562 # Build a list of queries which satisfy unique constraints.
564 sub _unique_queries {
565 my ($self, $query, $attrs) = @_;
567 my @constraint_names = exists $attrs->{key}
569 : $self->result_source->unique_constraint_names;
571 my $where = $self->_collapse_cond($self->{attrs}{where} || {});
572 my $num_where = scalar keys %$where;
574 my (@unique_queries, %seen_column_combinations);
575 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
576 my @constraint_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
578 my $constraint_sig = join "\x00", sort @constraint_cols;
579 next if $seen_column_combinations{$constraint_sig}++;
581 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($query, \@constraint_cols);
583 my $num_cols = scalar @constraint_cols;
584 my $num_query = scalar keys %$unique_query;
586 my $total = $num_query + $num_where;
587 if ($num_query && ($num_query == $num_cols || $total == $num_cols)) {
588 # The query is either unique on its own or is unique in combination with
589 # the existing where clause
590 push @unique_queries, $unique_query;
594 return @unique_queries;
597 # _build_unique_query
599 # Constrain the specified query hash based on the specified column names.
601 sub _build_unique_query {
602 my ($self, $query, $unique_cols) = @_;
605 map { $_ => $query->{$_} }
606 grep { exists $query->{$_} }
611 =head2 search_related
615 =item Arguments: $rel, $cond, \%attrs?
617 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
621 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
625 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
626 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
631 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
634 =head2 search_related_rs
636 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
637 it guarantees a restultset, even in list context.
641 sub search_related_rs {
642 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
649 =item Arguments: none
651 =item Return Value: $cursor
655 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
656 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
663 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
665 return $self->{cursor}
666 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
667 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
674 =item Arguments: $cond?
676 =item Return Value: $row_object?
680 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
682 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
683 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by L</find> as a lean version of
686 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
687 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
688 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
689 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
695 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceeding
696 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
699 Query returned more than one row
701 In this case, you should be using L</next> or L</find> instead, or if you really
702 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
705 This method will also throw an exception if it is called on a resultset prefetching
706 has_many, as such a prefetch implies fetching multiple rows from the database in
707 order to assemble the resulting object.
714 my ($self, $where) = @_;
716 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
719 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
721 if (keys %{$attrs->{collapse}}) {
722 $self->throw_exception(
723 'single() can not be used on resultsets prefetching has_many. Use find( \%cond ) or next() instead'
728 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
731 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
732 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
735 $attrs->{where} = $where;
739 # XXX: Disabled since it doesn't infer uniqueness in all cases
740 # unless ($self->_is_unique_query($attrs->{where})) {
741 # carp "Query not guaranteed to return a single row"
742 # . "; please declare your unique constraints or use search instead";
745 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
746 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
747 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
750 return (@data ? ($self->_construct_object(@data))[0] : undef);
756 # Try to determine if the specified query is guaranteed to be unique, based on
757 # the declared unique constraints.
759 sub _is_unique_query {
760 my ($self, $query) = @_;
762 my $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($query);
763 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
765 foreach my $name ($self->result_source->unique_constraint_names) {
766 my @unique_cols = map {
768 } $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
770 # Count the values for each unique column
771 my %seen = map { $_ => 0 } @unique_cols;
773 foreach my $key (keys %$collapsed) {
774 my $aliased = $key =~ /\./ ? $key : "$alias.$key";
775 next unless exists $seen{$aliased}; # Additional constraints are okay
776 $seen{$aliased} = scalar keys %{ $collapsed->{$key} };
779 # If we get 0 or more than 1 value for a column, it's not necessarily unique
780 return 1 unless grep { $_ != 1 } values %seen;
788 # Recursively collapse the query, accumulating values for each column.
790 sub _collapse_query {
791 my ($self, $query, $collapsed) = @_;
795 if (ref $query eq 'ARRAY') {
796 foreach my $subquery (@$query) {
797 next unless ref $subquery; # -or
798 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
801 elsif (ref $query eq 'HASH') {
802 if (keys %$query and (keys %$query)[0] eq '-and') {
803 foreach my $subquery (@{$query->{-and}}) {
804 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
808 foreach my $col (keys %$query) {
809 my $value = $query->{$col};
810 $collapsed->{$col}{$value}++;
822 =item Arguments: $cond?
824 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
828 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
830 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
835 my ($self, $column) = @_;
836 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
844 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
846 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
850 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
851 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
853 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
854 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
855 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
857 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
859 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L</search()>
860 instead. An example conversion is:
862 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
866 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
873 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
874 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
875 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
877 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
878 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
879 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
880 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
887 =item Arguments: $first, $last
889 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
893 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
894 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
897 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
902 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
903 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
904 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
905 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
906 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
907 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
908 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
909 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
916 =item Arguments: none
918 =item Return Value: $result?
922 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
924 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
926 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
927 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
931 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
932 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
933 first record from the resultset.
939 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
940 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
941 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
943 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
944 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
945 return ($self->all)[0];
947 if ($self->{stashed_objects}) {
948 my $obj = shift(@{$self->{stashed_objects}});
949 delete $self->{stashed_objects} unless @{$self->{stashed_objects}};
953 exists $self->{stashed_row}
954 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
955 : $self->cursor->next
957 return undef unless (@row);
958 my ($row, @more) = $self->_construct_object(@row);
959 $self->{stashed_objects} = \@more if @more;
963 sub _construct_object {
964 my ($self, @row) = @_;
966 my $info = $self->_collapse_result($self->{_attrs}{as}, \@row)
968 my @new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
969 @new = $self->{_attrs}{record_filter}->(@new)
970 if exists $self->{_attrs}{record_filter};
974 sub _collapse_result {
975 my ($self, $as_proto, $row) = @_;
977 # if the first row that ever came in is totally empty - this means we got
978 # hit by a smooth^Wempty left-joined resultset. Just noop in that case
979 # instead of producing a {}
988 return undef unless $has_def;
992 # 'foo' => [ undef, 'foo' ]
993 # 'foo.bar' => [ 'foo', 'bar' ]
994 # 'foo.bar.baz' => [ 'foo.bar', 'baz' ]
996 my @construct_as = map { [ (/^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/) ] } @$as_proto;
998 my %collapse = %{$self->{_attrs}{collapse}||{}};
1002 # if we're doing collapsing (has_many prefetch) we need to grab records
1003 # until the PK changes, so fill @pri_index. if not, we leave it empty so
1004 # we know we don't have to bother.
1006 # the reason for not using the collapse stuff directly is because if you
1007 # had for e.g. two artists in a row with no cds, the collapse info for
1008 # both would be NULL (undef) so you'd lose the second artist
1010 # store just the index so we can check the array positions from the row
1011 # without having to contruct the full hash
1013 if (keys %collapse) {
1014 my %pri = map { ($_ => 1) } $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1015 foreach my $i (0 .. $#construct_as) {
1016 next if defined($construct_as[$i][0]); # only self table
1017 if (delete $pri{$construct_as[$i][1]}) {
1018 push(@pri_index, $i);
1020 last unless keys %pri; # short circuit (Johnny Five Is Alive!)
1024 # no need to do an if, it'll be empty if @pri_index is empty anyway
1026 my %pri_vals = map { ($_ => $copy[$_]) } @pri_index;
1030 do { # no need to check anything at the front, we always want the first row
1034 foreach my $this_as (@construct_as) {
1035 $const{$this_as->[0]||''}{$this_as->[1]} = shift(@copy);
1038 push(@const_rows, \%const);
1040 } until ( # no pri_index => no collapse => drop straight out
1043 do { # get another row, stash it, drop out if different PK
1045 @copy = $self->cursor->next;
1046 $self->{stashed_row} = \@copy;
1048 # last thing in do block, counts as true if anything doesn't match
1050 # check xor defined first for NULL vs. NOT NULL then if one is
1051 # defined the other must be so check string equality
1054 (defined $pri_vals{$_} ^ defined $copy[$_])
1055 || (defined $pri_vals{$_} && ($pri_vals{$_} ne $copy[$_]))
1060 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1067 foreach my $const (@const_rows) {
1068 scalar @const_keys or do {
1069 @const_keys = sort { length($a) <=> length($b) } keys %$const;
1071 foreach my $key (@const_keys) {
1074 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
1076 my $data = $const->{$key};
1077 foreach my $p (@parts) {
1078 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
1080 if ($cur eq ".${key}" && (my @ckey = @{$collapse{$cur}||[]})) {
1081 # collapsing at this point and on final part
1082 my $pos = $collapse_pos{$cur};
1083 CK: foreach my $ck (@ckey) {
1084 if (!defined $pos->{$ck} || $pos->{$ck} ne $data->{$ck}) {
1085 $collapse_pos{$cur} = $data;
1086 delete @collapse_pos{ # clear all positioning for sub-entries
1087 grep { m/^\Q${cur}.\E/ } keys %collapse_pos
1094 if (exists $collapse{$cur}) {
1095 $target = $target->[-1];
1098 $target->[0] = $data;
1100 $info->[0] = $const->{$key};
1108 =head2 result_source
1112 =item Arguments: $result_source?
1114 =item Return Value: $result_source
1118 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1125 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1127 =item Return Value: $result_class
1131 An accessor for the class to use when creating row objects. Defaults to
1132 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1133 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1135 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1136 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1137 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/load_components>. Any overloaded methods
1138 in the original source class will not run.
1143 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1144 if ($result_class) {
1145 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class);
1146 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1148 $self->_result_class;
1155 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
1157 =item Return Value: $count
1161 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1162 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1163 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1169 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1170 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1172 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1174 # this is a little optimization - it is faster to do the limit
1175 # adjustments in software, instead of a subquery
1176 my $rows = delete $attrs->{rows};
1177 my $offset = delete $attrs->{offset};
1180 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by/)) {
1181 $crs = $self->_count_subq_rs ($attrs);
1184 $crs = $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1186 my $count = $crs->next;
1188 $count -= $offset if $offset;
1189 $count = $rows if $rows and $rows < $count;
1190 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1199 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
1201 =item Return Value: $count_rs
1205 Same as L</count> but returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> object.
1206 This can be very handy for subqueries:
1208 ->search( { amount => $some_rs->count_rs->as_query } )
1210 As with regular resultsets the SQL query will be executed only after
1211 the resultset is accessed via L</next> or L</all>. That would return
1212 the same single value obtainable via L</count>.
1218 return $self->search(@_)->count_rs if @_;
1220 # this may look like a lack of abstraction (count() does about the same)
1221 # but in fact an _rs *must* use a subquery for the limits, as the
1222 # software based limiting can not be ported if this $rs is to be used
1223 # in a subquery itself (i.e. ->as_query)
1224 if ($self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by offset rows/)) {
1225 return $self->_count_subq_rs;
1228 return $self->_count_rs;
1233 # returns a ResultSetColumn object tied to the count query
1236 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1238 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1239 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs;
1241 my $tmp_attrs = { %$attrs };
1243 # take off any limits, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering a count
1244 delete $tmp_attrs->{$_} for (qw/select as rows offset order_by record_filter/);
1246 # overwrite the selector (supplied by the storage)
1247 $tmp_attrs->{select} = $rsrc->storage->_count_select ($rsrc, $tmp_attrs);
1248 $tmp_attrs->{as} = 'count';
1250 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
1251 $tmp_attrs->{from} = $self->result_source->schema->storage->_straight_join_to_node (
1252 $tmp_attrs->{from}, $tmp_attrs->{alias}
1255 my $tmp_rs = $rsrc->resultset_class->new($rsrc, $tmp_attrs)->get_column ('count');
1261 # same as above but uses a subquery
1263 sub _count_subq_rs {
1264 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1266 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1267 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1269 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1271 # extra selectors do not go in the subquery and there is no point of ordering it
1272 delete $sub_attrs->{$_} for qw/collapse select _prefetch_select as order_by/;
1274 # if we prefetch, we group_by primary keys only as this is what we would get out
1275 # of the rs via ->next/->all. We DO WANT to clobber old group_by regardless
1276 if ( keys %{$attrs->{collapse}} ) {
1277 $sub_attrs->{group_by} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($rsrc->primary_columns) ]
1280 $sub_attrs->{select} = $rsrc->storage->_subq_count_select ($rsrc, $sub_attrs);
1282 # read the comment on top of the actual function to see what this does
1283 $sub_attrs->{from} = $self->result_source->schema->storage->_straight_join_to_node (
1284 $sub_attrs->{from}, $sub_attrs->{alias}
1287 # this is so that the query can be simplified e.g.
1288 # * non-limiting joins can be pruned
1289 # * ordering can be thrown away in things like Top limit
1290 $sub_attrs->{-for_count_only} = 1;
1292 my $sub_rs = $rsrc->resultset_class->new ($rsrc, $sub_attrs);
1295 -alias => 'count_subq',
1296 -source_handle => $rsrc->handle,
1297 count_subq => $sub_rs->as_query,
1300 # the subquery replaces this
1301 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/where bind collapse group_by having having_bind rows offset/;
1303 return $self->_count_rs ($attrs);
1310 =head2 count_literal
1314 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
1316 =item Return Value: $count
1320 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1321 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1325 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1331 =item Arguments: none
1333 =item Return Value: @objects
1337 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
1338 is returned in list context.
1345 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1348 return @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1352 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
1353 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
1354 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
1355 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
1356 # _construct_object to survive the approach
1357 $self->cursor->reset;
1358 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
1360 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
1361 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
1362 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1363 : $self->cursor->next);
1366 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
1369 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1378 =item Arguments: none
1380 =item Return Value: $self
1384 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1385 Implicitly resets the storage cursor, so a subsequent L</next> will trigger
1392 delete $self->{_attrs} if exists $self->{_attrs};
1393 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1394 $self->cursor->reset;
1402 =item Arguments: none
1404 =item Return Value: $object?
1408 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
1409 resultset returns anything).
1414 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1420 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1421 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1422 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1424 sub _rs_update_delete {
1425 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1427 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1429 # if a condition exists we need to strip all table qualifiers
1430 # if this is not possible we'll force a subquery below
1431 my $cond = $rsrc->schema->storage->_strip_cond_qualifiers ($self->{cond});
1433 my $needs_group_by_subq = $self->_has_resolved_attr (qw/collapse group_by -join/);
1434 my $needs_subq = (not defined $cond) || $self->_has_resolved_attr(qw/row offset/);
1436 if ($needs_group_by_subq or $needs_subq) {
1438 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need)
1439 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1441 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/collapse select as/;
1442 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($self->result_source->primary_columns) ];
1444 if ($needs_group_by_subq) {
1445 # make sure no group_by was supplied, or if there is one - make sure it matches
1446 # the columns compiled above perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed
1447 # on most databases so croak right then and there
1449 if (my $g = $attrs->{group_by}) {
1450 my @current_group_by = map
1451 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1456 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1458 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1460 $self->throw_exception (
1461 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
1462 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
1463 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
1464 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
1465 . ' without using one at all.'
1470 $attrs->{group_by} = $attrs->{columns};
1474 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1476 return $self->result_source->storage->_subq_update_delete($subrs, $op, $values);
1479 return $rsrc->storage->$op(
1481 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
1491 =item Arguments: \%values
1493 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1497 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1498 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
1499 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
1504 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1505 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
1506 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1508 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
1515 =item Arguments: \%values
1517 =item Return Value: 1
1521 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
1522 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
1527 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1528 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
1529 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1530 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
1531 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
1540 =item Arguments: none
1542 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1546 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
1547 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
1548 to run. See also L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>.
1550 Return value will be the amount of rows deleted; exact type of return value
1551 is storage-dependent.
1557 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
1560 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
1567 =item Arguments: none
1569 =item Return Value: 1
1573 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
1574 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
1580 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
1583 $_->delete for $self->all;
1591 =item Arguments: \@data;
1595 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of arrayrefs.
1596 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure suitable
1597 forsubmitting to a $resultset->create(...) method.
1599 In void context, C<insert_bulk> in L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> is used
1600 to insert the data, as this is a faster method.
1602 Otherwise, each set of data is inserted into the database using
1603 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create>, and the resulting objects are
1604 accumulated into an array. The array itself, or an array reference
1605 is returned depending on scalar or list context.
1607 Example: Assuming an Artist Class that has many CDs Classes relating:
1609 my $Artist_rs = $schema->resultset("Artist");
1611 ## Void Context Example
1612 $Artist_rs->populate([
1613 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
1614 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
1615 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
1618 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
1619 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company' ,year => 2005 },
1620 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
1621 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
1626 ## Array Context Example
1627 my ($ArtistOne, $ArtistTwo, $ArtistThree) = $Artist_rs->populate([
1628 { name => "Artist One"},
1629 { name => "Artist Two"},
1630 { name => "Artist Three", cds=> [
1631 { title => "First CD", year => 2007},
1632 { title => "Second CD", year => 2008},
1636 print $ArtistOne->name; ## response is 'Artist One'
1637 print $ArtistThree->cds->count ## reponse is '2'
1639 For the arrayref of arrayrefs style, the first element should be a list of the
1640 fieldsnames to which the remaining elements are rows being inserted. For
1643 $Arstist_rs->populate([
1644 [qw/artistid name/],
1645 [100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer'],
1646 [101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago'],
1647 [102, 'An actually cool singer.'],
1650 Please note an important effect on your data when choosing between void and
1651 wantarray context. Since void context goes straight to C<insert_bulk> in
1652 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> this will skip any component that is overriding
1653 C<insert>. So if you are using something like L<DBIx-Class-UUIDColumns> to
1654 create primary keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this
1655 case you will have to use the wantarray context in order to create those
1661 my $self = shift @_;
1662 my $data = ref $_[0][0] eq 'HASH'
1663 ? $_[0] : ref $_[0][0] eq 'ARRAY' ? $self->_normalize_populate_args($_[0]) :
1664 $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashes or arrayref of arrayrefs');
1666 if(defined wantarray) {
1668 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1669 push(@created, $self->create($item));
1671 return wantarray ? @created : \@created;
1673 my $first = $data->[0];
1675 # if a column is a registered relationship, and is a non-blessed hash/array, consider
1676 # it relationship data
1677 my (@rels, @columns);
1678 for (keys %$first) {
1679 my $ref = ref $first->{$_};
1680 $self->result_source->has_relationship($_) && ($ref eq 'ARRAY' or $ref eq 'HASH')
1686 my @pks = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1688 ## do the belongs_to relationships
1689 foreach my $index (0..$#$data) {
1691 # delegate to create() for any dataset without primary keys with specified relationships
1692 if (grep { !defined $data->[$index]->{$_} } @pks ) {
1694 if (grep { ref $data->[$index]{$r} eq $_ } qw/HASH ARRAY/) { # a related set must be a HASH or AoH
1695 my @ret = $self->populate($data);
1701 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1702 next unless ref $data->[$index]->{$rel} eq "HASH";
1703 my $result = $self->related_resultset($rel)->create($data->[$index]->{$rel});
1704 my ($reverse) = keys %{$self->result_source->reverse_relationship_info($rel)};
1705 my $related = $result->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1706 $result->result_source->relationship_info($reverse)->{cond},
1711 delete $data->[$index]->{$rel};
1712 $data->[$index] = {%{$data->[$index]}, %$related};
1714 push @columns, keys %$related if $index == 0;
1718 ## merge with the conditions from $self (inherited conditions)
1719 my ($inherited_cond) = $self->_merge_with_cond({});
1720 delete @{$inherited_cond}{@names};
1721 my @inherited_names = keys %$inherited_cond;
1723 foreach my $row (@$data) {
1725 @row_data{@names} = @{$row}{@names};
1726 my ($merged_cond) = $self->_merge_with_cond(\%row_data);
1727 push @values, [ @{$merged_cond}{@names, @inherited_names} ];
1729 push @names, @inherited_names;
1731 ## do bulk insert on current row
1732 $self->result_source->storage->insert_bulk(
1733 $self->result_source,
1735 [ map { [ @$_{@columns} ] } @$data ],
1738 ## do the has_many relationships
1739 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1741 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1742 next unless $item->{$rel} && ref $item->{$rel} eq "ARRAY";
1744 my $parent = $self->find({map { $_ => $item->{$_} } @pks})
1745 || $self->throw_exception('Cannot find the relating object.');
1747 my $child = $parent->$rel;
1749 my $related = $child->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1750 $parent->result_source->relationship_info($rel)->{cond},
1755 my @rows_to_add = ref $item->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$item->{$rel}} : ($item->{$rel});
1756 my @populate = map { {%$_, %$related} } @rows_to_add;
1758 $child->populate( \@populate );
1764 =head2 _normalize_populate_args ($args)
1766 Private method used by L</populate> to normalize its incoming arguments. Factored
1767 out in case you want to subclass and accept new argument structures to the
1768 L</populate> method.
1772 sub _normalize_populate_args {
1773 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1774 my @names = @{shift(@$data)};
1775 my @results_to_create;
1776 foreach my $datum (@$data) {
1777 my %result_to_create;
1778 foreach my $index (0..$#names) {
1779 $result_to_create{$names[$index]} = $$datum[$index];
1781 push @results_to_create, \%result_to_create;
1783 return \@results_to_create;
1790 =item Arguments: none
1792 =item Return Value: $pager
1796 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1797 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1799 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
1800 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
1807 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
1809 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1810 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1811 unless $self->{attrs}{page};
1812 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1814 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
1815 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
1816 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
1817 delete $count_attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset page pager/;
1818 my $total_count = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs)->count;
1820 return $self->{pager} = Data::Page->new(
1823 $self->{attrs}{page}
1831 =item Arguments: $page_number
1833 =item Return Value: $rs
1837 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1838 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1839 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1844 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1845 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
1852 =item Arguments: \%vals
1854 =item Return Value: $rowobject
1858 Creates a new row object in the resultset's result class and returns
1859 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
1860 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
1861 will tell you whether the row object has been inserted or not.
1863 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
1868 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1869 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1870 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1872 my ($merged_cond, $from_resultset) = $self->_merge_with_cond($values);
1877 ? (-from_resultset => $from_resultset)
1879 -source_handle => $self->_source_handle,
1880 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
1883 return $self->result_class->new(\%new);
1888 # Merges $values (a hashref) with the condition in the resultset and returns
1889 # the resulting hashref and an arrayref that contains the keys that are coming
1890 # from related resultsets.
1892 sub _merge_with_cond {
1893 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1895 my (%merged_cond, @from_resultset);
1897 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1900 defined $self->{cond}
1901 && $self->{cond} eq $DBIx::Class::ResultSource::UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION
1903 %merged_cond = %{ $self->{attrs}{related_objects} || {} }; # nothing might have been inserted yet
1904 @from_resultset = keys %merged_cond;
1906 $self->throw_exception(
1907 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1908 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1910 my $collapsed_cond = (
1912 ? $self->_collapse_cond($self->{cond})
1916 # precendence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
1917 # the cond, so the order here is important.
1918 my %implied = %{$self->_remove_alias($collapsed_cond, $alias)};
1919 while ( my($col, $value) = each %implied ) {
1920 if (ref($value) eq 'HASH' && keys(%$value) && (keys %$value)[0] eq '=') {
1921 $merged_cond{$col} = $value->{'='};
1924 $merged_cond{$col} = $value if $self->_is_deterministic_value($value);
1930 %{ $self->_remove_alias($values, $alias) },
1933 return (\%merged_cond, \@from_resultset);
1936 # _is_deterministic_value
1938 # Make an effor to strip non-deterministic values from the condition,
1939 # to make sure new_result chokes less
1941 sub _is_deterministic_value {
1944 my $ref_type = ref $value;
1945 return 1 if $ref_type eq '' || $ref_type eq 'SCALAR';
1946 return 1 if Scalar::Util::blessed($value);
1950 # _has_resolved_attr
1952 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
1953 # of the attributes supplied
1955 # used to determine if a subquery is neccessary
1957 # supports some virtual attributes:
1959 # This will scan for any joins being present on the resultset.
1960 # It is not a mere key-search but a deep inspection of {from}
1963 sub _has_resolved_attr {
1964 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
1966 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1970 for my $n (@attr_names) {
1971 if (grep { $n eq $_ } (qw/-join/) ) {
1972 $extra_checks{$n}++;
1976 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
1978 next if not defined $attr;
1980 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
1981 return 1 if keys %$attr;
1983 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
1991 # a resolved join is expressed as a multi-level from
1993 $extra_checks{-join}
1995 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
1997 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
2005 # Recursively collapse the condition.
2007 sub _collapse_cond {
2008 my ($self, $cond, $collapsed) = @_;
2012 if (ref $cond eq 'ARRAY') {
2013 foreach my $subcond (@$cond) {
2014 next unless ref $subcond; # -or
2015 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
2018 elsif (ref $cond eq 'HASH') {
2019 if (keys %$cond and (keys %$cond)[0] eq '-and') {
2020 foreach my $subcond (@{$cond->{-and}}) {
2021 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
2025 foreach my $col (keys %$cond) {
2026 my $value = $cond->{$col};
2027 $collapsed->{$col} = $value;
2037 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
2038 # the original query is not modified.
2041 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
2043 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
2046 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
2048 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
2051 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
2052 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
2058 =head2 as_query (EXPERIMENTAL)
2062 =item Arguments: none
2064 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, @bind ]
2068 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
2070 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
2072 B<NOTE>: This feature is still experimental.
2079 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
2084 # my ($sql, \@bind, \%dbi_bind_attrs) = _select_args_to_query (...)
2085 # $sql also has no wrapping parenthesis in list ctx
2087 my $sqlbind = $self->result_source->storage
2088 ->_select_args_to_query ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select}, $attrs->{where}, $attrs);
2097 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2099 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2103 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2104 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2106 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2107 { key => 'primary });
2109 Find an existing record from this resultset, based on its primary
2110 key, or a unique constraint. If none exists, instantiate a new result
2111 object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2112 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2114 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using
2115 a unique constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for
2118 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create>
2121 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_new> with a table having
2122 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2123 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2124 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2125 all in the call to C<find_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2131 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2132 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2133 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2136 return $self->new_result($hash);
2143 =item Arguments: \%vals
2145 =item Return Value: a L<DBIx::Class::Row> $object
2149 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2150 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2151 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2152 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2154 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2155 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2156 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2157 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2158 value will be set to its primary key.
2160 To create related objects, pass a hashref of related-object column values
2161 B<keyed on the relationship name>. If the relationship is of type C<multi>
2162 (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/has_many>) - pass an arrayref of hashrefs.
2163 The process will correctly identify columns holding foreign keys, and will
2164 transparrently populate them from the keys of the corresponding relation.
2165 This can be applied recursively, and will work correctly for a structure
2166 with an arbitrary depth and width, as long as the relationships actually
2167 exists and the correct column data has been supplied.
2170 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2171 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2172 L</new>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2174 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
2176 Example of creating a new row.
2178 $person_rs->create({
2179 name=>"Some Person",
2180 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2183 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2184 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2187 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2188 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2189 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2194 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2195 C<belongs_to>resultset. Note Hashref.
2198 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2201 name=>"Silly Musician",
2209 When subclassing ResultSet never attempt to override this method. Since
2210 it is a simple shortcut for C<< $self->new_result($attrs)->insert >>, a
2211 lot of the internals simply never call it, so your override will be
2212 bypassed more often than not. Override either L<new|DBIx::Class::Row/new>
2213 or L<insert|DBIx::Class::Row/insert> depending on how early in the
2214 L</create> process you need to intervene.
2221 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
2222 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
2223 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
2224 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
2227 =head2 find_or_create
2231 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2233 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2237 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2238 { key => 'primary' });
2240 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2241 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2243 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2245 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2246 title => 'Mezzanine',
2250 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2251 constraint. For example:
2253 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2255 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2256 title => 'Mezzanine',
2258 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2261 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2262 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2263 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2264 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2265 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2267 B<Note>: Take care when using C<find_or_create> with a table having
2268 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2269 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2270 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2271 all in the call to C<find_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2273 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2274 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2278 sub find_or_create {
2280 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2281 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2282 if (keys %$hash and my $row = $self->find($hash, $attrs) ) {
2285 return $self->create($hash);
2288 =head2 update_or_create
2292 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2294 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2298 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2300 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2301 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2302 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
2305 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2308 # In your application
2309 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
2311 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2312 title => 'Mezzanine',
2315 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2318 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
2319 producer => $producer,
2326 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
2327 source, including the primary key.
2329 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
2331 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2332 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2334 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_create> with a table having
2335 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2336 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2337 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2338 all in the call to C<update_or_create>, even when set to C<undef>.
2342 sub update_or_create {
2344 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2345 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2347 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
2349 $row->update($cond);
2353 return $self->create($cond);
2356 =head2 update_or_new
2360 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2362 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2366 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
2368 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2369 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2370 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, instantiate
2371 a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2372 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2374 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2377 # In your application
2378 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
2380 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2381 title => 'Mezzanine',
2384 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2387 if ($cd->in_storage) {
2388 # the cd was updated
2391 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
2395 B<Note>: Take care when using C<update_or_new> with a table having
2396 columns with default values that you intend to be automatically
2397 supplied by the database (e.g. an auto_increment primary key column).
2398 In normal usage, the value of such columns should NOT be included at
2399 all in the call to C<update_or_new>, even when set to C<undef>.
2401 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L</find_or_new>.
2407 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
2408 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2410 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
2411 if ( defined $row ) {
2412 $row->update($cond);
2416 return $self->new_result($cond);
2423 =item Arguments: none
2425 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
2429 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
2431 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
2432 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
2444 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
2446 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
2450 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
2451 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
2452 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
2453 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
2455 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
2456 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
2461 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
2462 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
2463 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
2464 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
2471 =item Arguments: none
2473 =item Return Value: []
2477 Clears the cache for the resultset.
2482 shift->set_cache(undef);
2489 =item Arguments: none
2491 =item Return Value: true, if the resultset has been paginated
2499 return !!$self->{attrs}{page};
2502 =head2 related_resultset
2506 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
2508 =item Return Value: $resultset
2512 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
2514 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
2518 sub related_resultset {
2519 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
2521 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
2522 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
2523 my $rel_info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
2525 $self->throw_exception(
2526 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->source_name .
2527 "' has no such relationship $rel")
2530 my ($from,$seen) = $self->_chain_relationship($rel);
2532 my $join_count = $seen->{$rel};
2533 my $alias = ($join_count > 1 ? join('_', $rel, $join_count) : $rel);
2535 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
2536 my %attrs = %{$self->{attrs}||{}};
2537 delete @attrs{qw(result_class alias)};
2541 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
2542 if ($cache->[0] && $cache->[0]->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache) {
2543 $new_cache = [ map { @{$_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache} }
2548 my $rel_source = $self->result_source->related_source($rel);
2552 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
2553 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
2554 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
2555 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
2556 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
2558 my $attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
2559 local $attrs->{alias} = $alias;
2561 $rel_source->resultset
2569 where => $self->{cond},
2574 $new->set_cache($new_cache) if $new_cache;
2579 =head2 current_source_alias
2583 =item Arguments: none
2585 =item Return Value: $source_alias
2589 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
2590 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
2592 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
2593 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
2594 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
2595 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
2596 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
2597 (and make this method unnecessary).
2599 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
2600 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
2601 source alias of the current result set:
2603 # in a result set class
2605 my ($self, $user) = @_;
2607 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
2609 return $self->search(
2610 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
2616 sub current_source_alias {
2619 return ($self->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
2622 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
2623 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
2624 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
2625 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
2626 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
2627 # current prefetch is not considered)
2629 # The increments happen in 1/2s to make it easier to correlate the
2630 # join depth with the join path. An integer means a relationship
2631 # specified via a search_related, whereas a fraction means an added
2632 # join/prefetch via attributes
2633 sub _chain_relationship {
2634 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
2635 my $source = $self->result_source;
2636 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2642 -source_handle => $source->handle,
2643 -alias => $attrs->{alias},
2644 $attrs->{alias} => $source->from,
2648 my $seen = { %{$attrs->{seen_join} || {} } };
2649 my $jpath = ($attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
2650 ? $from->[-1][0]{-join_path}
2654 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
2655 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
2656 my $merged = $self->_merge_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2658 my @requested_joins = $source->_resolve_join(
2665 push @$from, @requested_joins;
2667 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2669 # if $self already had a join/prefetch specified on it, the requested
2670 # $rel might very well be already included. What we do in this case
2671 # is effectively a no-op (except that we bump up the chain_depth on
2672 # the join in question so we could tell it *is* the search_related)
2676 # we consider the last one thus reverse
2677 for my $j (reverse @requested_joins) {
2678 if ($rel eq $j->[0]{-join_path}[-1]) {
2679 $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2685 # alternative way to scan the entire chain - not backwards compatible
2686 # for my $j (reverse @$from) {
2687 # next unless ref $j eq 'ARRAY';
2688 # if ($j->[0]{-join_path} && $j->[0]{-join_path}[-1] eq $rel) {
2689 # $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2690 # $already_joined++;
2695 unless ($already_joined) {
2696 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join(
2704 $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} += 0.5;
2706 return ($from,$seen);
2709 # too many times we have to do $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} }
2710 sub _resolved_attrs_copy {
2712 return { %{$self->_resolved_attrs (@_)} };
2715 sub _resolved_attrs {
2717 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
2719 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
2720 my $source = $self->result_source;
2721 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
2723 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if exists $attrs->{cols};
2726 # build columns (as long as select isn't set) into a set of as/select hashes
2727 unless ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2729 my @cols = ( ref($attrs->{columns}) eq 'ARRAY' )
2730 ? @{ delete $attrs->{columns}}
2732 ( delete $attrs->{columns} )
2739 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2743 /^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/
2757 # add the additional columns on
2758 foreach ( 'include_columns', '+columns' ) {
2759 push @colbits, map {
2760 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2762 : { ( split( /\./, $_ ) )[-1] => ( /\./ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" ) }
2763 } ( ref($attrs->{$_}) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? @{ delete $attrs->{$_} } : delete $attrs->{$_} if ( $attrs->{$_} );
2766 # start with initial select items
2767 if ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2769 ( ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' )
2770 ? [ @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2771 : [ $attrs->{select} ];
2775 ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY'
2776 ? [ @{ $attrs->{as} } ]
2779 : [ map { m/^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2784 # otherwise we intialise select & as to empty
2785 $attrs->{select} = [];
2789 # now add colbits to select/as
2790 push( @{ $attrs->{select} }, map { values( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2791 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, map { keys( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2794 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+select'} ) {
2795 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2797 @{ $attrs->{select} },
2798 map { /\./ || ref $_ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @$adds
2801 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+as'} ) {
2802 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2803 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, @$adds );
2806 $attrs->{from} ||= [ {
2807 -source_handle => $source->handle,
2808 -alias => $self->{attrs}{alias},
2809 $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from,
2812 if ( $attrs->{join} || $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2814 $self->throw_exception ('join/prefetch can not be used with a custom {from}')
2815 if ref $attrs->{from} ne 'ARRAY';
2817 my $join = delete $attrs->{join} || {};
2819 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2820 $join = $self->_merge_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2823 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
2825 @{ $attrs->{from} },
2826 $source->_resolve_join(
2829 { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } },
2830 ($attrs->{seen_join} && keys %{$attrs->{seen_join}})
2831 ? $attrs->{from}[-1][0]{-join_path}
2838 if ( defined $attrs->{order_by} ) {
2839 $attrs->{order_by} = (
2840 ref( $attrs->{order_by} ) eq 'ARRAY'
2841 ? [ @{ $attrs->{order_by} } ]
2842 : [ $attrs->{order_by} || () ]
2846 if ($attrs->{group_by} and ref $attrs->{group_by} ne 'ARRAY') {
2847 $attrs->{group_by} = [ $attrs->{group_by} ];
2850 # generate the distinct induced group_by early, as prefetch will be carried via a
2851 # subquery (since a group_by is present)
2852 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
2853 if ($attrs->{group_by}) {
2854 carp ("Useless use of distinct on a grouped resultset ('distinct' is ignored when a 'group_by' is present)");
2857 $attrs->{group_by} = [ grep { !ref($_) || (ref($_) ne 'HASH') } @{$attrs->{select}} ];
2859 # add any order_by parts that are not already present in the group_by
2860 # we need to be careful not to add any named functions/aggregates
2861 # i.e. select => [ ... { count => 'foo', -as 'foocount' } ... ]
2862 my %already_grouped = map { $_ => 1 } (@{$attrs->{group_by}});
2864 my $storage = $self->result_source->schema->storage;
2865 my $rs_column_list = $storage->_resolve_column_info ($attrs->{from});
2866 my @chunks = $storage->sql_maker->_order_by_chunks ($attrs->{order_by});
2868 for my $chunk (map { ref $_ ? @$_ : $_ } (@chunks) ) {
2869 $chunk =~ s/\s+ (?: ASC|DESC ) \s* $//ix;
2870 if ($rs_column_list->{$chunk} && not $already_grouped{$chunk}++) {
2871 push @{$attrs->{group_by}}, $chunk;
2877 $attrs->{collapse} ||= {};
2878 if ( my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2879 $prefetch = $self->_merge_attr( {}, $prefetch );
2881 my $prefetch_ordering = [];
2883 my $join_map = $self->_joinpath_aliases ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{seen_join});
2886 $source->_resolve_prefetch( $prefetch, $alias, $join_map, $prefetch_ordering, $attrs->{collapse} );
2888 # we need to somehow mark which columns came from prefetch
2889 $attrs->{_prefetch_select} = [ map { $_->[0] } @prefetch ];
2891 push @{ $attrs->{select} }, @{$attrs->{_prefetch_select}};
2892 push @{ $attrs->{as} }, (map { $_->[1] } @prefetch);
2894 push( @{$attrs->{order_by}}, @$prefetch_ordering );
2895 $attrs->{_collapse_order_by} = \@$prefetch_ordering;
2898 # if both page and offset are specified, produce a combined offset
2899 # even though it doesn't make much sense, this is what pre 081xx has
2901 if (my $page = delete $attrs->{page}) {
2903 ($attrs->{rows} * ($page - 1))
2905 ($attrs->{offset} || 0)
2909 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
2912 sub _joinpath_aliases {
2913 my ($self, $fromspec, $seen) = @_;
2916 return $paths unless ref $fromspec eq 'ARRAY';
2918 my $cur_depth = $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} || 0;
2920 if (int ($cur_depth) != $cur_depth) {
2921 $self->throw_exception ("-relation_chain_depth is not an integer, something went horribly wrong ($cur_depth)");
2924 for my $j (@$fromspec) {
2926 next if ref $j ne 'ARRAY';
2927 next if ($j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} || 0) < $cur_depth;
2929 my $jpath = $j->[0]{-join_path};
2932 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @{$jpath}[$cur_depth .. $#$jpath];
2933 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-alias};
2940 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2942 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2943 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
2944 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2945 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
2951 sub _rollout_array {
2952 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2955 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
2956 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
2957 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
2958 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
2959 # XXX - should probably recurse here
2960 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
2962 push( @rolled_array, $element );
2965 return \@rolled_array;
2969 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2972 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
2973 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
2975 return \@rolled_array;
2978 sub _calculate_score {
2979 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
2981 if (defined $a xor defined $b) {
2984 elsif (not defined $a) {
2988 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
2989 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
2990 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2991 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2992 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
2993 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
2998 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
3001 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
3002 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
3003 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
3005 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
3011 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
3013 return $import unless defined($orig);
3014 return $orig unless defined($import);
3016 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
3017 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
3020 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
3021 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
3022 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
3023 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
3024 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
3025 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
3026 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
3027 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
3031 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
3033 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
3034 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
3036 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
3037 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
3038 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
3039 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
3040 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
3041 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
3042 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
3045 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
3055 $self->_source_handle($_[0]->handle);
3057 $self->_source_handle->resolve;
3061 =head2 throw_exception
3063 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
3067 sub throw_exception {
3070 if (ref $self && $self->_source_handle->schema) {
3071 $self->_source_handle->schema->throw_exception(@_)
3074 DBIx::Class::Exception->throw(@_);
3078 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
3082 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
3083 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
3084 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
3087 These are in no particular order:
3093 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
3097 Which column(s) to order the results by.
3099 [The full list of suitable values is documented in
3100 L<SQL::Abstract/"ORDER BY CLAUSES">; the following is a summary of
3103 If a single column name, or an arrayref of names is supplied, the
3104 argument is passed through directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows
3105 for connection-agnostic specification of ordering direction:
3107 For descending order:
3109 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
3111 For explicit ascending order:
3113 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
3115 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
3116 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
3117 syntax as outlined above.
3123 =item Value: \@columns
3127 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
3128 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
3129 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
3130 expression). Adds C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
3131 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
3132 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
3133 earlier versions of DBIC.)
3139 =item Value: \@columns
3143 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same
3144 as L</columns> but adds columns to the selection. (You may also use the
3145 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC). For
3148 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
3149 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
3153 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
3154 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
3155 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
3156 accessor in the related table.
3158 =head2 include_columns
3162 =item Value: \@columns
3166 Deprecated. Acts as a synonym for L</+columns> for backward compatibility.
3172 =item Value: \@select_columns
3176 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
3177 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
3180 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3183 { count => 'employeeid' },
3188 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
3189 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
3190 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
3192 B<NOTE:> You will almost always need a corresponding 'as' entry when you use
3199 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
3200 L</select> but adds columns to the selection.
3208 Indicates additional column names for those added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
3216 =item Value: \@inflation_names
3220 Indicates column names for object inflation. That is, C<as>
3221 indicates the name that the column can be accessed as via the
3222 C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor, B<if one already
3223 exists>). It has nothing to do with the SQL code C<SELECT foo AS bar>.
3225 The C<as> attribute is used in conjunction with C<select>,
3226 usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
3229 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
3232 { count => 'employeeid' }
3234 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
3237 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
3239 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
3240 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
3241 the accessor as normal:
3243 my $name = $employee->name();
3245 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
3246 use C<get_column> instead:
3248 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
3250 You can create your own accessors if required - see
3251 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
3253 Please note: This will NOT insert an C<AS employee_count> into the SQL
3254 statement produced, it is used for internal access only. Thus
3255 attempting to use the accessor in an C<order_by> clause or similar
3256 will fail miserably.
3258 To get around this limitation, you can supply literal SQL to your
3259 C<select> attibute that contains the C<AS alias> text, eg:
3261 select => [\'myfield AS alias']
3267 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3271 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
3274 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
3275 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3276 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
3277 { join => 'artist' }
3280 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
3283 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
3284 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
3285 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
3286 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
3287 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
3288 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
3291 # In your application
3292 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3293 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
3295 join => { cd => 'track' },
3296 order_by => 'artist.name',
3300 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
3301 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
3302 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
3304 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
3305 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3308 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
3310 { join => 'tracks' }
3313 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
3314 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
3316 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
3317 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
3318 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
3320 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
3323 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
3324 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
3326 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
3329 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
3335 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3339 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with
3340 the main query (when they are accessed afterwards the data will
3341 already be available, without extra queries to the database). This is
3342 useful for when you know you will need the related objects, because it
3343 saves at least one query:
3345 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
3354 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
3356 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
3357 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
3358 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
3360 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
3361 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
3364 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
3365 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
3367 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
3368 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
3369 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter'). A more complex example that
3370 prefetches an artists cds, the tracks on those cds, and the tags associted
3371 with that artist is given below (assuming many-to-many from artists to tags):
3373 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3377 { cds => 'tracks' },
3378 { artist_tags => 'tags' }
3384 B<NOTE:> If you specify a C<prefetch> attribute, the C<join> and C<select>
3385 attributes will be ignored.
3387 B<CAVEATs>: Prefetch does a lot of deep magic. As such, it may not behave
3388 exactly as you might expect.
3394 Prefetch uses the L</cache> to populate the prefetched relationships. This
3395 may or may not be what you want.
3399 If you specify a condition on a prefetched relationship, ONLY those
3400 rows that match the prefetched condition will be fetched into that relationship.
3401 This means that adding prefetch to a search() B<may alter> what is returned by
3402 traversing a relationship. So, if you have C<< Artist->has_many(CDs) >> and you do
3404 my $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
3410 my $count = $artist_rs->first->cds->count;
3412 my $artist_rs_prefetch = $artist_rs->search( {}, { prefetch => 'cds' } );
3414 my $prefetch_count = $artist_rs_prefetch->first->cds->count;
3416 cmp_ok( $count, '==', $prefetch_count, "Counts should be the same" );
3418 that cmp_ok() may or may not pass depending on the datasets involved. This
3419 behavior may or may not survive the 0.09 transition.
3431 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
3432 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
3435 If L<rows> attribute is not specified it defaults to 10 rows per page.
3437 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
3438 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
3439 C<total_entries> on it.
3449 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
3450 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
3456 =item Value: $offset
3460 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
3461 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
3467 =item Value: \@columns
3471 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
3473 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
3479 =item Value: $condition
3483 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
3484 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
3487 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
3493 =item Value: (0 | 1)
3497 Set to 1 to group by all columns. If the resultset already has a group_by
3498 attribute, this setting is ignored and an appropriate warning is issued.
3504 Adds to the WHERE clause.
3506 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
3507 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } }); )
3509 Can be overridden by passing C<< { where => undef } >> as an attribute
3516 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
3517 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
3519 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
3521 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
3525 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
3527 By default, searches are not cached.
3529 For more examples of using these attributes, see
3530 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
3536 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' )
3540 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT