1 package DBIx::Class::ResultSet;
9 use Carp::Clan qw/^DBIx::Class/;
12 use DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn;
13 use DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle;
16 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
18 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/_result_class _source_handle/);
22 DBIx::Class::ResultSet - Represents a query used for fetching a set of results.
26 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
27 my $registered_users_rs = $schema->resultset('User')->search({ registered => 1 });
28 my @cds_in_2005 = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ year => 2005 })->all();
32 A ResultSet is an object which stores a set of conditions representing
33 a query. It is the backbone of DBIx::Class (i.e. the really
34 important/useful bit).
36 No SQL is executed on the database when a ResultSet is created, it
37 just stores all the conditions needed to create the query.
39 A basic ResultSet representing the data of an entire table is returned
40 by calling C<resultset> on a L<DBIx::Class::Schema> and passing in a
41 L<Source|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/Source> name.
43 my $users_rs = $schema->resultset('User');
45 A new ResultSet is returned from calling L</search> on an existing
46 ResultSet. The new one will contain all the conditions of the
47 original, plus any new conditions added in the C<search> call.
49 A ResultSet also incorporates an implicit iterator. L</next> and L</reset>
50 can be used to walk through all the L<DBIx::Class::Row>s the ResultSet
53 The query that the ResultSet represents is B<only> executed against
54 the database when these methods are called:
55 L</find> L</next> L</all> L</first> L</single> L</count>
59 =head2 Chaining resultsets
61 Let's say you've got a query that needs to be run to return some data
62 to the user. But, you have an authorization system in place that
63 prevents certain users from seeing certain information. So, you want
64 to construct the basic query in one method, but add constraints to it in
69 my $request = $self->get_request; # Get a request object somehow.
70 my $schema = $self->get_schema; # Get the DBIC schema object somehow.
72 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
73 title => $request->param('title'),
74 year => $request->param('year'),
77 $self->apply_security_policy( $cd_rs );
82 sub apply_security_policy {
91 =head3 Resolving conditions and attributes
93 When a resultset is chained from another resultset, conditions and
94 attributes with the same keys need resolving.
96 L</join>, L</prefetch>, L</+select>, L</+as> attributes are merged
97 into the existing ones from the original resultset.
99 The L</where>, L</having> attribute, and any search conditions are
100 merged with an SQL C<AND> to the existing condition from the original
103 All other attributes are overridden by any new ones supplied in the
106 =head2 Multiple queries
108 Since a resultset just defines a query, you can do all sorts of
109 things with it with the same object.
111 # Don't hit the DB yet.
112 my $cd_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
113 title => 'something',
117 # Each of these hits the DB individually.
118 my $count = $cd_rs->count;
119 my $most_recent = $cd_rs->get_column('date_released')->max();
120 my @records = $cd_rs->all;
122 And it's not just limited to SELECT statements.
128 $cd_rs->create({ artist => 'Fred' });
130 Which is the same as:
132 $schema->resultset('CD')->create({
133 title => 'something',
138 See: L</search>, L</count>, L</get_column>, L</all>, L</create>.
142 If a resultset is used in a numeric context it returns the L</count>.
143 However, if it is used in a booleand context it is always true. So if
144 you want to check if a resultset has any results use C<if $rs != 0>.
145 C<if $rs> will always be true.
153 =item Arguments: $source, \%$attrs
155 =item Return Value: $rs
159 The resultset constructor. Takes a source object (usually a
160 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSourceProxy::Table>) and an attribute hash (see
161 L</ATTRIBUTES> below). Does not perform any queries -- these are
162 executed as needed by the other methods.
164 Generally you won't need to construct a resultset manually. You'll
165 automatically get one from e.g. a L</search> called in scalar context:
167 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({ title => '100th Window' });
169 IMPORTANT: If called on an object, proxies to new_result instead so
171 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->new({ title => 'Spoon' });
173 will return a CD object, not a ResultSet.
179 return $class->new_result(@_) if ref $class;
181 my ($source, $attrs) = @_;
182 $source = $source->handle
183 unless $source->isa('DBIx::Class::ResultSourceHandle');
184 $attrs = { %{$attrs||{}} };
186 if ($attrs->{page}) {
187 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
190 $attrs->{alias} ||= 'me';
192 # Creation of {} and bless separated to mitigate RH perl bug
193 # see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=196836
195 _source_handle => $source,
196 cond => $attrs->{where},
205 $attrs->{result_class} || $source->resolve->result_class
215 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
217 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
221 my @cds = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2001 }); # "... WHERE year = 2001"
222 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search({ year => 2005 });
224 my $new_rs = $cd_rs->search([ { year => 2005 }, { year => 2004 } ]);
225 # year = 2005 OR year = 2004
227 If you need to pass in additional attributes but no additional condition,
228 call it as C<search(undef, \%attrs)>.
230 # "SELECT name, artistid FROM $artist_table"
231 my @all_artists = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(undef, {
232 columns => [qw/name artistid/],
235 For a list of attributes that can be passed to C<search>, see
236 L</ATTRIBUTES>. For more examples of using this function, see
237 L<Searching|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching>. For a complete
238 documentation for the first argument, see L<SQL::Abstract>.
240 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
246 my $rs = $self->search_rs( @_ );
247 return (wantarray ? $rs->all : $rs);
254 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
256 =item Return Value: $resultset
260 This method does the same exact thing as search() except it will
261 always return a resultset, even in list context.
268 # Special-case handling for (undef, undef).
269 if ( @_ == 2 && !defined $_[1] && !defined $_[0] ) {
274 $attrs = pop(@_) if @_ > 1 and ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH';
275 my $our_attrs = { %{$self->{attrs}} };
276 my $having = delete $our_attrs->{having};
277 my $where = delete $our_attrs->{where};
281 my %safe = (alias => 1, cache => 1);
284 (@_ && defined($_[0])) # @_ == () or (undef)
286 (keys %$attrs # empty attrs or only 'safe' attrs
287 && List::Util::first { !$safe{$_} } keys %$attrs)
289 # no search, effectively just a clone
290 $rows = $self->get_cache;
293 my $new_attrs = { %{$our_attrs}, %{$attrs} };
295 # merge new attrs into inherited
296 foreach my $key (qw/join prefetch +select +as bind/) {
297 next unless exists $attrs->{$key};
298 $new_attrs->{$key} = $self->_merge_attr($our_attrs->{$key}, $attrs->{$key});
303 (@_ == 1 || ref $_[0] eq "HASH")
305 (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH')
307 (keys %{ $_[0] } > 0)
315 ? $self->throw_exception("Odd number of arguments to search")
322 if (defined $where) {
323 $new_attrs->{where} = (
324 defined $new_attrs->{where}
327 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
328 } $where, $new_attrs->{where}
335 $new_attrs->{where} = (
336 defined $new_attrs->{where}
339 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
340 } $cond, $new_attrs->{where}
346 if (defined $having) {
347 $new_attrs->{having} = (
348 defined $new_attrs->{having}
351 ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_
352 } $having, $new_attrs->{having}
358 my $rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $new_attrs);
360 $rs->set_cache($rows);
365 =head2 search_literal
369 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
371 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
375 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('year = ? AND title = ?', qw/2001 Reload/);
376 my $newrs = $artist_rs->search_literal('name = ?', 'Metallica');
378 Pass a literal chunk of SQL to be added to the conditional part of the
381 CAVEAT: C<search_literal> is provided for Class::DBI compatibility and should
382 only be used in that context. C<search_literal> is a convenience method.
383 It is equivalent to calling $schema->search(\[]), but if you want to ensure
384 columns are bound correctly, use C<search>.
386 Example of how to use C<search> instead of C<search_literal>
388 my @cds = $cd_rs->search_literal('cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', (2, 1, 2));
389 my @cds = $cd_rs->search(\[ 'cdid = ? AND (artist = ? OR artist = ?)', [ 'cdid', 2 ], [ 'artist', 1 ], [ 'artist', 2 ] ]);
392 See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Searching> and
393 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ/Searching> for searching techniques that do not
394 require C<search_literal>.
399 my ($self, $sql, @bind) = @_;
401 if ( @bind && ref($bind[-1]) eq 'HASH' ) {
404 return $self->search(\[ $sql, map [ __DUMMY__ => $_ ], @bind ], ($attr || () ));
411 =item Arguments: @values | \%cols, \%attrs?
413 =item Return Value: $row_object | undef
417 Finds a row based on its primary key or unique constraint. For example, to find
418 a row by its primary key:
420 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(5);
422 You can also find a row by a specific unique constraint using the C<key>
423 attribute. For example:
425 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find('Massive Attack', 'Mezzanine', {
426 key => 'cd_artist_title'
429 Additionally, you can specify the columns explicitly by name:
431 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(
433 artist => 'Massive Attack',
434 title => 'Mezzanine',
436 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
439 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
441 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
442 source for which column data is provided, including the primary key.
444 If your table does not have a primary key, you B<must> provide a value for the
445 C<key> attribute matching one of the unique constraints on the source.
447 In addition to C<key>, L</find> recognizes and applies standard
448 L<resultset attributes|/ATTRIBUTES> in the same way as L</search> does.
450 Note: If your query does not return only one row, a warning is generated:
452 Query returned more than one row
454 See also L</find_or_create> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to
455 declare unique constraints, see
456 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
462 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
464 # Default to the primary key, but allow a specific key
465 my @cols = exists $attrs->{key}
466 ? $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key})
467 : $self->result_source->primary_columns;
468 $self->throw_exception(
469 "Can't find unless a primary key is defined or unique constraint is specified"
472 # Parse out a hashref from input
474 if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') {
475 $input_query = { %{$_[0]} };
477 elsif (@_ == @cols) {
479 @{$input_query}{@cols} = @_;
482 # Compatibility: Allow e.g. find(id => $value)
483 carp "Find by key => value deprecated; please use a hashref instead";
487 my (%related, $info);
489 KEY: foreach my $key (keys %$input_query) {
490 if (ref($input_query->{$key})
491 && ($info = $self->result_source->relationship_info($key))) {
492 my $val = delete $input_query->{$key};
493 next KEY if (ref($val) eq 'ARRAY'); # has_many for multi_create
494 my $rel_q = $self->result_source->_resolve_condition(
495 $info->{cond}, $val, $key
497 die "Can't handle OR join condition in find" if ref($rel_q) eq 'ARRAY';
498 @related{keys %$rel_q} = values %$rel_q;
501 if (my @keys = keys %related) {
502 @{$input_query}{@keys} = values %related;
506 # Build the final query: Default to the disjunction of the unique queries,
507 # but allow the input query in case the ResultSet defines the query or the
508 # user is abusing find
509 my $alias = exists $attrs->{alias} ? $attrs->{alias} : $self->{attrs}{alias};
511 if (exists $attrs->{key}) {
512 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($attrs->{key});
513 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($input_query, \@unique_cols);
514 $query = $self->_add_alias($unique_query, $alias);
517 my @unique_queries = $self->_unique_queries($input_query, $attrs);
518 $query = @unique_queries
519 ? [ map { $self->_add_alias($_, $alias) } @unique_queries ]
520 : $self->_add_alias($input_query, $alias);
525 my $rs = $self->search($query, $attrs);
526 if (keys %{$rs->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
528 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
536 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
537 my $rs = $self->search($query);
539 carp "Query returned more than one row" if $rs->next;
543 return $self->single($query);
550 # Add the specified alias to the specified query hash. A copy is made so the
551 # original query is not modified.
554 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
556 my %aliased = %$query;
557 foreach my $col (grep { ! m/\./ } keys %aliased) {
558 $aliased{"$alias.$col"} = delete $aliased{$col};
566 # Build a list of queries which satisfy unique constraints.
568 sub _unique_queries {
569 my ($self, $query, $attrs) = @_;
571 my @constraint_names = exists $attrs->{key}
573 : $self->result_source->unique_constraint_names;
575 my $where = $self->_collapse_cond($self->{attrs}{where} || {});
576 my $num_where = scalar keys %$where;
579 foreach my $name (@constraint_names) {
580 my @unique_cols = $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
581 my $unique_query = $self->_build_unique_query($query, \@unique_cols);
583 my $num_cols = scalar @unique_cols;
584 my $num_query = scalar keys %$unique_query;
586 my $total = $num_query + $num_where;
587 if ($num_query && ($num_query == $num_cols || $total == $num_cols)) {
588 # The query is either unique on its own or is unique in combination with
589 # the existing where clause
590 push @unique_queries, $unique_query;
594 return @unique_queries;
597 # _build_unique_query
599 # Constrain the specified query hash based on the specified column names.
601 sub _build_unique_query {
602 my ($self, $query, $unique_cols) = @_;
605 map { $_ => $query->{$_} }
606 grep { exists $query->{$_} }
611 =head2 search_related
615 =item Arguments: $rel, $cond, \%attrs?
617 =item Return Value: $new_resultset
621 $new_rs = $cd_rs->search_related('artist', {
625 Searches the specified relationship, optionally specifying a condition and
626 attributes for matching records. See L</ATTRIBUTES> for more information.
631 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search(@_);
634 =head2 search_related_rs
636 This method works exactly the same as search_related, except that
637 it guarantees a restultset, even in list context.
641 sub search_related_rs {
642 return shift->related_resultset(shift)->search_rs(@_);
649 =item Arguments: none
651 =item Return Value: $cursor
655 Returns a storage-driven cursor to the given resultset. See
656 L<DBIx::Class::Cursor> for more information.
663 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
664 return $self->{cursor}
665 ||= $self->result_source->storage->select($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
666 $attrs->{where},$attrs);
673 =item Arguments: $cond?
675 =item Return Value: $row_object?
679 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->single({ year => 2001 });
681 Inflates the first result without creating a cursor if the resultset has
682 any records in it; if not returns nothing. Used by L</find> as a lean version of
685 While this method can take an optional search condition (just like L</search>)
686 being a fast-code-path it does not recognize search attributes. If you need to
687 add extra joins or similar, call L</search> and then chain-call L</single> on the
688 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> returned.
694 As of 0.08100, this method enforces the assumption that the preceeding
695 query returns only one row. If more than one row is returned, you will receive
698 Query returned more than one row
700 In this case, you should be using L</first> or L</find> instead, or if you really
701 know what you are doing, use the L</rows> attribute to explicitly limit the size
709 my ($self, $where) = @_;
711 $self->throw_exception('single() only takes search conditions, no attributes. You want ->search( $cond, $attrs )->single()');
714 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
716 if (defined $attrs->{where}) {
719 [ map { ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' ? [ -or => $_ ] : $_ }
720 $where, delete $attrs->{where} ]
723 $attrs->{where} = $where;
727 # XXX: Disabled since it doesn't infer uniqueness in all cases
728 # unless ($self->_is_unique_query($attrs->{where})) {
729 # carp "Query not guaranteed to return a single row"
730 # . "; please declare your unique constraints or use search instead";
733 my @data = $self->result_source->storage->select_single(
734 $attrs->{from}, $attrs->{select},
735 $attrs->{where}, $attrs
738 return (@data ? ($self->_construct_object(@data))[0] : undef);
743 # Try to determine if the specified query is guaranteed to be unique, based on
744 # the declared unique constraints.
746 sub _is_unique_query {
747 my ($self, $query) = @_;
749 my $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($query);
750 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
752 foreach my $name ($self->result_source->unique_constraint_names) {
753 my @unique_cols = map {
755 } $self->result_source->unique_constraint_columns($name);
757 # Count the values for each unique column
758 my %seen = map { $_ => 0 } @unique_cols;
760 foreach my $key (keys %$collapsed) {
761 my $aliased = $key =~ /\./ ? $key : "$alias.$key";
762 next unless exists $seen{$aliased}; # Additional constraints are okay
763 $seen{$aliased} = scalar keys %{ $collapsed->{$key} };
766 # If we get 0 or more than 1 value for a column, it's not necessarily unique
767 return 1 unless grep { $_ != 1 } values %seen;
775 # Recursively collapse the query, accumulating values for each column.
777 sub _collapse_query {
778 my ($self, $query, $collapsed) = @_;
782 if (ref $query eq 'ARRAY') {
783 foreach my $subquery (@$query) {
784 next unless ref $subquery; # -or
785 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
788 elsif (ref $query eq 'HASH') {
789 if (keys %$query and (keys %$query)[0] eq '-and') {
790 foreach my $subquery (@{$query->{-and}}) {
791 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_query($subquery, $collapsed);
795 foreach my $col (keys %$query) {
796 my $value = $query->{$col};
797 $collapsed->{$col}{$value}++;
809 =item Arguments: $cond?
811 =item Return Value: $resultsetcolumn
815 my $max_length = $rs->get_column('length')->max;
817 Returns a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> instance for a column of the ResultSet.
822 my ($self, $column) = @_;
823 my $new = DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn->new($self, $column);
831 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs?
833 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
837 # WHERE title LIKE '%blue%'
838 $cd_rs = $rs->search_like({ title => '%blue%'});
840 Performs a search, but uses C<LIKE> instead of C<=> as the condition. Note
841 that this is simply a convenience method retained for ex Class::DBI users.
842 You most likely want to use L</search> with specific operators.
844 For more information, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
846 This method is deprecated and will be removed in 0.09. Use L</search()>
847 instead. An example conversion is:
849 ->search_like({ foo => 'bar' });
853 ->search({ foo => { like => 'bar' } });
860 'search_like() is deprecated and will be removed in DBIC version 0.09.'
861 .' Instead use ->search({ x => { -like => "y%" } })'
862 .' (note the outer pair of {}s - they are important!)'
864 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
865 my $query = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? { %{shift()} }: {@_};
866 $query->{$_} = { 'like' => $query->{$_} } for keys %$query;
867 return $class->search($query, { %$attrs });
874 =item Arguments: $first, $last
876 =item Return Value: $resultset (scalar context), @row_objs (list context)
880 Returns a resultset or object list representing a subset of elements from the
881 resultset slice is called on. Indexes are from 0, i.e., to get the first
884 my ($one, $two, $three) = $rs->slice(0, 2);
889 my ($self, $min, $max) = @_;
890 my $attrs = {}; # = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
891 $attrs->{offset} = $self->{attrs}{offset} || 0;
892 $attrs->{offset} += $min;
893 $attrs->{rows} = ($max ? ($max - $min + 1) : 1);
894 return $self->search(undef(), $attrs);
895 #my $slice = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
896 #return (wantarray ? $slice->all : $slice);
903 =item Arguments: none
905 =item Return Value: $result?
909 Returns the next element in the resultset (C<undef> is there is none).
911 Can be used to efficiently iterate over records in the resultset:
913 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search;
914 while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
918 Note that you need to store the resultset object, and call C<next> on it.
919 Calling C<< resultset('Table')->next >> repeatedly will always return the
920 first record from the resultset.
926 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
927 $self->{all_cache_position} ||= 0;
928 return $cache->[$self->{all_cache_position}++];
930 if ($self->{attrs}{cache}) {
931 $self->{all_cache_position} = 1;
932 return ($self->all)[0];
934 if ($self->{stashed_objects}) {
935 my $obj = shift(@{$self->{stashed_objects}});
936 delete $self->{stashed_objects} unless @{$self->{stashed_objects}};
940 exists $self->{stashed_row}
941 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
942 : $self->cursor->next
944 return undef unless (@row);
945 my ($row, @more) = $self->_construct_object(@row);
946 $self->{stashed_objects} = \@more if @more;
950 sub _construct_object {
951 my ($self, @row) = @_;
952 my $info = $self->_collapse_result($self->{_attrs}{as}, \@row);
953 my @new = $self->result_class->inflate_result($self->result_source, @$info);
954 @new = $self->{_attrs}{record_filter}->(@new)
955 if exists $self->{_attrs}{record_filter};
959 sub _collapse_result {
960 my ($self, $as_proto, $row) = @_;
964 # 'foo' => [ undef, 'foo' ]
965 # 'foo.bar' => [ 'foo', 'bar' ]
966 # 'foo.bar.baz' => [ 'foo.bar', 'baz' ]
968 my @construct_as = map { [ (/^(?:(.*)\.)?([^.]+)$/) ] } @$as_proto;
970 my %collapse = %{$self->{_attrs}{collapse}||{}};
974 # if we're doing collapsing (has_many prefetch) we need to grab records
975 # until the PK changes, so fill @pri_index. if not, we leave it empty so
976 # we know we don't have to bother.
978 # the reason for not using the collapse stuff directly is because if you
979 # had for e.g. two artists in a row with no cds, the collapse info for
980 # both would be NULL (undef) so you'd lose the second artist
982 # store just the index so we can check the array positions from the row
983 # without having to contruct the full hash
985 if (keys %collapse) {
986 my %pri = map { ($_ => 1) } $self->result_source->primary_columns;
987 foreach my $i (0 .. $#construct_as) {
988 next if defined($construct_as[$i][0]); # only self table
989 if (delete $pri{$construct_as[$i][1]}) {
990 push(@pri_index, $i);
992 last unless keys %pri; # short circuit (Johnny Five Is Alive!)
996 # no need to do an if, it'll be empty if @pri_index is empty anyway
998 my %pri_vals = map { ($_ => $copy[$_]) } @pri_index;
1002 do { # no need to check anything at the front, we always want the first row
1006 foreach my $this_as (@construct_as) {
1007 $const{$this_as->[0]||''}{$this_as->[1]} = shift(@copy);
1010 push(@const_rows, \%const);
1012 } until ( # no pri_index => no collapse => drop straight out
1015 do { # get another row, stash it, drop out if different PK
1017 @copy = $self->cursor->next;
1018 $self->{stashed_row} = \@copy;
1020 # last thing in do block, counts as true if anything doesn't match
1022 # check xor defined first for NULL vs. NOT NULL then if one is
1023 # defined the other must be so check string equality
1026 (defined $pri_vals{$_} ^ defined $copy[$_])
1027 || (defined $pri_vals{$_} && ($pri_vals{$_} ne $copy[$_]))
1032 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1039 foreach my $const (@const_rows) {
1040 scalar @const_keys or do {
1041 @const_keys = sort { length($a) <=> length($b) } keys %$const;
1043 foreach my $key (@const_keys) {
1046 my @parts = split(/\./, $key);
1048 my $data = $const->{$key};
1049 foreach my $p (@parts) {
1050 $target = $target->[1]->{$p} ||= [];
1052 if ($cur eq ".${key}" && (my @ckey = @{$collapse{$cur}||[]})) {
1053 # collapsing at this point and on final part
1054 my $pos = $collapse_pos{$cur};
1055 CK: foreach my $ck (@ckey) {
1056 if (!defined $pos->{$ck} || $pos->{$ck} ne $data->{$ck}) {
1057 $collapse_pos{$cur} = $data;
1058 delete @collapse_pos{ # clear all positioning for sub-entries
1059 grep { m/^\Q${cur}.\E/ } keys %collapse_pos
1066 if (exists $collapse{$cur}) {
1067 $target = $target->[-1];
1070 $target->[0] = $data;
1072 $info->[0] = $const->{$key};
1080 =head2 result_source
1084 =item Arguments: $result_source?
1086 =item Return Value: $result_source
1090 An accessor for the primary ResultSource object from which this ResultSet
1097 =item Arguments: $result_class?
1099 =item Return Value: $result_class
1103 An accessor for the class to use when creating row objects. Defaults to
1104 C<< result_source->result_class >> - which in most cases is the name of the
1105 L<"table"|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/"ResultSource"> class.
1107 Note that changing the result_class will also remove any components
1108 that were originally loaded in the source class via
1109 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/load_components>. Any overloaded methods
1110 in the original source class will not run.
1115 my ($self, $result_class) = @_;
1116 if ($result_class) {
1117 $self->ensure_class_loaded($result_class);
1118 $self->_result_class($result_class);
1120 $self->_result_class;
1127 =item Arguments: $cond, \%attrs??
1129 =item Return Value: $count
1133 Performs an SQL C<COUNT> with the same query as the resultset was built
1134 with to find the number of elements. Passing arguments is equivalent to
1135 C<< $rs->search ($cond, \%attrs)->count >>
1141 return $self->search(@_)->count if @_ and defined $_[0];
1142 return scalar @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1144 my @grouped_subq_attrs = qw/prefetch collapse distinct group_by having/;
1145 my @subq_attrs = ();
1147 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1148 # if we are not paged - we are simply asking for a limit
1149 if (not $attrs->{page} and not $attrs->{software_limit}) {
1150 push @subq_attrs, qw/rows offset/;
1153 my $need_subq = $self->_has_attr (@subq_attrs);
1154 my $need_group_subq = $self->_has_attr (@grouped_subq_attrs);
1156 return ($need_subq || $need_group_subq)
1157 ? $self->_count_subq ($need_group_subq)
1158 : $self->_count_simple
1162 my ($self, $add_group_by) = @_;
1164 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1166 # copy for the subquery, we need to do some adjustments to it too
1167 my $sub_attrs = { %$attrs };
1169 # these can not go in the subquery, and there is no point of ordering it
1170 delete $sub_attrs->{$_} for qw/prefetch collapse select +select as +as columns +columns order_by/;
1172 # if needed force a group_by and the same set of columns (most databases require this)
1173 if ($add_group_by) {
1175 # if we prefetch, we group_by primary keys only as this is what we would get out of the rs via ->next/->all
1176 # simply deleting group_by suffices, as the code below will re-fill it
1177 # Note: we check $attrs, as $sub_attrs has collapse deleted
1178 if (ref $attrs->{collapse} and keys %{$attrs->{collapse}} ) {
1179 delete $sub_attrs->{group_by};
1182 $sub_attrs->{columns} = $sub_attrs->{group_by} ||= [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($self->result_source->primary_columns) ];
1186 count_subq => (ref $self)->new ($self->result_source, $sub_attrs )->as_query
1189 # the subquery replaces this
1190 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/where bind prefetch collapse distinct group_by having having_bind/;
1192 return $self->__count ($attrs);
1198 my $count = $self->__count;
1199 return 0 unless $count;
1201 # need to take offset from resolved attrs
1203 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1205 $count -= $attrs->{offset} if $attrs->{offset};
1206 $count = $attrs->{rows} if $attrs->{rows} and $attrs->{rows} < $count;
1207 $count = 0 if ($count < 0);
1212 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
1214 $attrs ||= $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1216 # take off any column specs, any pagers, record_filter is cdbi, and no point of ordering a count
1217 delete $attrs->{$_} for (qw/columns +columns select +select as +as rows offset page pager order_by record_filter/);
1219 $attrs->{select} = { count => '*' };
1220 $attrs->{as} = [qw/count/];
1222 my $tmp_rs = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $attrs);
1223 my ($count) = $tmp_rs->cursor->next;
1232 =head2 count_literal
1236 =item Arguments: $sql_fragment, @bind_values
1238 =item Return Value: $count
1242 Counts the results in a literal query. Equivalent to calling L</search_literal>
1243 with the passed arguments, then L</count>.
1247 sub count_literal { shift->search_literal(@_)->count; }
1253 =item Arguments: none
1255 =item Return Value: @objects
1259 Returns all elements in the resultset. Called implicitly if the resultset
1260 is returned in list context.
1267 $self->throw_exception("all() doesn't take any arguments, you probably wanted ->search(...)->all()");
1270 return @{ $self->get_cache } if $self->get_cache;
1274 # TODO: don't call resolve here
1275 if (keys %{$self->_resolved_attrs->{collapse}}) {
1276 # if ($self->{attrs}{prefetch}) {
1277 # Using $self->cursor->all is really just an optimisation.
1278 # If we're collapsing has_many prefetches it probably makes
1279 # very little difference, and this is cleaner than hacking
1280 # _construct_object to survive the approach
1281 my @row = $self->cursor->next;
1283 push(@obj, $self->_construct_object(@row));
1284 @row = (exists $self->{stashed_row}
1285 ? @{delete $self->{stashed_row}}
1286 : $self->cursor->next);
1289 @obj = map { $self->_construct_object(@$_) } $self->cursor->all;
1292 $self->set_cache(\@obj) if $self->{attrs}{cache};
1300 =item Arguments: none
1302 =item Return Value: $self
1306 Resets the resultset's cursor, so you can iterate through the elements again.
1312 delete $self->{_attrs} if exists $self->{_attrs};
1313 $self->{all_cache_position} = 0;
1314 $self->cursor->reset;
1322 =item Arguments: none
1324 =item Return Value: $object?
1328 Resets the resultset and returns an object for the first result (if the
1329 resultset returns anything).
1334 return $_[0]->reset->next;
1340 # Determines whether and what type of subquery is required for the $rs operation.
1341 # If grouping is necessary either supplies its own, or verifies the current one
1342 # After all is done delegates to the proper storage method.
1344 sub _rs_update_delete {
1345 my ($self, $op, $values) = @_;
1347 my $rsrc = $self->result_source;
1349 my $needs_group_by_subq = $self->_has_attr (qw/prefetch distinct join seen_join group_by/);
1350 my $needs_subq = $self->_has_attr (qw/row offset page/);
1352 if ($needs_group_by_subq or $needs_subq) {
1354 # make a new $rs selecting only the PKs (that's all we really need)
1355 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs_copy;
1357 delete $attrs->{$_} for qw/prefetch collapse select +select as +as columns +columns/;
1358 $attrs->{columns} = [ map { "$attrs->{alias}.$_" } ($self->result_source->primary_columns) ];
1360 if ($needs_group_by_subq) {
1361 # make sure no group_by was supplied, or if there is one - make sure it matches
1362 # the columns compiled above perfectly. Anything else can not be sanely executed
1363 # on most databases so croak right then and there
1365 if (my $g = $attrs->{group_by}) {
1366 my @current_group_by = map
1367 { $_ =~ /\./ ? $_ : "$attrs->{alias}.$_" }
1368 (ref $g eq 'ARRAY' ? @$g : $g );
1371 join ("\x00", sort @current_group_by)
1373 join ("\x00", sort @{$attrs->{columns}} )
1375 $self->throw_exception (
1376 "You have just attempted a $op operation on a resultset which does group_by"
1377 . ' on columns other than the primary keys, while DBIC internally needs to retrieve'
1378 . ' the primary keys in a subselect. All sane RDBMS engines do not support this'
1379 . ' kind of queries. Please retry the operation with a modified group_by or'
1380 . ' without using one at all.'
1385 $attrs->{group_by} = $attrs->{columns};
1389 my $subrs = (ref $self)->new($rsrc, $attrs);
1391 return $self->result_source->storage->subq_update_delete($subrs, $op, $values);
1394 return $rsrc->storage->$op(
1396 $op eq 'update' ? $values : (),
1397 $self->_cond_for_update_delete,
1403 # _cond_for_update_delete
1405 # update/delete require the condition to be modified to handle
1406 # the differing SQL syntax available. This transforms the $self->{cond}
1407 # appropriately, returning the new condition.
1409 sub _cond_for_update_delete {
1410 my ($self, $full_cond) = @_;
1413 $full_cond ||= $self->{cond};
1414 # No-op. No condition, we're updating/deleting everything
1415 return $cond unless ref $full_cond;
1417 if (ref $full_cond eq 'ARRAY') {
1421 foreach my $key (keys %{$_}) {
1423 $hash{$1} = $_->{$key};
1429 elsif (ref $full_cond eq 'HASH') {
1430 if ((keys %{$full_cond})[0] eq '-and') {
1432 my @cond = @{$full_cond->{-and}};
1433 for (my $i = 0; $i < @cond; $i++) {
1434 my $entry = $cond[$i];
1436 if (ref $entry eq 'HASH') {
1437 $hash = $self->_cond_for_update_delete($entry);
1440 $entry =~ /([^.]+)$/;
1441 $hash->{$1} = $cond[++$i];
1443 push @{$cond->{-and}}, $hash;
1447 foreach my $key (keys %{$full_cond}) {
1449 $cond->{$1} = $full_cond->{$key};
1454 $self->throw_exception("Can't update/delete on resultset with condition unless hash or array");
1465 =item Arguments: \%values
1467 =item Return Value: $storage_rv
1471 Sets the specified columns in the resultset to the supplied values in a
1472 single query. Return value will be true if the update succeeded or false
1473 if no records were updated; exact type of success value is storage-dependent.
1478 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1479 $self->throw_exception('Values for update must be a hash')
1480 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1482 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('update', $values);
1489 =item Arguments: \%values
1491 =item Return Value: 1
1495 Fetches all objects and updates them one at a time. Note that C<update_all>
1496 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</update> will not.
1501 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1502 $self->throw_exception('Values for update_all must be a hash')
1503 unless ref $values eq 'HASH';
1504 foreach my $obj ($self->all) {
1505 $obj->set_columns($values)->update;
1514 =item Arguments: none
1516 =item Return Value: 1
1520 Deletes the contents of the resultset from its result source. Note that this
1521 will not run DBIC cascade triggers. See L</delete_all> if you need triggers
1522 to run. See also L<DBIx::Class::Row/delete>.
1524 delete may not generate correct SQL for a query with joins or a resultset
1525 chained from a related resultset. In this case it will generate a warning:-
1527 In these cases you may find that delete_all is more appropriate, or you
1528 need to respecify your query in a way that can be expressed without a join.
1534 $self->throw_exception('delete does not accept any arguments')
1537 return $self->_rs_update_delete ('delete');
1544 =item Arguments: none
1546 =item Return Value: 1
1550 Fetches all objects and deletes them one at a time. Note that C<delete_all>
1551 will run DBIC cascade triggers, while L</delete> will not.
1557 $self->throw_exception('delete_all does not accept any arguments')
1560 $_->delete for $self->all;
1568 =item Arguments: \@data;
1572 Accepts either an arrayref of hashrefs or alternatively an arrayref of arrayrefs.
1573 For the arrayref of hashrefs style each hashref should be a structure suitable
1574 forsubmitting to a $resultset->create(...) method.
1576 In void context, C<insert_bulk> in L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> is used
1577 to insert the data, as this is a faster method.
1579 Otherwise, each set of data is inserted into the database using
1580 L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create>, and a arrayref of the resulting row
1581 objects is returned.
1583 Example: Assuming an Artist Class that has many CDs Classes relating:
1585 my $Artist_rs = $schema->resultset("Artist");
1587 ## Void Context Example
1588 $Artist_rs->populate([
1589 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
1590 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
1591 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
1594 { artistid => 5, name => 'Angsty-Whiny Girl', cds => [
1595 { title => 'My parents sold me to a record company' ,year => 2005 },
1596 { title => 'Why Am I So Ugly?', year => 2006 },
1597 { title => 'I Got Surgery and am now Popular', year => 2007 }
1602 ## Array Context Example
1603 my ($ArtistOne, $ArtistTwo, $ArtistThree) = $Artist_rs->populate([
1604 { name => "Artist One"},
1605 { name => "Artist Two"},
1606 { name => "Artist Three", cds=> [
1607 { title => "First CD", year => 2007},
1608 { title => "Second CD", year => 2008},
1612 print $ArtistOne->name; ## response is 'Artist One'
1613 print $ArtistThree->cds->count ## reponse is '2'
1615 For the arrayref of arrayrefs style, the first element should be a list of the
1616 fieldsnames to which the remaining elements are rows being inserted. For
1619 $Arstist_rs->populate([
1620 [qw/artistid name/],
1621 [100, 'A Formally Unknown Singer'],
1622 [101, 'A singer that jumped the shark two albums ago'],
1623 [102, 'An actually cool singer.'],
1626 Please note an important effect on your data when choosing between void and
1627 wantarray context. Since void context goes straight to C<insert_bulk> in
1628 L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> this will skip any component that is overriding
1629 C<insert>. So if you are using something like L<DBIx-Class-UUIDColumns> to
1630 create primary keys for you, you will find that your PKs are empty. In this
1631 case you will have to use the wantarray context in order to create those
1637 my $self = shift @_;
1638 my $data = ref $_[0][0] eq 'HASH'
1639 ? $_[0] : ref $_[0][0] eq 'ARRAY' ? $self->_normalize_populate_args($_[0]) :
1640 $self->throw_exception('Populate expects an arrayref of hashes or arrayref of arrayrefs');
1642 if(defined wantarray) {
1644 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1645 push(@created, $self->create($item));
1649 my ($first, @rest) = @$data;
1651 my @names = grep {!ref $first->{$_}} keys %$first;
1652 my @rels = grep { $self->result_source->has_relationship($_) } keys %$first;
1653 my @pks = $self->result_source->primary_columns;
1655 ## do the belongs_to relationships
1656 foreach my $index (0..$#$data) {
1657 if( grep { !defined $data->[$index]->{$_} } @pks ) {
1658 my @ret = $self->populate($data);
1662 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1663 next unless $data->[$index]->{$rel} && ref $data->[$index]->{$rel} eq "HASH";
1664 my $result = $self->related_resultset($rel)->create($data->[$index]->{$rel});
1665 my ($reverse) = keys %{$self->result_source->reverse_relationship_info($rel)};
1666 my $related = $result->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1667 $result->result_source->relationship_info($reverse)->{cond},
1672 delete $data->[$index]->{$rel};
1673 $data->[$index] = {%{$data->[$index]}, %$related};
1675 push @names, keys %$related if $index == 0;
1679 ## do bulk insert on current row
1680 my @values = map { [ @$_{@names} ] } @$data;
1682 $self->result_source->storage->insert_bulk(
1683 $self->result_source,
1688 ## do the has_many relationships
1689 foreach my $item (@$data) {
1691 foreach my $rel (@rels) {
1692 next unless $item->{$rel} && ref $item->{$rel} eq "ARRAY";
1694 my $parent = $self->find(map {{$_=>$item->{$_}} } @pks)
1695 || $self->throw_exception('Cannot find the relating object.');
1697 my $child = $parent->$rel;
1699 my $related = $child->result_source->_resolve_condition(
1700 $parent->result_source->relationship_info($rel)->{cond},
1705 my @rows_to_add = ref $item->{$rel} eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$item->{$rel}} : ($item->{$rel});
1706 my @populate = map { {%$_, %$related} } @rows_to_add;
1708 $child->populate( \@populate );
1714 =head2 _normalize_populate_args ($args)
1716 Private method used by L</populate> to normalize its incoming arguments. Factored
1717 out in case you want to subclass and accept new argument structures to the
1718 L</populate> method.
1722 sub _normalize_populate_args {
1723 my ($self, $data) = @_;
1724 my @names = @{shift(@$data)};
1725 my @results_to_create;
1726 foreach my $datum (@$data) {
1727 my %result_to_create;
1728 foreach my $index (0..$#names) {
1729 $result_to_create{$names[$index]} = $$datum[$index];
1731 push @results_to_create, \%result_to_create;
1733 return \@results_to_create;
1740 =item Arguments: none
1742 =item Return Value: $pager
1746 Return Value a L<Data::Page> object for the current resultset. Only makes
1747 sense for queries with a C<page> attribute.
1749 To get the full count of entries for a paged resultset, call
1750 C<total_entries> on the L<Data::Page> object.
1757 return $self->{pager} if $self->{pager};
1759 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
1760 $self->throw_exception("Can't create pager for non-paged rs")
1761 unless $self->{attrs}{page};
1762 $attrs->{rows} ||= 10;
1764 # throw away the paging flags and re-run the count (possibly
1765 # with a subselect) to get the real total count
1766 my $count_attrs = { %$attrs };
1767 delete $count_attrs->{$_} for qw/rows offset page pager/;
1768 my $total_count = (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, $count_attrs)->count;
1770 return $self->{pager} = Data::Page->new(
1773 $self->{attrs}{page}
1781 =item Arguments: $page_number
1783 =item Return Value: $rs
1787 Returns a resultset for the $page_number page of the resultset on which page
1788 is called, where each page contains a number of rows equal to the 'rows'
1789 attribute set on the resultset (10 by default).
1794 my ($self, $page) = @_;
1795 return (ref $self)->new($self->result_source, { %{$self->{attrs}}, page => $page });
1802 =item Arguments: \%vals
1804 =item Return Value: $rowobject
1808 Creates a new row object in the resultset's result class and returns
1809 it. The row is not inserted into the database at this point, call
1810 L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> to do that. Calling L<DBIx::Class::Row/in_storage>
1811 will tell you whether the row object has been inserted or not.
1813 Passes the hashref of input on to L<DBIx::Class::Row/new>.
1818 my ($self, $values) = @_;
1819 $self->throw_exception( "new_result needs a hash" )
1820 unless (ref $values eq 'HASH');
1823 my $alias = $self->{attrs}{alias};
1826 defined $self->{cond}
1827 && $self->{cond} eq $DBIx::Class::ResultSource::UNRESOLVABLE_CONDITION
1829 %new = %{ $self->{attrs}{related_objects} || {} }; # nothing might have been inserted yet
1830 $new{-from_resultset} = [ keys %new ] if keys %new;
1832 $self->throw_exception(
1833 "Can't abstract implicit construct, condition not a hash"
1834 ) if ($self->{cond} && !(ref $self->{cond} eq 'HASH'));
1836 my $collapsed_cond = (
1838 ? $self->_collapse_cond($self->{cond})
1842 # precendence must be given to passed values over values inherited from
1843 # the cond, so the order here is important.
1844 my %implied = %{$self->_remove_alias($collapsed_cond, $alias)};
1845 while( my($col,$value) = each %implied ){
1846 if(ref($value) eq 'HASH' && keys(%$value) && (keys %$value)[0] eq '='){
1847 $new{$col} = $value->{'='};
1850 $new{$col} = $value if $self->_is_deterministic_value($value);
1856 %{ $self->_remove_alias($values, $alias) },
1857 -source_handle => $self->_source_handle,
1858 -result_source => $self->result_source, # DO NOT REMOVE THIS, REQUIRED
1861 return $self->result_class->new(\%new);
1864 # _is_deterministic_value
1866 # Make an effor to strip non-deterministic values from the condition,
1867 # to make sure new_result chokes less
1869 sub _is_deterministic_value {
1872 my $ref_type = ref $value;
1873 return 1 if $ref_type eq '' || $ref_type eq 'SCALAR';
1874 return 1 if Scalar::Util::blessed($value);
1880 # determines if the resultset defines at least one
1881 # of the attributes supplied
1883 # used to determine if a subquery is neccessary
1886 my ($self, @attr_names) = @_;
1888 my $attrs = $self->_resolved_attrs;
1892 for my $n (@attr_names) {
1893 ++$join_check_req if $n =~ /join/;
1895 my $attr = $attrs->{$n};
1897 next if not defined $attr;
1899 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
1900 return 1 if keys %$attr;
1902 elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
1910 # a join can be expressed as a multi-level from
1914 ref $attrs->{from} eq 'ARRAY'
1916 @{$attrs->{from}} > 1
1924 # Recursively collapse the condition.
1926 sub _collapse_cond {
1927 my ($self, $cond, $collapsed) = @_;
1931 if (ref $cond eq 'ARRAY') {
1932 foreach my $subcond (@$cond) {
1933 next unless ref $subcond; # -or
1934 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
1937 elsif (ref $cond eq 'HASH') {
1938 if (keys %$cond and (keys %$cond)[0] eq '-and') {
1939 foreach my $subcond (@{$cond->{-and}}) {
1940 $collapsed = $self->_collapse_cond($subcond, $collapsed);
1944 foreach my $col (keys %$cond) {
1945 my $value = $cond->{$col};
1946 $collapsed->{$col} = $value;
1956 # Remove the specified alias from the specified query hash. A copy is made so
1957 # the original query is not modified.
1960 my ($self, $query, $alias) = @_;
1962 my %orig = %{ $query || {} };
1965 foreach my $key (keys %orig) {
1967 $unaliased{$key} = $orig{$key};
1970 $unaliased{$1} = $orig{$key}
1971 if $key =~ m/^(?:\Q$alias\E\.)?([^.]+)$/;
1977 =head2 as_query (EXPERIMENTAL)
1981 =item Arguments: none
1983 =item Return Value: \[ $sql, @bind ]
1987 Returns the SQL query and bind vars associated with the invocant.
1989 This is generally used as the RHS for a subquery.
1991 B<NOTE>: This feature is still experimental.
1995 sub as_query { return shift->cursor->as_query(@_) }
2001 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2003 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2007 my $artist = $schema->resultset('Artist')->find_or_new(
2008 { artist => 'fred' }, { key => 'artists' });
2010 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_new({ producer => $producer },
2011 { key => 'primary });
2013 Find an existing record from this resultset, based on its primary
2014 key, or a unique constraint. If none exists, instantiate a new result
2015 object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2016 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2018 You most likely want this method when looking for existing rows using
2019 a unique constraint that is not the primary key, or looking for
2022 If you want objects to be saved immediately, use L</find_or_create> instead.
2024 B<Note>: C<find_or_new> is probably not what you want when creating a
2025 new row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
2026 database. Passing in a primary key column with a value of I<undef>
2027 will cause L</find> to attempt to search for a row with a value of
2034 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2035 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2036 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
2037 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->new_result($hash);
2044 =item Arguments: \%vals
2046 =item Return Value: a L<DBIx::Class::Row> $object
2050 Attempt to create a single new row or a row with multiple related rows
2051 in the table represented by the resultset (and related tables). This
2052 will not check for duplicate rows before inserting, use
2053 L</find_or_create> to do that.
2055 To create one row for this resultset, pass a hashref of key/value
2056 pairs representing the columns of the table and the values you wish to
2057 store. If the appropriate relationships are set up, foreign key fields
2058 can also be passed an object representing the foreign row, and the
2059 value will be set to its primary key.
2061 To create related objects, pass a hashref for the value if the related
2062 item is a foreign key relationship (L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/belongs_to>),
2063 and use the name of the relationship as the key. (NOT the name of the field,
2064 necessarily). For C<has_many> and C<has_one> relationships, pass an arrayref
2065 of hashrefs containing the data for each of the rows to create in the foreign
2066 tables, again using the relationship name as the key.
2068 Instead of hashrefs of plain related data (key/value pairs), you may
2069 also pass new or inserted objects. New objects (not inserted yet, see
2070 L</new>), will be inserted into their appropriate tables.
2072 Effectively a shortcut for C<< ->new_result(\%vals)->insert >>.
2074 Example of creating a new row.
2076 $person_rs->create({
2077 name=>"Some Person",
2078 email=>"somebody@someplace.com"
2081 Example of creating a new row and also creating rows in a related C<has_many>
2082 or C<has_one> resultset. Note Arrayref.
2085 { artistid => 4, name => 'Manufactured Crap', cds => [
2086 { title => 'My First CD', year => 2006 },
2087 { title => 'Yet More Tweeny-Pop crap', year => 2007 },
2092 Example of creating a new row and also creating a row in a related
2093 C<belongs_to>resultset. Note Hashref.
2096 title=>"Music for Silly Walks",
2099 name=>"Silly Musician",
2106 my ($self, $attrs) = @_;
2107 $self->throw_exception( "create needs a hashref" )
2108 unless ref $attrs eq 'HASH';
2109 return $self->new_result($attrs)->insert;
2112 =head2 find_or_create
2116 =item Arguments: \%vals, \%attrs?
2118 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2122 $cd->cd_to_producer->find_or_create({ producer => $producer },
2123 { key => 'primary });
2125 Tries to find a record based on its primary key or unique constraints; if none
2126 is found, creates one and returns that instead.
2128 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create({
2130 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2131 title => 'Mezzanine',
2135 Also takes an optional C<key> attribute, to search by a specific key or unique
2136 constraint. For example:
2138 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find_or_create(
2140 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2141 title => 'Mezzanine',
2143 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2146 B<Note>: Because find_or_create() reads from the database and then
2147 possibly inserts based on the result, this method is subject to a race
2148 condition. Another process could create a record in the table after
2149 the find has completed and before the create has started. To avoid
2150 this problem, use find_or_create() inside a transaction.
2152 B<Note>: C<find_or_create> is probably not what you want when creating
2153 a new row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
2154 database. Passing in a primary key column with a value of I<undef>
2155 will cause L</find> to attempt to search for a row with a value of
2158 See also L</find> and L</update_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2159 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2163 sub find_or_create {
2165 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2166 my $hash = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2167 my $exists = $self->find($hash, $attrs);
2168 return defined $exists ? $exists : $self->create($hash);
2171 =head2 update_or_create
2175 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2177 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2181 $resultset->update_or_create({ col => $val, ... });
2183 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2184 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2185 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, creates a new
2188 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2191 # In your application
2192 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_create(
2194 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2195 title => 'Mezzanine',
2198 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2201 $cd->cd_to_producer->update_or_create({
2202 producer => $producer,
2209 If no C<key> is specified, it searches on all unique constraints defined on the
2210 source, including the primary key.
2212 If the C<key> is specified as C<primary>, it searches only on the primary key.
2214 See also L</find> and L</find_or_create>. For information on how to declare
2215 unique constraints, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/add_unique_constraint>.
2217 B<Note>: C<update_or_create> is probably not what you want when
2218 looking for a row in a table that uses primary keys supplied by the
2219 database, unless you actually have a key value. Passing in a primary
2220 key column with a value of I<undef> will cause L</find> to attempt to
2221 search for a row with a value of I<NULL>.
2225 sub update_or_create {
2227 my $attrs = (@_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {});
2228 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2230 my $row = $self->find($cond, $attrs);
2232 $row->update($cond);
2236 return $self->create($cond);
2239 =head2 update_or_new
2243 =item Arguments: \%col_values, { key => $unique_constraint }?
2245 =item Return Value: $rowobject
2249 $resultset->update_or_new({ col => $val, ... });
2251 First, searches for an existing row matching one of the unique constraints
2252 (including the primary key) on the source of this resultset. If a row is
2253 found, updates it with the other given column values. Otherwise, instantiate
2254 a new result object and return it. The object will not be saved into your storage
2255 until you call L<DBIx::Class::Row/insert> on it.
2257 Takes an optional C<key> attribute to search on a specific unique constraint.
2260 # In your application
2261 my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->update_or_new(
2263 artist => 'Massive Attack',
2264 title => 'Mezzanine',
2267 { key => 'cd_artist_title' }
2270 if ($cd->in_storage) {
2271 # the cd was updated
2274 # the cd is not yet in the database, let's insert it
2278 See also L</find>, L</find_or_create> and L<find_or_new>.
2284 my $attrs = ( @_ > 1 && ref $_[$#_] eq 'HASH' ? pop(@_) : {} );
2285 my $cond = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? shift : {@_};
2287 my $row = $self->find( $cond, $attrs );
2288 if ( defined $row ) {
2289 $row->update($cond);
2293 return $self->new_result($cond);
2300 =item Arguments: none
2302 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects?
2306 Gets the contents of the cache for the resultset, if the cache is set.
2308 The cache is populated either by using the L</prefetch> attribute to
2309 L</search> or by calling L</set_cache>.
2321 =item Arguments: \@cache_objects
2323 =item Return Value: \@cache_objects
2327 Sets the contents of the cache for the resultset. Expects an arrayref
2328 of objects of the same class as those produced by the resultset. Note that
2329 if the cache is set the resultset will return the cached objects rather
2330 than re-querying the database even if the cache attr is not set.
2332 The contents of the cache can also be populated by using the
2333 L</prefetch> attribute to L</search>.
2338 my ( $self, $data ) = @_;
2339 $self->throw_exception("set_cache requires an arrayref")
2340 if defined($data) && (ref $data ne 'ARRAY');
2341 $self->{all_cache} = $data;
2348 =item Arguments: none
2350 =item Return Value: []
2354 Clears the cache for the resultset.
2359 shift->set_cache(undef);
2362 =head2 related_resultset
2366 =item Arguments: $relationship_name
2368 =item Return Value: $resultset
2372 Returns a related resultset for the supplied relationship name.
2374 $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->related_resultset('Artist');
2378 sub related_resultset {
2379 my ($self, $rel) = @_;
2381 $self->{related_resultsets} ||= {};
2382 return $self->{related_resultsets}{$rel} ||= do {
2383 my $rel_obj = $self->result_source->relationship_info($rel);
2385 $self->throw_exception(
2386 "search_related: result source '" . $self->result_source->source_name .
2387 "' has no such relationship $rel")
2390 my ($from,$seen) = $self->_resolve_from($rel);
2392 my $join_count = $seen->{$rel};
2393 my $alias = ($join_count > 1 ? join('_', $rel, $join_count) : $rel);
2395 #XXX - temp fix for result_class bug. There likely is a more elegant fix -groditi
2396 my %attrs = %{$self->{attrs}||{}};
2397 delete @attrs{qw(result_class alias)};
2401 if (my $cache = $self->get_cache) {
2402 if ($cache->[0] && $cache->[0]->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache) {
2403 $new_cache = [ map { @{$_->related_resultset($rel)->get_cache} }
2408 my $rel_source = $self->result_source->related_source($rel);
2412 # The reason we do this now instead of passing the alias to the
2413 # search_rs below is that if you wrap/overload resultset on the
2414 # source you need to know what alias it's -going- to have for things
2415 # to work sanely (e.g. RestrictWithObject wants to be able to add
2416 # extra query restrictions, and these may need to be $alias.)
2418 my $attrs = $rel_source->resultset_attributes;
2419 local $attrs->{alias} = $alias;
2421 $rel_source->resultset
2429 where => $self->{cond},
2434 $new->set_cache($new_cache) if $new_cache;
2439 =head2 current_source_alias
2443 =item Arguments: none
2445 =item Return Value: $source_alias
2449 Returns the current table alias for the result source this resultset is built
2450 on, that will be used in the SQL query. Usually it is C<me>.
2452 Currently the source alias that refers to the result set returned by a
2453 L</search>/L</find> family method depends on how you got to the resultset: it's
2454 C<me> by default, but eg. L</search_related> aliases it to the related result
2455 source name (and keeps C<me> referring to the original result set). The long
2456 term goal is to make L<DBIx::Class> always alias the current resultset as C<me>
2457 (and make this method unnecessary).
2459 Thus it's currently necessary to use this method in predefined queries (see
2460 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Predefined searches>) when referring to the
2461 source alias of the current result set:
2463 # in a result set class
2465 my ($self, $user) = @_;
2467 my $me = $self->current_source_alias;
2469 return $self->search(
2470 "$me.modified" => $user->id,
2476 sub current_source_alias {
2479 return ($self->{attrs} || {})->{alias} || 'me';
2482 # This code is called by search_related, and makes sure there
2483 # is clear separation between the joins before, during, and
2484 # after the relationship. This information is needed later
2485 # in order to properly resolve prefetch aliases (any alias
2486 # with a relation_chain_depth less than the depth of the
2487 # current prefetch is not considered)
2489 my ($self, $extra_join) = @_;
2490 my $source = $self->result_source;
2491 my $attrs = $self->{attrs};
2493 my $from = $attrs->{from}
2494 || [ { $attrs->{alias} => $source->from } ];
2496 my $seen = { %{$attrs->{seen_join}||{}} };
2498 # we need to take the prefetch the attrs into account before we
2499 # ->_resolve_join as otherwise they get lost - captainL
2500 my $merged = $self->_merge_attr( $attrs->{join}, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2502 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join($merged, $attrs->{alias}, $seen) if ($merged);
2504 ++$seen->{-relation_chain_depth};
2506 push @$from, $source->_resolve_join($extra_join, $attrs->{alias}, $seen);
2508 ++$seen->{-relation_chain_depth};
2510 return ($from,$seen);
2513 # too many times we have to do $attrs = { %{$self->_resolved_attrs} }
2514 sub _resolved_attrs_copy {
2516 return { %{$self->_resolved_attrs (@_)} };
2519 sub _resolved_attrs {
2521 return $self->{_attrs} if $self->{_attrs};
2523 my $attrs = { %{ $self->{attrs} || {} } };
2524 my $source = $self->result_source;
2525 my $alias = $attrs->{alias};
2527 $attrs->{columns} ||= delete $attrs->{cols} if exists $attrs->{cols};
2530 # build columns (as long as select isn't set) into a set of as/select hashes
2531 unless ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2533 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2537 /^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/
2548 } ( ref($attrs->{columns}) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? @{ delete $attrs->{columns}} : (delete $attrs->{columns} || $source->columns );
2550 # add the additional columns on
2551 foreach ( 'include_columns', '+columns' ) {
2552 push @colbits, map {
2553 ( ref($_) eq 'HASH' )
2555 : { ( split( /\./, $_ ) )[-1] => ( /\./ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" ) }
2556 } ( ref($attrs->{$_}) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? @{ delete $attrs->{$_} } : delete $attrs->{$_} if ( $attrs->{$_} );
2559 # start with initial select items
2560 if ( $attrs->{select} ) {
2562 ( ref $attrs->{select} eq 'ARRAY' )
2563 ? [ @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2564 : [ $attrs->{select} ];
2568 ref $attrs->{as} eq 'ARRAY'
2569 ? [ @{ $attrs->{as} } ]
2572 : [ map { m/^\Q${alias}.\E(.+)$/ ? $1 : $_ } @{ $attrs->{select} } ]
2577 # otherwise we intialise select & as to empty
2578 $attrs->{select} = [];
2582 # now add colbits to select/as
2583 push( @{ $attrs->{select} }, map { values( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2584 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, map { keys( %{$_} ) } @colbits );
2587 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+select'} ) {
2588 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2590 @{ $attrs->{select} },
2591 map { /\./ || ref $_ ? $_ : "${alias}.$_" } @$adds
2594 if ( $adds = delete $attrs->{'+as'} ) {
2595 $adds = [$adds] unless ref $adds eq 'ARRAY';
2596 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, @$adds );
2599 $attrs->{from} ||= [ { $self->{attrs}{alias} => $source->from } ];
2601 if ( exists $attrs->{join} || exists $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2602 my $join = delete $attrs->{join} || {};
2604 if ( defined $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2605 $join = $self->_merge_attr( $join, $attrs->{prefetch} );
2609 $attrs->{from} = # have to copy here to avoid corrupting the original
2611 @{ $attrs->{from} },
2612 $source->_resolve_join(
2613 $join, $alias, { %{ $attrs->{seen_join} || {} } }
2619 if ( $attrs->{order_by} ) {
2620 $attrs->{order_by} = (
2621 ref( $attrs->{order_by} ) eq 'ARRAY'
2622 ? [ @{ $attrs->{order_by} } ]
2623 : [ $attrs->{order_by} ]
2627 $attrs->{order_by} = [];
2630 my $collapse = $attrs->{collapse} || {};
2631 if ( my $prefetch = delete $attrs->{prefetch} ) {
2632 $prefetch = $self->_merge_attr( {}, $prefetch );
2634 foreach my $p ( ref $prefetch eq 'ARRAY' ? @$prefetch : ($prefetch) ) {
2636 # bring joins back to level of current class
2637 my $join_map = $self->_joinpath_aliases ($attrs->{from}, $attrs->{seen_join});
2639 $source->_resolve_prefetch( $p, $alias, $join_map, \@pre_order, $collapse );
2640 push( @{ $attrs->{select} }, map { $_->[0] } @prefetch );
2641 push( @{ $attrs->{as} }, map { $_->[1] } @prefetch );
2643 push( @{ $attrs->{order_by} }, @pre_order );
2646 if (delete $attrs->{distinct}) {
2647 $attrs->{group_by} ||= [ grep { !ref($_) || (ref($_) ne 'HASH') } @{$attrs->{select}} ];
2650 $attrs->{collapse} = $collapse;
2652 if ( $attrs->{page} and not defined $attrs->{offset} ) {
2653 $attrs->{offset} = ( $attrs->{rows} * ( $attrs->{page} - 1 ) );
2656 return $self->{_attrs} = $attrs;
2659 sub _joinpath_aliases {
2660 my ($self, $fromspec, $seen) = @_;
2663 return $paths unless ref $fromspec eq 'ARRAY';
2665 for my $j (@$fromspec) {
2667 next if ref $j ne 'ARRAY';
2668 next if $j->[0]{-relation_chain_depth} < ( $seen->{-relation_chain_depth} || 0);
2671 $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} for @{$j->[0]{-join_path}};
2672 push @{$p->{-join_aliases} }, $j->[0]{-join_alias};
2679 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2681 if (ref $attr eq 'HASH') {
2682 return $self->_rollout_hash($attr);
2683 } elsif (ref $attr eq 'ARRAY') {
2684 return $self->_rollout_array($attr);
2690 sub _rollout_array {
2691 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2694 foreach my $element (@{$attr}) {
2695 if (ref $element eq 'HASH') {
2696 push( @rolled_array, @{ $self->_rollout_hash( $element ) } );
2697 } elsif (ref $element eq 'ARRAY') {
2698 # XXX - should probably recurse here
2699 push( @rolled_array, @{$self->_rollout_array($element)} );
2701 push( @rolled_array, $element );
2704 return \@rolled_array;
2708 my ($self, $attr) = @_;
2711 foreach my $key (keys %{$attr}) {
2712 push( @rolled_array, { $key => $attr->{$key} } );
2714 return \@rolled_array;
2717 sub _calculate_score {
2718 my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
2720 if (ref $b eq 'HASH') {
2721 my ($b_key) = keys %{$b};
2722 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2723 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2724 if ($a_key eq $b_key) {
2725 return (1 + $self->_calculate_score( $a->{$a_key}, $b->{$b_key} ));
2730 return ($a eq $b_key) ? 1 : 0;
2733 if (ref $a eq 'HASH') {
2734 my ($a_key) = keys %{$a};
2735 return ($b eq $a_key) ? 1 : 0;
2737 return ($b eq $a) ? 1 : 0;
2743 my ($self, $orig, $import) = @_;
2745 return $import unless defined($orig);
2746 return $orig unless defined($import);
2748 $orig = $self->_rollout_attr($orig);
2749 $import = $self->_rollout_attr($import);
2752 foreach my $import_element ( @{$import} ) {
2753 # find best candidate from $orig to merge $b_element into
2754 my $best_candidate = { position => undef, score => 0 }; my $position = 0;
2755 foreach my $orig_element ( @{$orig} ) {
2756 my $score = $self->_calculate_score( $orig_element, $import_element );
2757 if ($score > $best_candidate->{score}) {
2758 $best_candidate->{position} = $position;
2759 $best_candidate->{score} = $score;
2763 my ($import_key) = ( ref $import_element eq 'HASH' ) ? keys %{$import_element} : ($import_element);
2765 if ($best_candidate->{score} == 0 || exists $seen_keys->{$import_key}) {
2766 push( @{$orig}, $import_element );
2768 my $orig_best = $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}];
2769 # merge orig_best and b_element together and replace original with merged
2770 if (ref $orig_best ne 'HASH') {
2771 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = $import_element;
2772 } elsif (ref $import_element eq 'HASH') {
2773 my ($key) = keys %{$orig_best};
2774 $orig->[$best_candidate->{position}] = { $key => $self->_merge_attr($orig_best->{$key}, $import_element->{$key}) };
2777 $seen_keys->{$import_key} = 1; # don't merge the same key twice
2787 $self->_source_handle($_[0]->handle);
2789 $self->_source_handle->resolve;
2793 =head2 throw_exception
2795 See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/throw_exception> for details.
2799 sub throw_exception {
2801 if (ref $self && $self->_source_handle->schema) {
2802 $self->_source_handle->schema->throw_exception(@_)
2809 # XXX: FIXME: Attributes docs need clearing up
2813 Attributes are used to refine a ResultSet in various ways when
2814 searching for data. They can be passed to any method which takes an
2815 C<\%attrs> argument. See L</search>, L</search_rs>, L</find>,
2818 These are in no particular order:
2824 =item Value: ( $order_by | \@order_by | \%order_by )
2828 Which column(s) to order the results by. If a single column name, or
2829 an arrayref of names is supplied, the argument is passed through
2830 directly to SQL. The hashref syntax allows for connection-agnostic
2831 specification of ordering direction:
2833 For descending order:
2835 order_by => { -desc => [qw/col1 col2 col3/] }
2837 For explicit ascending order:
2839 order_by => { -asc => 'col' }
2841 The old scalarref syntax (i.e. order_by => \'year DESC') is still
2842 supported, although you are strongly encouraged to use the hashref
2843 syntax as outlined above.
2849 =item Value: \@columns
2853 Shortcut to request a particular set of columns to be retrieved. Each
2854 column spec may be a string (a table column name), or a hash (in which
2855 case the key is the C<as> value, and the value is used as the C<select>
2856 expression). Adds C<me.> onto the start of any column without a C<.> in
2857 it and sets C<select> from that, then auto-populates C<as> from
2858 C<select> as normal. (You may also use the C<cols> attribute, as in
2859 earlier versions of DBIC.)
2865 =item Value: \@columns
2869 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same
2870 as L</columns> but adds columns to the selection. (You may also use the
2871 C<include_columns> attribute, as in earlier versions of DBIC). For
2874 $schema->resultset('CD')->search(undef, {
2875 '+columns' => ['artist.name'],
2879 would return all CDs and include a 'name' column to the information
2880 passed to object inflation. Note that the 'artist' is the name of the
2881 column (or relationship) accessor, and 'name' is the name of the column
2882 accessor in the related table.
2884 =head2 include_columns
2888 =item Value: \@columns
2892 Deprecated. Acts as a synonym for L</+columns> for backward compatibility.
2898 =item Value: \@select_columns
2902 Indicates which columns should be selected from the storage. You can use
2903 column names, or in the case of RDBMS back ends, function or stored procedure
2906 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
2909 { count => 'employeeid' },
2914 When you use function/stored procedure names and do not supply an C<as>
2915 attribute, the column names returned are storage-dependent. E.g. MySQL would
2916 return a column named C<count(employeeid)> in the above example.
2922 Indicates additional columns to be selected from storage. Works the same as
2923 L</select> but adds columns to the selection.
2931 Indicates additional column names for those added via L</+select>. See L</as>.
2939 =item Value: \@inflation_names
2943 Indicates column names for object inflation. That is, C<as>
2944 indicates the name that the column can be accessed as via the
2945 C<get_column> method (or via the object accessor, B<if one already
2946 exists>). It has nothing to do with the SQL code C<SELECT foo AS bar>.
2948 The C<as> attribute is used in conjunction with C<select>,
2949 usually when C<select> contains one or more function or stored
2952 $rs = $schema->resultset('Employee')->search(undef, {
2955 { count => 'employeeid' }
2957 as => ['name', 'employee_count'],
2960 my $employee = $rs->first(); # get the first Employee
2962 If the object against which the search is performed already has an accessor
2963 matching a column name specified in C<as>, the value can be retrieved using
2964 the accessor as normal:
2966 my $name = $employee->name();
2968 If on the other hand an accessor does not exist in the object, you need to
2969 use C<get_column> instead:
2971 my $employee_count = $employee->get_column('employee_count');
2973 You can create your own accessors if required - see
2974 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
2976 Please note: This will NOT insert an C<AS employee_count> into the SQL
2977 statement produced, it is used for internal access only. Thus
2978 attempting to use the accessor in an C<order_by> clause or similar
2979 will fail miserably.
2981 To get around this limitation, you can supply literal SQL to your
2982 C<select> attibute that contains the C<AS alias> text, eg:
2984 select => [\'myfield AS alias']
2990 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
2994 Contains a list of relationships that should be joined for this query. For
2997 # Get CDs by Nine Inch Nails
2998 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
2999 { 'artist.name' => 'Nine Inch Nails' },
3000 { join => 'artist' }
3003 Can also contain a hash reference to refer to the other relation's relations.
3006 package MyApp::Schema::Track;
3007 use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
3008 __PACKAGE__->table('track');
3009 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/trackid cd position title/);
3010 __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('trackid');
3011 __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(cd => 'MyApp::Schema::CD');
3014 # In your application
3015 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3016 { 'track.title' => 'Teardrop' },
3018 join => { cd => 'track' },
3019 order_by => 'artist.name',
3023 You need to use the relationship (not the table) name in conditions,
3024 because they are aliased as such. The current table is aliased as "me", so
3025 you need to use me.column_name in order to avoid ambiguity. For example:
3027 # Get CDs from 1984 with a 'Foo' track
3028 my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
3031 'tracks.name' => 'Foo'
3033 { join => 'tracks' }
3036 If the same join is supplied twice, it will be aliased to <rel>_2 (and
3037 similarly for a third time). For e.g.
3039 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
3040 'cds.title' => 'Down to Earth',
3041 'cds_2.title' => 'Popular',
3043 join => [ qw/cds cds/ ],
3046 will return a set of all artists that have both a cd with title 'Down
3047 to Earth' and a cd with title 'Popular'.
3049 If you want to fetch related objects from other tables as well, see C<prefetch>
3052 For more help on using joins with search, see L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Joining>.
3058 =item Value: ($rel_name | \@rel_names | \%rel_names)
3062 Contains one or more relationships that should be fetched along with
3063 the main query (when they are accessed afterwards the data will
3064 already be available, without extra queries to the database). This is
3065 useful for when you know you will need the related objects, because it
3066 saves at least one query:
3068 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
3077 The initial search results in SQL like the following:
3079 SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
3080 JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
3081 JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid
3083 L<DBIx::Class> has no need to go back to the database when we access the
3084 C<cd> or C<artist> relationships, which saves us two SQL statements in this
3087 Simple prefetches will be joined automatically, so there is no need
3088 for a C<join> attribute in the above search.
3090 C<prefetch> can be used with the following relationship types: C<belongs_to>,
3091 C<has_one> (or if you're using C<add_relationship>, any relationship declared
3092 with an accessor type of 'single' or 'filter'). A more complex example that
3093 prefetches an artists cds, the tracks on those cds, and the tags associted
3094 with that artist is given below (assuming many-to-many from artists to tags):
3096 my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
3100 { cds => 'tracks' },
3101 { artist_tags => 'tags' }
3107 B<NOTE:> If you specify a C<prefetch> attribute, the C<join> and C<select>
3108 attributes will be ignored.
3118 Makes the resultset paged and specifies the page to retrieve. Effectively
3119 identical to creating a non-pages resultset and then calling ->page($page)
3122 If L<rows> attribute is not specified it defualts to 10 rows per page.
3124 When you have a paged resultset, L</count> will only return the number
3125 of rows in the page. To get the total, use the L</pager> and call
3126 C<total_entries> on it.
3136 Specifes the maximum number of rows for direct retrieval or the number of
3137 rows per page if the page attribute or method is used.
3143 =item Value: $offset
3147 Specifies the (zero-based) row number for the first row to be returned, or the
3148 of the first row of the first page if paging is used.
3154 =item Value: \@columns
3158 A arrayref of columns to group by. Can include columns of joined tables.
3160 group_by => [qw/ column1 column2 ... /]
3166 =item Value: $condition
3170 HAVING is a select statement attribute that is applied between GROUP BY and
3171 ORDER BY. It is applied to the after the grouping calculations have been
3174 having => { 'count(employee)' => { '>=', 100 } }
3180 =item Value: (0 | 1)
3184 Set to 1 to group by all columns.
3190 Adds to the WHERE clause.
3192 # only return rows WHERE deleted IS NULL for all searches
3193 __PACKAGE__->resultset_attributes({ where => { deleted => undef } }); )
3195 Can be overridden by passing C<{ where => undef }> as an attribute
3202 Set to 1 to cache search results. This prevents extra SQL queries if you
3203 revisit rows in your ResultSet:
3205 my $resultset = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search( undef, { cache => 1 } );
3207 while( my $artist = $resultset->next ) {
3211 $rs->first; # without cache, this would issue a query
3213 By default, searches are not cached.
3215 For more examples of using these attributes, see
3216 L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
3222 =item Value: \@from_clause
3226 The C<from> attribute gives you manual control over the C<FROM> clause of SQL
3227 statements generated by L<DBIx::Class>, allowing you to express custom C<JOIN>
3230 NOTE: Use this on your own risk. This allows you to shoot off your foot!
3232 C<join> will usually do what you need and it is strongly recommended that you
3233 avoid using C<from> unless you cannot achieve the desired result using C<join>.
3234 And we really do mean "cannot", not just tried and failed. Attempting to use
3235 this because you're having problems with C<join> is like trying to use x86
3236 ASM because you've got a syntax error in your C. Trust us on this.
3238 Now, if you're still really, really sure you need to use this (and if you're
3239 not 100% sure, ask the mailing list first), here's an explanation of how this
3242 The syntax is as follows -
3245 { <alias1> => <table1> },
3247 { <alias2> => <table2>, -join_type => 'inner|left|right' },
3248 [], # nested JOIN (optional)
3249 { <table1.column1> => <table2.column2>, ... (more conditions) },
3251 # More of the above [ ] may follow for additional joins
3258 ON <table1.column1> = <table2.column2>
3259 <more joins may follow>
3261 An easy way to follow the examples below is to remember the following:
3263 Anything inside "[]" is a JOIN
3264 Anything inside "{}" is a condition for the enclosing JOIN
3266 The following examples utilize a "person" table in a family tree application.
3267 In order to express parent->child relationships, this table is self-joined:
3269 # Person->belongs_to('father' => 'Person');
3270 # Person->belongs_to('mother' => 'Person');
3272 C<from> can be used to nest joins. Here we return all children with a father,
3273 then search against all mothers of those children:
3275 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
3278 alias => 'mother', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
3280 { mother => 'person' },
3283 { child => 'person' },
3285 { father => 'person' },
3286 { 'father.person_id' => 'child.father_id' }
3289 { 'mother.person_id' => 'child.mother_id' }
3296 # SELECT mother.* FROM person mother
3299 # JOIN person father
3300 # ON ( father.person_id = child.father_id )
3302 # ON ( mother.person_id = child.mother_id )
3304 The type of any join can be controlled manually. To search against only people
3305 with a father in the person table, we could explicitly use C<INNER JOIN>:
3307 $rs = $schema->resultset('Person')->search(
3310 alias => 'child', # alias columns in accordance with "from"
3312 { child => 'person' },
3314 { father => 'person', -join_type => 'inner' },
3315 { 'father.id' => 'child.father_id' }
3322 # SELECT child.* FROM person child
3323 # INNER JOIN person father ON child.father_id = father.id
3325 If you need to express really complex joins or you need a subselect, you
3326 can supply literal SQL to C<from> via a scalar reference. In this case
3327 the contents of the scalar will replace the table name asscoiated with the
3330 WARNING: This technique might very well not work as expected on chained
3331 searches - you have been warned.
3333 # Assuming the Event resultsource is defined as:
3335 MySchema::Event->add_columns (
3338 is_auto_increment => 1,
3347 MySchema::Event->set_primary_key ('sequence');
3349 # This will get back the latest event for every location. The column
3350 # selector is still provided by DBIC, all we do is add a JOIN/WHERE
3351 # combo to limit the resultset
3353 $rs = $schema->resultset('Event');
3354 $table = $rs->result_source->name;
3355 $latest = $rs->search (
3358 (SELECT e1.* FROM $table e1
3360 ON e1.location = e2.location
3361 AND e1.sequence < e2.sequence
3362 WHERE e2.sequence is NULL
3367 # Equivalent SQL (with the DBIC chunks added):
3369 SELECT me.sequence, me.location, me.type FROM
3370 (SELECT e1.* FROM events e1
3372 ON e1.location = e2.location
3373 AND e1.sequence < e2.sequence
3374 WHERE e2.sequence is NULL
3381 =item Value: ( 'update' | 'shared' )
3385 Set to 'update' for a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or 'shared' for a SELECT