Commit | Line | Data |
96449e8e |
1 | package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file |
2 | |
96449e8e |
3 | use strict; |
4 | use warnings; |
9d9d5bd6 |
5 | use Carp (); |
312d830b |
6 | use List::Util (); |
7 | use Scalar::Util (); |
96449e8e |
8 | |
0da0fe34 |
9 | use Exporter 'import'; |
10 | our @EXPORT_OK = qw(is_plain_value is_literal_value); |
11 | |
12 | BEGIN { |
13 | if ($] < 5.009_005) { |
14 | require MRO::Compat; |
15 | } |
16 | else { |
17 | require mro; |
18 | } |
843a94b5 |
19 | |
20 | *SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION = $ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION} |
21 | ? sub () { 0 } |
22 | : sub () { 1 } |
23 | ; |
0da0fe34 |
24 | } |
25 | |
96449e8e |
26 | #====================================================================== |
27 | # GLOBALS |
28 | #====================================================================== |
29 | |
dc6afcf8 |
30 | our $VERSION = '1.86'; |
7479e27e |
31 | |
22f1a437 |
32 | # This would confuse some packagers |
c520207b |
33 | $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases |
96449e8e |
34 | |
35 | our $AUTOLOAD; |
36 | |
37 | # special operators (-in, -between). May be extended/overridden by user. |
38 | # See section WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS below for implementation |
39 | my @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS = ( |
f663e672 |
40 | {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? between $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }}, |
41 | {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? in $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }}, |
87c8e45b |
42 | {regex => qr/^ is (?: \s+ not )? $/ix, handler => sub { die "NOPE" }}, |
96449e8e |
43 | ); |
44 | |
45 | #====================================================================== |
46 | # DEBUGGING AND ERROR REPORTING |
47 | #====================================================================== |
48 | |
49 | sub _debug { |
50 | return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster |
51 | my $func = (caller(1))[3]; |
52 | warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n"; |
53 | } |
54 | |
55 | sub belch (@) { |
56 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
9d9d5bd6 |
57 | Carp::carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_; |
96449e8e |
58 | } |
59 | |
60 | sub puke (@) { |
61 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
9d9d5bd6 |
62 | Carp::croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_; |
96449e8e |
63 | } |
64 | |
0da0fe34 |
65 | sub is_literal_value ($) { |
66 | ref $_[0] eq 'SCALAR' ? [ ${$_[0]} ] |
67 | : ( ref $_[0] eq 'REF' and ref ${$_[0]} eq 'ARRAY' ) ? [ @${ $_[0] } ] |
0da0fe34 |
68 | : undef; |
69 | } |
70 | |
71 | # FIXME XSify - this can be done so much more efficiently |
72 | sub is_plain_value ($) { |
73 | no strict 'refs'; |
966200cc |
74 | ! length ref $_[0] ? \($_[0]) |
0da0fe34 |
75 | : ( |
76 | ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' and keys %{$_[0]} == 1 |
77 | and |
78 | exists $_[0]->{-value} |
966200cc |
79 | ) ? \($_[0]->{-value}) |
0da0fe34 |
80 | : ( |
a1c9e0ff |
81 | # reuse @_ for even moar speedz |
82 | defined ( $_[1] = Scalar::Util::blessed $_[0] ) |
0da0fe34 |
83 | and |
84 | # deliberately not using Devel::OverloadInfo - the checks we are |
85 | # intersted in are much more limited than the fullblown thing, and |
86 | # this is a very hot piece of code |
87 | ( |
e8d729d4 |
88 | # simply using ->can('(""') can leave behind stub methods that |
89 | # break actually using the overload later (see L<perldiag/Stub |
90 | # found while resolving method "%s" overloading "%s" in package |
91 | # "%s"> and the source of overload::mycan()) |
44e54b41 |
92 | # |
0da0fe34 |
93 | # either has stringification which DBI SHOULD prefer out of the box |
a1c9e0ff |
94 | grep { *{ (qq[${_}::(""]) }{CODE} } @{ $_[2] = mro::get_linear_isa( $_[1] ) } |
0da0fe34 |
95 | or |
20e178a8 |
96 | # has nummification or boolification, AND fallback is *not* disabled |
0da0fe34 |
97 | ( |
843a94b5 |
98 | SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION |
99 | and |
20e178a8 |
100 | ( |
101 | grep { *{"${_}::(0+"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} |
102 | or |
103 | grep { *{"${_}::(bool"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} |
104 | ) |
0da0fe34 |
105 | and |
106 | ( |
107 | # no fallback specified at all |
a1c9e0ff |
108 | ! ( ($_[3]) = grep { *{"${_}::()"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} ) |
0da0fe34 |
109 | or |
110 | # fallback explicitly undef |
a1c9e0ff |
111 | ! defined ${"$_[3]::()"} |
0da0fe34 |
112 | or |
113 | # explicitly true |
a1c9e0ff |
114 | !! ${"$_[3]::()"} |
0da0fe34 |
115 | ) |
116 | ) |
117 | ) |
966200cc |
118 | ) ? \($_[0]) |
0da0fe34 |
119 | : undef; |
120 | } |
121 | |
122 | |
96449e8e |
123 | |
124 | #====================================================================== |
125 | # NEW |
126 | #====================================================================== |
127 | |
128 | sub new { |
129 | my $self = shift; |
130 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; |
131 | my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_; |
132 | |
133 | # choose our case by keeping an option around |
134 | delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower'; |
135 | |
136 | # default logic for interpreting arrayrefs |
ef559da3 |
137 | $opt{logic} = $opt{logic} ? uc $opt{logic} : 'OR'; |
96449e8e |
138 | |
139 | # how to return bind vars |
96449e8e |
140 | $opt{bindtype} ||= 'normal'; |
141 | |
142 | # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden |
143 | $opt{cmp} ||= '='; |
144 | |
3af02ccb |
145 | # try to recognize which are the 'equality' and 'inequality' ops |
3cdadcbe |
146 | # (temporary quickfix (in 2007), should go through a more seasoned API) |
147 | $opt{equality_op} = qr/^( \Q$opt{cmp}\E | \= )$/ix; |
148 | $opt{inequality_op} = qr/^( != | <> )$/ix; |
149 | |
150 | $opt{like_op} = qr/^ (is\s+)? r?like $/xi; |
151 | $opt{not_like_op} = qr/^ (is\s+)? not \s+ r?like $/xi; |
96449e8e |
152 | |
153 | # SQL booleans |
154 | $opt{sqltrue} ||= '1=1'; |
155 | $opt{sqlfalse} ||= '0=1'; |
156 | |
9d48860e |
157 | # special operators |
99a65fa8 |
158 | $opt{user_special_ops} = [ @{$opt{special_ops} ||= []} ]; |
b6251592 |
159 | # regexes are applied in order, thus push after user-defines |
96449e8e |
160 | push @{$opt{special_ops}}, @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS; |
161 | |
9d48860e |
162 | # unary operators |
59f23b3d |
163 | $opt{unary_ops} ||= []; |
59f23b3d |
164 | |
3af02ccb |
165 | # rudimentary sanity-check for user supplied bits treated as functions/operators |
b6251592 |
166 | # If a purported function matches this regular expression, an exception is thrown. |
167 | # Literal SQL is *NOT* subject to this check, only functions (and column names |
168 | # when quoting is not in effect) |
96449e8e |
169 | |
b6251592 |
170 | # FIXME |
171 | # need to guard against ()'s in column names too, but this will break tons of |
172 | # hacks... ideas anyone? |
173 | $opt{injection_guard} ||= qr/ |
174 | \; |
175 | | |
176 | ^ \s* go \s |
177 | /xmi; |
96449e8e |
178 | |
b07681b1 |
179 | $opt{node_types} = +{ |
180 | map +("-$_" => '_render_'.$_), |
181 | qw(op func value bind ident literal) |
182 | }; |
183 | |
ec19b759 |
184 | $opt{expand_unary} = {}; |
185 | |
b6251592 |
186 | return bless \%opt, $class; |
187 | } |
96449e8e |
188 | |
e175845b |
189 | sub sqltrue { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqltrue} ] } } |
190 | sub sqlfalse { +{ -literal => [ $_[0]->{sqlfalse} ] } } |
170e6c33 |
191 | |
192 | sub _assert_pass_injection_guard { |
193 | if ($_[1] =~ $_[0]->{injection_guard}) { |
194 | my $class = ref $_[0]; |
195 | puke "Possible SQL injection attempt '$_[1]'. If this is indeed a part of the " |
196 | . "desired SQL use literal SQL ( \'...' or \[ '...' ] ) or supply your own " |
197 | . "{injection_guard} attribute to ${class}->new()" |
198 | } |
199 | } |
200 | |
201 | |
96449e8e |
202 | #====================================================================== |
203 | # INSERT methods |
204 | #====================================================================== |
205 | |
206 | sub insert { |
02288357 |
207 | my $self = shift; |
208 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
209 | my $data = shift || return; |
210 | my $options = shift; |
96449e8e |
211 | |
212 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_insert", $data); |
02288357 |
213 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($data); |
96449e8e |
214 | $sql = join " ", $self->_sqlcase('insert into'), $table, $sql; |
02288357 |
215 | |
e82e648a |
216 | if ($options->{returning}) { |
ca4f826a |
217 | my ($s, @b) = $self->_insert_returning($options); |
e82e648a |
218 | $sql .= $s; |
219 | push @bind, @b; |
02288357 |
220 | } |
221 | |
96449e8e |
222 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
223 | } |
224 | |
60f3fd3f |
225 | # So that subclasses can override INSERT ... RETURNING separately from |
226 | # UPDATE and DELETE (e.g. DBIx::Class::SQLMaker::Oracle does this) |
b17a3ece |
227 | sub _insert_returning { shift->_returning(@_) } |
228 | |
95904db5 |
229 | sub _returning { |
e82e648a |
230 | my ($self, $options) = @_; |
6b1fe79d |
231 | |
e82e648a |
232 | my $f = $options->{returning}; |
233 | |
ff96fdd4 |
234 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_expr( |
235 | $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($f, undef, -ident) |
236 | ); |
237 | return wantarray |
238 | ? $self->_sqlcase(' returning ') . $sql |
239 | : ($self->_sqlcase(' returning ').$sql, @bind); |
6b1fe79d |
240 | } |
241 | |
96449e8e |
242 | sub _insert_HASHREF { # explicit list of fields and then values |
243 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
244 | |
245 | my @fields = sort keys %$data; |
246 | |
fe3ae272 |
247 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_insert_values($data); |
96449e8e |
248 | |
249 | # assemble SQL |
250 | $_ = $self->_quote($_) foreach @fields; |
251 | $sql = "( ".join(", ", @fields).") ".$sql; |
252 | |
253 | return ($sql, @bind); |
254 | } |
255 | |
256 | sub _insert_ARRAYREF { # just generate values(?,?) part (no list of fields) |
257 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
258 | |
259 | # no names (arrayref) so can't generate bindtype |
260 | $self->{bindtype} ne 'columns' |
261 | or belch "can't do 'columns' bindtype when called with arrayref"; |
262 | |
19b6ccce |
263 | my (@values, @all_bind); |
264 | foreach my $value (@$data) { |
265 | my ($values, @bind) = $self->_insert_value(undef, $value); |
266 | push @values, $values; |
267 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
268 | } |
269 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )"; |
270 | return ($sql, @all_bind); |
fe3ae272 |
271 | } |
272 | |
273 | sub _insert_ARRAYREFREF { # literal SQL with bind |
274 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
275 | |
276 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$data}; |
277 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
278 | |
279 | return ($sql, @bind); |
280 | } |
281 | |
282 | |
283 | sub _insert_SCALARREF { # literal SQL without bind |
284 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
285 | |
286 | return ($$data); |
287 | } |
288 | |
289 | sub _insert_values { |
290 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
291 | |
96449e8e |
292 | my (@values, @all_bind); |
fe3ae272 |
293 | foreach my $column (sort keys %$data) { |
19b6ccce |
294 | my ($values, @bind) = $self->_insert_value($column, $data->{$column}); |
295 | push @values, $values; |
296 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
297 | } |
298 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )"; |
299 | return ($sql, @all_bind); |
300 | } |
96449e8e |
301 | |
19b6ccce |
302 | sub _insert_value { |
303 | my ($self, $column, $v) = @_; |
96449e8e |
304 | |
720ca4f7 |
305 | return $self->_render_expr( |
306 | $self->_expand_insert_value($column, $v) |
307 | ); |
308 | } |
96449e8e |
309 | |
720ca4f7 |
310 | sub _expand_insert_value { |
311 | my ($self, $column, $v) = @_; |
96449e8e |
312 | |
720ca4f7 |
313 | if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') { |
314 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { |
315 | return +{ -bind => [ $column, $v ] }; |
316 | } |
317 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
318 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
319 | return +{ -literal => $v }; |
320 | } |
321 | if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') { |
322 | if (grep !/^-/, keys %$v) { |
323 | belch "HASH ref as bind value in insert is not supported"; |
324 | return +{ -bind => [ $column, $v ] }; |
325 | } |
326 | } |
327 | if (!defined($v)) { |
328 | return +{ -bind => [ $column, undef ] }; |
329 | } |
330 | local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $column; |
331 | return $self->_expand_expr($v); |
96449e8e |
332 | } |
333 | |
334 | |
96449e8e |
335 | |
336 | #====================================================================== |
337 | # UPDATE methods |
338 | #====================================================================== |
339 | |
340 | |
341 | sub update { |
95904db5 |
342 | my $self = shift; |
343 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
344 | my $data = shift || return; |
345 | my $where = shift; |
346 | my $options = shift; |
96449e8e |
347 | |
348 | # first build the 'SET' part of the sql statement |
96449e8e |
349 | puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update" |
350 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
351 | |
9ade906e |
352 | my ($sql, @all_bind) = $self->_update_set_values($data); |
a9e94508 |
353 | $sql = $self->_sqlcase('update ') . $table . $self->_sqlcase(' set ') |
9ade906e |
354 | . $sql; |
355 | |
356 | if ($where) { |
357 | my($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where); |
358 | $sql .= $where_sql; |
359 | push @all_bind, @where_bind; |
360 | } |
361 | |
362 | if ($options->{returning}) { |
363 | my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_update_returning($options); |
364 | $sql .= $returning_sql; |
365 | push @all_bind, @returning_bind; |
366 | } |
367 | |
368 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @all_bind) : $sql; |
369 | } |
370 | |
371 | sub _update_set_values { |
372 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
373 | |
89690da2 |
374 | return $self->_render_expr( |
375 | $self->_expand_update_set_values($data), |
376 | ); |
377 | } |
96449e8e |
378 | |
89690da2 |
379 | sub _expand_update_set_values { |
380 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
381 | $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr( [ |
382 | map { |
383 | my ($k, $set) = @$_; |
384 | +{ -op => [ '=', { -ident => $k }, $set ] }; |
385 | } |
386 | map { |
387 | my $k = $_; |
388 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
389 | (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY' |
390 | ? ($self->{array_datatypes} |
391 | ? [ $k, +{ -bind => [ $k, $v ] } ] |
392 | : [ $k, +{ -literal => $v } ]) |
393 | : do { |
394 | local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k; |
395 | [ $k, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] |
396 | } |
397 | ); |
398 | } sort keys %$data |
399 | ] ); |
96449e8e |
400 | } |
401 | |
60f3fd3f |
402 | # So that subclasses can override UPDATE ... RETURNING separately from |
403 | # INSERT and DELETE |
20bb2ad5 |
404 | sub _update_returning { shift->_returning(@_) } |
96449e8e |
405 | |
406 | |
407 | |
408 | #====================================================================== |
409 | # SELECT |
410 | #====================================================================== |
411 | |
412 | |
413 | sub select { |
414 | my $self = shift; |
415 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
416 | my $fields = shift || '*'; |
417 | my $where = shift; |
418 | my $order = shift; |
419 | |
daa4ccdd |
420 | my ($fields_sql, @bind) = $self->_select_fields($fields); |
96449e8e |
421 | |
daa4ccdd |
422 | my ($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where, $order); |
423 | push @bind, @where_bind; |
424 | |
425 | my $sql = join(' ', $self->_sqlcase('select'), $fields_sql, |
96449e8e |
426 | $self->_sqlcase('from'), $table) |
427 | . $where_sql; |
428 | |
9d48860e |
429 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
430 | } |
431 | |
daa4ccdd |
432 | sub _select_fields { |
433 | my ($self, $fields) = @_; |
27592e2b |
434 | return $self->_render_expr( |
435 | $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($fields, undef, '-ident') |
436 | ); |
daa4ccdd |
437 | } |
438 | |
96449e8e |
439 | #====================================================================== |
440 | # DELETE |
441 | #====================================================================== |
442 | |
443 | |
444 | sub delete { |
85327cd5 |
445 | my $self = shift; |
446 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
447 | my $where = shift; |
448 | my $options = shift; |
96449e8e |
449 | |
450 | my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where); |
a9e94508 |
451 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('delete from ') . $table . $where_sql; |
96449e8e |
452 | |
85327cd5 |
453 | if ($options->{returning}) { |
ca4f826a |
454 | my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_delete_returning($options); |
85327cd5 |
455 | $sql .= $returning_sql; |
456 | push @bind, @returning_bind; |
457 | } |
458 | |
9d48860e |
459 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
460 | } |
461 | |
60f3fd3f |
462 | # So that subclasses can override DELETE ... RETURNING separately from |
463 | # INSERT and UPDATE |
85327cd5 |
464 | sub _delete_returning { shift->_returning(@_) } |
465 | |
466 | |
96449e8e |
467 | |
468 | #====================================================================== |
469 | # WHERE: entry point |
470 | #====================================================================== |
471 | |
472 | |
473 | |
474 | # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses |
475 | sub where { |
476 | my ($self, $where, $order) = @_; |
477 | |
7ad12721 |
478 | local $self->{convert_where} = $self->{convert}; |
479 | |
96449e8e |
480 | # where ? |
e175845b |
481 | my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where) |
482 | ? $self->_recurse_where($where) |
483 | : (undef); |
417dd15e |
484 | $sql = (defined $sql and length $sql) ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : ''; |
96449e8e |
485 | |
486 | # order by? |
487 | if ($order) { |
26fe4d30 |
488 | my ($order_sql, @order_bind) = $self->_order_by($order); |
489 | $sql .= $order_sql; |
490 | push @bind, @order_bind; |
96449e8e |
491 | } |
492 | |
9d48860e |
493 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
494 | } |
495 | |
a2cd381d |
496 | sub _expand_expr { |
2558b622 |
497 | my ($self, $expr, $logic, $default_scalar_to) = @_; |
498 | local our $Default_Scalar_To = $default_scalar_to if $default_scalar_to; |
252518da |
499 | return undef unless defined($expr); |
59588695 |
500 | if (ref($expr) eq 'HASH') { |
501 | if (keys %$expr > 1) { |
502 | $logic ||= 'and'; |
77617257 |
503 | return +{ -op => [ |
504 | $logic, |
59588695 |
505 | map $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($_ => $expr->{$_}, $logic), |
506 | sort keys %$expr |
507 | ] }; |
508 | } |
99a65fa8 |
509 | return unless %$expr; |
59588695 |
510 | return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair(%$expr, $logic); |
a2cd381d |
511 | } |
08264f40 |
512 | if (ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY') { |
99a65fa8 |
513 | my $logic = lc($logic || $self->{logic}); |
08264f40 |
514 | $logic eq 'and' or $logic eq 'or' or puke "unknown logic: $logic"; |
515 | |
516 | my @expr = @$expr; |
517 | |
518 | my @res; |
519 | |
520 | while (my ($el) = splice @expr, 0, 1) { |
521 | puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in array-pairs" |
522 | unless defined($el) and length($el); |
523 | my $elref = ref($el); |
524 | if (!$elref) { |
525 | push(@res, $self->_expand_expr({ $el, shift(@expr) })); |
526 | } elsif ($elref eq 'ARRAY') { |
527 | push(@res, $self->_expand_expr($el)) if @$el; |
ec857800 |
528 | } elsif (my $l = is_literal_value($el)) { |
529 | push @res, { -literal => $l }; |
08264f40 |
530 | } elsif ($elref eq 'HASH') { |
531 | push @res, $self->_expand_expr($el); |
532 | } else { |
da4a0964 |
533 | die "notreached"; |
08264f40 |
534 | } |
535 | } |
2143604f |
536 | return { -op => [ $logic, @res ] }; |
08264f40 |
537 | } |
ca3da680 |
538 | if (my $literal = is_literal_value($expr)) { |
539 | return +{ -literal => $literal }; |
540 | } |
99a65fa8 |
541 | if (!ref($expr) or Scalar::Util::blessed($expr)) { |
2558b622 |
542 | if (my $d = $Default_Scalar_To) { |
543 | return +{ $d => $expr }; |
544 | } |
99a65fa8 |
545 | if (my $m = our $Cur_Col_Meta) { |
546 | return +{ -bind => [ $m, $expr ] }; |
547 | } |
252518da |
548 | return +{ -value => $expr }; |
549 | } |
252518da |
550 | die "notreached"; |
a2cd381d |
551 | } |
96449e8e |
552 | |
59588695 |
553 | sub _expand_expr_hashpair { |
554 | my ($self, $k, $v, $logic) = @_; |
d13725da |
555 | unless (defined($k) and length($k)) { |
2d64004f |
556 | if (defined($k) and my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) { |
d13725da |
557 | belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead'; |
2d64004f |
558 | return { -literal => $literal }; |
d13725da |
559 | } |
560 | puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported"; |
561 | } |
ef071fad |
562 | if ($k =~ /^-/) { |
99a65fa8 |
563 | $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($k =~ /^-(.*)$/s); |
564 | if ($k =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) { |
565 | belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. ' |
566 | . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ $k => COND1, $k => COND2 ... ]"; |
567 | } |
ef071fad |
568 | if ($k eq '-nest') { |
569 | return $self->_expand_expr($v); |
570 | } |
6ab1562a |
571 | if ($k eq '-bool') { |
572 | if (ref($v)) { |
573 | return $self->_expand_expr($v); |
574 | } |
575 | puke "-bool => undef not supported" unless defined($v); |
576 | return { -ident => $v }; |
577 | } |
99a65fa8 |
578 | if ($k eq '-not') { |
0c7e3af0 |
579 | return { -op => [ 'not', $self->_expand_expr($v) ] }; |
99a65fa8 |
580 | } |
ce3bc4b0 |
581 | if (my ($rest) = $k =~/^-not[_ ](.*)$/) { |
0c7e3af0 |
582 | return +{ -op => [ |
583 | 'not', |
99a65fa8 |
584 | $self->_expand_expr_hashpair("-${rest}", $v, $logic) |
0c7e3af0 |
585 | ] }; |
ce3bc4b0 |
586 | } |
99a65fa8 |
587 | if (my ($logic) = $k =~ /^-(and|or)$/i) { |
dd2d5bf7 |
588 | if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') { |
589 | return $self->_expand_expr($v, $logic); |
590 | } |
99a65fa8 |
591 | if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') { |
592 | return $self->_expand_expr($v, $logic); |
593 | } |
dd2d5bf7 |
594 | } |
99a65fa8 |
595 | { |
596 | my $op = $k; |
597 | $op =~ s/^-// if length($op) > 1; |
598 | |
599 | # top level special ops are illegal in general |
600 | puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'" |
7f1bdbce |
601 | if List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{special_ops}}; |
96a8d74a |
602 | if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) { |
603 | return { -op => [ $op, $v ] }; |
604 | } |
99a65fa8 |
605 | } |
606 | if ($k eq '-value' and my $m = our $Cur_Col_Meta) { |
607 | return +{ -bind => [ $m, $v ] }; |
608 | } |
ec19b759 |
609 | if (my $custom = $self->{expand_unary}{$k}) { |
610 | return $self->$custom($v); |
611 | } |
b07681b1 |
612 | if ($self->{node_types}{$k}) { |
99a65fa8 |
613 | return { $k => $v }; |
d13725da |
614 | } |
711892b1 |
615 | if ( |
616 | ref($v) eq 'HASH' |
617 | and keys %$v == 1 |
618 | and (keys %$v)[0] =~ /^-/ |
619 | ) { |
620 | my ($func) = $k =~ /^-(.*)$/; |
621 | return +{ -func => [ $func, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] }; |
622 | } |
623 | if (!ref($v) or is_literal_value($v)) { |
99a65fa8 |
624 | return +{ -op => [ $k =~ /^-(.*)$/, $self->_expand_expr($v) ] }; |
59588695 |
625 | } |
99a65fa8 |
626 | } |
627 | if ( |
628 | !defined($v) |
629 | or ( |
630 | ref($v) eq 'HASH' |
631 | and exists $v->{-value} |
632 | and not defined $v->{-value} |
633 | ) |
634 | ) { |
635 | return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k => { $self->{cmp} => undef }); |
636 | } |
637 | if (!ref($v) or Scalar::Util::blessed($v)) { |
ec19b759 |
638 | my $d = our $Default_Scalar_To; |
99a65fa8 |
639 | return +{ |
640 | -op => [ |
641 | $self->{cmp}, |
642 | { -ident => $k }, |
ec19b759 |
643 | ($d ? { $d => $v } : { -bind => [ $k, $v ] }) |
99a65fa8 |
644 | ] |
645 | }; |
646 | } |
647 | if (ref($v) eq 'HASH') { |
648 | if (keys %$v > 1) { |
e175845b |
649 | return { -op => [ |
650 | 'and', |
99a65fa8 |
651 | map $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k => { $_ => $v->{$_} }), |
652 | sort keys %$v |
653 | ] }; |
654 | } |
655 | my ($vk, $vv) = %$v; |
656 | $vk =~ s/^-//; |
657 | $vk = lc($vk); |
658 | $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($vk); |
659 | if ($vk =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) { |
660 | belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. ' |
661 | . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ -$vk => COND1, -$vk => COND2 ... ]"; |
662 | } |
663 | if ($vk =~ /^(?:not[ _])?between$/) { |
664 | local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k; |
665 | my @rhs = map $self->_expand_expr($_), |
666 | ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv; |
667 | unless ( |
668 | (@rhs == 1 and ref($rhs[0]) eq 'HASH' and $rhs[0]->{-literal}) |
669 | or |
670 | (@rhs == 2 and defined($rhs[0]) and defined($rhs[1])) |
671 | ) { |
672 | puke "Operator '${\uc($vk)}' requires either an arrayref with two defined values or expressions, or a single literal scalarref/arrayref-ref"; |
b5b18861 |
673 | } |
99a65fa8 |
674 | return +{ -op => [ |
675 | join(' ', split '_', $vk), |
676 | { -ident => $k }, |
677 | @rhs |
678 | ] } |
679 | } |
680 | if ($vk =~ /^(?:not[ _])?in$/) { |
681 | if (my $literal = is_literal_value($vv)) { |
682 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal; |
683 | my $opened_sql = $self->_open_outer_paren($sql); |
10d07c4e |
684 | return +{ -op => [ |
99a65fa8 |
685 | $vk, { -ident => $k }, |
686 | [ { -literal => [ $opened_sql, @bind ] } ] |
10d07c4e |
687 | ] }; |
688 | } |
99a65fa8 |
689 | my $undef_err = |
690 | 'SQL::Abstract before v1.75 used to generate incorrect SQL when the ' |
691 | . "-${\uc($vk)} operator was given an undef-containing list: !!!AUDIT YOUR CODE " |
692 | . 'AND DATA!!! (the upcoming Data::Query-based version of SQL::Abstract ' |
693 | . 'will emit the logically correct SQL instead of raising this exception)' |
694 | ; |
695 | puke("Argument passed to the '${\uc($vk)}' operator can not be undefined") |
696 | if !defined($vv); |
697 | my @rhs = map $self->_expand_expr($_), |
698 | map { ref($_) ? $_ : { -bind => [ $k, $_ ] } } |
699 | map { defined($_) ? $_: puke($undef_err) } |
700 | (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$vv : $vv); |
e175845b |
701 | return $self->${\($vk =~ /^not/ ? 'sqltrue' : 'sqlfalse')} unless @rhs; |
99a65fa8 |
702 | |
703 | return +{ -op => [ |
704 | join(' ', split '_', $vk), |
705 | { -ident => $k }, |
706 | \@rhs |
707 | ] }; |
708 | } |
709 | if ($vk eq 'ident') { |
02b8fe35 |
710 | if (! defined $vv or (ref($vv) and ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY')) { |
711 | puke "-$vk requires a single plain scalar argument (a quotable identifier) or an arrayref of identifier parts"; |
f7778474 |
712 | } |
99a65fa8 |
713 | return +{ -op => [ |
714 | $self->{cmp}, |
715 | { -ident => $k }, |
716 | { -ident => $vv } |
717 | ] }; |
718 | } |
719 | if ($vk eq 'value') { |
720 | return $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k, undef) unless defined($vv); |
721 | return +{ -op => [ |
722 | $self->{cmp}, |
723 | { -ident => $k }, |
724 | { -bind => [ $k, $vv ] } |
725 | ] }; |
726 | } |
727 | if ($vk =~ /^is(?:[ _]not)?$/) { |
728 | puke "$vk can only take undef as argument" |
729 | if defined($vv) |
730 | and not ( |
731 | ref($vv) eq 'HASH' |
732 | and exists($vv->{-value}) |
733 | and !defined($vv->{-value}) |
734 | ); |
735 | $vk =~ s/_/ /g; |
736 | return +{ -op => [ $vk.' null', { -ident => $k } ] }; |
737 | } |
738 | if ($vk =~ /^(and|or)$/) { |
739 | if (ref($vv) eq 'HASH') { |
e62fe58a |
740 | return +{ -op => [ |
741 | $vk, |
99a65fa8 |
742 | map $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k, { $_ => $vv->{$_} }), |
743 | sort keys %$vv |
7d7868d1 |
744 | ] }; |
745 | } |
e28d9b13 |
746 | } |
99a65fa8 |
747 | if (my $us = List::Util::first { $vk =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{user_special_ops}}) { |
748 | return { -op => [ $vk, { -ident => $k }, $vv ] }; |
7dbe1183 |
749 | } |
96a8d74a |
750 | if (my $us = List::Util::first { $vk =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) { |
751 | return { -op => [ |
752 | $self->{cmp}, |
753 | { -ident => $k }, |
754 | { -op => [ $vk, $vv ] } |
755 | ] }; |
756 | } |
99a65fa8 |
757 | if (ref($vv) eq 'ARRAY') { |
758 | my ($logic, @values) = ( |
759 | (defined($vv->[0]) and $vv->[0] =~ /^-(and|or)$/i) |
760 | ? @$vv |
761 | : (-or => @$vv) |
762 | ); |
763 | if ( |
764 | $vk =~ $self->{inequality_op} |
765 | or join(' ', split '_', $vk) =~ $self->{not_like_op} |
766 | ) { |
767 | if (lc($logic) eq '-or' and @values > 1) { |
768 | my $op = uc join ' ', split '_', $vk; |
769 | belch "A multi-element arrayref as an argument to the inequality op '$op' " |
770 | . 'is technically equivalent to an always-true 1=1 (you probably wanted ' |
771 | . "to say ...{ \$inequality_op => [ -and => \@values ] }... instead)" |
772 | ; |
773 | } |
ef071fad |
774 | } |
b3cb13e8 |
775 | unless (@values) { |
776 | # try to DWIM on equality operators |
777 | my $op = join ' ', split '_', $vk; |
778 | return |
e175845b |
779 | $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? $self->sqlfalse |
780 | : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->sqlfalse |
781 | : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? $self->sqltrue |
782 | : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->sqltrue |
b3cb13e8 |
783 | : puke "operator '$op' applied on an empty array (field '$k')"; |
784 | } |
63c97a0b |
785 | return +{ -op => [ |
786 | $logic =~ /^-(.*)$/, |
99a65fa8 |
787 | map $self->_expand_expr_hashpair($k => { $vk => $_ }), |
788 | @values |
789 | ] }; |
790 | } |
791 | if ( |
792 | !defined($vv) |
793 | or ( |
794 | ref($vv) eq 'HASH' |
795 | and exists $vv->{-value} |
796 | and not defined $vv->{-value} |
797 | ) |
798 | ) { |
799 | my $op = join ' ', split '_', $vk; |
800 | my $is = |
801 | $op =~ /^not$/i ? 'is not' # legacy |
802 | : $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? 'is' |
803 | : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is' |
804 | : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? 'is not' |
805 | : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is not' |
806 | : puke "unexpected operator '$op' with undef operand"; |
807 | return +{ -op => [ $is.' null', { -ident => $k } ] }; |
808 | } |
809 | local our $Cur_Col_Meta = $k; |
810 | return +{ -op => [ |
811 | $vk, |
812 | { -ident => $k }, |
813 | $self->_expand_expr($vv) |
814 | ] }; |
815 | } |
816 | if (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY') { |
e175845b |
817 | return $self->sqlfalse unless @$v; |
99a65fa8 |
818 | $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements"); |
819 | my $this_logic = ( |
820 | $v->[0] =~ /^-((?:and|or))$/i |
821 | ? ($v = [ @{$v}[1..$#$v] ], $1) |
822 | : ($self->{logic} || 'or') |
823 | ); |
cba28f66 |
824 | return +{ -op => [ |
825 | $this_logic, |
826 | map $self->_expand_expr({ $k => $_ }, $this_logic), @$v |
827 | ] }; |
99a65fa8 |
828 | } |
829 | if (my $literal = is_literal_value($v)) { |
830 | unless (length $k) { |
831 | belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead'; |
832 | return \$literal; |
833 | } |
834 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$literal; |
835 | if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') { |
836 | for (@bind) { |
837 | if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) { |
838 | puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]" |
aa8d7bdb |
839 | } |
840 | } |
331e2209 |
841 | } |
99a65fa8 |
842 | return +{ -literal => [ $self->_quote($k).' '.$sql, @bind ] }; |
331e2209 |
843 | } |
99a65fa8 |
844 | die "notreached"; |
59588695 |
845 | } |
846 | |
e175845b |
847 | sub _render_expr { |
848 | my ($self, $expr) = @_; |
849 | my ($k, $v, @rest) = %$expr; |
850 | die "No" if @rest; |
b07681b1 |
851 | if (my $meth = $self->{node_types}{$k}) { |
181dcebf |
852 | return $self->$meth($v); |
e175845b |
853 | } |
854 | die "notreached: $k"; |
855 | } |
856 | |
96449e8e |
857 | sub _recurse_where { |
858 | my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_; |
859 | |
99a65fa8 |
860 | #print STDERR Data::Dumper::Concise::Dumper([ $where, $logic ]); |
861 | |
a2cd381d |
862 | my $where_exp = $self->_expand_expr($where, $logic); |
863 | |
99a65fa8 |
864 | #print STDERR Data::Dumper::Concise::Dumper([ EXP => $where_exp ]); |
865 | |
96449e8e |
866 | # dispatch on appropriate method according to refkind of $where |
e175845b |
867 | # my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_where", $where_exp); |
868 | |
869 | # my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($where_exp, $logic); |
311b2151 |
870 | |
e175845b |
871 | my ($sql, @bind) = defined($where_exp) ? $self->_render_expr($where_exp) : (undef); |
311b2151 |
872 | |
abe1a491 |
873 | # DBIx::Class used to call _recurse_where in scalar context |
874 | # something else might too... |
875 | if (wantarray) { |
876 | return ($sql, @bind); |
877 | } |
878 | else { |
879 | belch "Calling _recurse_where in scalar context is deprecated and will go away before 2.0"; |
880 | return $sql; |
881 | } |
96449e8e |
882 | } |
883 | |
181dcebf |
884 | sub _render_ident { |
885 | my ($self, $ident) = @_; |
cc422895 |
886 | |
9cf28dfb |
887 | return $self->_convert($self->_quote($ident)); |
cc422895 |
888 | } |
889 | |
181dcebf |
890 | sub _render_value { |
891 | my ($self, $value) = @_; |
cc422895 |
892 | |
52511ae3 |
893 | return ($self->_convert('?'), $self->_bindtype(undef, $value)); |
cc422895 |
894 | } |
895 | |
c452734e |
896 | my %unop_postfix = map +($_ => 1), |
897 | 'is null', 'is not null', |
898 | 'asc', 'desc', |
899 | ; |
d13725da |
900 | |
b5b18861 |
901 | my %special = ( |
902 | (map +($_ => do { |
903 | my $op = $_; |
904 | sub { |
905 | my ($self, $args) = @_; |
906 | my ($left, $low, $high) = @$args; |
907 | my ($rhsql, @rhbind) = do { |
908 | if (@$args == 2) { |
909 | puke "Single arg to between must be a literal" |
910 | unless $low->{-literal}; |
911 | @{$low->{-literal}} |
912 | } else { |
e56dd780 |
913 | my ($l, $h) = map [ $self->_render_expr($_) ], $low, $high; |
b5b18861 |
914 | (join(' ', $l->[0], $self->_sqlcase('and'), $h->[0]), |
915 | @{$l}[1..$#$l], @{$h}[1..$#$h]) |
916 | } |
917 | }; |
e56dd780 |
918 | my ($lhsql, @lhbind) = $self->_render_expr($left); |
b5b18861 |
919 | return ( |
920 | join(' ', '(', $lhsql, $self->_sqlcase($op), $rhsql, ')'), |
921 | @lhbind, @rhbind |
922 | ); |
923 | } |
924 | }), 'between', 'not between'), |
10d07c4e |
925 | (map +($_ => do { |
926 | my $op = $_; |
927 | sub { |
928 | my ($self, $args) = @_; |
929 | my ($lhs, $rhs) = @$args; |
930 | my @in_bind; |
931 | my @in_sql = map { |
0ce981f8 |
932 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_expr($_); |
10d07c4e |
933 | push @in_bind, @bind; |
934 | $sql; |
935 | } @$rhs; |
0ce981f8 |
936 | my ($lhsql, @lbind) = $self->_render_expr($lhs); |
10d07c4e |
937 | return ( |
938 | $lhsql.' '.$self->_sqlcase($op).' ( ' |
939 | .join(', ', @in_sql) |
940 | .' )', |
941 | @lbind, @in_bind |
942 | ); |
943 | } |
944 | }), 'in', 'not in'), |
b5b18861 |
945 | ); |
946 | |
181dcebf |
947 | sub _render_op { |
948 | my ($self, $v) = @_; |
d13725da |
949 | my ($op, @args) = @$v; |
950 | $op =~ s/^-// if length($op) > 1; |
cba28f66 |
951 | $op = lc($op); |
b5b18861 |
952 | if (my $h = $special{$op}) { |
953 | return $self->$h(\@args); |
954 | } |
99a65fa8 |
955 | if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{user_special_ops}}) { |
956 | puke "Special op '${op}' requires first value to be identifier" |
957 | unless my ($k) = map $_->{-ident}, grep ref($_) eq 'HASH', $args[0]; |
958 | return $self->${\($us->{handler})}($k, $op, $args[1]); |
959 | } |
96a8d74a |
960 | if (my $us = List::Util::first { $op =~ $_->{regex} } @{$self->{unary_ops}}) { |
961 | return $self->${\($us->{handler})}($op, $args[0]); |
962 | } |
99a65fa8 |
963 | my $final_op = $op =~ /^(?:is|not)_/ ? join(' ', split '_', $op) : $op; |
2143604f |
964 | if (@args == 1 and $op !~ /^(and|or)$/) { |
ec857800 |
965 | my ($expr_sql, @bind) = $self->_render_expr($args[0]); |
d13725da |
966 | my $op_sql = $self->_sqlcase($final_op); |
967 | my $final_sql = ( |
968 | $unop_postfix{lc($final_op)} |
969 | ? "${expr_sql} ${op_sql}" |
970 | : "${op_sql} ${expr_sql}" |
971 | ); |
0c7e3af0 |
972 | return (($op eq 'not' ? '('.$final_sql.')' : $final_sql), @bind); |
16d9289c |
973 | } else { |
ec857800 |
974 | my @parts = map [ $self->_render_expr($_) ], @args; |
77617257 |
975 | my ($final_sql) = map +($op =~ /^(and|or)$/ ? "(${_})" : $_), join( |
2f9c5405 |
976 | ($final_op eq ',' ? '' : ' ').$self->_sqlcase($final_op).' ', |
77617257 |
977 | map $_->[0], @parts |
978 | ); |
99a65fa8 |
979 | return ( |
77617257 |
980 | $final_sql, |
16d9289c |
981 | map @{$_}[1..$#$_], @parts |
99a65fa8 |
982 | ); |
d13725da |
983 | } |
984 | die "unhandled"; |
985 | } |
986 | |
181dcebf |
987 | sub _render_func { |
988 | my ($self, $rest) = @_; |
711892b1 |
989 | my ($func, @args) = @$rest; |
990 | my @arg_sql; |
991 | my @bind = map { |
992 | my @x = @$_; |
993 | push @arg_sql, shift @x; |
994 | @x |
0f199fce |
995 | } map [ $self->_render_expr($_) ], @args; |
711892b1 |
996 | return ($self->_sqlcase($func).'('.join(', ', @arg_sql).')', @bind); |
997 | } |
998 | |
181dcebf |
999 | sub _render_bind { |
1000 | my ($self, $bind) = @_; |
d13725da |
1001 | return ($self->_convert('?'), $self->_bindtype(@$bind)); |
1002 | } |
1003 | |
181dcebf |
1004 | sub _render_literal { |
1005 | my ($self, $literal) = @_; |
465d43fd |
1006 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@{$literal}[1..$#$literal]); |
aa8d7bdb |
1007 | return @$literal; |
1008 | } |
1009 | |
4a1f01a3 |
1010 | # Some databases (SQLite) treat col IN (1, 2) different from |
1011 | # col IN ( (1, 2) ). Use this to strip all outer parens while |
1012 | # adding them back in the corresponding method |
1013 | sub _open_outer_paren { |
1014 | my ($self, $sql) = @_; |
a5f91feb |
1015 | |
ca4f826a |
1016 | while (my ($inner) = $sql =~ /^ \s* \( (.*) \) \s* $/xs) { |
a5f91feb |
1017 | |
1018 | # there are closing parens inside, need the heavy duty machinery |
1019 | # to reevaluate the extraction starting from $sql (full reevaluation) |
ca4f826a |
1020 | if ($inner =~ /\)/) { |
a5f91feb |
1021 | require Text::Balanced; |
1022 | |
1023 | my (undef, $remainder) = do { |
1024 | # idiotic design - writes to $@ but *DOES NOT* throw exceptions |
1025 | local $@; |
ca4f826a |
1026 | Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed($sql, '()', qr/\s*/); |
a5f91feb |
1027 | }; |
1028 | |
1029 | # the entire expression needs to be a balanced bracketed thing |
1030 | # (after an extract no remainder sans trailing space) |
1031 | last if defined $remainder and $remainder =~ /\S/; |
1032 | } |
1033 | |
1034 | $sql = $inner; |
1035 | } |
1036 | |
1037 | $sql; |
4a1f01a3 |
1038 | } |
1039 | |
96449e8e |
1040 | |
96449e8e |
1041 | #====================================================================== |
1042 | # ORDER BY |
1043 | #====================================================================== |
1044 | |
1045 | sub _order_by { |
1046 | my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
1047 | |
4325df6a |
1048 | return '' unless defined($arg) and not (ref($arg) eq 'ARRAY' and !@$arg); |
2b6158af |
1049 | |
4325df6a |
1050 | my $expander = sub { |
1051 | my ($self, $dir, $expr) = @_; |
1052 | my @exp = map +(defined($dir) ? { -op => [ $dir => $_ ] } : $_), |
1053 | map $self->_expand_expr($_, undef, -ident), |
1054 | ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$expr : $expr; |
1055 | return (@exp > 1 ? { -op => [ ',', @exp ] } : $exp[0]); |
1056 | }; |
18c743c8 |
1057 | |
ec19b759 |
1058 | local @{$self->{expand_unary}}{qw(-asc -desc)} = ( |
1059 | sub { shift->$expander(asc => @_) }, |
1060 | sub { shift->$expander(desc => @_) }, |
1061 | ); |
f267b646 |
1062 | |
4325df6a |
1063 | my $expanded = $self->$expander(undef, $arg); |
1064 | |
1065 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_render_expr($expanded); |
1066 | |
1067 | my $final_sql = $self->_sqlcase(' order by ').$sql; |
1068 | |
1069 | return wantarray ? ($final_sql, @bind) : $final_sql; |
f267b646 |
1070 | } |
1071 | |
96449e8e |
1072 | #====================================================================== |
1073 | # DATASOURCE (FOR NOW, JUST PLAIN TABLE OR LIST OF TABLES) |
1074 | #====================================================================== |
1075 | |
1076 | sub _table { |
1077 | my $self = shift; |
1078 | my $from = shift; |
7ad12721 |
1079 | ($self->_render_expr( |
8476c6a3 |
1080 | $self->_expand_maybe_list_expr($from, undef, -ident) |
7ad12721 |
1081 | ))[0]; |
96449e8e |
1082 | } |
1083 | |
1084 | |
1085 | #====================================================================== |
1086 | # UTILITY FUNCTIONS |
1087 | #====================================================================== |
1088 | |
8476c6a3 |
1089 | sub _expand_maybe_list_expr { |
1090 | my ($self, $expr, $logic, $default) = @_; |
bba04f52 |
1091 | my $e = do { |
1092 | if (ref($expr) eq 'ARRAY') { |
1093 | return { -op => [ |
8476c6a3 |
1094 | ',', map $self->_expand_expr($_, $logic, $default), @$expr |
bba04f52 |
1095 | ] } if @$expr > 1; |
1096 | $expr->[0] |
1097 | } else { |
1098 | $expr |
1099 | } |
1100 | }; |
1101 | return $self->_expand_expr($e, $logic, $default); |
8476c6a3 |
1102 | } |
1103 | |
955e77ca |
1104 | # highly optimized, as it's called way too often |
96449e8e |
1105 | sub _quote { |
955e77ca |
1106 | # my ($self, $label) = @_; |
96449e8e |
1107 | |
955e77ca |
1108 | return '' unless defined $_[1]; |
955e77ca |
1109 | return ${$_[1]} if ref($_[1]) eq 'SCALAR'; |
d3162b5c |
1110 | puke 'Identifier cannot be hashref' if ref($_[1]) eq 'HASH'; |
96449e8e |
1111 | |
d3162b5c |
1112 | unless ($_[0]->{quote_char}) { |
1113 | if (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY') { |
1114 | return join($_[0]->{name_sep}||'.', @{$_[1]}); |
1115 | } else { |
1116 | $_[0]->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_[1]); |
1117 | return $_[1]; |
1118 | } |
1119 | } |
96449e8e |
1120 | |
07d7c35c |
1121 | my $qref = ref $_[0]->{quote_char}; |
439834d3 |
1122 | my ($l, $r) = |
1123 | !$qref ? ($_[0]->{quote_char}, $_[0]->{quote_char}) |
1124 | : ($qref eq 'ARRAY') ? @{$_[0]->{quote_char}} |
1125 | : puke "Unsupported quote_char format: $_[0]->{quote_char}"; |
1126 | |
46be4313 |
1127 | my $esc = $_[0]->{escape_char} || $r; |
96449e8e |
1128 | |
07d7c35c |
1129 | # parts containing * are naturally unquoted |
d3162b5c |
1130 | return join( |
1131 | $_[0]->{name_sep}||'', |
1132 | map +( |
1133 | $_ eq '*' |
1134 | ? $_ |
1135 | : do { (my $n = $_) =~ s/(\Q$esc\E|\Q$r\E)/$esc$1/g; $l . $n . $r } |
1136 | ), |
1137 | (ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY' |
1138 | ? @{$_[1]} |
1139 | : ( |
1140 | $_[0]->{name_sep} |
1141 | ? split (/\Q$_[0]->{name_sep}\E/, $_[1] ) |
1142 | : $_[1] |
1143 | ) |
1144 | ) |
955e77ca |
1145 | ); |
96449e8e |
1146 | } |
1147 | |
1148 | |
1149 | # Conversion, if applicable |
d7c862e0 |
1150 | sub _convert { |
07d7c35c |
1151 | #my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
7ad12721 |
1152 | if ($_[0]->{convert_where}) { |
1153 | return $_[0]->_sqlcase($_[0]->{convert_where}) .'(' . $_[1] . ')'; |
96449e8e |
1154 | } |
07d7c35c |
1155 | return $_[1]; |
96449e8e |
1156 | } |
1157 | |
1158 | # And bindtype |
d7c862e0 |
1159 | sub _bindtype { |
07d7c35c |
1160 | #my ($self, $col, @vals) = @_; |
07d7c35c |
1161 | # called often - tighten code |
1162 | return $_[0]->{bindtype} eq 'columns' |
1163 | ? map {[$_[1], $_]} @_[2 .. $#_] |
1164 | : @_[2 .. $#_] |
1165 | ; |
96449e8e |
1166 | } |
1167 | |
fe3ae272 |
1168 | # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format |
1169 | # if bindtype is 'columns'. |
1170 | sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype { |
c94a6c93 |
1171 | # my ($self, @bind) = @_; |
1172 | my $self = shift; |
fe3ae272 |
1173 | if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') { |
c94a6c93 |
1174 | for (@_) { |
1175 | if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) { |
3a06278c |
1176 | puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]" |
fe3ae272 |
1177 | } |
1178 | } |
1179 | } |
1180 | } |
1181 | |
96449e8e |
1182 | sub _join_sql_clauses { |
1183 | my ($self, $logic, $clauses_aref, $bind_aref) = @_; |
1184 | |
1185 | if (@$clauses_aref > 1) { |
1186 | my $join = " " . $self->_sqlcase($logic) . " "; |
1187 | my $sql = '( ' . join($join, @$clauses_aref) . ' )'; |
1188 | return ($sql, @$bind_aref); |
1189 | } |
1190 | elsif (@$clauses_aref) { |
1191 | return ($clauses_aref->[0], @$bind_aref); # no parentheses |
1192 | } |
1193 | else { |
1194 | return (); # if no SQL, ignore @$bind_aref |
1195 | } |
1196 | } |
1197 | |
1198 | |
1199 | # Fix SQL case, if so requested |
1200 | sub _sqlcase { |
96449e8e |
1201 | # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we |
1202 | # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it! |
07d7c35c |
1203 | return $_[0]->{case} ? $_[1] : uc($_[1]); |
96449e8e |
1204 | } |
1205 | |
1206 | |
1207 | #====================================================================== |
1208 | # DISPATCHING FROM REFKIND |
1209 | #====================================================================== |
1210 | |
1211 | sub _refkind { |
1212 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
96449e8e |
1213 | |
955e77ca |
1214 | return 'UNDEF' unless defined $data; |
1215 | |
1216 | # blessed objects are treated like scalars |
1217 | my $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data; |
1218 | |
1219 | return 'SCALAR' unless $ref; |
1220 | |
1221 | my $n_steps = 1; |
1222 | while ($ref eq 'REF') { |
96449e8e |
1223 | $data = $$data; |
955e77ca |
1224 | $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data; |
1225 | $n_steps++ if $ref; |
96449e8e |
1226 | } |
1227 | |
848556bc |
1228 | return ($ref||'SCALAR') . ('REF' x $n_steps); |
96449e8e |
1229 | } |
1230 | |
1231 | sub _try_refkind { |
1232 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
1233 | my @try = ($self->_refkind($data)); |
1234 | push @try, 'SCALAR_or_UNDEF' if $try[0] eq 'SCALAR' || $try[0] eq 'UNDEF'; |
1235 | push @try, 'FALLBACK'; |
955e77ca |
1236 | return \@try; |
96449e8e |
1237 | } |
1238 | |
1239 | sub _METHOD_FOR_refkind { |
1240 | my ($self, $meth_prefix, $data) = @_; |
f39eaa60 |
1241 | |
1242 | my $method; |
955e77ca |
1243 | for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) { |
f39eaa60 |
1244 | $method = $self->can($meth_prefix."_".$_) |
1245 | and last; |
1246 | } |
1247 | |
1248 | return $method || puke "cannot dispatch on '$meth_prefix' for ".$self->_refkind($data); |
96449e8e |
1249 | } |
1250 | |
1251 | |
1252 | sub _SWITCH_refkind { |
1253 | my ($self, $data, $dispatch_table) = @_; |
1254 | |
f39eaa60 |
1255 | my $coderef; |
955e77ca |
1256 | for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) { |
f39eaa60 |
1257 | $coderef = $dispatch_table->{$_} |
1258 | and last; |
1259 | } |
1260 | |
1261 | puke "no dispatch entry for ".$self->_refkind($data) |
1262 | unless $coderef; |
1263 | |
96449e8e |
1264 | $coderef->(); |
1265 | } |
1266 | |
1267 | |
1268 | |
1269 | |
1270 | #====================================================================== |
1271 | # VALUES, GENERATE, AUTOLOAD |
1272 | #====================================================================== |
1273 | |
1274 | # LDNOTE: original code from nwiger, didn't touch code in that section |
1275 | # I feel the AUTOLOAD stuff should not be the default, it should |
1276 | # only be activated on explicit demand by user. |
1277 | |
1278 | sub values { |
1279 | my $self = shift; |
1280 | my $data = shift || return; |
1281 | puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash" |
1282 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
bab725ce |
1283 | |
1284 | my @all_bind; |
ca4f826a |
1285 | foreach my $k (sort keys %$data) { |
bab725ce |
1286 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
1287 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
9d48860e |
1288 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
bab725ce |
1289 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype |
1290 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1291 | } |
1292 | else { # literal SQL with bind |
1293 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1294 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1295 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1296 | } |
1297 | }, |
1298 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
1299 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
1300 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1301 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1302 | }, |
1303 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
1304 | }, |
1305 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
1306 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1307 | }, |
1308 | }); |
1309 | } |
1310 | |
1311 | return @all_bind; |
96449e8e |
1312 | } |
1313 | |
1314 | sub generate { |
1315 | my $self = shift; |
1316 | |
1317 | my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv); |
1318 | |
1319 | for (@_) { |
1320 | my $ref = ref $_; |
1321 | if ($ref eq 'HASH') { |
1322 | for my $k (sort keys %$_) { |
1323 | my $v = $_->{$k}; |
1324 | my $r = ref $v; |
1325 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
1326 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { |
fe3ae272 |
1327 | # literal SQL with bind |
1328 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1329 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
1330 | push @sqlq, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
1331 | push @sqlv, @bind; |
96449e8e |
1332 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { |
fe3ae272 |
1333 | # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1334 | push @sqlq, "$label = $$v"; |
9d48860e |
1335 | } else { |
96449e8e |
1336 | push @sqlq, "$label = ?"; |
1337 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1338 | } |
1339 | } |
1340 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq; |
1341 | } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') { |
1342 | # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL |
1343 | for my $v (@$_) { |
1344 | my $r = ref $v; |
fe3ae272 |
1345 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind |
1346 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1347 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1348 | push @sqlq, $sql; |
1349 | push @sqlv, @bind; |
1350 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1351 | # embedded literal SQL |
1352 | push @sqlq, $$v; |
9d48860e |
1353 | } else { |
96449e8e |
1354 | push @sqlq, '?'; |
1355 | push @sqlv, $v; |
1356 | } |
1357 | } |
1358 | push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')'; |
1359 | } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') { |
1360 | # literal SQL |
1361 | push @sql, $$_; |
1362 | } else { |
1363 | # strings get case twiddled |
1364 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_); |
1365 | } |
1366 | } |
1367 | |
1368 | my $sql = join ' ', @sql; |
1369 | |
1370 | # this is pretty tricky |
1371 | # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind) |
1372 | # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline |
1373 | if (wantarray) { |
1374 | return ($sql, @sqlv); |
1375 | } else { |
1376 | 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv); |
1377 | ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e; |
1378 | return $sql; |
1379 | } |
1380 | } |
1381 | |
1382 | |
1383 | sub DESTROY { 1 } |
1384 | |
1385 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
1386 | # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr |
1387 | my $self = shift; |
1388 | my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/; |
1389 | return $self->generate($name, @_); |
1390 | } |
1391 | |
1392 | 1; |
1393 | |
1394 | |
1395 | |
1396 | __END__ |
32eab2da |
1397 | |
1398 | =head1 NAME |
1399 | |
1400 | SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures |
1401 | |
1402 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
1403 | |
1404 | use SQL::Abstract; |
1405 | |
1406 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
1407 | |
85783f3c |
1408 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($source, \@fields, \%where, $order); |
32eab2da |
1409 | |
1410 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values); |
1411 | |
1412 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where); |
1413 | |
1414 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where); |
1415 | |
1416 | # Then, use these in your DBI statements |
1417 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1418 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1419 | |
1420 | # Just generate the WHERE clause |
85783f3c |
1421 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, $order); |
32eab2da |
1422 | |
1423 | # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries |
1424 | # See PERFORMANCE section for more details |
1425 | my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals); |
1426 | |
1427 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
1428 | |
1429 | This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>. |
1430 | However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted |
1431 | to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my |
1432 | statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to |
1433 | create an abstract SQL generation module. |
1434 | |
1435 | While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are |
1436 | several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE |
1437 | clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier |
1438 | to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive. |
1439 | The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based |
1440 | on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that |
1441 | you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes, |
1442 | as this module figures it out. |
1443 | |
1444 | To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash |
1445 | of C<key=value> pairs: |
1446 | |
1447 | my %data = ( |
1448 | name => 'Jimbo Bobson', |
1449 | phone => '123-456-7890', |
1450 | address => '42 Sister Lane', |
1451 | city => 'St. Louis', |
1452 | state => 'Louisiana', |
1453 | ); |
1454 | |
1455 | The SQL can then be generated with this: |
1456 | |
1457 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
1458 | |
1459 | Which would give you something like this: |
1460 | |
1461 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people |
1462 | (address, city, name, phone, state) |
1463 | VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"; |
1464 | @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson', |
1465 | '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana'); |
1466 | |
1467 | These are then used directly in your DBI code: |
1468 | |
1469 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1470 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1471 | |
96449e8e |
1472 | =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays |
1473 | |
1474 | If your database has array types (like for example Postgres), |
1475 | activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >> |
9d48860e |
1476 | when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object. |
96449e8e |
1477 | Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types: |
1478 | |
1479 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1); |
1480 | my %data = ( |
1481 | planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/] |
1482 | ); |
9d48860e |
1483 | |
96449e8e |
1484 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data); |
1485 | |
1486 | This results in: |
1487 | |
1488 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)" |
1489 | |
1490 | @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']); |
1491 | |
1492 | |
1493 | =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL |
1494 | |
1495 | In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may |
1496 | specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example, |
1497 | if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can |
1498 | say something like this: |
32eab2da |
1499 | |
1500 | my %data = ( |
1501 | name => 'Bill', |
3ae1c5e2 |
1502 | date_entered => \[ "to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003" ], |
9d48860e |
1503 | ); |
32eab2da |
1504 | |
1505 | The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are |
1506 | optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives |
1507 | you: |
1508 | |
1509 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
1510 | |
9d48860e |
1511 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered) |
32eab2da |
1512 | VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))"; |
1513 | @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003'); |
1514 | |
1515 | An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function: |
1516 | |
1517 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data); |
1518 | |
1519 | Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate |
1520 | the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll |
1521 | want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is |
1522 | where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy... |
1523 | |
96449e8e |
1524 | =head2 Complex where statements |
1525 | |
32eab2da |
1526 | This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements |
1527 | easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean |
1528 | equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set |
1529 | of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to |
1530 | SELECT some data based on this criteria: |
1531 | |
1532 | my %where = ( |
1533 | requestor => 'inna', |
1534 | worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'], |
1535 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
1536 | ); |
1537 | |
1538 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where); |
1539 | |
1540 | The above would give you something like this: |
1541 | |
1542 | $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE |
1543 | ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? ) |
1544 | AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )"; |
1545 | @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'); |
1546 | |
1547 | Which you could then use in DBI code like so: |
1548 | |
1549 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1550 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1551 | |
1552 | Easy, eh? |
1553 | |
0da0fe34 |
1554 | =head1 METHODS |
32eab2da |
1555 | |
13cc86af |
1556 | The methods are simple. There's one for every major SQL operation, |
32eab2da |
1557 | and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a |
13cc86af |
1558 | similar order for each method (table, then fields, then a where |
32eab2da |
1559 | clause) to try and simplify things. |
1560 | |
32eab2da |
1561 | =head2 new(option => 'value') |
1562 | |
1563 | The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns |
1564 | a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL |
1565 | through the methods below. The options accepted are: |
1566 | |
1567 | =over |
1568 | |
1569 | =item case |
1570 | |
1571 | If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By |
1572 | default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like: |
1573 | |
1574 | SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%' |
1575 | |
96449e8e |
1576 | Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored. |
1577 | |
32eab2da |
1578 | =item cmp |
1579 | |
1580 | This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default |
1581 | it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this: |
1582 | |
1583 | %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org'); |
1584 | |
1585 | Will generate SQL like this: |
1586 | |
1587 | WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org' |
1588 | |
1589 | However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set |
1590 | C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as: |
1591 | |
1592 | WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org' |
1593 | |
3af02ccb |
1594 | You can also override the comparison on an individual basis - see |
32eab2da |
1595 | the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom. |
1596 | |
96449e8e |
1597 | =item sqltrue, sqlfalse |
1598 | |
1599 | Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements. |
6e0c6552 |
1600 | By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used |
1601 | by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating |
1602 | correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below). |
96449e8e |
1603 | |
32eab2da |
1604 | =item logic |
1605 | |
1606 | This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE |
7cac25e6 |
1607 | statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or" |
1608 | for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE |
32eab2da |
1609 | array of the form: |
1610 | |
1611 | @where = ( |
9d48860e |
1612 | event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'}, |
1613 | event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'}, |
32eab2da |
1614 | ); |
1615 | |
7cac25e6 |
1616 | will generate SQL like this: |
32eab2da |
1617 | |
1618 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03' |
1619 | |
1620 | This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look |
1621 | at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify: |
1622 | |
1623 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and'); |
1624 | |
1625 | Which will change the above C<WHERE> to: |
1626 | |
1627 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03' |
1628 | |
96449e8e |
1629 | The logic can also be changed locally by inserting |
be21dde3 |
1630 | a modifier in front of an arrayref: |
96449e8e |
1631 | |
9d48860e |
1632 | @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'}, |
7cac25e6 |
1633 | event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]); |
96449e8e |
1634 | |
1635 | See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations. |
1636 | |
32eab2da |
1637 | =item convert |
1638 | |
1639 | This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL |
1640 | function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument |
1641 | of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of |
1642 | case-insensitive "searches". For example, this: |
1643 | |
1644 | $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper'); |
1645 | %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive'); |
1646 | |
1647 | Will turn out the following SQL: |
1648 | |
1649 | WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive') |
1650 | |
1651 | The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function |
1652 | that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does |
1653 | not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim). |
1654 | |
1655 | =item bindtype |
1656 | |
1657 | This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't |
1658 | just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields. |
1659 | Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>: |
1660 | |
1661 | $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data'); |
1662 | $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
1663 | |
1664 | The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array, |
1665 | which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not. |
1666 | |
1667 | If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned. |
1668 | Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you |
1669 | specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this: |
1670 | |
1671 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns'); |
1672 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...); |
1673 | |
1674 | @bind = ( |
1675 | [ 'column1', 'value1' ], |
1676 | [ 'column2', 'value2' ], |
1677 | [ 'column3', 'value3' ], |
1678 | ); |
1679 | |
1680 | You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>. |
e3f9dff4 |
1681 | |
32eab2da |
1682 | $sth->prepare($stmt); |
1683 | my $i = 1; |
1684 | for (@bind) { |
1685 | my($col, $data) = @$_; |
1686 | if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') { |
1687 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
1688 | } elsif ($col eq 'image') { |
1689 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB}); |
1690 | } else { |
1691 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data); |
1692 | } |
1693 | $i++; |
1694 | } |
1695 | $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now |
1696 | |
1697 | Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap? |
1698 | Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields |
1699 | are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple |
1700 | sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still |
1701 | get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification. |
1702 | |
3ae1c5e2 |
1703 | Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[ $sql, @bind ]> |
deb148a2 |
1704 | construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>) |
1705 | will expect the bind values in this format. |
1706 | |
32eab2da |
1707 | =item quote_char |
1708 | |
1709 | This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted |
9d48860e |
1710 | with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to |
32eab2da |
1711 | the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this: |
1712 | |
1713 | SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%' |
1714 | |
96449e8e |
1715 | Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left |
1716 | hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For |
1717 | example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes |
1718 | that generates SQL like this: |
1719 | |
1720 | SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%' |
1721 | |
9d48860e |
1722 | Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved |
96449e8e |
1723 | words in your database's SQL dialect. |
32eab2da |
1724 | |
46be4313 |
1725 | =item escape_char |
1726 | |
1727 | This is the character that will be used to escape L</quote_char>s appearing |
1728 | in an identifier before it has been quoted. |
1729 | |
80790166 |
1730 | The parameter default in case of a single L</quote_char> character is the quote |
46be4313 |
1731 | character itself. |
1732 | |
1733 | When opening-closing-style quoting is used (L</quote_char> is an arrayref) |
9de2bd86 |
1734 | this parameter defaults to the B<closing (right)> L</quote_char>. Occurrences |
46be4313 |
1735 | of the B<opening (left)> L</quote_char> within the identifier are currently left |
1736 | untouched. The default for opening-closing-style quotes may change in future |
1737 | versions, thus you are B<strongly encouraged> to specify the escape character |
1738 | explicitly. |
1739 | |
32eab2da |
1740 | =item name_sep |
1741 | |
1742 | This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is |
1743 | necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected, |
1744 | so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this: |
1745 | |
1746 | SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1 |
1747 | |
b6251592 |
1748 | =item injection_guard |
1749 | |
1750 | A regular expression C<qr/.../> that is applied to any C<-function> and unquoted |
1751 | column name specified in a query structure. This is a safety mechanism to avoid |
1752 | injection attacks when mishandling user input e.g.: |
1753 | |
1754 | my %condition_as_column_value_pairs = get_values_from_user(); |
1755 | $sqla->select( ... , \%condition_as_column_value_pairs ); |
1756 | |
1757 | If the expression matches an exception is thrown. Note that literal SQL |
1758 | supplied via C<\'...'> or C<\['...']> is B<not> checked in any way. |
1759 | |
1760 | Defaults to checking for C<;> and the C<GO> keyword (TransactSQL) |
1761 | |
96449e8e |
1762 | =item array_datatypes |
32eab2da |
1763 | |
9d48860e |
1764 | When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are |
1765 | interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly |
96449e8e |
1766 | to the DBI layer. |
1767 | When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted |
1768 | as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs |
1769 | (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing |
1770 | new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax |
1771 | for literal SQL). |
32eab2da |
1772 | |
32eab2da |
1773 | |
96449e8e |
1774 | =item special_ops |
32eab2da |
1775 | |
9d48860e |
1776 | Takes a reference to a list of "special operators" |
96449e8e |
1777 | to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>. |
1778 | See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details. |
32eab2da |
1779 | |
59f23b3d |
1780 | =item unary_ops |
1781 | |
9d48860e |
1782 | Takes a reference to a list of "unary operators" |
59f23b3d |
1783 | to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>. |
1784 | See section L</"UNARY OPERATORS"> for details. |
1785 | |
32eab2da |
1786 | |
32eab2da |
1787 | |
96449e8e |
1788 | =back |
32eab2da |
1789 | |
02288357 |
1790 | =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options) |
32eab2da |
1791 | |
1792 | This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name |
1793 | and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs. |
1794 | It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values. |
96449e8e |
1795 | See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and |
1796 | L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert |
1797 | with those data types. |
32eab2da |
1798 | |
02288357 |
1799 | The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional |
1800 | options to generate the insert SQL. Currently supported options |
1801 | are: |
1802 | |
1803 | =over 4 |
1804 | |
1805 | =item returning |
1806 | |
1807 | Takes either a scalar of raw SQL fields, or an array reference of |
1808 | field names, and adds on an SQL C<RETURNING> statement at the end. |
1809 | This allows you to return data generated by the insert statement |
1810 | (such as row IDs) without performing another C<SELECT> statement. |
1811 | Note, however, this is not part of the SQL standard and may not |
1812 | be supported by all database engines. |
1813 | |
1814 | =back |
1815 | |
95904db5 |
1816 | =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where, \%options) |
32eab2da |
1817 | |
1818 | This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional |
86298391 |
1819 | hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list |
32eab2da |
1820 | of bind values. |
96449e8e |
1821 | See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and |
1822 | L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert |
1823 | with those data types. |
32eab2da |
1824 | |
95904db5 |
1825 | The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional |
1826 | options to generate the update SQL. Currently supported options |
1827 | are: |
1828 | |
1829 | =over 4 |
1830 | |
1831 | =item returning |
1832 | |
1833 | See the C<returning> option to |
1834 | L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>. |
1835 | |
1836 | =back |
1837 | |
96449e8e |
1838 | =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order) |
32eab2da |
1839 | |
9d48860e |
1840 | This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as |
be21dde3 |
1841 | specified by the arguments: |
32eab2da |
1842 | |
96449e8e |
1843 | =over |
32eab2da |
1844 | |
96449e8e |
1845 | =item $source |
32eab2da |
1846 | |
9d48860e |
1847 | Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement. |
96449e8e |
1848 | The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table |
1849 | name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list |
1850 | of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref |
063097a3 |
1851 | (literal SQL, not quoted). |
32eab2da |
1852 | |
96449e8e |
1853 | =item $fields |
32eab2da |
1854 | |
9d48860e |
1855 | Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from |
96449e8e |
1856 | the source. |
1857 | The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list |
9d48860e |
1858 | of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a |
96449e8e |
1859 | plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted). |
521647e7 |
1860 | Please observe that this API is not as flexible as that of |
1861 | the first argument C<$source>, for backwards compatibility reasons. |
32eab2da |
1862 | |
96449e8e |
1863 | =item $where |
32eab2da |
1864 | |
96449e8e |
1865 | Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query. |
1866 | The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be |
9d48860e |
1867 | an arrayref or plain scalar -- |
96449e8e |
1868 | see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details. |
32eab2da |
1869 | |
96449e8e |
1870 | =item $order |
32eab2da |
1871 | |
96449e8e |
1872 | Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query. |
9d48860e |
1873 | The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref |
96449e8e |
1874 | -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES"> |
1875 | for details. |
32eab2da |
1876 | |
96449e8e |
1877 | =back |
32eab2da |
1878 | |
32eab2da |
1879 | |
85327cd5 |
1880 | =head2 delete($table, \%where, \%options) |
32eab2da |
1881 | |
86298391 |
1882 | This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. |
32eab2da |
1883 | It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values. |
1884 | |
85327cd5 |
1885 | The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional |
1886 | options to generate the delete SQL. Currently supported options |
1887 | are: |
1888 | |
1889 | =over 4 |
1890 | |
1891 | =item returning |
1892 | |
1893 | See the C<returning> option to |
1894 | L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>. |
1895 | |
1896 | =back |
1897 | |
85783f3c |
1898 | =head2 where(\%where, $order) |
32eab2da |
1899 | |
1900 | This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example, |
1901 | if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the |
1902 | rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way |
1903 | to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE |
1904 | clause and list of bind values. |
1905 | |
32eab2da |
1906 | |
1907 | =head2 values(\%data) |
1908 | |
1909 | This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same |
1910 | order that would be returned from any of the other above queries. |
1911 | Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you |
1912 | are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section. |
1913 | |
32eab2da |
1914 | =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types) |
1915 | |
1916 | Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change. |
1917 | |
1918 | This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut. |
1919 | It will return two different things, depending on return context: |
1920 | |
1921 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
1922 | my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
1923 | |
1924 | These would return the following: |
1925 | |
1926 | # First calling form |
1927 | $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)"; |
1928 | @bind = (field1, field2); |
1929 | |
1930 | # Second calling form |
1931 | $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)"; |
1932 | |
1933 | Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct |
1934 | format. In this example, the second form is what you would want. |
1935 | |
1936 | By the same token: |
1937 | |
1938 | $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' }); |
1939 | |
1940 | Might give you: |
1941 | |
1942 | ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY' |
1943 | |
1944 | You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything |
1945 | else remains verbatim. |
1946 | |
0da0fe34 |
1947 | =head1 EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS |
1948 | |
1949 | =head2 is_plain_value |
1950 | |
1951 | Determines if the supplied argument is a plain value as understood by this |
1952 | module: |
1953 | |
1954 | =over |
1955 | |
1956 | =item * The value is C<undef> |
1957 | |
1958 | =item * The value is a non-reference |
1959 | |
1960 | =item * The value is an object with stringification overloading |
1961 | |
1962 | =item * The value is of the form C<< { -value => $anything } >> |
1963 | |
1964 | =back |
1965 | |
9de2bd86 |
1966 | On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns a B<scalar> reference |
966200cc |
1967 | to the original supplied argument. |
0da0fe34 |
1968 | |
843a94b5 |
1969 | =over |
1970 | |
1971 | =item * Note |
1972 | |
1973 | The stringification overloading detection is rather advanced: it takes |
1974 | into consideration not only the presence of a C<""> overload, but if that |
1975 | fails also checks for enabled |
1976 | L<autogenerated versions of C<"">|overload/Magic Autogeneration>, based |
1977 | on either C<0+> or C<bool>. |
1978 | |
1979 | Unfortunately testing in the field indicates that this |
1980 | detection B<< may tickle a latent bug in perl versions before 5.018 >>, |
1981 | but only when very large numbers of stringifying objects are involved. |
1982 | At the time of writing ( Sep 2014 ) there is no clear explanation of |
1983 | the direct cause, nor is there a manageably small test case that reliably |
1984 | reproduces the problem. |
1985 | |
1986 | If you encounter any of the following exceptions in B<random places within |
1987 | your application stack> - this module may be to blame: |
1988 | |
1989 | Operation "ne": no method found, |
1990 | left argument in overloaded package <something>, |
1991 | right argument in overloaded package <something> |
1992 | |
1993 | or perhaps even |
1994 | |
1995 | Stub found while resolving method "???" overloading """" in package <something> |
1996 | |
1997 | If you fall victim to the above - please attempt to reduce the problem |
1998 | to something that could be sent to the L<SQL::Abstract developers |
1f490ae4 |
1999 | |DBIx::Class/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT> |
843a94b5 |
2000 | (either publicly or privately). As a workaround in the meantime you can |
2001 | set C<$ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}> to a true |
2002 | value, which will most likely eliminate your problem (at the expense of |
2003 | not being able to properly detect exotic forms of stringification). |
2004 | |
2005 | This notice and environment variable will be removed in a future version, |
2006 | as soon as the underlying problem is found and a reliable workaround is |
2007 | devised. |
2008 | |
2009 | =back |
2010 | |
0da0fe34 |
2011 | =head2 is_literal_value |
2012 | |
2013 | Determines if the supplied argument is a literal value as understood by this |
2014 | module: |
2015 | |
2016 | =over |
2017 | |
2018 | =item * C<\$sql_string> |
2019 | |
2020 | =item * C<\[ $sql_string, @bind_values ]> |
2021 | |
0da0fe34 |
2022 | =back |
2023 | |
9de2bd86 |
2024 | On failure returns C<undef>, on success returns an B<array> reference |
966200cc |
2025 | containing the unpacked version of the supplied literal SQL and bind values. |
0da0fe34 |
2026 | |
32eab2da |
2027 | =head1 WHERE CLAUSES |
2028 | |
96449e8e |
2029 | =head2 Introduction |
2030 | |
32eab2da |
2031 | This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It |
2032 | is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this |
2033 | module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes |
2034 | are AND'ed.> |
2035 | |
2036 | The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After |
2037 | each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used: |
2038 | |
2039 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where); |
2040 | |
2041 | However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any |
2042 | of the other functions as well, as described above. |
2043 | |
96449e8e |
2044 | =head2 Key-value pairs |
2045 | |
32eab2da |
2046 | So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash: |
2047 | |
2048 | my %where = ( |
2049 | user => 'nwiger', |
2050 | status => 'completed' |
2051 | ); |
2052 | |
2053 | Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements: |
2054 | |
2055 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?"; |
2056 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
2057 | |
2058 | One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that |
2059 | a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of |
2060 | an arrayref: |
2061 | |
2062 | my %where = ( |
2063 | user => 'nwiger', |
2064 | status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending']; |
2065 | ); |
2066 | |
2067 | This simple code will create the following: |
9d48860e |
2068 | |
32eab2da |
2069 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )"; |
2070 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'); |
2071 | |
9d48860e |
2072 | A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a |
7cac25e6 |
2073 | logical false and will generate 0=1. |
8a68b5be |
2074 | |
b864ba9b |
2075 | =head2 Tests for NULL values |
2076 | |
2077 | If the value part is C<undef> then this is converted to SQL <IS NULL> |
2078 | |
2079 | my %where = ( |
2080 | user => 'nwiger', |
2081 | status => undef, |
2082 | ); |
2083 | |
2084 | becomes: |
2085 | |
2086 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status IS NULL"; |
2087 | @bind = ('nwiger'); |
2088 | |
e9614080 |
2089 | To test if a column IS NOT NULL: |
2090 | |
2091 | my %where = ( |
2092 | user => 'nwiger', |
2093 | status => { '!=', undef }, |
2094 | ); |
cc422895 |
2095 | |
6e0c6552 |
2096 | =head2 Specific comparison operators |
96449e8e |
2097 | |
32eab2da |
2098 | If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison, |
2099 | you can use a hashref for a given column: |
2100 | |
2101 | my %where = ( |
2102 | user => 'nwiger', |
2103 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
2104 | ); |
2105 | |
2106 | Which would generate: |
2107 | |
2108 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?"; |
2109 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
2110 | |
2111 | To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref: |
2112 | |
96449e8e |
2113 | status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] }; |
2114 | |
f2d5020d |
2115 | Which would give you: |
96449e8e |
2116 | |
2117 | "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?" |
2118 | |
2119 | |
2120 | The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded |
32eab2da |
2121 | into an C<AND> of its elements: |
2122 | |
2123 | my %where = ( |
2124 | user => 'nwiger', |
2125 | status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' } |
2126 | ); |
2127 | |
2128 | # Or more dynamically, like from a form |
2129 | $where{user} = 'nwiger'; |
2130 | $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed'; |
2131 | $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%'; |
2132 | |
2133 | # Both generate this |
2134 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?"; |
2135 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%'); |
2136 | |
96449e8e |
2137 | |
32eab2da |
2138 | To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea: |
2139 | |
2140 | my %where => ( |
2141 | user => 'nwiger', |
1a6f2a03 |
2142 | priority => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] |
32eab2da |
2143 | ); |
2144 | |
2145 | Which would generate: |
2146 | |
1a6f2a03 |
2147 | $stmt = "WHERE ( priority = ? OR priority > ? ) AND user = ?"; |
2148 | @bind = ('2', '5', 'nwiger'); |
32eab2da |
2149 | |
44b9e502 |
2150 | If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a |
13cc86af |
2151 | scalar reference or reference to an arrayref as the value: |
44b9e502 |
2152 | |
2153 | my %where = ( |
2154 | date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] }, |
2155 | date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" } |
2156 | ); |
2157 | |
2158 | Which would generate: |
2159 | |
13cc86af |
2160 | $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()"; |
44b9e502 |
2161 | @bind = ('11/26/2008'); |
2162 | |
96449e8e |
2163 | |
2164 | =head2 Logic and nesting operators |
2165 | |
2166 | In the example above, |
2167 | there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like |
32eab2da |
2168 | this (notice the C<AND>): |
2169 | |
2170 | WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ? |
2171 | |
2172 | Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this: |
2173 | |
13cc86af |
2174 | priority => { '!=' => 2, '!=' => 1 } |
32eab2da |
2175 | |
2176 | As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution |
2177 | is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref: |
2178 | |
9d48860e |
2179 | priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2}, |
96449e8e |
2180 | {'!=', 1} ] |
2181 | |
32eab2da |
2182 | |
2183 | Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it |
2184 | to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the |
2185 | C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries |
2186 | work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes |
2187 | B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will |
2188 | B<NOT> do what you think it might: |
2189 | |
2190 | priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG! |
2191 | |
2192 | Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap: |
2193 | |
2194 | # Same |
2195 | status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' } |
2196 | status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}] |
2197 | |
2198 | # Same |
2199 | status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']} |
2200 | status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}] |
2201 | status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ] |
2202 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2203 | |
2204 | |
be21dde3 |
2205 | =head2 Special operators: IN, BETWEEN, etc. |
96449e8e |
2206 | |
32eab2da |
2207 | You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the |
2208 | C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref: |
2209 | |
2210 | my %where = ( |
2211 | status => 'completed', |
2212 | reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] } |
2213 | ); |
2214 | |
2215 | Which would generate: |
2216 | |
2217 | $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)"; |
2218 | @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2'); |
2219 | |
9d48860e |
2220 | The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in |
96449e8e |
2221 | the same way. |
2222 | |
6e0c6552 |
2223 | If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated |
be21dde3 |
2224 | (by default: C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates |
2225 | 'sqltrue' (by default: C<1=1>). |
6e0c6552 |
2226 | |
e41c3bdd |
2227 | In addition to the array you can supply a chunk of literal sql or |
2228 | literal sql with bind: |
6e0c6552 |
2229 | |
e41c3bdd |
2230 | my %where = { |
2231 | customer => { -in => \[ |
2232 | 'SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ?', |
2233 | 2000, |
2234 | ], |
2235 | status => { -in => \'SELECT status_codes FROM states' }, |
2236 | }; |
6e0c6552 |
2237 | |
e41c3bdd |
2238 | would generate: |
2239 | |
2240 | $stmt = "WHERE ( |
2241 | customer IN ( SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ? ) |
2242 | AND status IN ( SELECT status_codes FROM states ) |
2243 | )"; |
2244 | @bind = ('2000'); |
2245 | |
0dfd2442 |
2246 | Finally, if the argument to C<-in> is not a reference, it will be |
2247 | treated as a single-element array. |
e41c3bdd |
2248 | |
2249 | Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>, |
96449e8e |
2250 | used with an arrayref of two values: |
32eab2da |
2251 | |
2252 | my %where = ( |
2253 | user => 'nwiger', |
2254 | completion_date => { |
2255 | -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06'] |
2256 | } |
2257 | ); |
2258 | |
2259 | Would give you: |
2260 | |
2261 | WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? ) |
2262 | |
e41c3bdd |
2263 | Just like with C<-in> all plausible combinations of literal SQL |
2264 | are possible: |
2265 | |
2266 | my %where = { |
2267 | start0 => { -between => [ 1, 2 ] }, |
2268 | start1 => { -between => \["? AND ?", 1, 2] }, |
2269 | start2 => { -between => \"lower(x) AND upper(y)" }, |
9d48860e |
2270 | start3 => { -between => [ |
e41c3bdd |
2271 | \"lower(x)", |
2272 | \["upper(?)", 'stuff' ], |
2273 | ] }, |
2274 | }; |
2275 | |
2276 | Would give you: |
2277 | |
2278 | $stmt = "WHERE ( |
2279 | ( start0 BETWEEN ? AND ? ) |
2280 | AND ( start1 BETWEEN ? AND ? ) |
2281 | AND ( start2 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(y) ) |
2282 | AND ( start3 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(?) ) |
2283 | )"; |
2284 | @bind = (1, 2, 1, 2, 'stuff'); |
2285 | |
2286 | |
9d48860e |
2287 | These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the |
be21dde3 |
2288 | list can be expanded: see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below. |
96449e8e |
2289 | |
59f23b3d |
2290 | =head2 Unary operators: bool |
97a920ef |
2291 | |
2292 | If you wish to test against boolean columns or functions within your |
2293 | database you can use the C<-bool> and C<-not_bool> operators. For |
2294 | example to test the column C<is_user> being true and the column |
827bb0eb |
2295 | C<is_enabled> being false you would use:- |
97a920ef |
2296 | |
2297 | my %where = ( |
2298 | -bool => 'is_user', |
2299 | -not_bool => 'is_enabled', |
2300 | ); |
2301 | |
2302 | Would give you: |
2303 | |
277b5d3f |
2304 | WHERE is_user AND NOT is_enabled |
97a920ef |
2305 | |
0b604e9d |
2306 | If a more complex combination is required, testing more conditions, |
2307 | then you should use the and/or operators:- |
2308 | |
2309 | my %where = ( |
2310 | -and => [ |
2311 | -bool => 'one', |
23401b81 |
2312 | -not_bool => { two=> { -rlike => 'bar' } }, |
2313 | -not_bool => { three => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] }, |
0b604e9d |
2314 | ], |
2315 | ); |
2316 | |
2317 | Would give you: |
2318 | |
23401b81 |
2319 | WHERE |
2320 | one |
2321 | AND |
2322 | (NOT two RLIKE ?) |
2323 | AND |
2324 | (NOT ( three = ? OR three > ? )) |
97a920ef |
2325 | |
2326 | |
107b72f1 |
2327 | =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes |
96449e8e |
2328 | |
32eab2da |
2329 | So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level |
2330 | C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in |
2331 | hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example: |
2332 | |
2333 | my @where = ( |
2334 | { |
2335 | user => 'nwiger', |
2336 | status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] }, |
2337 | }, |
2338 | { |
2339 | user => 'robot', |
2340 | status => 'unassigned', |
2341 | } |
2342 | ); |
2343 | |
2344 | This data structure would create the following: |
2345 | |
2346 | $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) ) |
2347 | OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )"; |
2348 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned'); |
2349 | |
107b72f1 |
2350 | |
48d9f5f8 |
2351 | Clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or> |
be21dde3 |
2352 | to change the logic inside: |
32eab2da |
2353 | |
2354 | my @where = ( |
2355 | -and => [ |
2356 | user => 'nwiger', |
48d9f5f8 |
2357 | [ |
2358 | -and => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ], |
2359 | -or => { workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' }, |
32eab2da |
2360 | ], |
2361 | ], |
2362 | ); |
2363 | |
2364 | That would yield: |
2365 | |
13cc86af |
2366 | $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? |
2367 | AND ( ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? ) |
2368 | OR ( workhrs < ? OR geo = ? ) ) )"; |
2369 | @bind = ('nwiger', '20', 'ASIA', '50', 'EURO'); |
107b72f1 |
2370 | |
cc422895 |
2371 | =head3 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons |
107b72f1 |
2372 | |
7cac25e6 |
2373 | C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or> |
2374 | operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting |
2375 | several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes |
be21dde3 |
2376 | C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features: |
7cac25e6 |
2377 | |
2378 | my @where = ( |
2379 | -and => [a => 1, b => 2], |
2380 | -or => [c => 3, d => 4], |
2381 | e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ] |
2382 | ) |
2383 | |
2384 | yielding |
2385 | |
9d48860e |
2386 | WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? ) |
2387 | OR ( c = ? OR d = ? ) |
7cac25e6 |
2388 | OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) ) |
2389 | |
107b72f1 |
2390 | This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for |
be21dde3 |
2391 | historical reasons. So be careful: the two examples below would |
107b72f1 |
2392 | seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not |
2393 | |
a948b1fe |
2394 | { col => [ -and => |
2395 | { -like => 'foo%' }, |
2396 | { -like => '%bar' }, |
2397 | ] } |
be21dde3 |
2398 | # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) ) |
107b72f1 |
2399 | |
a948b1fe |
2400 | [ -and => |
2401 | { col => { -like => 'foo%' } }, |
2402 | { col => { -like => '%bar' } }, |
2403 | ] |
be21dde3 |
2404 | # yields: WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) ) |
107b72f1 |
2405 | |
7cac25e6 |
2406 | |
cc422895 |
2407 | =head2 Literal SQL and value type operators |
96449e8e |
2408 | |
cc422895 |
2409 | The basic premise of SQL::Abstract is that in WHERE specifications the "left |
2410 | side" is a column name and the "right side" is a value (normally rendered as |
2411 | a placeholder). This holds true for both hashrefs and arrayref pairs as you |
2412 | see in the L</WHERE CLAUSES> examples above. Sometimes it is necessary to |
2413 | alter this behavior. There are several ways of doing so. |
e9614080 |
2414 | |
cc422895 |
2415 | =head3 -ident |
2416 | |
2417 | This is a virtual operator that signals the string to its right side is an |
2418 | identifier (a column name) and not a value. For example to compare two |
2419 | columns you would write: |
32eab2da |
2420 | |
e9614080 |
2421 | my %where = ( |
2422 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
cc422895 |
2423 | requestor => { -ident => 'submitter' }, |
e9614080 |
2424 | ); |
2425 | |
2426 | which creates: |
2427 | |
2428 | $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor = submitter"; |
2429 | @bind = ('2'); |
2430 | |
cc422895 |
2431 | If you are maintaining legacy code you may see a different construct as |
2432 | described in L</Deprecated usage of Literal SQL>, please use C<-ident> in new |
2433 | code. |
2434 | |
2435 | =head3 -value |
e9614080 |
2436 | |
cc422895 |
2437 | This is a virtual operator that signals that the construct to its right side |
2438 | is a value to be passed to DBI. This is for example necessary when you want |
2439 | to write a where clause against an array (for RDBMS that support such |
2440 | datatypes). For example: |
e9614080 |
2441 | |
32eab2da |
2442 | my %where = ( |
cc422895 |
2443 | array => { -value => [1, 2, 3] } |
32eab2da |
2444 | ); |
2445 | |
cc422895 |
2446 | will result in: |
32eab2da |
2447 | |
cc422895 |
2448 | $stmt = 'WHERE array = ?'; |
2449 | @bind = ([1, 2, 3]); |
32eab2da |
2450 | |
cc422895 |
2451 | Note that if you were to simply say: |
32eab2da |
2452 | |
2453 | my %where = ( |
cc422895 |
2454 | array => [1, 2, 3] |
32eab2da |
2455 | ); |
2456 | |
3af02ccb |
2457 | the result would probably not be what you wanted: |
cc422895 |
2458 | |
2459 | $stmt = 'WHERE array = ? OR array = ? OR array = ?'; |
2460 | @bind = (1, 2, 3); |
2461 | |
2462 | =head3 Literal SQL |
96449e8e |
2463 | |
cc422895 |
2464 | Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. To include a random snippet |
2465 | of SQL verbatim, you specify it as a scalar reference. Consider this only |
2466 | as a last resort. Usually there is a better way. For example: |
96449e8e |
2467 | |
2468 | my %where = ( |
cc422895 |
2469 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
2470 | requestor => { -in => \'(SELECT name FROM hitmen)' }, |
96449e8e |
2471 | ); |
2472 | |
cc422895 |
2473 | Would create: |
96449e8e |
2474 | |
cc422895 |
2475 | $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor IN (SELECT name FROM hitmen)" |
2476 | @bind = (2); |
2477 | |
2478 | Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since |
2479 | the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement. |
2480 | |
2481 | =head4 CAVEAT |
2482 | |
2483 | Never use untrusted input as a literal SQL argument - this is a massive |
2484 | security risk (there is no way to check literal snippets for SQL |
2485 | injections and other nastyness). If you need to deal with untrusted input |
2486 | use literal SQL with placeholders as described next. |
96449e8e |
2487 | |
cc422895 |
2488 | =head3 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries) |
96449e8e |
2489 | |
2490 | If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values, |
2491 | use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference -- |
2492 | not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date |
2493 | in Postgres you can use something like this: |
2494 | |
2495 | my %where = ( |
3ae1c5e2 |
2496 | date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", 10 ] |
96449e8e |
2497 | ) |
2498 | |
2499 | This would create: |
2500 | |
d2a8fe1a |
2501 | $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )" |
96449e8e |
2502 | @bind = ('10'); |
2503 | |
deb148a2 |
2504 | Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned |
85783f3c |
2505 | by L<where|/where(\%where, $order)>. This means that if you set L</bindtype> |
1f490ae4 |
2506 | to C<columns>, you must provide the bind values in the |
2507 | C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where C<column_meta> is an opaque |
2508 | scalar value; most commonly the column name, but you can use any scalar value |
2509 | (including references and blessed references), L<SQL::Abstract> will simply |
2510 | pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set to C<columns> the above |
2511 | example will look like: |
deb148a2 |
2512 | |
2513 | my %where = ( |
3ae1c5e2 |
2514 | date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", [ {} => 10 ] ] |
deb148a2 |
2515 | ) |
96449e8e |
2516 | |
2517 | Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the |
be21dde3 |
2518 | main SQL query. Here is a first example: |
96449e8e |
2519 | |
2520 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?", |
2521 | 100, "foo%"); |
2522 | my %where = ( |
2523 | foo => 1234, |
2524 | bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2525 | ); |
2526 | |
be21dde3 |
2527 | This yields: |
96449e8e |
2528 | |
9d48860e |
2529 | $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1 |
96449e8e |
2530 | WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))"; |
2531 | @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%"); |
2532 | |
9d48860e |
2533 | Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">, |
96449e8e |
2534 | are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and |
9d48860e |
2535 | its associated bind values can be generated through a former call |
96449e8e |
2536 | to C<select()> : |
2537 | |
2538 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
9d48860e |
2539 | = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100}, |
96449e8e |
2540 | c3 => {-like => "foo%"}}); |
2541 | my %where = ( |
2542 | foo => 1234, |
2543 | bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2544 | ); |
2545 | |
2546 | In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column; |
9d48860e |
2547 | but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where> |
be21dde3 |
2548 | hash, like an EXISTS subquery: |
96449e8e |
2549 | |
9d48860e |
2550 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
96449e8e |
2551 | = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"}); |
48d9f5f8 |
2552 | my %where = ( -and => [ |
96449e8e |
2553 | foo => 1234, |
48d9f5f8 |
2554 | \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2555 | ]); |
96449e8e |
2556 | |
2557 | which yields |
2558 | |
9d48860e |
2559 | $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1 |
96449e8e |
2560 | WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))"; |
2561 | @bind = (1234, 1); |
2562 | |
2563 | |
9d48860e |
2564 | Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to |
be21dde3 |
2565 | column C<t0.c0> of the main query: this is I<not> a bind |
9d48860e |
2566 | value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref. |
96449e8e |
2567 | Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated |
2568 | C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly |
2569 | what we wanted here. |
2570 | |
96449e8e |
2571 | Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used |
2572 | for expressing unary negation: |
2573 | |
9d48860e |
2574 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
96449e8e |
2575 | = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]}); |
2576 | $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause |
2577 | my %where = ( |
2578 | lname => {like => '%son%'}, |
48d9f5f8 |
2579 | \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
96449e8e |
2580 | ); |
2581 | |
2582 | This yields |
2583 | |
2584 | $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )" |
2585 | @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20) |
2586 | |
cc422895 |
2587 | =head3 Deprecated usage of Literal SQL |
2588 | |
2589 | Below are some examples of archaic use of literal SQL. It is shown only as |
2590 | reference for those who deal with legacy code. Each example has a much |
2591 | better, cleaner and safer alternative that users should opt for in new code. |
2592 | |
2593 | =over |
2594 | |
2595 | =item * |
2596 | |
2597 | my %where = ( requestor => \'IS NOT NULL' ) |
2598 | |
2599 | $stmt = "WHERE requestor IS NOT NULL" |
2600 | |
2601 | This used to be the way of generating NULL comparisons, before the handling |
2602 | of C<undef> got formalized. For new code please use the superior syntax as |
2603 | described in L</Tests for NULL values>. |
96449e8e |
2604 | |
cc422895 |
2605 | =item * |
2606 | |
2607 | my %where = ( requestor => \'= submitter' ) |
2608 | |
2609 | $stmt = "WHERE requestor = submitter" |
2610 | |
2611 | This used to be the only way to compare columns. Use the superior L</-ident> |
2612 | method for all new code. For example an identifier declared in such a way |
2613 | will be properly quoted if L</quote_char> is properly set, while the legacy |
2614 | form will remain as supplied. |
2615 | |
2616 | =item * |
2617 | |
2618 | my %where = ( is_ready => \"", completed => { '>', '2012-12-21' } ) |
2619 | |
2620 | $stmt = "WHERE completed > ? AND is_ready" |
2621 | @bind = ('2012-12-21') |
2622 | |
2623 | Using an empty string literal used to be the only way to express a boolean. |
2624 | For all new code please use the much more readable |
2625 | L<-bool|/Unary operators: bool> operator. |
2626 | |
2627 | =back |
96449e8e |
2628 | |
2629 | =head2 Conclusion |
2630 | |
32eab2da |
2631 | These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data |
2632 | structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the |
2633 | module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function |
2634 | internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a |
2635 | little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best |
2636 | format for your data based on that. |
2637 | |
2638 | And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with |
2639 | variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you |
2640 | knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about |
2641 | dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your |
2642 | script. |
2643 | |
86298391 |
2644 | =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES |
2645 | |
9d48860e |
2646 | Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a |
18710f60 |
2647 | column name), a hashref of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' } |
2648 | >>, a scalarref, an arrayref-ref, or an arrayref of any of the previous |
2649 | forms. Examples: |
1cfa1db3 |
2650 | |
8c15b421 |
2651 | Given | Will Generate |
18710f60 |
2652 | --------------------------------------------------------------- |
8c15b421 |
2653 | | |
2654 | 'colA' | ORDER BY colA |
2655 | | |
2656 | [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB |
2657 | | |
2658 | {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC |
2659 | | |
2660 | {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC |
2661 | | |
2662 | ['colA', {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC |
2663 | | |
2664 | { -asc => [qw/colA colB/] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC |
2665 | | |
2666 | \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC |
2667 | | |
2668 | \[ 'FUNC(colA, ?)', $x ] | ORDER BY FUNC(colA, ?) |
2669 | | /* ...with $x bound to ? */ |
2670 | | |
bd805d85 |
2671 | [ | ORDER BY |
2672 | { -asc => 'colA' }, | colA ASC, |
2673 | { -desc => [qw/colB/] }, | colB DESC, |
2674 | { -asc => [qw/colC colD/] },| colC ASC, colD ASC, |
2675 | \'colE DESC', | colE DESC, |
2676 | \[ 'FUNC(colF, ?)', $x ], | FUNC(colF, ?) |
2677 | ] | /* ...with $x bound to ? */ |
18710f60 |
2678 | =============================================================== |
86298391 |
2679 | |
96449e8e |
2680 | |
2681 | |
2682 | =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS |
2683 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2684 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [ |
3a2e1a5e |
2685 | { |
2686 | regex => qr/.../, |
e3f9dff4 |
2687 | handler => sub { |
2688 | my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_; |
2689 | ... |
3a2e1a5e |
2690 | }, |
2691 | }, |
2692 | { |
2693 | regex => qr/.../, |
2694 | handler => 'method_name', |
e3f9dff4 |
2695 | }, |
2696 | ]); |
2697 | |
9d48860e |
2698 | A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be |
e3f9dff4 |
2699 | applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator. |
be21dde3 |
2700 | For example: |
e3f9dff4 |
2701 | |
2702 | WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?) |
2703 | WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ? |
2704 | WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?) |
96449e8e |
2705 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2706 | Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore |
3a2e1a5e |
2707 | are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract> (as the overridable methods |
2708 | C<_where_field_IN> and C<_where_field_BETWEEN>). For other operators, |
2709 | like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is specific to MySQL, |
2710 | you can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<special_ops> |
2711 | argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of |
2712 | operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two |
2713 | entries: |
96449e8e |
2714 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2715 | =over |
2716 | |
2717 | =item regex |
2718 | |
2719 | the regular expression to match the operator |
96449e8e |
2720 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2721 | =item handler |
2722 | |
3a2e1a5e |
2723 | Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases |
2724 | the expected return is C<< ($sql, @bind) >>. |
2725 | |
2726 | When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the |
13cc86af |
2727 | L<SQL::Abstract> object as: |
3a2e1a5e |
2728 | |
ca4f826a |
2729 | $self->$method_name($field, $op, $arg) |
3a2e1a5e |
2730 | |
2731 | Where: |
2732 | |
3a2e1a5e |
2733 | $field is the LHS of the operator |
13cc86af |
2734 | $op is the part that matched the handler regex |
3a2e1a5e |
2735 | $arg is the RHS |
2736 | |
2737 | When supplied with a coderef, it is called as: |
2738 | |
2739 | $coderef->($self, $field, $op, $arg) |
2740 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2741 | |
2742 | =back |
2743 | |
9d48860e |
2744 | For example, here is an implementation |
e3f9dff4 |
2745 | of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL |
2746 | |
2747 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [ |
9d48860e |
2748 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2749 | # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...) |
9d48860e |
2750 | {regex => qr/^match$/i, |
e3f9dff4 |
2751 | handler => sub { |
2752 | my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_; |
2753 | $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg; |
2754 | my $label = $self->_quote($field); |
2755 | my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?'); |
2756 | my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg); |
2757 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) " |
2758 | . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) "; |
2759 | my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg); |
2760 | return ($sql, @bind); |
2761 | } |
2762 | }, |
9d48860e |
2763 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2764 | ]); |
96449e8e |
2765 | |
2766 | |
59f23b3d |
2767 | =head1 UNARY OPERATORS |
2768 | |
112b5232 |
2769 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(unary_ops => [ |
59f23b3d |
2770 | { |
2771 | regex => qr/.../, |
2772 | handler => sub { |
2773 | my ($self, $op, $arg) = @_; |
2774 | ... |
2775 | }, |
2776 | }, |
2777 | { |
2778 | regex => qr/.../, |
2779 | handler => 'method_name', |
2780 | }, |
2781 | ]); |
2782 | |
9d48860e |
2783 | A "unary operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be |
59f23b3d |
2784 | applied to a field - the operator goes before the field |
2785 | |
2786 | You can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<unary_ops> |
2787 | argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of |
2788 | operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two |
2789 | entries: |
2790 | |
2791 | =over |
2792 | |
2793 | =item regex |
2794 | |
2795 | the regular expression to match the operator |
2796 | |
2797 | =item handler |
2798 | |
2799 | Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases |
2800 | the expected return is C<< $sql >>. |
2801 | |
2802 | When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the |
13cc86af |
2803 | L<SQL::Abstract> object as: |
59f23b3d |
2804 | |
ca4f826a |
2805 | $self->$method_name($op, $arg) |
59f23b3d |
2806 | |
2807 | Where: |
2808 | |
2809 | $op is the part that matched the handler regex |
2810 | $arg is the RHS or argument of the operator |
2811 | |
2812 | When supplied with a coderef, it is called as: |
2813 | |
2814 | $coderef->($self, $op, $arg) |
2815 | |
2816 | |
2817 | =back |
2818 | |
2819 | |
32eab2da |
2820 | =head1 PERFORMANCE |
2821 | |
2822 | Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that |
2823 | this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>. |
2824 | I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a |
2825 | byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles |
2826 | yourself. |
2827 | |
2828 | To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following: |
2829 | |
2830 | # prepare a statement handle using the first row |
2831 | # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows |
2832 | my($sth, $stmt); |
2833 | for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) { |
2834 | $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href); |
2835 | $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
2836 | $sth->execute($sql->values($href)); |
2837 | } |
2838 | |
2839 | The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted |
2840 | internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains |
2841 | the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time |
2842 | around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided |
2843 | by this module to return your values in the correct order. |
2844 | |
b864ba9b |
2845 | However this depends on the values having the same type - if, for |
2846 | example, the values of a where clause may either have values |
2847 | (resulting in sql of the form C<column = ?> with a single bind |
2848 | value), or alternatively the values might be C<undef> (resulting in |
2849 | sql of the form C<column IS NULL> with no bind value) then the |
2850 | caching technique suggested will not work. |
96449e8e |
2851 | |
32eab2da |
2852 | =head1 FORMBUILDER |
2853 | |
2854 | If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully |
2855 | really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query |
2856 | can be as simple as the following: |
2857 | |
2858 | #!/usr/bin/perl |
2859 | |
46dc2f3e |
2860 | use warnings; |
2861 | use strict; |
2862 | |
32eab2da |
2863 | use CGI::FormBuilder; |
2864 | use SQL::Abstract; |
2865 | |
2866 | my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...); |
2867 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
2868 | |
2869 | if ($form->submitted) { |
2870 | my $field = $form->field; |
2871 | my $id = delete $field->{id}; |
2872 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id}); |
2873 | } |
2874 | |
2875 | Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the |
2876 | query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your |
2877 | table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic. |
2878 | |
2879 | If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for |
9d48860e |
2880 | a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently |
32eab2da |
2881 | use these three modules together to write complex database query |
2882 | apps in under 50 lines. |
2883 | |
af733667 |
2884 | =head1 HOW TO CONTRIBUTE |
2885 | |
2886 | Contributions are always welcome, in all usable forms (we especially |
2887 | welcome documentation improvements). The delivery methods include git- |
2888 | or unified-diff formatted patches, GitHub pull requests, or plain bug |
2889 | reports either via RT or the Mailing list. Contributors are generally |
2890 | granted full access to the official repository after their first several |
2891 | patches pass successful review. |
2892 | |
2893 | This project is maintained in a git repository. The code and related tools are |
2894 | accessible at the following locations: |
d8cc1792 |
2895 | |
2896 | =over |
2897 | |
af733667 |
2898 | =item * Official repo: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git> |
2899 | |
2900 | =item * Official gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git> |
2901 | |
2902 | =item * GitHub mirror: L<https://github.com/dbsrgits/sql-abstract> |
d8cc1792 |
2903 | |
af733667 |
2904 | =item * Authorized committers: L<ssh://dbsrgits@git.shadowcat.co.uk/SQL-Abstract.git> |
d8cc1792 |
2905 | |
2906 | =back |
32eab2da |
2907 | |
96449e8e |
2908 | =head1 CHANGES |
2909 | |
2910 | Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>. |
2911 | Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior |
2912 | documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however, |
9d48860e |
2913 | some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved |
96449e8e |
2914 | differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order |
2915 | to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying |
9d48860e |
2916 | on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.* |
96449e8e |
2917 | B<might behave differently> in v1.50. |
32eab2da |
2918 | |
be21dde3 |
2919 | The main changes are: |
d2a8fe1a |
2920 | |
96449e8e |
2921 | =over |
32eab2da |
2922 | |
9d48860e |
2923 | =item * |
32eab2da |
2924 | |
3ae1c5e2 |
2925 | support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [ $sql, @bind ] >> syntax. |
96449e8e |
2926 | |
2927 | =item * |
2928 | |
145fbfc8 |
2929 | support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL) |
2930 | |
2931 | =item * |
2932 | |
9c37b9c0 |
2933 | support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values) |
2934 | |
2935 | =item * |
2936 | |
96449e8e |
2937 | optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> |
2938 | |
9d48860e |
2939 | =item * |
96449e8e |
2940 | |
be21dde3 |
2941 | defensive programming: check arguments |
96449e8e |
2942 | |
2943 | =item * |
2944 | |
2945 | fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented |
7cac25e6 |
2946 | through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would |
96449e8e |
2947 | interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >> |
2948 | as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>. |
2949 | Now this is interpreted |
2950 | as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>. |
2951 | |
96449e8e |
2952 | |
2953 | =item * |
2954 | |
2955 | fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args |
2956 | |
9d48860e |
2957 | =item * |
96449e8e |
2958 | |
2959 | dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary, |
2960 | we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree. |
2961 | |
2962 | =item * |
2963 | |
2964 | dropped the C<_modlogic> function |
2965 | |
2966 | =back |
32eab2da |
2967 | |
32eab2da |
2968 | =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
2969 | |
2970 | There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with |
2971 | this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN |
2972 | so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are: |
2973 | |
9d48860e |
2974 | Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support) |
b643abe1 |
2975 | Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support) |
32eab2da |
2976 | Mark Stosberg (benchmarking) |
2977 | Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support) |
2978 | Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions) |
2979 | Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support) |
2980 | Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE") |
2981 | Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep") |
f5aab26e |
2982 | Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by) |
48d9f5f8 |
2983 | Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL) |
dbdf7648 |
2984 | Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests) |
e96c510a |
2985 | Peter Rabbitson (rewrite of SQLA::Test, misc. fixes & tests) |
02288357 |
2986 | Oliver Charles (support for "RETURNING" after "INSERT") |
32eab2da |
2987 | |
2988 | Thanks! |
2989 | |
32eab2da |
2990 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
2991 | |
86298391 |
2992 | L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>. |
32eab2da |
2993 | |
32eab2da |
2994 | =head1 AUTHOR |
2995 | |
b643abe1 |
2996 | Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved. |
2997 | |
2998 | This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk> |
32eab2da |
2999 | |
abe72f94 |
3000 | For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list. |
3001 | While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of |
3002 | C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with |
3003 | how to create queries. |
3004 | |
0d067ded |
3005 | =head1 LICENSE |
3006 | |
d988ab87 |
3007 | This module is free software; you may copy this under the same |
3008 | terms as perl itself (either the GNU General Public License or |
3009 | the Artistic License) |
32eab2da |
3010 | |
3011 | =cut |