Commit | Line | Data |
96449e8e |
1 | package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file |
2 | |
96449e8e |
3 | use strict; |
4 | use warnings; |
9d9d5bd6 |
5 | use Carp (); |
312d830b |
6 | use List::Util (); |
7 | use Scalar::Util (); |
96449e8e |
8 | |
0da0fe34 |
9 | use Exporter 'import'; |
10 | our @EXPORT_OK = qw(is_plain_value is_literal_value); |
11 | |
12 | BEGIN { |
13 | if ($] < 5.009_005) { |
14 | require MRO::Compat; |
15 | } |
16 | else { |
17 | require mro; |
18 | } |
19 | } |
20 | |
96449e8e |
21 | #====================================================================== |
22 | # GLOBALS |
23 | #====================================================================== |
24 | |
b54fd911 |
25 | our $VERSION = '1.78'; |
7479e27e |
26 | |
22f1a437 |
27 | # This would confuse some packagers |
c520207b |
28 | $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases |
96449e8e |
29 | |
30 | our $AUTOLOAD; |
31 | |
32 | # special operators (-in, -between). May be extended/overridden by user. |
33 | # See section WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS below for implementation |
34 | my @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS = ( |
b8db59b8 |
35 | {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? between $/ix, handler => '_where_field_BETWEEN'}, |
36 | {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? in $/ix, handler => '_where_field_IN'}, |
cc422895 |
37 | {regex => qr/^ ident $/ix, handler => '_where_op_IDENT'}, |
38 | {regex => qr/^ value $/ix, handler => '_where_op_VALUE'}, |
b9b5a0b1 |
39 | {regex => qr/^ is (?: \s+ not )? $/ix, handler => '_where_field_IS'}, |
96449e8e |
40 | ); |
41 | |
97a920ef |
42 | # unaryish operators - key maps to handler |
59f23b3d |
43 | my @BUILTIN_UNARY_OPS = ( |
a47b433a |
44 | # the digits are backcompat stuff |
b8db59b8 |
45 | { regex => qr/^ and (?: [_\s]? \d+ )? $/xi, handler => '_where_op_ANDOR' }, |
46 | { regex => qr/^ or (?: [_\s]? \d+ )? $/xi, handler => '_where_op_ANDOR' }, |
47 | { regex => qr/^ nest (?: [_\s]? \d+ )? $/xi, handler => '_where_op_NEST' }, |
48 | { regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? bool $/xi, handler => '_where_op_BOOL' }, |
cc422895 |
49 | { regex => qr/^ ident $/xi, handler => '_where_op_IDENT' }, |
b9b5a0b1 |
50 | { regex => qr/^ value $/xi, handler => '_where_op_VALUE' }, |
59f23b3d |
51 | ); |
97a920ef |
52 | |
96449e8e |
53 | #====================================================================== |
54 | # DEBUGGING AND ERROR REPORTING |
55 | #====================================================================== |
56 | |
57 | sub _debug { |
58 | return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster |
59 | my $func = (caller(1))[3]; |
60 | warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n"; |
61 | } |
62 | |
63 | sub belch (@) { |
64 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
9d9d5bd6 |
65 | Carp::carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_; |
96449e8e |
66 | } |
67 | |
68 | sub puke (@) { |
69 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
9d9d5bd6 |
70 | Carp::croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_; |
96449e8e |
71 | } |
72 | |
0da0fe34 |
73 | sub is_literal_value ($) { |
74 | ref $_[0] eq 'SCALAR' ? [ ${$_[0]} ] |
75 | : ( ref $_[0] eq 'REF' and ref ${$_[0]} eq 'ARRAY' ) ? [ @${ $_[0] } ] |
76 | : ( |
77 | ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' and keys %{$_[0]} == 1 |
78 | and |
79 | defined $_[0]->{-ident} and ! length ref $_[0]->{-ident} |
80 | ) ? [ $_[0]->{-ident} ] |
81 | : undef; |
82 | } |
83 | |
84 | # FIXME XSify - this can be done so much more efficiently |
85 | sub is_plain_value ($) { |
86 | no strict 'refs'; |
87 | ! length ref $_[0] ? [ $_[0] ] |
88 | : ( |
89 | ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' and keys %{$_[0]} == 1 |
90 | and |
91 | exists $_[0]->{-value} |
92 | ) ? [ $_[0]->{-value} ] |
93 | : ( |
94 | Scalar::Util::blessed $_[0] |
95 | and |
96 | # deliberately not using Devel::OverloadInfo - the checks we are |
97 | # intersted in are much more limited than the fullblown thing, and |
98 | # this is a very hot piece of code |
99 | ( |
100 | # FIXME - DBI needs fixing to stringify regardless of DBD |
101 | # |
44e54b41 |
102 | # FIXME - simply using ->can('(""') trips up Path::Class in |
103 | # inexplicable ways under -T (likely other modules too) |
104 | # |
0da0fe34 |
105 | # either has stringification which DBI SHOULD prefer out of the box |
44e54b41 |
106 | grep { *{ (qq[${_}::(""]) }{CODE} } @{ mro::get_linear_isa( ref $_[0] ) } |
0da0fe34 |
107 | or |
108 | # has nummification and fallback is *not* disabled |
109 | # reuse @_ for even moar speedz |
110 | ( |
44e54b41 |
111 | # FIXME - simply using ->can('(0+') trips up Path::Class in |
112 | # inexplicable ways under -T (likely other modules too) |
113 | grep { *{"${_}::(0+"}{CODE} } @{ mro::get_linear_isa( ref $_[0] ) } |
0da0fe34 |
114 | and |
115 | ( |
116 | # no fallback specified at all |
117 | ! ( ($_[1]) = grep { *{"${_}::()"}{CODE} } @{ mro::get_linear_isa( ref $_[0] ) } ) |
118 | or |
119 | # fallback explicitly undef |
120 | ! defined ${"$_[1]::()"} |
121 | or |
122 | # explicitly true |
123 | ${"$_[1]::()"} |
124 | ) |
125 | ) |
126 | ) |
127 | ) ? [ "$_[0]" ] |
128 | : undef; |
129 | } |
130 | |
131 | |
96449e8e |
132 | |
133 | #====================================================================== |
134 | # NEW |
135 | #====================================================================== |
136 | |
137 | sub new { |
138 | my $self = shift; |
139 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; |
140 | my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_; |
141 | |
142 | # choose our case by keeping an option around |
143 | delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower'; |
144 | |
145 | # default logic for interpreting arrayrefs |
ef559da3 |
146 | $opt{logic} = $opt{logic} ? uc $opt{logic} : 'OR'; |
96449e8e |
147 | |
148 | # how to return bind vars |
96449e8e |
149 | $opt{bindtype} ||= 'normal'; |
150 | |
151 | # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden |
152 | $opt{cmp} ||= '='; |
153 | |
3af02ccb |
154 | # try to recognize which are the 'equality' and 'inequality' ops |
3cdadcbe |
155 | # (temporary quickfix (in 2007), should go through a more seasoned API) |
156 | $opt{equality_op} = qr/^( \Q$opt{cmp}\E | \= )$/ix; |
157 | $opt{inequality_op} = qr/^( != | <> )$/ix; |
158 | |
159 | $opt{like_op} = qr/^ (is\s+)? r?like $/xi; |
160 | $opt{not_like_op} = qr/^ (is\s+)? not \s+ r?like $/xi; |
96449e8e |
161 | |
162 | # SQL booleans |
163 | $opt{sqltrue} ||= '1=1'; |
164 | $opt{sqlfalse} ||= '0=1'; |
165 | |
9d48860e |
166 | # special operators |
96449e8e |
167 | $opt{special_ops} ||= []; |
b6251592 |
168 | # regexes are applied in order, thus push after user-defines |
96449e8e |
169 | push @{$opt{special_ops}}, @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS; |
170 | |
9d48860e |
171 | # unary operators |
59f23b3d |
172 | $opt{unary_ops} ||= []; |
173 | push @{$opt{unary_ops}}, @BUILTIN_UNARY_OPS; |
174 | |
3af02ccb |
175 | # rudimentary sanity-check for user supplied bits treated as functions/operators |
b6251592 |
176 | # If a purported function matches this regular expression, an exception is thrown. |
177 | # Literal SQL is *NOT* subject to this check, only functions (and column names |
178 | # when quoting is not in effect) |
96449e8e |
179 | |
b6251592 |
180 | # FIXME |
181 | # need to guard against ()'s in column names too, but this will break tons of |
182 | # hacks... ideas anyone? |
183 | $opt{injection_guard} ||= qr/ |
184 | \; |
185 | | |
186 | ^ \s* go \s |
187 | /xmi; |
96449e8e |
188 | |
b6251592 |
189 | return bless \%opt, $class; |
190 | } |
96449e8e |
191 | |
170e6c33 |
192 | |
193 | sub _assert_pass_injection_guard { |
194 | if ($_[1] =~ $_[0]->{injection_guard}) { |
195 | my $class = ref $_[0]; |
196 | puke "Possible SQL injection attempt '$_[1]'. If this is indeed a part of the " |
197 | . "desired SQL use literal SQL ( \'...' or \[ '...' ] ) or supply your own " |
198 | . "{injection_guard} attribute to ${class}->new()" |
199 | } |
200 | } |
201 | |
202 | |
96449e8e |
203 | #====================================================================== |
204 | # INSERT methods |
205 | #====================================================================== |
206 | |
207 | sub insert { |
02288357 |
208 | my $self = shift; |
209 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
210 | my $data = shift || return; |
211 | my $options = shift; |
96449e8e |
212 | |
213 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_insert", $data); |
02288357 |
214 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($data); |
96449e8e |
215 | $sql = join " ", $self->_sqlcase('insert into'), $table, $sql; |
02288357 |
216 | |
e82e648a |
217 | if ($options->{returning}) { |
218 | my ($s, @b) = $self->_insert_returning ($options); |
219 | $sql .= $s; |
220 | push @bind, @b; |
02288357 |
221 | } |
222 | |
96449e8e |
223 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
224 | } |
225 | |
6b1fe79d |
226 | sub _insert_returning { |
e82e648a |
227 | my ($self, $options) = @_; |
6b1fe79d |
228 | |
e82e648a |
229 | my $f = $options->{returning}; |
230 | |
231 | my $fieldlist = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($f, { |
232 | ARRAYREF => sub {join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$f;}, |
233 | SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($f)}, |
234 | SCALARREF => sub {$$f}, |
6b1fe79d |
235 | }); |
e82e648a |
236 | return $self->_sqlcase(' returning ') . $fieldlist; |
6b1fe79d |
237 | } |
238 | |
96449e8e |
239 | sub _insert_HASHREF { # explicit list of fields and then values |
240 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
241 | |
242 | my @fields = sort keys %$data; |
243 | |
fe3ae272 |
244 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_insert_values($data); |
96449e8e |
245 | |
246 | # assemble SQL |
247 | $_ = $self->_quote($_) foreach @fields; |
248 | $sql = "( ".join(", ", @fields).") ".$sql; |
249 | |
250 | return ($sql, @bind); |
251 | } |
252 | |
253 | sub _insert_ARRAYREF { # just generate values(?,?) part (no list of fields) |
254 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
255 | |
256 | # no names (arrayref) so can't generate bindtype |
257 | $self->{bindtype} ne 'columns' |
258 | or belch "can't do 'columns' bindtype when called with arrayref"; |
259 | |
fe3ae272 |
260 | # fold the list of values into a hash of column name - value pairs |
261 | # (where the column names are artificially generated, and their |
262 | # lexicographical ordering keep the ordering of the original list) |
263 | my $i = "a"; # incremented values will be in lexicographical order |
264 | my $data_in_hash = { map { ($i++ => $_) } @$data }; |
265 | |
266 | return $self->_insert_values($data_in_hash); |
267 | } |
268 | |
269 | sub _insert_ARRAYREFREF { # literal SQL with bind |
270 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
271 | |
272 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$data}; |
273 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
274 | |
275 | return ($sql, @bind); |
276 | } |
277 | |
278 | |
279 | sub _insert_SCALARREF { # literal SQL without bind |
280 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
281 | |
282 | return ($$data); |
283 | } |
284 | |
285 | sub _insert_values { |
286 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
287 | |
96449e8e |
288 | my (@values, @all_bind); |
fe3ae272 |
289 | foreach my $column (sort keys %$data) { |
290 | my $v = $data->{$column}; |
96449e8e |
291 | |
292 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
293 | |
9d48860e |
294 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
96449e8e |
295 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # if array datatype are activated |
296 | push @values, '?'; |
fe3ae272 |
297 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v); |
96449e8e |
298 | } |
299 | else { # else literal SQL with bind |
300 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
fe3ae272 |
301 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
302 | push @values, $sql; |
303 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
304 | } |
305 | }, |
306 | |
307 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
308 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
fe3ae272 |
309 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
310 | push @values, $sql; |
311 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
312 | }, |
313 | |
9d48860e |
314 | # THINK : anything useful to do with a HASHREF ? |
5db47f9f |
315 | HASHREF => sub { # (nothing, but old SQLA passed it through) |
316 | #TODO in SQLA >= 2.0 it will die instead |
317 | belch "HASH ref as bind value in insert is not supported"; |
318 | push @values, '?'; |
fe3ae272 |
319 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v); |
5db47f9f |
320 | }, |
96449e8e |
321 | |
322 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
323 | push @values, $$v; |
324 | }, |
325 | |
326 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
327 | push @values, '?'; |
fe3ae272 |
328 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v); |
96449e8e |
329 | }, |
330 | |
331 | }); |
332 | |
333 | } |
334 | |
335 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )"; |
336 | return ($sql, @all_bind); |
337 | } |
338 | |
339 | |
96449e8e |
340 | |
341 | #====================================================================== |
342 | # UPDATE methods |
343 | #====================================================================== |
344 | |
345 | |
346 | sub update { |
347 | my $self = shift; |
348 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
349 | my $data = shift || return; |
350 | my $where = shift; |
351 | |
352 | # first build the 'SET' part of the sql statement |
353 | my (@set, @all_bind); |
354 | puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update" |
355 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
356 | |
357 | for my $k (sort keys %$data) { |
358 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
359 | my $r = ref $v; |
360 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
361 | |
362 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
9d48860e |
363 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
96449e8e |
364 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype |
365 | push @set, "$label = ?"; |
366 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
367 | } |
368 | else { # literal SQL with bind |
369 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
fe3ae272 |
370 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
371 | push @set, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
372 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
96449e8e |
373 | } |
374 | }, |
375 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
376 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
fe3ae272 |
377 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
378 | push @set, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
379 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
96449e8e |
380 | }, |
381 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
382 | push @set, "$label = $$v"; |
0ec3aec7 |
383 | }, |
384 | HASHREF => sub { |
385 | my ($op, $arg, @rest) = %$v; |
386 | |
387 | puke 'Operator calls in update must be in the form { -op => $arg }' |
388 | if (@rest or not $op =~ /^\-(.+)/); |
389 | |
390 | local $self->{_nested_func_lhs} = $k; |
391 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_unary_op ($1, $arg); |
392 | |
393 | push @set, "$label = $sql"; |
394 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
395 | }, |
96449e8e |
396 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
397 | push @set, "$label = ?"; |
398 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
399 | }, |
400 | }); |
401 | } |
402 | |
403 | # generate sql |
404 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('update') . " $table " . $self->_sqlcase('set ') |
405 | . join ', ', @set; |
406 | |
407 | if ($where) { |
408 | my($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where); |
409 | $sql .= $where_sql; |
410 | push @all_bind, @where_bind; |
411 | } |
412 | |
413 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @all_bind) : $sql; |
414 | } |
415 | |
416 | |
417 | |
418 | |
419 | #====================================================================== |
420 | # SELECT |
421 | #====================================================================== |
422 | |
423 | |
424 | sub select { |
425 | my $self = shift; |
426 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
427 | my $fields = shift || '*'; |
428 | my $where = shift; |
429 | my $order = shift; |
430 | |
431 | my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where, $order); |
432 | |
433 | my $f = (ref $fields eq 'ARRAY') ? join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$fields |
434 | : $fields; |
9d48860e |
435 | my $sql = join(' ', $self->_sqlcase('select'), $f, |
96449e8e |
436 | $self->_sqlcase('from'), $table) |
437 | . $where_sql; |
438 | |
9d48860e |
439 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
440 | } |
441 | |
442 | #====================================================================== |
443 | # DELETE |
444 | #====================================================================== |
445 | |
446 | |
447 | sub delete { |
448 | my $self = shift; |
449 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
450 | my $where = shift; |
451 | |
452 | |
453 | my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where); |
454 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('delete from') . " $table" . $where_sql; |
455 | |
9d48860e |
456 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
457 | } |
458 | |
459 | |
460 | #====================================================================== |
461 | # WHERE: entry point |
462 | #====================================================================== |
463 | |
464 | |
465 | |
466 | # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses |
467 | sub where { |
468 | my ($self, $where, $order) = @_; |
469 | |
470 | # where ? |
471 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_recurse_where($where); |
472 | $sql = $sql ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : ''; |
473 | |
474 | # order by? |
475 | if ($order) { |
476 | $sql .= $self->_order_by($order); |
477 | } |
478 | |
9d48860e |
479 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
480 | } |
481 | |
482 | |
483 | sub _recurse_where { |
484 | my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_; |
485 | |
486 | # dispatch on appropriate method according to refkind of $where |
487 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_where", $where); |
311b2151 |
488 | |
9d48860e |
489 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($where, $logic); |
311b2151 |
490 | |
9d48860e |
491 | # DBIx::Class directly calls _recurse_where in scalar context, so |
311b2151 |
492 | # we must implement it, even if not in the official API |
9d48860e |
493 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
494 | } |
495 | |
496 | |
497 | |
498 | #====================================================================== |
499 | # WHERE: top-level ARRAYREF |
500 | #====================================================================== |
501 | |
502 | |
503 | sub _where_ARRAYREF { |
5e1d09d5 |
504 | my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_; |
96449e8e |
505 | |
5e1d09d5 |
506 | $logic = uc($logic || $self->{logic}); |
96449e8e |
507 | $logic eq 'AND' or $logic eq 'OR' or puke "unknown logic: $logic"; |
508 | |
509 | my @clauses = @$where; |
510 | |
96449e8e |
511 | my (@sql_clauses, @all_bind); |
96449e8e |
512 | # need to use while() so can shift() for pairs |
9d48860e |
513 | while (my $el = shift @clauses) { |
96449e8e |
514 | |
515 | # switch according to kind of $el and get corresponding ($sql, @bind) |
516 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($el, { |
517 | |
518 | # skip empty elements, otherwise get invalid trailing AND stuff |
519 | ARRAYREF => sub {$self->_recurse_where($el) if @$el}, |
520 | |
c94a6c93 |
521 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
522 | my ($s, @b) = @$$el; |
523 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@b); |
524 | ($s, @b); |
525 | }, |
474e3335 |
526 | |
96449e8e |
527 | HASHREF => sub {$self->_recurse_where($el, 'and') if %$el}, |
96449e8e |
528 | |
529 | SCALARREF => sub { ($$el); }, |
530 | |
531 | SCALAR => sub {# top-level arrayref with scalars, recurse in pairs |
532 | $self->_recurse_where({$el => shift(@clauses)})}, |
533 | |
534 | UNDEF => sub {puke "not supported : UNDEF in arrayref" }, |
535 | }); |
536 | |
4b7b6026 |
537 | if ($sql) { |
538 | push @sql_clauses, $sql; |
539 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
540 | } |
96449e8e |
541 | } |
542 | |
543 | return $self->_join_sql_clauses($logic, \@sql_clauses, \@all_bind); |
544 | } |
545 | |
474e3335 |
546 | #====================================================================== |
547 | # WHERE: top-level ARRAYREFREF |
548 | #====================================================================== |
96449e8e |
549 | |
474e3335 |
550 | sub _where_ARRAYREFREF { |
551 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
c94a6c93 |
552 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$where; |
553 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
474e3335 |
554 | return ($sql, @bind); |
555 | } |
96449e8e |
556 | |
557 | #====================================================================== |
558 | # WHERE: top-level HASHREF |
559 | #====================================================================== |
560 | |
561 | sub _where_HASHREF { |
562 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
563 | my (@sql_clauses, @all_bind); |
564 | |
2281c758 |
565 | for my $k (sort keys %$where) { |
96449e8e |
566 | my $v = $where->{$k}; |
567 | |
2281c758 |
568 | # ($k => $v) is either a special unary op or a regular hashpair |
569 | my ($sql, @bind) = do { |
570 | if ($k =~ /^-./) { |
571 | # put the operator in canonical form |
572 | my $op = $k; |
b8db59b8 |
573 | $op = substr $op, 1; # remove initial dash |
2281c758 |
574 | $op =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;# remove leading/trailing space |
b8db59b8 |
575 | $op =~ s/\s+/ /g; # compress whitespace |
576 | |
577 | # so that -not_foo works correctly |
578 | $op =~ s/^not_/NOT /i; |
2281c758 |
579 | |
580 | $self->_debug("Unary OP(-$op) within hashref, recursing..."); |
0ec3aec7 |
581 | my ($s, @b) = $self->_where_unary_op ($op, $v); |
582 | |
583 | # top level vs nested |
584 | # we assume that handled unary ops will take care of their ()s |
585 | $s = "($s)" unless ( |
586 | List::Util::first {$op =~ $_->{regex}} @{$self->{unary_ops}} |
587 | or |
588 | defined($self->{_nested_func_lhs}) && ($self->{_nested_func_lhs} eq $k) |
589 | ); |
590 | ($s, @b); |
2281c758 |
591 | } |
592 | else { |
593 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_where_hashpair", $v); |
594 | $self->$method($k, $v); |
595 | } |
596 | }; |
96449e8e |
597 | |
598 | push @sql_clauses, $sql; |
599 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
600 | } |
601 | |
602 | return $self->_join_sql_clauses('and', \@sql_clauses, \@all_bind); |
603 | } |
604 | |
0ec3aec7 |
605 | sub _where_unary_op { |
2281c758 |
606 | my ($self, $op, $rhs) = @_; |
96449e8e |
607 | |
0ec3aec7 |
608 | if (my $op_entry = List::Util::first {$op =~ $_->{regex}} @{$self->{unary_ops}}) { |
609 | my $handler = $op_entry->{handler}; |
610 | |
611 | if (not ref $handler) { |
612 | if ($op =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) { |
613 | belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. ' |
614 | . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ -$op => COND1, -$op => COND2 ... ]"; |
615 | } |
616 | return $self->$handler ($op, $rhs); |
617 | } |
618 | elsif (ref $handler eq 'CODE') { |
619 | return $handler->($self, $op, $rhs); |
620 | } |
621 | else { |
622 | puke "Illegal handler for operator $op - expecting a method name or a coderef"; |
623 | } |
624 | } |
625 | |
3d86e3b1 |
626 | $self->_debug("Generic unary OP: $op - recursing as function"); |
0ec3aec7 |
627 | |
170e6c33 |
628 | $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op); |
b6251592 |
629 | |
2281c758 |
630 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind ($rhs, { |
631 | SCALAR => sub { |
a7661cfc |
632 | puke "Illegal use of top-level '$op'" |
633 | unless $self->{_nested_func_lhs}; |
634 | |
635 | return ( |
636 | $self->_convert('?'), |
637 | $self->_bindtype($self->{_nested_func_lhs}, $rhs) |
638 | ); |
2281c758 |
639 | }, |
640 | FALLBACK => sub { |
641 | $self->_recurse_where ($rhs) |
642 | }, |
643 | }); |
96449e8e |
644 | |
953d164e |
645 | $sql = sprintf ('%s %s', |
2281c758 |
646 | $self->_sqlcase($op), |
953d164e |
647 | $sql, |
2281c758 |
648 | ); |
96449e8e |
649 | |
2281c758 |
650 | return ($sql, @bind); |
97a920ef |
651 | } |
652 | |
653 | sub _where_op_ANDOR { |
2281c758 |
654 | my ($self, $op, $v) = @_; |
97a920ef |
655 | |
656 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
657 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
658 | return $self->_where_ARRAYREF($v, $op); |
659 | }, |
660 | |
661 | HASHREF => sub { |
59f23b3d |
662 | return ( $op =~ /^or/i ) |
97a920ef |
663 | ? $self->_where_ARRAYREF( [ map { $_ => $v->{$_} } ( sort keys %$v ) ], $op ) |
664 | : $self->_where_HASHREF($v); |
665 | }, |
666 | |
9d48860e |
667 | SCALARREF => sub { |
48d9f5f8 |
668 | puke "-$op => \\\$scalar makes little sense, use " . |
a0d6d323 |
669 | ($op =~ /^or/i |
48d9f5f8 |
670 | ? '[ \$scalar, \%rest_of_conditions ] instead' |
671 | : '-and => [ \$scalar, \%rest_of_conditions ] instead' |
672 | ); |
97a920ef |
673 | }, |
674 | |
675 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
48d9f5f8 |
676 | puke "-$op => \\[...] makes little sense, use " . |
a0d6d323 |
677 | ($op =~ /^or/i |
48d9f5f8 |
678 | ? '[ \[...], \%rest_of_conditions ] instead' |
679 | : '-and => [ \[...], \%rest_of_conditions ] instead' |
680 | ); |
97a920ef |
681 | }, |
682 | |
683 | SCALAR => sub { # permissively interpreted as SQL |
48d9f5f8 |
684 | puke "-$op => \$value makes little sense, use -bool => \$value instead"; |
97a920ef |
685 | }, |
686 | |
687 | UNDEF => sub { |
688 | puke "-$op => undef not supported"; |
689 | }, |
690 | }); |
691 | } |
692 | |
693 | sub _where_op_NEST { |
9d48860e |
694 | my ($self, $op, $v) = @_; |
97a920ef |
695 | |
96449e8e |
696 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
697 | |
96449e8e |
698 | SCALAR => sub { # permissively interpreted as SQL |
01a01e57 |
699 | belch "literal SQL should be -nest => \\'scalar' " |
700 | . "instead of -nest => 'scalar' "; |
9d48860e |
701 | return ($v); |
96449e8e |
702 | }, |
703 | |
704 | UNDEF => sub { |
705 | puke "-$op => undef not supported"; |
706 | }, |
e9501094 |
707 | |
708 | FALLBACK => sub { |
709 | $self->_recurse_where ($v); |
710 | }, |
711 | |
96449e8e |
712 | }); |
713 | } |
714 | |
715 | |
97a920ef |
716 | sub _where_op_BOOL { |
9d48860e |
717 | my ($self, $op, $v) = @_; |
97a920ef |
718 | |
b8db59b8 |
719 | my ($s, @b) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
720 | SCALAR => sub { # interpreted as SQL column |
721 | $self->_convert($self->_quote($v)); |
722 | }, |
ef03f1bc |
723 | |
b8db59b8 |
724 | UNDEF => sub { |
725 | puke "-$op => undef not supported"; |
726 | }, |
97a920ef |
727 | |
b8db59b8 |
728 | FALLBACK => sub { |
729 | $self->_recurse_where ($v); |
730 | }, |
731 | }); |
ef03f1bc |
732 | |
b8db59b8 |
733 | $s = "(NOT $s)" if $op =~ /^not/i; |
734 | ($s, @b); |
97a920ef |
735 | } |
736 | |
737 | |
cc422895 |
738 | sub _where_op_IDENT { |
739 | my $self = shift; |
740 | my ($op, $rhs) = splice @_, -2; |
741 | if (ref $rhs) { |
742 | puke "-$op takes a single scalar argument (a quotable identifier)"; |
743 | } |
744 | |
745 | # in case we are called as a top level special op (no '=') |
746 | my $lhs = shift; |
747 | |
748 | $_ = $self->_convert($self->_quote($_)) for ($lhs, $rhs); |
749 | |
750 | return $lhs |
751 | ? "$lhs = $rhs" |
752 | : $rhs |
753 | ; |
754 | } |
755 | |
756 | sub _where_op_VALUE { |
757 | my $self = shift; |
758 | my ($op, $rhs) = splice @_, -2; |
759 | |
760 | # in case we are called as a top level special op (no '=') |
761 | my $lhs = shift; |
762 | |
422ed2de |
763 | # special-case NULL |
764 | if (! defined $rhs) { |
765 | return $lhs |
766 | ? $self->_convert($self->_quote($lhs)) . ' IS NULL' |
767 | : undef |
768 | ; |
769 | } |
770 | |
cc422895 |
771 | my @bind = |
772 | $self->_bindtype ( |
773 | ($lhs || $self->{_nested_func_lhs}), |
774 | $rhs, |
775 | ) |
776 | ; |
777 | |
778 | return $lhs |
779 | ? ( |
780 | $self->_convert($self->_quote($lhs)) . ' = ' . $self->_convert('?'), |
781 | @bind |
782 | ) |
783 | : ( |
784 | $self->_convert('?'), |
785 | @bind, |
786 | ) |
787 | ; |
788 | } |
789 | |
96449e8e |
790 | sub _where_hashpair_ARRAYREF { |
791 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
792 | |
793 | if( @$v ) { |
794 | my @v = @$v; # need copy because of shift below |
795 | $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements"); |
796 | |
797 | # put apart first element if it is an operator (-and, -or) |
e3cecb45 |
798 | my $op = ( |
799 | (defined $v[0] && $v[0] =~ /^ - (?: AND|OR ) $/ix) |
800 | ? shift @v |
801 | : '' |
04d940de |
802 | ); |
96449e8e |
803 | my @distributed = map { {$k => $_} } @v; |
04d940de |
804 | |
805 | if ($op) { |
806 | $self->_debug("OP($op) reinjected into the distributed array"); |
807 | unshift @distributed, $op; |
808 | } |
809 | |
f67591bf |
810 | my $logic = $op ? substr($op, 1) : ''; |
96449e8e |
811 | |
f67591bf |
812 | return $self->_recurse_where(\@distributed, $logic); |
9d48860e |
813 | } |
96449e8e |
814 | else { |
96449e8e |
815 | $self->_debug("empty ARRAY($k) means 0=1"); |
816 | return ($self->{sqlfalse}); |
817 | } |
818 | } |
819 | |
820 | sub _where_hashpair_HASHREF { |
eb49170d |
821 | my ($self, $k, $v, $logic) = @_; |
822 | $logic ||= 'and'; |
96449e8e |
823 | |
a7661cfc |
824 | local $self->{_nested_func_lhs} = $self->{_nested_func_lhs}; |
a7661cfc |
825 | |
eb49170d |
826 | my ($all_sql, @all_bind); |
96449e8e |
827 | |
a47b433a |
828 | for my $orig_op (sort keys %$v) { |
829 | my $val = $v->{$orig_op}; |
96449e8e |
830 | |
831 | # put the operator in canonical form |
a47b433a |
832 | my $op = $orig_op; |
b8db59b8 |
833 | |
834 | # FIXME - we need to phase out dash-less ops |
835 | $op =~ s/^-//; # remove possible initial dash |
a47b433a |
836 | $op =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;# remove leading/trailing space |
b8db59b8 |
837 | $op =~ s/\s+/ /g; # compress whitespace |
838 | |
170e6c33 |
839 | $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op); |
b6251592 |
840 | |
b9b5a0b1 |
841 | # fixup is_not |
842 | $op =~ s/^is_not/IS NOT/i; |
843 | |
b8db59b8 |
844 | # so that -not_foo works correctly |
845 | $op =~ s/^not_/NOT /i; |
96449e8e |
846 | |
422ed2de |
847 | # another retarded special case: foo => { $op => { -value => undef } } |
848 | if (ref $val eq 'HASH' and keys %$val == 1 and exists $val->{-value} and ! defined $val->{-value} ) { |
849 | $val = undef; |
850 | } |
851 | |
96449e8e |
852 | my ($sql, @bind); |
853 | |
2281c758 |
854 | # CASE: col-value logic modifiers |
855 | if ( $orig_op =~ /^ \- (and|or) $/xi ) { |
856 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_hashpair_HASHREF($k, $val, $1); |
857 | } |
96449e8e |
858 | # CASE: special operators like -in or -between |
312d830b |
859 | elsif ( my $special_op = List::Util::first {$op =~ $_->{regex}} @{$self->{special_ops}} ) { |
3a2e1a5e |
860 | my $handler = $special_op->{handler}; |
861 | if (! $handler) { |
a47b433a |
862 | puke "No handler supplied for special operator $orig_op"; |
3a2e1a5e |
863 | } |
864 | elsif (not ref $handler) { |
865 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->$handler ($k, $op, $val); |
866 | } |
867 | elsif (ref $handler eq 'CODE') { |
868 | ($sql, @bind) = $handler->($self, $k, $op, $val); |
869 | } |
870 | else { |
a47b433a |
871 | puke "Illegal handler for special operator $orig_op - expecting a method name or a coderef"; |
3a2e1a5e |
872 | } |
96449e8e |
873 | } |
96449e8e |
874 | else { |
cf838930 |
875 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, { |
876 | |
877 | ARRAYREF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => \@vals} |
878 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_field_op_ARRAYREF($k, $op, $val); |
879 | }, |
880 | |
fe3ae272 |
881 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => \[$sql, @bind]} (literal SQL with bind) |
b3be7bd0 |
882 | my ($sub_sql, @sub_bind) = @$$val; |
fe3ae272 |
883 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@sub_bind); |
b3be7bd0 |
884 | $sql = join ' ', $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
885 | $self->_sqlcase($op), |
886 | $sub_sql; |
fe3ae272 |
887 | @bind = @sub_bind; |
b3be7bd0 |
888 | }, |
889 | |
cf838930 |
890 | UNDEF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => undef} : sql "IS (NOT)? NULL" |
3cdadcbe |
891 | my $is = |
40f2f231 |
892 | $op =~ /^not$/i ? 'is not' # legacy |
893 | : $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? 'is' |
3cdadcbe |
894 | : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is' |
895 | : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? 'is not' |
896 | : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is not' |
897 | : puke "unexpected operator '$orig_op' with undef operand"; |
898 | |
cf838930 |
899 | $sql = $self->_quote($k) . $self->_sqlcase(" $is null"); |
900 | }, |
a47b433a |
901 | |
2281c758 |
902 | FALLBACK => sub { # CASE: col => {op/func => $stuff} |
07936978 |
903 | |
953d164e |
904 | # retain for proper column type bind |
905 | $self->{_nested_func_lhs} ||= $k; |
07936978 |
906 | |
0ec3aec7 |
907 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_unary_op ($op, $val); |
953d164e |
908 | |
909 | $sql = join (' ', |
910 | $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
911 | $self->{_nested_func_lhs} eq $k ? $sql : "($sql)", # top level vs nested |
912 | ); |
cf838930 |
913 | }, |
914 | }); |
96449e8e |
915 | } |
916 | |
eb49170d |
917 | ($all_sql) = (defined $all_sql and $all_sql) ? $self->_join_sql_clauses($logic, [$all_sql, $sql], []) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
918 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
919 | } |
eb49170d |
920 | return ($all_sql, @all_bind); |
96449e8e |
921 | } |
922 | |
b9b5a0b1 |
923 | sub _where_field_IS { |
924 | my ($self, $k, $op, $v) = @_; |
925 | |
926 | my ($s) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
927 | UNDEF => sub { |
928 | join ' ', |
929 | $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
930 | map { $self->_sqlcase($_)} ($op, 'null') |
931 | }, |
932 | FALLBACK => sub { |
933 | puke "$op can only take undef as argument"; |
934 | }, |
935 | }); |
96449e8e |
936 | |
b9b5a0b1 |
937 | $s; |
938 | } |
96449e8e |
939 | |
940 | sub _where_field_op_ARRAYREF { |
941 | my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_; |
942 | |
ce261791 |
943 | my @vals = @$vals; #always work on a copy |
944 | |
945 | if(@vals) { |
bd6a65ca |
946 | $self->_debug(sprintf '%s means multiple elements: [ %s ]', |
947 | $vals, |
948 | join (', ', map { defined $_ ? "'$_'" : 'NULL' } @vals ), |
949 | ); |
96449e8e |
950 | |
4030915f |
951 | # see if the first element is an -and/-or op |
952 | my $logic; |
bd6a65ca |
953 | if (defined $vals[0] && $vals[0] =~ /^ - ( AND|OR ) $/ix) { |
4030915f |
954 | $logic = uc $1; |
ce261791 |
955 | shift @vals; |
4030915f |
956 | } |
957 | |
3cdadcbe |
958 | # a long standing API wart - an attempt to change this behavior during |
959 | # the 1.50 series failed *spectacularly*. Warn instead and leave the |
960 | # behavior as is |
961 | if ( |
962 | @vals > 1 |
963 | and |
964 | (!$logic or $logic eq 'OR') |
965 | and |
966 | ( $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} or $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ) |
967 | ) { |
968 | my $o = uc($op); |
969 | belch "A multi-element arrayref as an argument to the inequality op '$o' " |
970 | . 'is technically equivalent to an always-true 1=1 (you probably wanted ' |
971 | . "to say ...{ \$inequality_op => [ -and => \@values ] }... instead)" |
972 | ; |
973 | } |
974 | |
ce261791 |
975 | # distribute $op over each remaining member of @vals, append logic if exists |
976 | return $self->_recurse_where([map { {$k => {$op, $_}} } @vals], $logic); |
4030915f |
977 | |
9d48860e |
978 | } |
96449e8e |
979 | else { |
9d48860e |
980 | # try to DWIM on equality operators |
3cdadcbe |
981 | return |
982 | $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? $self->{sqlfalse} |
983 | : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->{sqlfalse} |
984 | : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? $self->{sqltrue} |
985 | : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->{sqltrue} |
986 | : puke "operator '$op' applied on an empty array (field '$k')"; |
96449e8e |
987 | } |
988 | } |
989 | |
990 | |
991 | sub _where_hashpair_SCALARREF { |
992 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
993 | $self->_debug("SCALAR($k) means literal SQL: $$v"); |
994 | my $sql = $self->_quote($k) . " " . $$v; |
995 | return ($sql); |
996 | } |
997 | |
fe3ae272 |
998 | # literal SQL with bind |
96449e8e |
999 | sub _where_hashpair_ARRAYREFREF { |
1000 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
1001 | $self->_debug("REF($k) means literal SQL: @${$v}"); |
c94a6c93 |
1002 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$v; |
fe3ae272 |
1003 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
1004 | $sql = $self->_quote($k) . " " . $sql; |
96449e8e |
1005 | return ($sql, @bind ); |
1006 | } |
1007 | |
fe3ae272 |
1008 | # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1009 | sub _where_hashpair_SCALAR { |
1010 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
1011 | $self->_debug("NOREF($k) means simple key=val: $k $self->{cmp} $v"); |
9d48860e |
1012 | my $sql = join ' ', $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
1013 | $self->_sqlcase($self->{cmp}), |
96449e8e |
1014 | $self->_convert('?'); |
1015 | my @bind = $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1016 | return ( $sql, @bind); |
1017 | } |
1018 | |
1019 | |
1020 | sub _where_hashpair_UNDEF { |
1021 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
1022 | $self->_debug("UNDEF($k) means IS NULL"); |
1023 | my $sql = $self->_quote($k) . $self->_sqlcase(' is null'); |
1024 | return ($sql); |
1025 | } |
1026 | |
1027 | #====================================================================== |
1028 | # WHERE: TOP-LEVEL OTHERS (SCALARREF, SCALAR, UNDEF) |
1029 | #====================================================================== |
1030 | |
1031 | |
1032 | sub _where_SCALARREF { |
1033 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
1034 | |
1035 | # literal sql |
1036 | $self->_debug("SCALAR(*top) means literal SQL: $$where"); |
1037 | return ($$where); |
1038 | } |
1039 | |
1040 | |
1041 | sub _where_SCALAR { |
1042 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
1043 | |
1044 | # literal sql |
1045 | $self->_debug("NOREF(*top) means literal SQL: $where"); |
1046 | return ($where); |
1047 | } |
1048 | |
1049 | |
1050 | sub _where_UNDEF { |
1051 | my ($self) = @_; |
1052 | return (); |
1053 | } |
1054 | |
1055 | |
1056 | #====================================================================== |
1057 | # WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS (-in, -between) |
1058 | #====================================================================== |
1059 | |
1060 | |
1061 | sub _where_field_BETWEEN { |
1062 | my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_; |
1063 | |
4d8b3dc4 |
1064 | my ($label, $and, $placeholder); |
cf02fc47 |
1065 | $label = $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)); |
1066 | $and = ' ' . $self->_sqlcase('and') . ' '; |
1067 | $placeholder = $self->_convert('?'); |
96449e8e |
1068 | $op = $self->_sqlcase($op); |
1069 | |
7f54040f |
1070 | my $invalid_args = "Operator '$op' requires either an arrayref with two defined values or expressions, or a single literal scalarref/arrayref-ref"; |
1071 | |
4d8b3dc4 |
1072 | my ($clause, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($vals, { |
1073 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
c94a6c93 |
1074 | my ($s, @b) = @$$vals; |
1075 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@b); |
1076 | ($s, @b); |
4d8b3dc4 |
1077 | }, |
1078 | SCALARREF => sub { |
1079 | return $$vals; |
1080 | }, |
1081 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
7f54040f |
1082 | puke $invalid_args if @$vals != 2; |
4d8b3dc4 |
1083 | |
1084 | my (@all_sql, @all_bind); |
1085 | foreach my $val (@$vals) { |
1086 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, { |
1087 | SCALAR => sub { |
5e5cbf51 |
1088 | return ($placeholder, $self->_bindtype($k, $val) ); |
4d8b3dc4 |
1089 | }, |
1090 | SCALARREF => sub { |
0336eddb |
1091 | return $$val; |
4d8b3dc4 |
1092 | }, |
1093 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
1094 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$val; |
c94a6c93 |
1095 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
0336eddb |
1096 | return ($sql, @bind); |
4d8b3dc4 |
1097 | }, |
0336eddb |
1098 | HASHREF => sub { |
1099 | my ($func, $arg, @rest) = %$val; |
1100 | puke ("Only simple { -func => arg } functions accepted as sub-arguments to BETWEEN") |
1101 | if (@rest or $func !~ /^ \- (.+)/x); |
1102 | local $self->{_nested_func_lhs} = $k; |
0ec3aec7 |
1103 | $self->_where_unary_op ($1 => $arg); |
7f54040f |
1104 | }, |
1105 | FALLBACK => sub { |
1106 | puke $invalid_args, |
1107 | }, |
4d8b3dc4 |
1108 | }); |
1109 | push @all_sql, $sql; |
1110 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1111 | } |
1112 | |
1113 | return ( |
1114 | (join $and, @all_sql), |
5e5cbf51 |
1115 | @all_bind |
4d8b3dc4 |
1116 | ); |
1117 | }, |
1118 | FALLBACK => sub { |
7f54040f |
1119 | puke $invalid_args, |
4d8b3dc4 |
1120 | }, |
1121 | }); |
cf02fc47 |
1122 | |
cf02fc47 |
1123 | my $sql = "( $label $op $clause )"; |
96449e8e |
1124 | return ($sql, @bind) |
1125 | } |
1126 | |
1127 | |
1128 | sub _where_field_IN { |
1129 | my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_; |
1130 | |
1131 | # backwards compatibility : if scalar, force into an arrayref |
1132 | $vals = [$vals] if defined $vals && ! ref $vals; |
1133 | |
96449e8e |
1134 | my ($label) = $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)); |
1135 | my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?'); |
96449e8e |
1136 | $op = $self->_sqlcase($op); |
1137 | |
8a0d798a |
1138 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($vals, { |
1139 | ARRAYREF => sub { # list of choices |
1140 | if (@$vals) { # nonempty list |
0336eddb |
1141 | my (@all_sql, @all_bind); |
1142 | |
1143 | for my $val (@$vals) { |
1144 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, { |
1145 | SCALAR => sub { |
1146 | return ($placeholder, $val); |
1147 | }, |
1148 | SCALARREF => sub { |
1149 | return $$val; |
1150 | }, |
1151 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
1152 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$val; |
1153 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1154 | return ($sql, @bind); |
1155 | }, |
1156 | HASHREF => sub { |
1157 | my ($func, $arg, @rest) = %$val; |
1158 | puke ("Only simple { -func => arg } functions accepted as sub-arguments to IN") |
1159 | if (@rest or $func !~ /^ \- (.+)/x); |
1160 | local $self->{_nested_func_lhs} = $k; |
0ec3aec7 |
1161 | $self->_where_unary_op ($1 => $arg); |
279eb282 |
1162 | }, |
1163 | UNDEF => sub { |
032dfe20 |
1164 | puke( |
1165 | 'SQL::Abstract before v1.75 used to generate incorrect SQL when the ' |
1166 | . "-$op operator was given an undef-containing list: !!!AUDIT YOUR CODE " |
1167 | . 'AND DATA!!! (the upcoming Data::Query-based version of SQL::Abstract ' |
1168 | . 'will emit the logically correct SQL instead of raising this exception)' |
1169 | ); |
279eb282 |
1170 | }, |
0336eddb |
1171 | }); |
1172 | push @all_sql, $sql; |
1173 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1174 | } |
96449e8e |
1175 | |
88a89939 |
1176 | return ( |
1177 | sprintf ('%s %s ( %s )', |
1178 | $label, |
1179 | $op, |
1180 | join (', ', @all_sql) |
1181 | ), |
1182 | $self->_bindtype($k, @all_bind), |
0336eddb |
1183 | ); |
8a0d798a |
1184 | } |
1185 | else { # empty list : some databases won't understand "IN ()", so DWIM |
1186 | my $sql = ($op =~ /\bnot\b/i) ? $self->{sqltrue} : $self->{sqlfalse}; |
1187 | return ($sql); |
1188 | } |
1189 | }, |
1190 | |
4a1f01a3 |
1191 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL |
1192 | my $sql = $self->_open_outer_paren ($$vals); |
1193 | return ("$label $op ( $sql )"); |
1194 | }, |
8a0d798a |
1195 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
1196 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$vals; |
fe3ae272 |
1197 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
4a1f01a3 |
1198 | $sql = $self->_open_outer_paren ($sql); |
8a0d798a |
1199 | return ("$label $op ( $sql )", @bind); |
1200 | }, |
1201 | |
ff8ca6b4 |
1202 | UNDEF => sub { |
1203 | puke "Argument passed to the '$op' operator can not be undefined"; |
1204 | }, |
1205 | |
8a0d798a |
1206 | FALLBACK => sub { |
ff8ca6b4 |
1207 | puke "special op $op requires an arrayref (or scalarref/arrayref-ref)"; |
8a0d798a |
1208 | }, |
1209 | }); |
1210 | |
1211 | return ($sql, @bind); |
96449e8e |
1212 | } |
1213 | |
4a1f01a3 |
1214 | # Some databases (SQLite) treat col IN (1, 2) different from |
1215 | # col IN ( (1, 2) ). Use this to strip all outer parens while |
1216 | # adding them back in the corresponding method |
1217 | sub _open_outer_paren { |
1218 | my ($self, $sql) = @_; |
171a709f |
1219 | $sql = $1 while $sql =~ /^ \s* \( (.*) \) \s* $/xs; |
4a1f01a3 |
1220 | return $sql; |
1221 | } |
1222 | |
96449e8e |
1223 | |
96449e8e |
1224 | #====================================================================== |
1225 | # ORDER BY |
1226 | #====================================================================== |
1227 | |
1228 | sub _order_by { |
1229 | my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
1230 | |
f267b646 |
1231 | my (@sql, @bind); |
1232 | for my $c ($self->_order_by_chunks ($arg) ) { |
1233 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind ($c, { |
1234 | SCALAR => sub { push @sql, $c }, |
1235 | ARRAYREF => sub { push @sql, shift @$c; push @bind, @$c }, |
1236 | }); |
1237 | } |
1238 | |
1239 | my $sql = @sql |
1240 | ? sprintf ('%s %s', |
1241 | $self->_sqlcase(' order by'), |
1242 | join (', ', @sql) |
1243 | ) |
1244 | : '' |
1245 | ; |
1246 | |
1247 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
1248 | } |
1249 | |
1250 | sub _order_by_chunks { |
1251 | my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
1252 | |
1253 | return $self->_SWITCH_refkind($arg, { |
96449e8e |
1254 | |
1255 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
f267b646 |
1256 | map { $self->_order_by_chunks ($_ ) } @$arg; |
96449e8e |
1257 | }, |
1258 | |
c94a6c93 |
1259 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
1260 | my ($s, @b) = @$$arg; |
1261 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@b); |
1262 | [ $s, @b ]; |
1263 | }, |
f267b646 |
1264 | |
96449e8e |
1265 | SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($arg)}, |
f267b646 |
1266 | |
1267 | UNDEF => sub {return () }, |
1268 | |
96449e8e |
1269 | SCALARREF => sub {$$arg}, # literal SQL, no quoting |
96449e8e |
1270 | |
f267b646 |
1271 | HASHREF => sub { |
5e436130 |
1272 | # get first pair in hash |
1273 | my ($key, $val, @rest) = %$arg; |
1274 | |
1275 | return () unless $key; |
1276 | |
1277 | if ( @rest or not $key =~ /^-(desc|asc)/i ) { |
1278 | puke "hash passed to _order_by must have exactly one key (-desc or -asc)"; |
f267b646 |
1279 | } |
5e436130 |
1280 | |
1281 | my $direction = $1; |
96449e8e |
1282 | |
e9bd3547 |
1283 | my @ret; |
f267b646 |
1284 | for my $c ($self->_order_by_chunks ($val)) { |
e9bd3547 |
1285 | my ($sql, @bind); |
96449e8e |
1286 | |
f267b646 |
1287 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind ($c, { |
1288 | SCALAR => sub { |
e9bd3547 |
1289 | $sql = $c; |
f267b646 |
1290 | }, |
1291 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
e9bd3547 |
1292 | ($sql, @bind) = @$c; |
f267b646 |
1293 | }, |
1294 | }); |
96449e8e |
1295 | |
5e436130 |
1296 | $sql = $sql . ' ' . $self->_sqlcase($direction); |
96449e8e |
1297 | |
e9bd3547 |
1298 | push @ret, [ $sql, @bind]; |
1299 | } |
96449e8e |
1300 | |
e9bd3547 |
1301 | return @ret; |
f267b646 |
1302 | }, |
1303 | }); |
96449e8e |
1304 | } |
1305 | |
1306 | |
96449e8e |
1307 | #====================================================================== |
1308 | # DATASOURCE (FOR NOW, JUST PLAIN TABLE OR LIST OF TABLES) |
1309 | #====================================================================== |
1310 | |
1311 | sub _table { |
1312 | my $self = shift; |
1313 | my $from = shift; |
1314 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($from, { |
1315 | ARRAYREF => sub {join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$from;}, |
1316 | SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($from)}, |
1317 | SCALARREF => sub {$$from}, |
96449e8e |
1318 | }); |
1319 | } |
1320 | |
1321 | |
1322 | #====================================================================== |
1323 | # UTILITY FUNCTIONS |
1324 | #====================================================================== |
1325 | |
955e77ca |
1326 | # highly optimized, as it's called way too often |
96449e8e |
1327 | sub _quote { |
955e77ca |
1328 | # my ($self, $label) = @_; |
96449e8e |
1329 | |
955e77ca |
1330 | return '' unless defined $_[1]; |
955e77ca |
1331 | return ${$_[1]} if ref($_[1]) eq 'SCALAR'; |
96449e8e |
1332 | |
b6251592 |
1333 | unless ($_[0]->{quote_char}) { |
170e6c33 |
1334 | $_[0]->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_[1]); |
b6251592 |
1335 | return $_[1]; |
1336 | } |
96449e8e |
1337 | |
07d7c35c |
1338 | my $qref = ref $_[0]->{quote_char}; |
955e77ca |
1339 | my ($l, $r); |
07d7c35c |
1340 | if (!$qref) { |
1341 | ($l, $r) = ( $_[0]->{quote_char}, $_[0]->{quote_char} ); |
955e77ca |
1342 | } |
07d7c35c |
1343 | elsif ($qref eq 'ARRAY') { |
1344 | ($l, $r) = @{$_[0]->{quote_char}}; |
955e77ca |
1345 | } |
1346 | else { |
1347 | puke "Unsupported quote_char format: $_[0]->{quote_char}"; |
1348 | } |
46be4313 |
1349 | my $esc = $_[0]->{escape_char} || $r; |
96449e8e |
1350 | |
07d7c35c |
1351 | # parts containing * are naturally unquoted |
1352 | return join( $_[0]->{name_sep}||'', map |
46be4313 |
1353 | { $_ eq '*' ? $_ : do { (my $n = $_) =~ s/(\Q$esc\E|\Q$r\E)/$esc$1/g; $l . $n . $r } } |
955e77ca |
1354 | ( $_[0]->{name_sep} ? split (/\Q$_[0]->{name_sep}\E/, $_[1] ) : $_[1] ) |
1355 | ); |
96449e8e |
1356 | } |
1357 | |
1358 | |
1359 | # Conversion, if applicable |
1360 | sub _convert ($) { |
07d7c35c |
1361 | #my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
07d7c35c |
1362 | if ($_[0]->{convert}) { |
1363 | return $_[0]->_sqlcase($_[0]->{convert}) .'(' . $_[1] . ')'; |
96449e8e |
1364 | } |
07d7c35c |
1365 | return $_[1]; |
96449e8e |
1366 | } |
1367 | |
1368 | # And bindtype |
1369 | sub _bindtype (@) { |
07d7c35c |
1370 | #my ($self, $col, @vals) = @_; |
07d7c35c |
1371 | # called often - tighten code |
1372 | return $_[0]->{bindtype} eq 'columns' |
1373 | ? map {[$_[1], $_]} @_[2 .. $#_] |
1374 | : @_[2 .. $#_] |
1375 | ; |
96449e8e |
1376 | } |
1377 | |
fe3ae272 |
1378 | # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format |
1379 | # if bindtype is 'columns'. |
1380 | sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype { |
c94a6c93 |
1381 | # my ($self, @bind) = @_; |
1382 | my $self = shift; |
fe3ae272 |
1383 | if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') { |
c94a6c93 |
1384 | for (@_) { |
1385 | if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) { |
3a06278c |
1386 | puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]" |
fe3ae272 |
1387 | } |
1388 | } |
1389 | } |
1390 | } |
1391 | |
96449e8e |
1392 | sub _join_sql_clauses { |
1393 | my ($self, $logic, $clauses_aref, $bind_aref) = @_; |
1394 | |
1395 | if (@$clauses_aref > 1) { |
1396 | my $join = " " . $self->_sqlcase($logic) . " "; |
1397 | my $sql = '( ' . join($join, @$clauses_aref) . ' )'; |
1398 | return ($sql, @$bind_aref); |
1399 | } |
1400 | elsif (@$clauses_aref) { |
1401 | return ($clauses_aref->[0], @$bind_aref); # no parentheses |
1402 | } |
1403 | else { |
1404 | return (); # if no SQL, ignore @$bind_aref |
1405 | } |
1406 | } |
1407 | |
1408 | |
1409 | # Fix SQL case, if so requested |
1410 | sub _sqlcase { |
96449e8e |
1411 | # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we |
1412 | # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it! |
07d7c35c |
1413 | return $_[0]->{case} ? $_[1] : uc($_[1]); |
96449e8e |
1414 | } |
1415 | |
1416 | |
1417 | #====================================================================== |
1418 | # DISPATCHING FROM REFKIND |
1419 | #====================================================================== |
1420 | |
1421 | sub _refkind { |
1422 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
96449e8e |
1423 | |
955e77ca |
1424 | return 'UNDEF' unless defined $data; |
1425 | |
1426 | # blessed objects are treated like scalars |
1427 | my $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data; |
1428 | |
1429 | return 'SCALAR' unless $ref; |
1430 | |
1431 | my $n_steps = 1; |
1432 | while ($ref eq 'REF') { |
96449e8e |
1433 | $data = $$data; |
955e77ca |
1434 | $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data; |
1435 | $n_steps++ if $ref; |
96449e8e |
1436 | } |
1437 | |
848556bc |
1438 | return ($ref||'SCALAR') . ('REF' x $n_steps); |
96449e8e |
1439 | } |
1440 | |
1441 | sub _try_refkind { |
1442 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
1443 | my @try = ($self->_refkind($data)); |
1444 | push @try, 'SCALAR_or_UNDEF' if $try[0] eq 'SCALAR' || $try[0] eq 'UNDEF'; |
1445 | push @try, 'FALLBACK'; |
955e77ca |
1446 | return \@try; |
96449e8e |
1447 | } |
1448 | |
1449 | sub _METHOD_FOR_refkind { |
1450 | my ($self, $meth_prefix, $data) = @_; |
f39eaa60 |
1451 | |
1452 | my $method; |
955e77ca |
1453 | for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) { |
f39eaa60 |
1454 | $method = $self->can($meth_prefix."_".$_) |
1455 | and last; |
1456 | } |
1457 | |
1458 | return $method || puke "cannot dispatch on '$meth_prefix' for ".$self->_refkind($data); |
96449e8e |
1459 | } |
1460 | |
1461 | |
1462 | sub _SWITCH_refkind { |
1463 | my ($self, $data, $dispatch_table) = @_; |
1464 | |
f39eaa60 |
1465 | my $coderef; |
955e77ca |
1466 | for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) { |
f39eaa60 |
1467 | $coderef = $dispatch_table->{$_} |
1468 | and last; |
1469 | } |
1470 | |
1471 | puke "no dispatch entry for ".$self->_refkind($data) |
1472 | unless $coderef; |
1473 | |
96449e8e |
1474 | $coderef->(); |
1475 | } |
1476 | |
1477 | |
1478 | |
1479 | |
1480 | #====================================================================== |
1481 | # VALUES, GENERATE, AUTOLOAD |
1482 | #====================================================================== |
1483 | |
1484 | # LDNOTE: original code from nwiger, didn't touch code in that section |
1485 | # I feel the AUTOLOAD stuff should not be the default, it should |
1486 | # only be activated on explicit demand by user. |
1487 | |
1488 | sub values { |
1489 | my $self = shift; |
1490 | my $data = shift || return; |
1491 | puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash" |
1492 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
bab725ce |
1493 | |
1494 | my @all_bind; |
1495 | foreach my $k ( sort keys %$data ) { |
1496 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
1497 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
9d48860e |
1498 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
bab725ce |
1499 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype |
1500 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1501 | } |
1502 | else { # literal SQL with bind |
1503 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1504 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1505 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1506 | } |
1507 | }, |
1508 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
1509 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
1510 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1511 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1512 | }, |
1513 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
1514 | }, |
1515 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
1516 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1517 | }, |
1518 | }); |
1519 | } |
1520 | |
1521 | return @all_bind; |
96449e8e |
1522 | } |
1523 | |
1524 | sub generate { |
1525 | my $self = shift; |
1526 | |
1527 | my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv); |
1528 | |
1529 | for (@_) { |
1530 | my $ref = ref $_; |
1531 | if ($ref eq 'HASH') { |
1532 | for my $k (sort keys %$_) { |
1533 | my $v = $_->{$k}; |
1534 | my $r = ref $v; |
1535 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
1536 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { |
fe3ae272 |
1537 | # literal SQL with bind |
1538 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1539 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
1540 | push @sqlq, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
1541 | push @sqlv, @bind; |
96449e8e |
1542 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { |
fe3ae272 |
1543 | # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1544 | push @sqlq, "$label = $$v"; |
9d48860e |
1545 | } else { |
96449e8e |
1546 | push @sqlq, "$label = ?"; |
1547 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1548 | } |
1549 | } |
1550 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq; |
1551 | } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') { |
1552 | # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL |
1553 | for my $v (@$_) { |
1554 | my $r = ref $v; |
fe3ae272 |
1555 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind |
1556 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1557 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1558 | push @sqlq, $sql; |
1559 | push @sqlv, @bind; |
1560 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1561 | # embedded literal SQL |
1562 | push @sqlq, $$v; |
9d48860e |
1563 | } else { |
96449e8e |
1564 | push @sqlq, '?'; |
1565 | push @sqlv, $v; |
1566 | } |
1567 | } |
1568 | push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')'; |
1569 | } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') { |
1570 | # literal SQL |
1571 | push @sql, $$_; |
1572 | } else { |
1573 | # strings get case twiddled |
1574 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_); |
1575 | } |
1576 | } |
1577 | |
1578 | my $sql = join ' ', @sql; |
1579 | |
1580 | # this is pretty tricky |
1581 | # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind) |
1582 | # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline |
1583 | if (wantarray) { |
1584 | return ($sql, @sqlv); |
1585 | } else { |
1586 | 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv); |
1587 | ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e; |
1588 | return $sql; |
1589 | } |
1590 | } |
1591 | |
1592 | |
1593 | sub DESTROY { 1 } |
1594 | |
1595 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
1596 | # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr |
1597 | my $self = shift; |
1598 | my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/; |
1599 | return $self->generate($name, @_); |
1600 | } |
1601 | |
1602 | 1; |
1603 | |
1604 | |
1605 | |
1606 | __END__ |
32eab2da |
1607 | |
1608 | =head1 NAME |
1609 | |
1610 | SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures |
1611 | |
1612 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
1613 | |
1614 | use SQL::Abstract; |
1615 | |
1616 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
1617 | |
521647e7 |
1618 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($source, \@fields, \%where, \@order); |
32eab2da |
1619 | |
1620 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values); |
1621 | |
1622 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where); |
1623 | |
1624 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where); |
1625 | |
1626 | # Then, use these in your DBI statements |
1627 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1628 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1629 | |
1630 | # Just generate the WHERE clause |
abe72f94 |
1631 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, \@order); |
32eab2da |
1632 | |
1633 | # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries |
1634 | # See PERFORMANCE section for more details |
1635 | my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals); |
1636 | |
1637 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
1638 | |
1639 | This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>. |
1640 | However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted |
1641 | to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my |
1642 | statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to |
1643 | create an abstract SQL generation module. |
1644 | |
1645 | While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are |
1646 | several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE |
1647 | clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier |
1648 | to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive. |
1649 | The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based |
1650 | on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that |
1651 | you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes, |
1652 | as this module figures it out. |
1653 | |
1654 | To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash |
1655 | of C<key=value> pairs: |
1656 | |
1657 | my %data = ( |
1658 | name => 'Jimbo Bobson', |
1659 | phone => '123-456-7890', |
1660 | address => '42 Sister Lane', |
1661 | city => 'St. Louis', |
1662 | state => 'Louisiana', |
1663 | ); |
1664 | |
1665 | The SQL can then be generated with this: |
1666 | |
1667 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
1668 | |
1669 | Which would give you something like this: |
1670 | |
1671 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people |
1672 | (address, city, name, phone, state) |
1673 | VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"; |
1674 | @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson', |
1675 | '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana'); |
1676 | |
1677 | These are then used directly in your DBI code: |
1678 | |
1679 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1680 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1681 | |
96449e8e |
1682 | =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays |
1683 | |
1684 | If your database has array types (like for example Postgres), |
1685 | activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >> |
9d48860e |
1686 | when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object. |
96449e8e |
1687 | Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types: |
1688 | |
1689 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1); |
1690 | my %data = ( |
1691 | planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/] |
1692 | ); |
9d48860e |
1693 | |
96449e8e |
1694 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data); |
1695 | |
1696 | This results in: |
1697 | |
1698 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)" |
1699 | |
1700 | @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']); |
1701 | |
1702 | |
1703 | =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL |
1704 | |
1705 | In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may |
1706 | specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example, |
1707 | if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can |
1708 | say something like this: |
32eab2da |
1709 | |
1710 | my %data = ( |
1711 | name => 'Bill', |
96449e8e |
1712 | date_entered => \["to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003"], |
9d48860e |
1713 | ); |
32eab2da |
1714 | |
1715 | The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are |
1716 | optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives |
1717 | you: |
1718 | |
1719 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
1720 | |
9d48860e |
1721 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered) |
32eab2da |
1722 | VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))"; |
1723 | @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003'); |
1724 | |
1725 | An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function: |
1726 | |
1727 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data); |
1728 | |
1729 | Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate |
1730 | the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll |
1731 | want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is |
1732 | where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy... |
1733 | |
96449e8e |
1734 | =head2 Complex where statements |
1735 | |
32eab2da |
1736 | This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements |
1737 | easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean |
1738 | equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set |
1739 | of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to |
1740 | SELECT some data based on this criteria: |
1741 | |
1742 | my %where = ( |
1743 | requestor => 'inna', |
1744 | worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'], |
1745 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
1746 | ); |
1747 | |
1748 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where); |
1749 | |
1750 | The above would give you something like this: |
1751 | |
1752 | $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE |
1753 | ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? ) |
1754 | AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )"; |
1755 | @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'); |
1756 | |
1757 | Which you could then use in DBI code like so: |
1758 | |
1759 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1760 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1761 | |
1762 | Easy, eh? |
1763 | |
0da0fe34 |
1764 | =head1 METHODS |
32eab2da |
1765 | |
0da0fe34 |
1766 | The methods are simple. There's one for each major SQL operation, |
32eab2da |
1767 | and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a |
0da0fe34 |
1768 | similar order to each method (table, then fields, then a where |
32eab2da |
1769 | clause) to try and simplify things. |
1770 | |
32eab2da |
1771 | =head2 new(option => 'value') |
1772 | |
1773 | The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns |
1774 | a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL |
1775 | through the methods below. The options accepted are: |
1776 | |
1777 | =over |
1778 | |
1779 | =item case |
1780 | |
1781 | If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By |
1782 | default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like: |
1783 | |
1784 | SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%' |
1785 | |
96449e8e |
1786 | Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored. |
1787 | |
32eab2da |
1788 | =item cmp |
1789 | |
1790 | This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default |
1791 | it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this: |
1792 | |
1793 | %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org'); |
1794 | |
1795 | Will generate SQL like this: |
1796 | |
1797 | WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org' |
1798 | |
1799 | However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set |
1800 | C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as: |
1801 | |
1802 | WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org' |
1803 | |
3af02ccb |
1804 | You can also override the comparison on an individual basis - see |
32eab2da |
1805 | the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom. |
1806 | |
96449e8e |
1807 | =item sqltrue, sqlfalse |
1808 | |
1809 | Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements. |
6e0c6552 |
1810 | By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used |
1811 | by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating |
1812 | correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below). |
96449e8e |
1813 | |
32eab2da |
1814 | =item logic |
1815 | |
1816 | This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE |
7cac25e6 |
1817 | statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or" |
1818 | for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE |
32eab2da |
1819 | array of the form: |
1820 | |
1821 | @where = ( |
9d48860e |
1822 | event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'}, |
1823 | event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'}, |
32eab2da |
1824 | ); |
1825 | |
7cac25e6 |
1826 | will generate SQL like this: |
32eab2da |
1827 | |
1828 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03' |
1829 | |
1830 | This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look |
1831 | at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify: |
1832 | |
1833 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and'); |
1834 | |
1835 | Which will change the above C<WHERE> to: |
1836 | |
1837 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03' |
1838 | |
96449e8e |
1839 | The logic can also be changed locally by inserting |
7cac25e6 |
1840 | a modifier in front of an arrayref : |
96449e8e |
1841 | |
9d48860e |
1842 | @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'}, |
7cac25e6 |
1843 | event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]); |
96449e8e |
1844 | |
1845 | See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations. |
1846 | |
32eab2da |
1847 | =item convert |
1848 | |
1849 | This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL |
1850 | function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument |
1851 | of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of |
1852 | case-insensitive "searches". For example, this: |
1853 | |
1854 | $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper'); |
1855 | %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive'); |
1856 | |
1857 | Will turn out the following SQL: |
1858 | |
1859 | WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive') |
1860 | |
1861 | The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function |
1862 | that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does |
1863 | not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim). |
1864 | |
1865 | =item bindtype |
1866 | |
1867 | This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't |
1868 | just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields. |
1869 | Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>: |
1870 | |
1871 | $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data'); |
1872 | $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
1873 | |
1874 | The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array, |
1875 | which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not. |
1876 | |
1877 | If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned. |
1878 | Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you |
1879 | specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this: |
1880 | |
1881 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns'); |
1882 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...); |
1883 | |
1884 | @bind = ( |
1885 | [ 'column1', 'value1' ], |
1886 | [ 'column2', 'value2' ], |
1887 | [ 'column3', 'value3' ], |
1888 | ); |
1889 | |
1890 | You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>. |
e3f9dff4 |
1891 | |
32eab2da |
1892 | $sth->prepare($stmt); |
1893 | my $i = 1; |
1894 | for (@bind) { |
1895 | my($col, $data) = @$_; |
1896 | if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') { |
1897 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
1898 | } elsif ($col eq 'image') { |
1899 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB}); |
1900 | } else { |
1901 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data); |
1902 | } |
1903 | $i++; |
1904 | } |
1905 | $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now |
1906 | |
1907 | Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap? |
1908 | Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields |
1909 | are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple |
1910 | sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still |
1911 | get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification. |
1912 | |
deb148a2 |
1913 | Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[$sql, @bind]> |
1914 | construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>) |
1915 | will expect the bind values in this format. |
1916 | |
32eab2da |
1917 | =item quote_char |
1918 | |
1919 | This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted |
9d48860e |
1920 | with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to |
32eab2da |
1921 | the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this: |
1922 | |
1923 | SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%' |
1924 | |
96449e8e |
1925 | Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left |
1926 | hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For |
1927 | example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes |
1928 | that generates SQL like this: |
1929 | |
1930 | SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%' |
1931 | |
9d48860e |
1932 | Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved |
96449e8e |
1933 | words in your database's SQL dialect. |
32eab2da |
1934 | |
46be4313 |
1935 | =item escape_char |
1936 | |
1937 | This is the character that will be used to escape L</quote_char>s appearing |
1938 | in an identifier before it has been quoted. |
1939 | |
1940 | The paramter default in case of a single L</quote_char> character is the quote |
1941 | character itself. |
1942 | |
1943 | When opening-closing-style quoting is used (L</quote_char> is an arrayref) |
1944 | this parameter defaults to the B<closing (right)> L</quote_char>. Occurences |
1945 | of the B<opening (left)> L</quote_char> within the identifier are currently left |
1946 | untouched. The default for opening-closing-style quotes may change in future |
1947 | versions, thus you are B<strongly encouraged> to specify the escape character |
1948 | explicitly. |
1949 | |
32eab2da |
1950 | =item name_sep |
1951 | |
1952 | This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is |
1953 | necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected, |
1954 | so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this: |
1955 | |
1956 | SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1 |
1957 | |
b6251592 |
1958 | =item injection_guard |
1959 | |
1960 | A regular expression C<qr/.../> that is applied to any C<-function> and unquoted |
1961 | column name specified in a query structure. This is a safety mechanism to avoid |
1962 | injection attacks when mishandling user input e.g.: |
1963 | |
1964 | my %condition_as_column_value_pairs = get_values_from_user(); |
1965 | $sqla->select( ... , \%condition_as_column_value_pairs ); |
1966 | |
1967 | If the expression matches an exception is thrown. Note that literal SQL |
1968 | supplied via C<\'...'> or C<\['...']> is B<not> checked in any way. |
1969 | |
1970 | Defaults to checking for C<;> and the C<GO> keyword (TransactSQL) |
1971 | |
96449e8e |
1972 | =item array_datatypes |
32eab2da |
1973 | |
9d48860e |
1974 | When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are |
1975 | interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly |
96449e8e |
1976 | to the DBI layer. |
1977 | When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted |
1978 | as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs |
1979 | (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing |
1980 | new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax |
1981 | for literal SQL). |
32eab2da |
1982 | |
32eab2da |
1983 | |
96449e8e |
1984 | =item special_ops |
32eab2da |
1985 | |
9d48860e |
1986 | Takes a reference to a list of "special operators" |
96449e8e |
1987 | to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>. |
1988 | See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details. |
32eab2da |
1989 | |
59f23b3d |
1990 | =item unary_ops |
1991 | |
9d48860e |
1992 | Takes a reference to a list of "unary operators" |
59f23b3d |
1993 | to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>. |
1994 | See section L</"UNARY OPERATORS"> for details. |
1995 | |
32eab2da |
1996 | |
32eab2da |
1997 | |
96449e8e |
1998 | =back |
32eab2da |
1999 | |
02288357 |
2000 | =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options) |
32eab2da |
2001 | |
2002 | This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name |
2003 | and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs. |
2004 | It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values. |
96449e8e |
2005 | See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and |
2006 | L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert |
2007 | with those data types. |
32eab2da |
2008 | |
02288357 |
2009 | The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional |
2010 | options to generate the insert SQL. Currently supported options |
2011 | are: |
2012 | |
2013 | =over 4 |
2014 | |
2015 | =item returning |
2016 | |
2017 | Takes either a scalar of raw SQL fields, or an array reference of |
2018 | field names, and adds on an SQL C<RETURNING> statement at the end. |
2019 | This allows you to return data generated by the insert statement |
2020 | (such as row IDs) without performing another C<SELECT> statement. |
2021 | Note, however, this is not part of the SQL standard and may not |
2022 | be supported by all database engines. |
2023 | |
2024 | =back |
2025 | |
32eab2da |
2026 | =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where) |
2027 | |
2028 | This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional |
86298391 |
2029 | hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list |
32eab2da |
2030 | of bind values. |
96449e8e |
2031 | See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and |
2032 | L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert |
2033 | with those data types. |
32eab2da |
2034 | |
96449e8e |
2035 | =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order) |
32eab2da |
2036 | |
9d48860e |
2037 | This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as |
96449e8e |
2038 | specified by the arguments : |
32eab2da |
2039 | |
96449e8e |
2040 | =over |
32eab2da |
2041 | |
96449e8e |
2042 | =item $source |
32eab2da |
2043 | |
9d48860e |
2044 | Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement. |
96449e8e |
2045 | The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table |
2046 | name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list |
2047 | of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref |
2048 | (literal table name, not quoted), or a ref to an arrayref |
2049 | (list of literal table names, joined by commas, not quoted). |
32eab2da |
2050 | |
96449e8e |
2051 | =item $fields |
32eab2da |
2052 | |
9d48860e |
2053 | Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from |
96449e8e |
2054 | the source. |
2055 | The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list |
9d48860e |
2056 | of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a |
96449e8e |
2057 | plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted). |
521647e7 |
2058 | Please observe that this API is not as flexible as that of |
2059 | the first argument C<$source>, for backwards compatibility reasons. |
32eab2da |
2060 | |
96449e8e |
2061 | =item $where |
32eab2da |
2062 | |
96449e8e |
2063 | Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query. |
2064 | The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be |
9d48860e |
2065 | an arrayref or plain scalar -- |
96449e8e |
2066 | see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details. |
32eab2da |
2067 | |
96449e8e |
2068 | =item $order |
32eab2da |
2069 | |
96449e8e |
2070 | Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query. |
9d48860e |
2071 | The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref |
96449e8e |
2072 | -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES"> |
2073 | for details. |
32eab2da |
2074 | |
96449e8e |
2075 | =back |
32eab2da |
2076 | |
32eab2da |
2077 | |
2078 | =head2 delete($table, \%where) |
2079 | |
86298391 |
2080 | This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. |
32eab2da |
2081 | It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values. |
2082 | |
32eab2da |
2083 | =head2 where(\%where, \@order) |
2084 | |
2085 | This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example, |
2086 | if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the |
2087 | rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way |
2088 | to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE |
2089 | clause and list of bind values. |
2090 | |
32eab2da |
2091 | |
2092 | =head2 values(\%data) |
2093 | |
2094 | This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same |
2095 | order that would be returned from any of the other above queries. |
2096 | Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you |
2097 | are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section. |
2098 | |
32eab2da |
2099 | =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types) |
2100 | |
2101 | Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change. |
2102 | |
2103 | This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut. |
2104 | It will return two different things, depending on return context: |
2105 | |
2106 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
2107 | my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
2108 | |
2109 | These would return the following: |
2110 | |
2111 | # First calling form |
2112 | $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)"; |
2113 | @bind = (field1, field2); |
2114 | |
2115 | # Second calling form |
2116 | $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)"; |
2117 | |
2118 | Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct |
2119 | format. In this example, the second form is what you would want. |
2120 | |
2121 | By the same token: |
2122 | |
2123 | $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' }); |
2124 | |
2125 | Might give you: |
2126 | |
2127 | ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY' |
2128 | |
2129 | You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything |
2130 | else remains verbatim. |
2131 | |
0da0fe34 |
2132 | =head1 EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS |
2133 | |
2134 | =head2 is_plain_value |
2135 | |
2136 | Determines if the supplied argument is a plain value as understood by this |
2137 | module: |
2138 | |
2139 | =over |
2140 | |
2141 | =item * The value is C<undef> |
2142 | |
2143 | =item * The value is a non-reference |
2144 | |
2145 | =item * The value is an object with stringification overloading |
2146 | |
2147 | =item * The value is of the form C<< { -value => $anything } >> |
2148 | |
2149 | =back |
2150 | |
2151 | On failure returns C<undef>, on sucess returns a reference to a single |
2152 | element array containing the string-version of the supplied argument or |
2153 | C<[ undef ]> in case of an undefined initial argument. |
2154 | |
2155 | =head2 is_literal_value |
2156 | |
2157 | Determines if the supplied argument is a literal value as understood by this |
2158 | module: |
2159 | |
2160 | =over |
2161 | |
2162 | =item * C<\$sql_string> |
2163 | |
2164 | =item * C<\[ $sql_string, @bind_values ]> |
2165 | |
2166 | =item * C<< { -ident => $plain_defined_string } >> |
2167 | |
2168 | =back |
2169 | |
2170 | On failure returns C<undef>, on sucess returns a reference to an array |
2171 | cotaining the unpacked version of the supplied literal SQL and bind values. |
2172 | |
32eab2da |
2173 | =head1 WHERE CLAUSES |
2174 | |
96449e8e |
2175 | =head2 Introduction |
2176 | |
32eab2da |
2177 | This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It |
2178 | is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this |
2179 | module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes |
2180 | are AND'ed.> |
2181 | |
2182 | The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After |
2183 | each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used: |
2184 | |
2185 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where); |
2186 | |
2187 | However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any |
2188 | of the other functions as well, as described above. |
2189 | |
96449e8e |
2190 | =head2 Key-value pairs |
2191 | |
32eab2da |
2192 | So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash: |
2193 | |
2194 | my %where = ( |
2195 | user => 'nwiger', |
2196 | status => 'completed' |
2197 | ); |
2198 | |
2199 | Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements: |
2200 | |
2201 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?"; |
2202 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
2203 | |
2204 | One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that |
2205 | a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of |
2206 | an arrayref: |
2207 | |
2208 | my %where = ( |
2209 | user => 'nwiger', |
2210 | status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending']; |
2211 | ); |
2212 | |
2213 | This simple code will create the following: |
9d48860e |
2214 | |
32eab2da |
2215 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )"; |
2216 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'); |
2217 | |
9d48860e |
2218 | A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a |
7cac25e6 |
2219 | logical false and will generate 0=1. |
8a68b5be |
2220 | |
b864ba9b |
2221 | =head2 Tests for NULL values |
2222 | |
2223 | If the value part is C<undef> then this is converted to SQL <IS NULL> |
2224 | |
2225 | my %where = ( |
2226 | user => 'nwiger', |
2227 | status => undef, |
2228 | ); |
2229 | |
2230 | becomes: |
2231 | |
2232 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status IS NULL"; |
2233 | @bind = ('nwiger'); |
2234 | |
e9614080 |
2235 | To test if a column IS NOT NULL: |
2236 | |
2237 | my %where = ( |
2238 | user => 'nwiger', |
2239 | status => { '!=', undef }, |
2240 | ); |
cc422895 |
2241 | |
6e0c6552 |
2242 | =head2 Specific comparison operators |
96449e8e |
2243 | |
32eab2da |
2244 | If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison, |
2245 | you can use a hashref for a given column: |
2246 | |
2247 | my %where = ( |
2248 | user => 'nwiger', |
2249 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
2250 | ); |
2251 | |
2252 | Which would generate: |
2253 | |
2254 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?"; |
2255 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
2256 | |
2257 | To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref: |
2258 | |
96449e8e |
2259 | status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] }; |
2260 | |
f2d5020d |
2261 | Which would give you: |
96449e8e |
2262 | |
2263 | "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?" |
2264 | |
2265 | |
2266 | The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded |
32eab2da |
2267 | into an C<AND> of its elements: |
2268 | |
2269 | my %where = ( |
2270 | user => 'nwiger', |
2271 | status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' } |
2272 | ); |
2273 | |
2274 | # Or more dynamically, like from a form |
2275 | $where{user} = 'nwiger'; |
2276 | $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed'; |
2277 | $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%'; |
2278 | |
2279 | # Both generate this |
2280 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?"; |
2281 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%'); |
2282 | |
96449e8e |
2283 | |
32eab2da |
2284 | To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea: |
2285 | |
2286 | my %where => ( |
2287 | user => 'nwiger', |
1a6f2a03 |
2288 | priority => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] |
32eab2da |
2289 | ); |
2290 | |
2291 | Which would generate: |
2292 | |
1a6f2a03 |
2293 | $stmt = "WHERE ( priority = ? OR priority > ? ) AND user = ?"; |
2294 | @bind = ('2', '5', 'nwiger'); |
32eab2da |
2295 | |
44b9e502 |
2296 | If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a |
2297 | scalar reference or array reference as the value: |
2298 | |
2299 | my %where = ( |
2300 | date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] }, |
2301 | date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" } |
2302 | ); |
2303 | |
2304 | Which would generate: |
2305 | |
2306 | $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > "to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()"; |
2307 | @bind = ('11/26/2008'); |
2308 | |
96449e8e |
2309 | |
2310 | =head2 Logic and nesting operators |
2311 | |
2312 | In the example above, |
2313 | there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like |
32eab2da |
2314 | this (notice the C<AND>): |
2315 | |
2316 | WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ? |
2317 | |
2318 | Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this: |
2319 | |
2320 | priority => { '!=', 2, '!=', 1 } |
2321 | |
2322 | As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution |
2323 | is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref: |
2324 | |
9d48860e |
2325 | priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2}, |
96449e8e |
2326 | {'!=', 1} ] |
2327 | |
32eab2da |
2328 | |
2329 | Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it |
2330 | to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the |
2331 | C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries |
2332 | work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes |
2333 | B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will |
2334 | B<NOT> do what you think it might: |
2335 | |
2336 | priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG! |
2337 | |
2338 | Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap: |
2339 | |
2340 | # Same |
2341 | status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' } |
2342 | status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}] |
2343 | |
2344 | # Same |
2345 | status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']} |
2346 | status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}] |
2347 | status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ] |
2348 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2349 | |
2350 | |
96449e8e |
2351 | =head2 Special operators : IN, BETWEEN, etc. |
2352 | |
32eab2da |
2353 | You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the |
2354 | C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref: |
2355 | |
2356 | my %where = ( |
2357 | status => 'completed', |
2358 | reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] } |
2359 | ); |
2360 | |
2361 | Which would generate: |
2362 | |
2363 | $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)"; |
2364 | @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2'); |
2365 | |
9d48860e |
2366 | The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in |
96449e8e |
2367 | the same way. |
2368 | |
6e0c6552 |
2369 | If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated |
2370 | (by default : C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates |
2371 | 'sqltrue' (by default : C<1=1>). |
2372 | |
e41c3bdd |
2373 | In addition to the array you can supply a chunk of literal sql or |
2374 | literal sql with bind: |
6e0c6552 |
2375 | |
e41c3bdd |
2376 | my %where = { |
2377 | customer => { -in => \[ |
2378 | 'SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ?', |
2379 | 2000, |
2380 | ], |
2381 | status => { -in => \'SELECT status_codes FROM states' }, |
2382 | }; |
6e0c6552 |
2383 | |
e41c3bdd |
2384 | would generate: |
2385 | |
2386 | $stmt = "WHERE ( |
2387 | customer IN ( SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ? ) |
2388 | AND status IN ( SELECT status_codes FROM states ) |
2389 | )"; |
2390 | @bind = ('2000'); |
2391 | |
0dfd2442 |
2392 | Finally, if the argument to C<-in> is not a reference, it will be |
2393 | treated as a single-element array. |
e41c3bdd |
2394 | |
2395 | Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>, |
96449e8e |
2396 | used with an arrayref of two values: |
32eab2da |
2397 | |
2398 | my %where = ( |
2399 | user => 'nwiger', |
2400 | completion_date => { |
2401 | -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06'] |
2402 | } |
2403 | ); |
2404 | |
2405 | Would give you: |
2406 | |
2407 | WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? ) |
2408 | |
e41c3bdd |
2409 | Just like with C<-in> all plausible combinations of literal SQL |
2410 | are possible: |
2411 | |
2412 | my %where = { |
2413 | start0 => { -between => [ 1, 2 ] }, |
2414 | start1 => { -between => \["? AND ?", 1, 2] }, |
2415 | start2 => { -between => \"lower(x) AND upper(y)" }, |
9d48860e |
2416 | start3 => { -between => [ |
e41c3bdd |
2417 | \"lower(x)", |
2418 | \["upper(?)", 'stuff' ], |
2419 | ] }, |
2420 | }; |
2421 | |
2422 | Would give you: |
2423 | |
2424 | $stmt = "WHERE ( |
2425 | ( start0 BETWEEN ? AND ? ) |
2426 | AND ( start1 BETWEEN ? AND ? ) |
2427 | AND ( start2 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(y) ) |
2428 | AND ( start3 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(?) ) |
2429 | )"; |
2430 | @bind = (1, 2, 1, 2, 'stuff'); |
2431 | |
2432 | |
9d48860e |
2433 | These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the |
96449e8e |
2434 | list can be expanded : see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below. |
2435 | |
59f23b3d |
2436 | =head2 Unary operators: bool |
97a920ef |
2437 | |
2438 | If you wish to test against boolean columns or functions within your |
2439 | database you can use the C<-bool> and C<-not_bool> operators. For |
2440 | example to test the column C<is_user> being true and the column |
827bb0eb |
2441 | C<is_enabled> being false you would use:- |
97a920ef |
2442 | |
2443 | my %where = ( |
2444 | -bool => 'is_user', |
2445 | -not_bool => 'is_enabled', |
2446 | ); |
2447 | |
2448 | Would give you: |
2449 | |
277b5d3f |
2450 | WHERE is_user AND NOT is_enabled |
97a920ef |
2451 | |
0b604e9d |
2452 | If a more complex combination is required, testing more conditions, |
2453 | then you should use the and/or operators:- |
2454 | |
2455 | my %where = ( |
2456 | -and => [ |
2457 | -bool => 'one', |
23401b81 |
2458 | -not_bool => { two=> { -rlike => 'bar' } }, |
2459 | -not_bool => { three => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] }, |
0b604e9d |
2460 | ], |
2461 | ); |
2462 | |
2463 | Would give you: |
2464 | |
23401b81 |
2465 | WHERE |
2466 | one |
2467 | AND |
2468 | (NOT two RLIKE ?) |
2469 | AND |
2470 | (NOT ( three = ? OR three > ? )) |
97a920ef |
2471 | |
2472 | |
107b72f1 |
2473 | =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes |
96449e8e |
2474 | |
32eab2da |
2475 | So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level |
2476 | C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in |
2477 | hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example: |
2478 | |
2479 | my @where = ( |
2480 | { |
2481 | user => 'nwiger', |
2482 | status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] }, |
2483 | }, |
2484 | { |
2485 | user => 'robot', |
2486 | status => 'unassigned', |
2487 | } |
2488 | ); |
2489 | |
2490 | This data structure would create the following: |
2491 | |
2492 | $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) ) |
2493 | OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )"; |
2494 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned'); |
2495 | |
107b72f1 |
2496 | |
48d9f5f8 |
2497 | Clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or> |
2498 | to change the logic inside : |
32eab2da |
2499 | |
2500 | my @where = ( |
2501 | -and => [ |
2502 | user => 'nwiger', |
48d9f5f8 |
2503 | [ |
2504 | -and => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ], |
2505 | -or => { workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' }, |
32eab2da |
2506 | ], |
2507 | ], |
2508 | ); |
2509 | |
2510 | That would yield: |
2511 | |
48d9f5f8 |
2512 | WHERE ( user = ? AND ( |
2513 | ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? ) |
2514 | OR ( workhrs < ? OR geo = ? ) |
2515 | ) ) |
107b72f1 |
2516 | |
cc422895 |
2517 | =head3 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons |
107b72f1 |
2518 | |
7cac25e6 |
2519 | C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or> |
2520 | operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting |
2521 | several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes |
2522 | C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features : |
2523 | |
2524 | my @where = ( |
2525 | -and => [a => 1, b => 2], |
2526 | -or => [c => 3, d => 4], |
2527 | e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ] |
2528 | ) |
2529 | |
2530 | yielding |
2531 | |
9d48860e |
2532 | WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? ) |
2533 | OR ( c = ? OR d = ? ) |
7cac25e6 |
2534 | OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) ) |
2535 | |
107b72f1 |
2536 | This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for |
2537 | historical reasons. So be careful : the two examples below would |
2538 | seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not |
2539 | |
9d48860e |
2540 | {col => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'}]} |
107b72f1 |
2541 | # yields : WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) ) |
2542 | |
9d48860e |
2543 | [-and => {col => {-like => 'foo%'}, {col => {-like => '%bar'}}]] |
107b72f1 |
2544 | # yields : WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) ) |
2545 | |
7cac25e6 |
2546 | |
cc422895 |
2547 | =head2 Literal SQL and value type operators |
96449e8e |
2548 | |
cc422895 |
2549 | The basic premise of SQL::Abstract is that in WHERE specifications the "left |
2550 | side" is a column name and the "right side" is a value (normally rendered as |
2551 | a placeholder). This holds true for both hashrefs and arrayref pairs as you |
2552 | see in the L</WHERE CLAUSES> examples above. Sometimes it is necessary to |
2553 | alter this behavior. There are several ways of doing so. |
e9614080 |
2554 | |
cc422895 |
2555 | =head3 -ident |
2556 | |
2557 | This is a virtual operator that signals the string to its right side is an |
2558 | identifier (a column name) and not a value. For example to compare two |
2559 | columns you would write: |
32eab2da |
2560 | |
e9614080 |
2561 | my %where = ( |
2562 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
cc422895 |
2563 | requestor => { -ident => 'submitter' }, |
e9614080 |
2564 | ); |
2565 | |
2566 | which creates: |
2567 | |
2568 | $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor = submitter"; |
2569 | @bind = ('2'); |
2570 | |
cc422895 |
2571 | If you are maintaining legacy code you may see a different construct as |
2572 | described in L</Deprecated usage of Literal SQL>, please use C<-ident> in new |
2573 | code. |
2574 | |
2575 | =head3 -value |
e9614080 |
2576 | |
cc422895 |
2577 | This is a virtual operator that signals that the construct to its right side |
2578 | is a value to be passed to DBI. This is for example necessary when you want |
2579 | to write a where clause against an array (for RDBMS that support such |
2580 | datatypes). For example: |
e9614080 |
2581 | |
32eab2da |
2582 | my %where = ( |
cc422895 |
2583 | array => { -value => [1, 2, 3] } |
32eab2da |
2584 | ); |
2585 | |
cc422895 |
2586 | will result in: |
32eab2da |
2587 | |
cc422895 |
2588 | $stmt = 'WHERE array = ?'; |
2589 | @bind = ([1, 2, 3]); |
32eab2da |
2590 | |
cc422895 |
2591 | Note that if you were to simply say: |
32eab2da |
2592 | |
2593 | my %where = ( |
cc422895 |
2594 | array => [1, 2, 3] |
32eab2da |
2595 | ); |
2596 | |
3af02ccb |
2597 | the result would probably not be what you wanted: |
cc422895 |
2598 | |
2599 | $stmt = 'WHERE array = ? OR array = ? OR array = ?'; |
2600 | @bind = (1, 2, 3); |
2601 | |
2602 | =head3 Literal SQL |
96449e8e |
2603 | |
cc422895 |
2604 | Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. To include a random snippet |
2605 | of SQL verbatim, you specify it as a scalar reference. Consider this only |
2606 | as a last resort. Usually there is a better way. For example: |
96449e8e |
2607 | |
2608 | my %where = ( |
cc422895 |
2609 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
2610 | requestor => { -in => \'(SELECT name FROM hitmen)' }, |
96449e8e |
2611 | ); |
2612 | |
cc422895 |
2613 | Would create: |
96449e8e |
2614 | |
cc422895 |
2615 | $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor IN (SELECT name FROM hitmen)" |
2616 | @bind = (2); |
2617 | |
2618 | Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since |
2619 | the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement. |
2620 | |
2621 | =head4 CAVEAT |
2622 | |
2623 | Never use untrusted input as a literal SQL argument - this is a massive |
2624 | security risk (there is no way to check literal snippets for SQL |
2625 | injections and other nastyness). If you need to deal with untrusted input |
2626 | use literal SQL with placeholders as described next. |
96449e8e |
2627 | |
cc422895 |
2628 | =head3 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries) |
96449e8e |
2629 | |
2630 | If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values, |
2631 | use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference -- |
2632 | not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date |
2633 | in Postgres you can use something like this: |
2634 | |
2635 | my %where = ( |
2636 | date_column => \[q/= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer/, 10/] |
2637 | ) |
2638 | |
2639 | This would create: |
2640 | |
d2a8fe1a |
2641 | $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )" |
96449e8e |
2642 | @bind = ('10'); |
2643 | |
deb148a2 |
2644 | Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned |
62552e7d |
2645 | by L</where>. That means that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, you must |
26f2dca5 |
2646 | provide the bind values in the C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where |
2647 | C<column_meta> is an opaque scalar value; most commonly the column name, but |
62552e7d |
2648 | you can use any scalar value (including references and blessed references), |
2649 | L<SQL::Abstract> will simply pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set |
2650 | to C<columns> the above example will look like: |
deb148a2 |
2651 | |
2652 | my %where = ( |
2653 | date_column => \[q/= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer/, [ dummy => 10 ]/] |
2654 | ) |
96449e8e |
2655 | |
2656 | Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the |
2657 | main SQL query. Here is a first example : |
2658 | |
2659 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?", |
2660 | 100, "foo%"); |
2661 | my %where = ( |
2662 | foo => 1234, |
2663 | bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2664 | ); |
2665 | |
2666 | This yields : |
2667 | |
9d48860e |
2668 | $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1 |
96449e8e |
2669 | WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))"; |
2670 | @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%"); |
2671 | |
9d48860e |
2672 | Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">, |
96449e8e |
2673 | are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and |
9d48860e |
2674 | its associated bind values can be generated through a former call |
96449e8e |
2675 | to C<select()> : |
2676 | |
2677 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
9d48860e |
2678 | = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100}, |
96449e8e |
2679 | c3 => {-like => "foo%"}}); |
2680 | my %where = ( |
2681 | foo => 1234, |
2682 | bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2683 | ); |
2684 | |
2685 | In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column; |
9d48860e |
2686 | but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where> |
96449e8e |
2687 | hash, like an EXISTS subquery : |
2688 | |
9d48860e |
2689 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
96449e8e |
2690 | = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"}); |
48d9f5f8 |
2691 | my %where = ( -and => [ |
96449e8e |
2692 | foo => 1234, |
48d9f5f8 |
2693 | \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2694 | ]); |
96449e8e |
2695 | |
2696 | which yields |
2697 | |
9d48860e |
2698 | $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1 |
96449e8e |
2699 | WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))"; |
2700 | @bind = (1234, 1); |
2701 | |
2702 | |
9d48860e |
2703 | Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to |
2704 | column C<t0.c0> of the main query : this is I<not> a bind |
2705 | value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref. |
96449e8e |
2706 | Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated |
2707 | C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly |
2708 | what we wanted here. |
2709 | |
96449e8e |
2710 | Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used |
2711 | for expressing unary negation: |
2712 | |
9d48860e |
2713 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
96449e8e |
2714 | = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]}); |
2715 | $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause |
2716 | my %where = ( |
2717 | lname => {like => '%son%'}, |
48d9f5f8 |
2718 | \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
96449e8e |
2719 | ); |
2720 | |
2721 | This yields |
2722 | |
2723 | $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )" |
2724 | @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20) |
2725 | |
cc422895 |
2726 | =head3 Deprecated usage of Literal SQL |
2727 | |
2728 | Below are some examples of archaic use of literal SQL. It is shown only as |
2729 | reference for those who deal with legacy code. Each example has a much |
2730 | better, cleaner and safer alternative that users should opt for in new code. |
2731 | |
2732 | =over |
2733 | |
2734 | =item * |
2735 | |
2736 | my %where = ( requestor => \'IS NOT NULL' ) |
2737 | |
2738 | $stmt = "WHERE requestor IS NOT NULL" |
2739 | |
2740 | This used to be the way of generating NULL comparisons, before the handling |
2741 | of C<undef> got formalized. For new code please use the superior syntax as |
2742 | described in L</Tests for NULL values>. |
96449e8e |
2743 | |
cc422895 |
2744 | =item * |
2745 | |
2746 | my %where = ( requestor => \'= submitter' ) |
2747 | |
2748 | $stmt = "WHERE requestor = submitter" |
2749 | |
2750 | This used to be the only way to compare columns. Use the superior L</-ident> |
2751 | method for all new code. For example an identifier declared in such a way |
2752 | will be properly quoted if L</quote_char> is properly set, while the legacy |
2753 | form will remain as supplied. |
2754 | |
2755 | =item * |
2756 | |
2757 | my %where = ( is_ready => \"", completed => { '>', '2012-12-21' } ) |
2758 | |
2759 | $stmt = "WHERE completed > ? AND is_ready" |
2760 | @bind = ('2012-12-21') |
2761 | |
2762 | Using an empty string literal used to be the only way to express a boolean. |
2763 | For all new code please use the much more readable |
2764 | L<-bool|/Unary operators: bool> operator. |
2765 | |
2766 | =back |
96449e8e |
2767 | |
2768 | =head2 Conclusion |
2769 | |
32eab2da |
2770 | These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data |
2771 | structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the |
2772 | module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function |
2773 | internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a |
2774 | little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best |
2775 | format for your data based on that. |
2776 | |
2777 | And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with |
2778 | variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you |
2779 | knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about |
2780 | dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your |
2781 | script. |
2782 | |
86298391 |
2783 | =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES |
2784 | |
9d48860e |
2785 | Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a |
86298391 |
2786 | column name,) a hash of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' } >>, |
1cfa1db3 |
2787 | or an array of either of the two previous forms. Examples: |
2788 | |
952f9e2d |
2789 | Given | Will Generate |
1cfa1db3 |
2790 | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
952f9e2d |
2791 | | |
2792 | \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC |
2793 | | |
2794 | 'colA' | ORDER BY colA |
2795 | | |
2796 | [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB |
2797 | | |
2798 | {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC |
2799 | | |
2800 | {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC |
2801 | | |
2802 | ['colA', {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC |
2803 | | |
855e6047 |
2804 | { -asc => [qw/colA colB/] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC |
952f9e2d |
2805 | | |
2806 | [ | |
2807 | { -asc => 'colA' }, | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB DESC, |
2808 | { -desc => [qw/colB/], | colC ASC, colD ASC |
2809 | { -asc => [qw/colC colD/],| |
2810 | ] | |
2811 | =========================================================== |
86298391 |
2812 | |
96449e8e |
2813 | |
2814 | |
2815 | =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS |
2816 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2817 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [ |
3a2e1a5e |
2818 | { |
2819 | regex => qr/.../, |
e3f9dff4 |
2820 | handler => sub { |
2821 | my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_; |
2822 | ... |
3a2e1a5e |
2823 | }, |
2824 | }, |
2825 | { |
2826 | regex => qr/.../, |
2827 | handler => 'method_name', |
e3f9dff4 |
2828 | }, |
2829 | ]); |
2830 | |
9d48860e |
2831 | A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be |
e3f9dff4 |
2832 | applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator. |
9d48860e |
2833 | For example : |
e3f9dff4 |
2834 | |
2835 | WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?) |
2836 | WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ? |
2837 | WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?) |
96449e8e |
2838 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2839 | Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore |
3a2e1a5e |
2840 | are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract> (as the overridable methods |
2841 | C<_where_field_IN> and C<_where_field_BETWEEN>). For other operators, |
2842 | like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is specific to MySQL, |
2843 | you can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<special_ops> |
2844 | argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of |
2845 | operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two |
2846 | entries: |
96449e8e |
2847 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2848 | =over |
2849 | |
2850 | =item regex |
2851 | |
2852 | the regular expression to match the operator |
96449e8e |
2853 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2854 | =item handler |
2855 | |
3a2e1a5e |
2856 | Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases |
2857 | the expected return is C<< ($sql, @bind) >>. |
2858 | |
2859 | When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the |
2860 | L<SQL::Abstract/> object as: |
2861 | |
2862 | $self->$method_name ($field, $op, $arg) |
2863 | |
2864 | Where: |
2865 | |
2866 | $op is the part that matched the handler regex |
2867 | $field is the LHS of the operator |
2868 | $arg is the RHS |
2869 | |
2870 | When supplied with a coderef, it is called as: |
2871 | |
2872 | $coderef->($self, $field, $op, $arg) |
2873 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2874 | |
2875 | =back |
2876 | |
9d48860e |
2877 | For example, here is an implementation |
e3f9dff4 |
2878 | of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL |
2879 | |
2880 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [ |
9d48860e |
2881 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2882 | # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...) |
9d48860e |
2883 | {regex => qr/^match$/i, |
e3f9dff4 |
2884 | handler => sub { |
2885 | my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_; |
2886 | $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg; |
2887 | my $label = $self->_quote($field); |
2888 | my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?'); |
2889 | my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg); |
2890 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) " |
2891 | . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) "; |
2892 | my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg); |
2893 | return ($sql, @bind); |
2894 | } |
2895 | }, |
9d48860e |
2896 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2897 | ]); |
96449e8e |
2898 | |
2899 | |
59f23b3d |
2900 | =head1 UNARY OPERATORS |
2901 | |
112b5232 |
2902 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(unary_ops => [ |
59f23b3d |
2903 | { |
2904 | regex => qr/.../, |
2905 | handler => sub { |
2906 | my ($self, $op, $arg) = @_; |
2907 | ... |
2908 | }, |
2909 | }, |
2910 | { |
2911 | regex => qr/.../, |
2912 | handler => 'method_name', |
2913 | }, |
2914 | ]); |
2915 | |
9d48860e |
2916 | A "unary operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be |
59f23b3d |
2917 | applied to a field - the operator goes before the field |
2918 | |
2919 | You can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<unary_ops> |
2920 | argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of |
2921 | operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two |
2922 | entries: |
2923 | |
2924 | =over |
2925 | |
2926 | =item regex |
2927 | |
2928 | the regular expression to match the operator |
2929 | |
2930 | =item handler |
2931 | |
2932 | Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases |
2933 | the expected return is C<< $sql >>. |
2934 | |
2935 | When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the |
2936 | L<SQL::Abstract/> object as: |
2937 | |
2938 | $self->$method_name ($op, $arg) |
2939 | |
2940 | Where: |
2941 | |
2942 | $op is the part that matched the handler regex |
2943 | $arg is the RHS or argument of the operator |
2944 | |
2945 | When supplied with a coderef, it is called as: |
2946 | |
2947 | $coderef->($self, $op, $arg) |
2948 | |
2949 | |
2950 | =back |
2951 | |
2952 | |
32eab2da |
2953 | =head1 PERFORMANCE |
2954 | |
2955 | Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that |
2956 | this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>. |
2957 | I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a |
2958 | byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles |
2959 | yourself. |
2960 | |
2961 | To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following: |
2962 | |
2963 | # prepare a statement handle using the first row |
2964 | # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows |
2965 | my($sth, $stmt); |
2966 | for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) { |
2967 | $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href); |
2968 | $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
2969 | $sth->execute($sql->values($href)); |
2970 | } |
2971 | |
2972 | The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted |
2973 | internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains |
2974 | the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time |
2975 | around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided |
2976 | by this module to return your values in the correct order. |
2977 | |
b864ba9b |
2978 | However this depends on the values having the same type - if, for |
2979 | example, the values of a where clause may either have values |
2980 | (resulting in sql of the form C<column = ?> with a single bind |
2981 | value), or alternatively the values might be C<undef> (resulting in |
2982 | sql of the form C<column IS NULL> with no bind value) then the |
2983 | caching technique suggested will not work. |
96449e8e |
2984 | |
32eab2da |
2985 | =head1 FORMBUILDER |
2986 | |
2987 | If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully |
2988 | really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query |
2989 | can be as simple as the following: |
2990 | |
2991 | #!/usr/bin/perl |
2992 | |
46dc2f3e |
2993 | use warnings; |
2994 | use strict; |
2995 | |
32eab2da |
2996 | use CGI::FormBuilder; |
2997 | use SQL::Abstract; |
2998 | |
2999 | my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...); |
3000 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
3001 | |
3002 | if ($form->submitted) { |
3003 | my $field = $form->field; |
3004 | my $id = delete $field->{id}; |
3005 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id}); |
3006 | } |
3007 | |
3008 | Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the |
3009 | query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your |
3010 | table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic. |
3011 | |
3012 | If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for |
9d48860e |
3013 | a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently |
32eab2da |
3014 | use these three modules together to write complex database query |
3015 | apps in under 50 lines. |
3016 | |
d8cc1792 |
3017 | =head1 REPO |
3018 | |
3019 | =over |
3020 | |
6d19fbf9 |
3021 | =item * gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git> |
d8cc1792 |
3022 | |
6d19fbf9 |
3023 | =item * git: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git> |
d8cc1792 |
3024 | |
3025 | =back |
32eab2da |
3026 | |
96449e8e |
3027 | =head1 CHANGES |
3028 | |
3029 | Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>. |
3030 | Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior |
3031 | documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however, |
9d48860e |
3032 | some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved |
96449e8e |
3033 | differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order |
3034 | to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying |
9d48860e |
3035 | on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.* |
96449e8e |
3036 | B<might behave differently> in v1.50. |
32eab2da |
3037 | |
d2a8fe1a |
3038 | The main changes are : |
3039 | |
96449e8e |
3040 | =over |
32eab2da |
3041 | |
9d48860e |
3042 | =item * |
32eab2da |
3043 | |
96449e8e |
3044 | support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [$sql, bind] >> syntax. |
3045 | |
3046 | =item * |
3047 | |
145fbfc8 |
3048 | support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL) |
3049 | |
3050 | =item * |
3051 | |
9c37b9c0 |
3052 | support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values) |
3053 | |
3054 | =item * |
3055 | |
96449e8e |
3056 | optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> |
3057 | |
9d48860e |
3058 | =item * |
96449e8e |
3059 | |
3060 | defensive programming : check arguments |
3061 | |
3062 | =item * |
3063 | |
3064 | fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented |
7cac25e6 |
3065 | through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would |
96449e8e |
3066 | interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >> |
3067 | as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>. |
3068 | Now this is interpreted |
3069 | as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>. |
3070 | |
96449e8e |
3071 | |
3072 | =item * |
3073 | |
3074 | fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args |
3075 | |
9d48860e |
3076 | =item * |
96449e8e |
3077 | |
3078 | dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary, |
3079 | we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree. |
3080 | |
3081 | =item * |
3082 | |
3083 | dropped the C<_modlogic> function |
3084 | |
3085 | =back |
32eab2da |
3086 | |
32eab2da |
3087 | =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
3088 | |
3089 | There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with |
3090 | this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN |
3091 | so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are: |
3092 | |
9d48860e |
3093 | Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support) |
b643abe1 |
3094 | Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support) |
32eab2da |
3095 | Mark Stosberg (benchmarking) |
3096 | Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support) |
3097 | Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions) |
3098 | Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support) |
3099 | Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE") |
3100 | Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep") |
f5aab26e |
3101 | Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by) |
48d9f5f8 |
3102 | Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL) |
dbdf7648 |
3103 | Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests) |
e96c510a |
3104 | Peter Rabbitson (rewrite of SQLA::Test, misc. fixes & tests) |
02288357 |
3105 | Oliver Charles (support for "RETURNING" after "INSERT") |
32eab2da |
3106 | |
3107 | Thanks! |
3108 | |
32eab2da |
3109 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
3110 | |
86298391 |
3111 | L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>. |
32eab2da |
3112 | |
32eab2da |
3113 | =head1 AUTHOR |
3114 | |
b643abe1 |
3115 | Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved. |
3116 | |
3117 | This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk> |
32eab2da |
3118 | |
abe72f94 |
3119 | For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list. |
3120 | While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of |
3121 | C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with |
3122 | how to create queries. |
3123 | |
0d067ded |
3124 | =head1 LICENSE |
3125 | |
d988ab87 |
3126 | This module is free software; you may copy this under the same |
3127 | terms as perl itself (either the GNU General Public License or |
3128 | the Artistic License) |
32eab2da |
3129 | |
3130 | =cut |
3131 | |