0.41

[gitmo/Moose.git] / lib / Moose.pm

package Moose;

use strict;
use warnings;

our $VERSION   = '0.41';
our $AUTHORITY = 'cpan:STEVAN';

use Scalar::Util 'blessed', 'reftype';
use Carp         'confess', 'croak';
use Sub::Name    'subname';

use Sub::Exporter;

use MRO::Compat;
use Class::MOP;

use Moose::Meta::Class;
use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint;
use Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion;
use Moose::Meta::Attribute;
use Moose::Meta::Instance;

use Moose::Meta::Role;

use Moose::Object;
use Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
use Moose::Util ();

{
    my $CALLER;

    sub init_meta {
        my ( $class, $base_class, $metaclass ) = @_;
        $base_class = 'Moose::Object'      unless defined $base_class;
        $metaclass  = 'Moose::Meta::Class' unless defined $metaclass;

        confess
            "The Metaclass $metaclass must be a subclass of Moose::Meta::Class."
            unless $metaclass->isa('Moose::Meta::Class');

        # make a subtype for each Moose class
        class_type($class)
            unless find_type_constraint($class);

        my $meta;
        if ( $class->can('meta') ) {
            # NOTE:
            # this is the case where the metaclass pragma
            # was used before the 'use Moose' statement to
            # override a specific class
            $meta = $class->meta();
            ( blessed($meta) && $meta->isa('Moose::Meta::Class') )
              || confess "You already have a &meta function, but it does not return a Moose::Meta::Class";
        }
        else {
            # NOTE:
            # this is broken currently, we actually need
            # to allow the possiblity of an inherited
            # meta, which will not be visible until the
            # user 'extends' first. This needs to have
            # more intelligence to it
            $meta = $metaclass->initialize($class);
            $meta->add_method(
                'meta' => sub {
                    # re-initialize so it inherits properly
                    $metaclass->initialize( blessed( $_[0] ) || $_[0] );
                }
            );
        }

        # make sure they inherit from Moose::Object
        $meta->superclasses($base_class)
          unless $meta->superclasses();
         
        return $meta;
    }

    my %exports = (
        extends => sub {
            my $class = $CALLER;
            return subname 'Moose::extends' => sub (@) {
                confess "Must derive at least one class" unless @_;
        
                my @supers = @_;
                foreach my $super (@supers) {
                    Class::MOP::load_class($super);
                }

                # this checks the metaclass to make sure
                # it is correct, sometimes it can get out
                # of sync when the classes are being built
                my $meta = $class->meta->_fix_metaclass_incompatability(@supers);
                $meta->superclasses(@supers);
            };
        },
        with => sub {
            my $class = $CALLER;
            return subname 'Moose::with' => sub (@) {
                Moose::Util::apply_all_roles($class->meta, @_)
            };
        },
        has => sub {
            my $class = $CALLER;
            return subname 'Moose::has' => sub ($;%) {
                my $name    = shift;
                croak 'Usage: has \'name\' => ( key => value, ... )' if @_ == 1;
                my %options = @_;
                my $attrs = ( ref($name) eq 'ARRAY' ) ? $name : [ ($name) ];
                $class->meta->add_attribute( $_, %options ) for @$attrs;
            };
        },
        before => sub {
            my $class = $CALLER;
            return subname 'Moose::before' => sub (@&) {
                my $code = pop @_;
                my $meta = $class->meta;
                $meta->add_before_method_modifier( $_, $code ) for @_;
            };
        },
        after => sub {
            my $class = $CALLER;
            return subname 'Moose::after' => sub (@&) {
                my $code = pop @_;
                my $meta = $class->meta;
                $meta->add_after_method_modifier( $_, $code ) for @_;
            };
        },
        around => sub {
            my $class = $CALLER;
            return subname 'Moose::around' => sub (@&) {
                my $code = pop @_;
                my $meta = $class->meta;
                $meta->add_around_method_modifier( $_, $code ) for @_;
            };
        },
        super => sub {
            # FIXME can be made into goto, might break caller() for existing code
            return subname 'Moose::super' => sub { return unless our $SUPER_BODY; $SUPER_BODY->(our @SUPER_ARGS) }
        },
        #next => sub {
        #    return subname 'Moose::next' => sub { @_ = our @SUPER_ARGS; goto \&next::method };
        #},
        override => sub {
            my $class = $CALLER;
            return subname 'Moose::override' => sub ($&) {
                my ( $name, $method ) = @_;
                $class->meta->add_override_method_modifier( $name => $method );
            };
        },
        inner => sub {
            return subname 'Moose::inner' => sub {
                my $pkg = caller();
                our ( %INNER_BODY, %INNER_ARGS );

                if ( my $body = $INNER_BODY{$pkg} ) {
                    my @args = @{ $INNER_ARGS{$pkg} };
                    local $INNER_ARGS{$pkg};
                    local $INNER_BODY{$pkg};
                    return $body->(@args);
                } else {
                    return;
                }
            };
        },
        augment => sub {
            my $class = $CALLER;
            return subname 'Moose::augment' => sub (@&) {
                my ( $name, $method ) = @_;
                $class->meta->add_augment_method_modifier( $name => $method );
            };
        },
        make_immutable => sub {
            my $class = $CALLER;
            return subname 'Moose::make_immutable' => sub {
                warn "The make_immutable keyword has been deprecated, " . 
                     "please go back to __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable\n";
                $class->meta->make_immutable(@_);
            };            
        },        
        confess => sub {
            return \&Carp::confess;
        },
        blessed => sub {
            return \&Scalar::Util::blessed;
        },
    );

    my $exporter = Sub::Exporter::build_exporter(
        {
            exports => \%exports,
            groups  => { default => [':all'] }
        }
    );

    # 1 extra level because it's called by import so there's a layer of indirection
    sub _get_caller{
        my $offset = 1;
        return
            ref $_[1] && defined $_[1]->{into}
            ? $_[1]->{into}
            : ref $_[1] && defined $_[1]->{into_level}
            ? caller($offset + $_[1]->{into_level})
            : caller($offset);
    }

    sub import {
        $CALLER = _get_caller(@_);

        # this works because both pragmas set $^H (see perldoc perlvar)
        # which affects the current compilation - i.e. the file who use'd
        # us - which is why we don't need to do anything special to make
        # it affect that file rather than this one (which is already compiled)

        strict->import;
        warnings->import;

        # we should never export to main
        return if $CALLER eq 'main';

        init_meta( $CALLER, 'Moose::Object' );

        goto $exporter;
    }

    sub unimport {
        no strict 'refs';
        my $class = _get_caller(@_);

        # loop through the exports ...
        foreach my $name ( keys %exports ) {

            # if we find one ...
            if ( defined &{ $class . '::' . $name } ) {
                my $keyword = \&{ $class . '::' . $name };

                # make sure it is from Moose
                my ($pkg_name) = Class::MOP::get_code_info($keyword);
                next if $@;
                next if $pkg_name ne 'Moose';

                # and if it is from Moose then undef the slot
                delete ${ $class . '::' }{$name};
            }
        }
    }

}

## make 'em all immutable

$_->meta->make_immutable(
    inline_constructor => 0,
    inline_accessors   => 1,  # these are Class::MOP accessors, so they need inlining
  )
  for (
    'Moose::Meta::Attribute',
    'Moose::Meta::Class',
    'Moose::Meta::Instance',

    'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint',
    'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Union',
    'Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterized',
    'Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion',

    'Moose::Meta::Method',
    'Moose::Meta::Method::Accessor',
    'Moose::Meta::Method::Constructor',
    'Moose::Meta::Method::Destructor',
    'Moose::Meta::Method::Overriden',

    'Moose::Meta::Role',
    'Moose::Meta::Role::Method',
    'Moose::Meta::Role::Method::Required',
  );

1;

__END__

=pod

=head1 NAME

Moose - A postmodern object system for Perl 5

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  package Point;
  use Moose; # automatically turns on strict and warnings

  has 'x' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');
  has 'y' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');

  sub clear {
      my $self = shift;
      $self->x(0);
      $self->y(0);
  }

  package Point3D;
  use Moose;

  extends 'Point';

  has 'z' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');

  after 'clear' => sub {
      my $self = shift;
      $self->z(0);
  };

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Moose is an extension of the Perl 5 object system.

=head2 Another object system!?!?

Yes, I know there has been an explosion recently of new ways to
build object's in Perl 5, most of them based on inside-out objects
and other such things. Moose is different because it is not a new
object system for Perl 5, but instead an extension of the existing
object system.

Moose is built on top of L<Class::MOP>, which is a metaclass system
for Perl 5. This means that Moose not only makes building normal
Perl 5 objects better, but it also provides the power of metaclass
programming.

=head2 Is this for real? Or is this just an experiment?

Moose is I<based> on the prototypes and experiments I did for the Perl 6
meta-model. However, Moose is B<NOT> an experiment/prototype; it is for B<real>.

=head2 Is this ready for use in production?

Yes, I believe that it is.

Moose has been used successfully in production environemnts by several people
and companies (including the one I work for). There are Moose applications
which have been in production with little or no issue now for well over a year.
I consider it highly stable and we are commited to keeping it stable.

Of course, in the end, you need to make this call yourself. If you have
any questions or concerns, please feel free to email me, or even the list
or just stop by #moose and ask away.

=head2 Is Moose just Perl 6 in Perl 5?

No. While Moose is very much inspired by Perl 6, it is not itself Perl 6.
Instead, it is an OO system for Perl 5. I built Moose because I was tired of
writing the same old boring Perl 5 OO code, and drooling over Perl 6 OO. So
instead of switching to Ruby, I wrote Moose :)

=head2 Wait, I<post> modern, I thought it was just I<modern>?

So I was reading Larry Wall's talk from the 1999 Linux World entitled 
"Perl, the first postmodern computer language" in which he talks about how 
he picked the features for Perl because he thought they were cool and he 
threw out the ones that he thought sucked. This got me thinking about how 
we have done the same thing in Moose. For Moose, we have "borrowed" features 
from Perl 6, CLOS (LISP), Smalltalk, Java, BETA, OCaml, Ruby and more, and 
the bits we didn't like (cause they sucked) we tossed aside. So for this 
reason (and a few others) I have re-dubbed Moose a I<postmodern> object system.

Nuff Said. 

=head2 Moose Extensions

The L<MooseX::> namespace is the official place to find Moose extensions.
There are a number of these modules out on CPAN right now the best way to
find them is to search for MooseX:: on search.cpan.org.

=head1 BUILDING CLASSES WITH MOOSE

Moose makes every attempt to provide as much convenience as possible during
class construction/definition, but still stay out of your way if you want it
to. Here are a few items to note when building classes with Moose.

Unless specified with C<extends>, any class which uses Moose will
inherit from L<Moose::Object>.

Moose will also manage all attributes (including inherited ones) that are
defined with C<has>. And (assuming you call C<new>, which is inherited from
L<Moose::Object>) this includes properly initializing all instance slots,
setting defaults where appropriate, and performing any type constraint checking
or coercion.

=head1 PROVIDED METHODS

Moose provides a number of methods to all your classes, mostly through the 
inheritance of L<Moose::Object>. There is however, one exception.

=over 4

=item B<meta>

This is a method which provides access to the current class's metaclass.

=back

=head1 EXPORTED FUNCTIONS

Moose will export a number of functions into the class's namespace which
may then be used to set up the class. These functions all work directly
on the current class.

=over 4

=item B<extends (@superclasses)>

This function will set the superclass(es) for the current class.

This approach is recommended instead of C<use base>, because C<use base>
actually C<push>es onto the class's C<@ISA>, whereas C<extends> will
replace it. This is important to ensure that classes which do not have
superclasses still properly inherit from L<Moose::Object>.

=item B<with (@roles)>

This will apply a given set of C<@roles> to the local class. 

=item B<has $name =E<gt> %options>

This will install an attribute of a given C<$name> into the current class.
The C<%options> are the same as those provided by
L<Class::MOP::Attribute>, in addition to the list below which are provided
by Moose (L<Moose::Meta::Attribute> to be more specific):

=over 4

=item I<is =E<gt> 'rw'|'ro'>

The I<is> option accepts either I<rw> (for read/write) or I<ro> (for read
only). These will create either a read/write accessor or a read-only
accessor respectively, using the same name as the C<$name> of the attribute.

If you need more control over how your accessors are named, you can use the
I<reader>, I<writer> and I<accessor> options inherited from
L<Class::MOP::Attribute>, however if you use those, you won't need the I<is> 
option.

=item I<isa =E<gt> $type_name>

The I<isa> option uses Moose's type constraint facilities to set up runtime
type checking for this attribute. Moose will perform the checks during class
construction, and within any accessors. The C<$type_name> argument must be a
string. The string may be either a class name or a type defined using
Moose's type definition features. (Refer to L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints>
for information on how to define a new type, and how to retrieve type meta-data).

=item I<coerce =E<gt> (1|0)>

This will attempt to use coercion with the supplied type constraint to change
the value passed into any accessors or constructors. You B<must> have supplied
a type constraint in order for this to work. See L<Moose::Cookbook::Recipe5>
for an example.

=item I<does =E<gt> $role_name>

This will accept the name of a role which the value stored in this attribute
is expected to have consumed.

=item I<required =E<gt> (1|0)>

This marks the attribute as being required. This means a I<defined> value must be
supplied during class construction, and the attribute may never be set to
C<undef> with an accessor.

=item I<weak_ref =E<gt> (1|0)>

This will tell the class to store the value of this attribute as a weakened
reference. If an attribute is a weakened reference, it B<cannot> also be
coerced.

=item I<lazy =E<gt> (1|0)>

This will tell the class to not create this slot until absolutely necessary.
If an attribute is marked as lazy it B<must> have a default supplied.

=item I<auto_deref =E<gt> (1|0)>

This tells the accessor whether to automatically dereference the value returned.
This is only legal if your C<isa> option is either C<ArrayRef> or C<HashRef>.

=item I<trigger =E<gt> $code>

The I<trigger> option is a CODE reference which will be called after the value of
the attribute is set. The CODE ref will be passed the instance itself, the
updated value and the attribute meta-object (this is for more advanced fiddling
and can typically be ignored). You B<cannot> have a trigger on a read-only
attribute.

=item I<handles =E<gt> ARRAY | HASH | REGEXP | ROLE | CODE>

The I<handles> option provides Moose classes with automated delegation features.
This is a pretty complex and powerful option. It accepts many different option
formats, each with its own benefits and drawbacks.

B<NOTE:> The class being delegated to does not need to be a Moose based class,
which is why this feature is especially useful when wrapping non-Moose classes.

All I<handles> option formats share the following traits:

You cannot override a locally defined method with a delegated method; an
exception will be thrown if you try. That is to say, if you define C<foo> in
your class, you cannot override it with a delegated C<foo>. This is almost never
something you would want to do, and if it is, you should do it by hand and not
use Moose.

You cannot override any of the methods found in Moose::Object, or the C<BUILD>
and C<DEMOLISH> methods. These will not throw an exception, but will silently
move on to the next method in the list. My reasoning for this is that you would
almost never want to do this, since it usually breaks your class. As with
overriding locally defined methods, if you do want to do this, you should do it
manually, not with Moose.

You do not I<need> to have a reader (or accessor) for the attribute in order 
to delegate to it. Moose will create a means of accessing the value for you, 
however this will be several times B<less> efficient then if you had given 
the attribute a reader (or accessor) to use.

Below is the documentation for each option format:

=over 4

=item C<ARRAY>

This is the most common usage for I<handles>. You basically pass a list of
method names to be delegated, and Moose will install a delegation method
for each one.

=item C<HASH>

This is the second most common usage for I<handles>. Instead of a list of
method names, you pass a HASH ref where each key is the method name you
want installed locally, and its value is the name of the original method
in the class being delegated to.

This can be very useful for recursive classes like trees. Here is a
quick example (soon to be expanded into a Moose::Cookbook::Recipe):

  package Tree;
  use Moose;

  has 'node' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Any');

  has 'children' => (
      is      => 'ro',
      isa     => 'ArrayRef',
      default => sub { [] }
  );

  has 'parent' => (
      is          => 'rw',
      isa         => 'Tree',
      weak_ref => 1,
      handles     => {
          parent_node => 'node',
          siblings    => 'children',
      }
  );

In this example, the Tree package gets C<parent_node> and C<siblings> methods,
which delegate to the C<node> and C<children> methods (respectively) of the Tree
instance stored in the C<parent> slot.

=item C<REGEXP>

The regexp option works very similar to the ARRAY option, except that it builds
the list of methods for you. It starts by collecting all possible methods of the
class being delegated to, then filters that list using the regexp supplied here.

B<NOTE:> An I<isa> option is required when using the regexp option format. This
is so that we can determine (at compile time) the method list from the class.
Without an I<isa> this is just not possible.

=item C<ROLE>

With the role option, you specify the name of a role whose "interface" then
becomes the list of methods to handle. The "interface" can be defined as; the
methods of the role and any required methods of the role. It should be noted
that this does B<not> include any method modifiers or generated attribute
methods (which is consistent with role composition).

=item C<CODE>

This is the option to use when you really want to do something funky. You should
only use it if you really know what you are doing, as it involves manual
metaclass twiddling.

This takes a code reference, which should expect two arguments. The first is the
attribute meta-object this I<handles> is attached to. The second is the
metaclass of the class being delegated to. It expects you to return a hash (not
a HASH ref) of the methods you want mapped.

=back

=item I<metaclass =E<gt> $metaclass_name>

This tells the class to use a custom attribute metaclass for this particular
attribute. Custom attribute metaclasses are useful for extending the
capabilities of the I<has> keyword: they are the simplest way to extend the MOP,
but they are still a fairly advanced topic and too much to cover here, see 
L<Moose::Cookbook::Recipe11> for more information.

The default behavior here is to just load C<$metaclass_name>; however, we also
have a way to alias to a shorter name. This will first look to see if
B<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::$metaclass_name> exists. If it does, Moose
will then check to see if that has the method C<register_implementation>, which
should return the actual name of the custom attribute metaclass. If there is no
C<register_implementation> method, it will fall back to using
B<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::$metaclass_name> as the metaclass name.

=item I<traits =E<gt> [ @role_names ]>

This tells Moose to take the list of C<@role_names> and apply them to the 
attribute meta-object. This is very similar to the I<metaclass> option, but 
allows you to use more than one extension at a time. This too is an advanced 
topic, we don't yet have a cookbook for it though. 

As with I<metaclass>, the default behavior is to just load C<$role_name>; however, 
we also have a way to alias to a shorter name. This will first look to see if
B<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Trait::$role_name> exists. If it does, Moose
will then check to see if that has the method C<register_implementation>, which
should return the actual name of the custom attribute trait. If there is no
C<register_implementation> method, it will fall back to using
B<Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Trait::$metaclass_name> as the trait name.

=back

=item B<has +$name =E<gt> %options>

This is variation on the normal attibute creator C<has> which allows you to
clone and extend an attribute from a superclass or from a role. Here is an 
example of the superclass usage:

  package Foo;
  use Moose;

  has 'message' => (
      is      => 'rw',
      isa     => 'Str',
      default => 'Hello, I am a Foo'
  );

  package My::Foo;
  use Moose;

  extends 'Foo';

  has '+message' => (default => 'Hello I am My::Foo');

What is happening here is that B<My::Foo> is cloning the C<message> attribute
from its parent class B<Foo>, retaining the C<is =E<gt> 'rw'> and C<isa =E<gt>
'Str'> characteristics, but changing the value in C<default>.

Here is another example, but within the context of a role:

  package Foo::Role;
  use Moose::Role;
  
  has 'message' => (
      is      => 'rw',
      isa     => 'Str',
      default => 'Hello, I am a Foo'
  );
  
  package My::Foo;
  use Moose;
  
  with 'Foo::Role';
  
  has '+message' => (default => 'Hello I am My::Foo');

In this case, we are basically taking the attribute which the role supplied 
and altering it within the bounds of this feature. 

Aside from where the attributes come from (one from superclass, the other 
from a role), this feature works exactly the same. This feature is restricted 
somewhat, so as to try and force at least I<some> sanity into it. You are only 
allowed to change the following attributes:

=over 4

=item I<default>

Change the default value of an attribute.

=item I<coerce>

Change whether the attribute attempts to coerce a value passed to it.

=item I<required>

Change if the attribute is required to have a value.

=item I<documentation>

Change the documentation string associated with the attribute.

=item I<lazy>

Change if the attribute lazily initializes the slot.

=item I<isa>

You I<are> allowed to change the type without restriction. 

It is recommended that you use this freedom with caution. We used to 
only allow for extension only if the type was a subtype of the parent's 
type, but we felt that was too restrictive and is better left as a 
policy descision. 

=item I<handles>

You are allowed to B<add> a new C<handles> definition, but you are B<not>
allowed to I<change> one.

=item I<builder>

You are allowed to B<add> a new C<builder> definition, but you are B<not>
allowed to I<change> one.

=back

=item B<before $name|@names =E<gt> sub { ... }>

=item B<after $name|@names =E<gt> sub { ... }>

=item B<around $name|@names =E<gt> sub { ... }>

This three items are syntactic sugar for the before, after, and around method
modifier features that L<Class::MOP> provides. More information on these may be
found in the L<Class::MOP::Class documentation|Class::MOP::Class/"Method
Modifiers"> for now.

=item B<super>

The keyword C<super> is a no-op when called outside of an C<override> method. In
the context of an C<override> method, it will call the next most appropriate
superclass method with the same arguments as the original method.

=item B<override ($name, &sub)>

An C<override> method is a way of explicitly saying "I am overriding this
method from my superclass". You can call C<super> within this method, and
it will work as expected. The same thing I<can> be accomplished with a normal
method call and the C<SUPER::> pseudo-package; it is really your choice.

=item B<inner>

The keyword C<inner>, much like C<super>, is a no-op outside of the context of
an C<augment> method. You can think of C<inner> as being the inverse of
C<super>; the details of how C<inner> and C<augment> work is best described in
the L<Moose::Cookbook::Recipe7>.

=item B<augment ($name, &sub)>

An C<augment> method, is a way of explicitly saying "I am augmenting this
method from my superclass". Once again, the details of how C<inner> and
C<augment> work is best described in the L<Moose::Cookbook::Recipe7>.

=item B<confess>

This is the C<Carp::confess> function, and exported here because I use it
all the time. 

=item B<blessed>

This is the C<Scalar::Util::blessed> function, it is exported here because I
use it all the time. It is highly recommended that this is used instead of
C<ref> anywhere you need to test for an object's class name.

=back

=head1 UNIMPORTING FUNCTIONS

=head2 B<unimport>

Moose offers a way to remove the keywords it exports, through the C<unimport>
method. You simply have to say C<no Moose> at the bottom of your code for this
to work. Here is an example:

    package Person;
    use Moose;

    has 'first_name' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Str');
    has 'last_name'  => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Str');

    sub full_name {
        my $self = shift;
        $self->first_name . ' ' . $self->last_name
    }

    no Moose; # keywords are removed from the Person package

=head1 EXTENDING AND EMBEDDING MOOSE

Moose also offers some options for extending or embedding it into your own
framework. The basic premise is to have something that sets up your class'
metaclass and export the moose declarators (C<has>, C<with>, C<extends>,...).
Here is an example:

    package MyFramework;
    use Moose;

    sub import {
        my $CALLER = caller();

        strict->import;
        warnings->import;

        # we should never export to main
        return if $CALLER eq 'main';
        Moose::init_meta( $CALLER, 'MyFramework::Base' );
        Moose->import({into => $CALLER});

        # Do my custom framework stuff

        return 1;
    }

=head2 B<import>

Moose's C<import> method supports the L<Sub::Exporter> form of C<{into =E<gt> $pkg}>
and C<{into_level =E<gt> 1}>

=head2 B<init_meta ($class, $baseclass, $metaclass)>

Moose does some boot strapping: it creates a metaclass object for your class,
and then injects a C<meta> accessor into your class to retrieve it. Then it
sets your baseclass to Moose::Object or the value you pass in unless you already
have one. This is all done via C<init_meta> which takes the name of your class
and optionally a baseclass and a metaclass as arguments.

=head1 CAVEATS

=over 4

=item *

It should be noted that C<super> and C<inner> B<cannot> be used in the same
method. However, they may be combined within the same class hierarchy; see
F<t/014_override_augment_inner_super.t> for an example.

The reason for this is that C<super> is only valid within a method
with the C<override> modifier, and C<inner> will never be valid within an
C<override> method. In fact, C<augment> will skip over any C<override> methods
when searching for its appropriate C<inner>.

This might seem like a restriction, but I am of the opinion that keeping these
two features separate (yet interoperable) actually makes them easy to use, since
their behavior is then easier to predict. Time will tell whether I am right or
not (UPDATE: so far so good).

=item *

It is important to note that we currently have no simple way of combining 
multiple extended versions of Moose (see L<EXTENDING AND EMBEDDING MOOSE> above), 
and that in many cases they will conflict with one another. We are working on 
developing a way around this issue, but in the meantime, you have been warned.

=back

=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

=over 4

=item I blame Sam Vilain for introducing me to the insanity that is meta-models.

=item I blame Audrey Tang for then encouraging my meta-model habit in #perl6.

=item Without Yuval "nothingmuch" Kogman this module would not be possible,
and it certainly wouldn't have this name ;P

=item The basis of the TypeContraints module was Rob Kinyon's idea
originally, I just ran with it.

=item Thanks to mst & chansen and the whole #moose posse for all the
early ideas/feature-requests/encouragement/bug-finding.

=item Thanks to David "Theory" Wheeler for meta-discussions and spelling fixes.

=back

=head1 SEE ALSO

=over 4

=item L<http://www.iinteractive.com/moose>

This is the official web home of Moose, it contains links to our public SVN repo
as well as links to a number of talks and articles on Moose and Moose related
technologies.

=item L<Class::MOP> documentation

=item The #moose channel on irc.perl.org

=item The Moose mailing list - moose@perl.org

=item Moose stats on ohloh.net - L<http://www.ohloh.net/projects/5788>

=item Several Moose extension modules in the L<MooseX::> namespace.

=back

=head2 Books

=over 4

=item The Art of the MetaObject Protocol

I mention this in the L<Class::MOP> docs too, this book was critical in 
the development of both modules and is highly recommended.

=back

=head2 Papers

=over 4

=item L<http://www.cs.utah.edu/plt/publications/oopsla04-gff.pdf>

This paper (suggested by lbr on #moose) was what lead to the implementation
of the C<super>/C<override> and C<inner>/C<augment> features. If you really
want to understand them, I suggest you read this.

=back

=head1 BUGS

All complex software has bugs lurking in it, and this module is no
exception. If you find a bug please either email me, or add the bug
to cpan-RT.

=head1 AUTHOR

Stevan Little E<lt>stevan@iinteractive.comE<gt>

B<with contributions from:>

Aankhen

Adam (Alias) Kennedy

Anders (Debolaz) Nor Berle

Nathan (kolibre) Gray

Christian (chansen) Hansen

Hans Dieter (confound) Pearcey

Eric (ewilhelm) Wilhelm

Guillermo (groditi) Roditi

Jess (castaway) Robinson

Matt (mst) Trout

Robert (phaylon) Sedlacek

Robert (rlb3) Boone

Scott (konobi) McWhirter

Shlomi (rindolf) Fish

Yuval (nothingmuch) Kogman

Chris (perigrin) Prather

Jonathan (jrockway) Rockway

Piotr (dexter) Roszatycki

Sam (mugwump) Vilain

Shawn (sartak) Moore

... and many other #moose folks

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright 2006-2008 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.

L<http://www.iinteractive.com>

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself.

=cut