Clarify difference between trigger & after method modifier

[gitmo/Moose.git] / lib / Moose / Manual / MOP.pod

=pod

=head1 NAME

Moose::Manual::MOP - The Moose (and Class::MOP) Meta API

=head1 INTRODUCTION

Moose provides a powerful introspection API built on top of
C<Class::MOP>. "MOP" stands for Meta-Object Protocol. In plainer
English, a MOP is an API for performing introspection on classes,
attributes, methods, and so on.

In fact, it is C<Class::MOP> that provides many of Moose's core
features, including attributes, before/after/around method modifiers,
and immutability. In most cases, Moose takes an existing C<Class::MOP>
class and subclasses it to add additional features. Moose also adds
some entirely new features of its own, such as roles, the augment
modifier, and types.

If you're interested in the MOP, it's important to know about
C<Class::MOP> so you know what docs to read. Often, the introspection
method that you're looking for is defined in a C<Class::MOP> class,
rather than Moose itself.

The MOP provides more than just I<read-only> introspection. It also
lets you add attributes, method, apply roles, and much more. In fact,
all of the declarative Moose sugar is simply a thin layer on top of
the MOP API.

If you want to write Moose extensions, you'll need to learn some of
the MOP API. The introspection methods are also handy if you want to
generate docs or inheritance graphs, or do some other runtime
reflection.

This document is not a complete reference for the meta API. We're just
going to cover some of the highlights, and give you a sense of how it
all works. To really understand it, you'll have to read a lot of other
docs, and possibly even dig into the Moose guts a bit.

=head1 GETTING STARTED

The usual entry point to the meta API is through a class's metaclass
object, which is a L<Moose::Meta::Class>. This is available by calling
the C<meta> method on a class or object:

  package User;

  use Moose;

  my $meta = __PACKAGE__->meta;

The C<meta> method is added to a class when it uses Moose.

You can also use C<< Class::MOP::Class->initialize($name) >> to get a
metaclass object for any class. This is safer than calling C<<
$class->meta >> when you're not sure that the class has a meta method.

The C<< Class::MOP::Class->initialize >> constructor will return an
existing metaclass if one has already been created (via Moose or some
other means). If it hasn't, it will return a new C<Class::MOP::Class>
object. This will work for classes that use Moose, meta API classes,
and classes which don't use Moose at all.

=head1 USING THE METACLASS OBJECT

The metaclass object can tell you about a class's attributes, methods,
roles, parents, and more. For example, to look at all of the class's
attributes:

  for my $attr ( $meta->get_all_attributes ) {
      print $attr->name, "\n";
  }

The C<get_all_attributes> method is documented in
C<Class::MOP::Class>. For Moose-using classes, it returns a list of
L<Moose::Meta::Attribute> objects for attributes defined in the class
and its parents.

You can also get a list of methods:

  for my $method ( $meta->get_all_methods ) {
      print $meth->fully_qualified_name, "\n";
  }

Now we're looping over a list of L<Moose::Meta::Method> objects. Note
that some of these objects may actually be a subclass of
L<Moose::Meta::Method>, as Moose uses different classes to represent
wrapped methods, delegation methods, constructors, etc.

We can look at a class's parent classes and subclasses:

  for my $class ( $meta->linearized_isa ) {
      print "$class\n";
  }

  for my $subclass ( $meta->subclasses ) {
      print "$subclass\n";
  }

Note that both these methods return class I<names>, not metaclass
objects.

=head1 ALTERING CLASSES WITH THE MOP

The metaclass object can change the class directly, by adding
attributes, methods, etc.

As an example, we can add a method to a class:

  $meta->add_method( 'say' => sub { print @_, "\n" } );

Or an attribute:

  $meta->add_attribute(
      name => 'size',
      is   => 'rw',
      isa  => 'Int',
  );

Obviously, this is much more cumbersome than using Perl syntax or
Moose sugar for defining methods and attributes, but this API allows
for very powerful extensions.

You might remember that we've talked about making classes immutable
elsewhere in the manual. This is a good practice. However, once a
class is immutable, calling any of these update methods will throw an
exception.

You can make a class mutable again simply by calling C<<
$metaclass->make_mutable >>. Once you're done changing it, you can
restore immutability by calling C<< $metaclass->make_immutable >>.

However, the most common use for this part of of the meta API is as
part of Moose extensions. These extensions should assume that they are
being run before you make a class immutable.

=head1 GOING FURTHER

If you're interested in extending moose, we recommend reading all of
the "Meta" and "Extending" recipes in the L<Moose::Cookbook>. Those
recipes show various practical applications of the MOP.

If you'd like to write your own extensions, one of the best ways to
learn more about this is to look at other similar extensions to see
how they work. You'll probably also need to read various API docs,
including the docs for the various Moose::Meta::* classes and the
C<Class::MOP> distribution.

Finally, we welcome questions on the Moose mailing list and
IRC. Information on the mailing list, IRC, and more references can be
found in the L<Moose.pm docs|Moose/GETTING HELP>.

=head1 AUTHOR

Dave Rolsky E<lt>autarch@urth.orgE<gt> and Stevan Little
E<lt>stevan@iinteractive.comE<gt>

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright 2009 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.

L<http://www.iinteractive.com>

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself.

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