fix some typos

[gitmo/Moose.git] / lib / Moose / Manual / Construction.pod

=pod

=head1 NAME

Moose::Manual::Classes - Object construction (and destruction) with Moose

=head1 WHERE'S THE CONSTRUCTOR?

B<You do not need to define a C<new()> method for your classes!>

When you C<use Moose> in your class, you will become a subclass of
C<Moose::Object>, which provides a C<new> method for you. If you
follow our recommendations in L<Moose::Manual::BestPractices> and make
your class immutable, then you actually get a class-specific C<new>
method "inlined" in your class.

=head1 OBJECT CONSTRUCTION AND ATTRIBUTES

The Moose-provided constructor accepts a hash or hash reference of
named parameters matching your attributes (actually, matching their
C<init_arg>s). This is just another way in which Moose keeps you from
worrying I<how> classes are implemented. Simply define a class and
you're ready to start creating objects!

=head1 OBJECT CONSTRUCTION HOOKS

Moose lets you hook into object construction. You can validate an
object's state, do logging, or maybe allow non-hash(ref) constructor
arguments. You can do this by creating C<BUILD> and/or C<BUILDARGS>
methods.

If these methods exist in your class, Moose will arrange for them to
be called as part of the object construction process.

=head2 BUILDARGS

The C<BUILDARGS> method is called as a class method I<before> an
object is created. It will receive all of the arguments that were
passed to C<new> I<as-is>, and is expected to return a hash
reference. This hash reference will be used to construct the object,
so it should contain keys matching your attributes' names (well,
C<init_arg>s).

One common use for C<BUILDARGS> is to accommodate a non-hash(ref)
calling style. For example, we might want to allow our Person class to
be called with a single argument of a social security number, C<<
Person->new($ssn) >>.

Without a C<BUILDARGS> method, Moose will complain, because it expects
a hash or hash reference. We can use the C<BUILDARGS> method to
accommodate this calling style:

  sub BUILDARGS {
      my $class = shift;

      if ( @_ == 1 && ! ref $_[0] ) {
          return { ssn => $_[0] };
      }
      else {
          return $class->SUPER::BUILDARGS(@_);
      }
  }

Note the call to C<SUPER::BUILDARGS>. This will call the default
C<BUILDARGS> in C<Moose::Object>. This method handles distinguishing
between a hash reference and a plain hash for you.

=head2 BUILD

The C<BUILD> method is called I<after> an object is created. There are
ways to use a C<BUILD> method. One of the most common is to check that
the object state is valid. While we can validate individual attributes
through the use of types, we can't validate the state of a whole
object that way.

  sub BUILD {
      my $self = shift;

      if ( $self->country_of_residence eq 'USA' ) {
          die 'All US residents must have an SSN'
              unless $self->has_ssn;
      }
  }

Another use of a C<BUILD> method could be for logging or tracking
object creation.

  sub BUILD {
      my $self = shift;

      debug( 'Made a new person - SSN = ', $self->ssn, );
  }

=head3 BUILD and Parent Classes

The interaction between multiple C<BUILD> methods in an inheritance
hierarchy is different from normal Perl methods. B<You should never
call C<< $self->SUPER::BUILD >>.>

Moose arranges to have all of the C<BUILD> methods in a hierarchy
called when an object is constructed, I<from parents to
children>. This might be surprising at first, because it reverses the
normal order of method inheritance.

The theory behind this is that C<BUILD> methods can only be used for
increasing specialization of a class's constraints, so it makes sense
to call the least specific first (also, this is how Perl 6 does it).

=head1 OBJECT DESTRUCTION

Moose provides a hook for object destruction with the C<DEMOLISH>
method. As with C<BUILD>, you should never explicitly call C<<
$self->SUPER::DEMOLISH >>. Moose will arrange for all of the
C<DEMOLISH> methods in your hierarchy to be called, from most to least
specific.

In most cases, Perl's built-in garbage collection is sufficient, and
you won't need to provide a C<DEMOLISH> method.

=head1 AUTHOR

Dave Rolsky E<lt>autarch@urth.orgE<gt>

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright 2009 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.

L<http://www.iinteractive.com>

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself.

=cut