Commit | Line | Data |
95bebf8c |
1 | |
2 | package Class::C3; |
3 | |
4 | use strict; |
5 | use warnings; |
6 | |
f29041c4 |
7 | our $VERSION = '0.15_05'; |
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8 | |
e86d671c |
9 | our $C3_IN_CORE; |
0a4d4e25 |
10 | our $C3_XS; |
ecb0388d |
11 | |
12 | BEGIN { |
f29041c4 |
13 | if($^V < 5.009005) { |
0a4d4e25 |
14 | eval "require Class::C3::XS"; |
15 | if($@) { |
16 | die $@ if $@ !~ /locate/; |
e86d671c |
17 | eval "require Algorithm::C3; require Class::C3::next"; |
18 | die $@ if $@; |
0a4d4e25 |
19 | } |
20 | else { |
21 | $C3_XS = 1; |
22 | } |
e86d671c |
23 | } |
24 | else { |
25 | $C3_IN_CORE = 1; |
26 | } |
27 | } |
28 | |
29 | # this is our global stash of both |
30 | # MRO's and method dispatch tables |
31 | # the structure basically looks like |
32 | # this: |
33 | # |
34 | # $MRO{$class} = { |
35 | # MRO => [ <class precendence list> ], |
36 | # methods => { |
37 | # orig => <original location of method>, |
38 | # code => \&<ref to original method> |
39 | # }, |
40 | # has_overload_fallback => (1 | 0) |
41 | # } |
42 | # |
43 | our %MRO; |
44 | |
45 | # use these for debugging ... |
46 | sub _dump_MRO_table { %MRO } |
47 | our $TURN_OFF_C3 = 0; |
48 | |
49 | # state tracking for initialize()/uninitialize() |
50 | our $_initialized = 0; |
51 | |
52 | sub import { |
53 | my $class = caller(); |
54 | # skip if the caller is main:: |
55 | # since that is clearly not relevant |
56 | return if $class eq 'main'; |
57 | |
58 | return if $TURN_OFF_C3; |
59 | mro::set_mro($class, 'c3') if $C3_IN_CORE; |
60 | |
61 | # make a note to calculate $class |
62 | # during INIT phase |
63 | $MRO{$class} = undef unless exists $MRO{$class}; |
64 | } |
65 | |
66 | ## initializers |
67 | |
68 | sub initialize { |
69 | %next::METHOD_CACHE = (); |
70 | # why bother if we don't have anything ... |
71 | return unless keys %MRO; |
72 | if($C3_IN_CORE) { |
73 | mro::set_mro($_, 'c3') for keys %MRO; |
ac6b0914 |
74 | } |
e86d671c |
75 | else { |
76 | if($_initialized) { |
77 | uninitialize(); |
78 | $MRO{$_} = undef foreach keys %MRO; |
79 | } |
80 | _calculate_method_dispatch_tables(); |
81 | _apply_method_dispatch_tables(); |
82 | $_initialized = 1; |
83 | } |
84 | } |
85 | |
86 | sub uninitialize { |
87 | # why bother if we don't have anything ... |
88 | %next::METHOD_CACHE = (); |
89 | return unless keys %MRO; |
90 | if($C3_IN_CORE) { |
91 | mro::set_mro($_, 'dfs') for keys %MRO; |
92 | } |
93 | else { |
94 | _remove_method_dispatch_tables(); |
95 | $_initialized = 0; |
96 | } |
97 | } |
98 | |
99 | sub reinitialize { goto &initialize } |
100 | |
101 | ## functions for applying C3 to classes |
102 | |
103 | sub _calculate_method_dispatch_tables { |
104 | return if $C3_IN_CORE; |
105 | my %merge_cache; |
106 | foreach my $class (keys %MRO) { |
107 | _calculate_method_dispatch_table($class, \%merge_cache); |
108 | } |
109 | } |
110 | |
111 | sub _calculate_method_dispatch_table { |
112 | return if $C3_IN_CORE; |
113 | my ($class, $merge_cache) = @_; |
114 | no strict 'refs'; |
115 | my @MRO = calculateMRO($class, $merge_cache); |
116 | $MRO{$class} = { MRO => \@MRO }; |
117 | my $has_overload_fallback = 0; |
118 | my %methods; |
119 | # NOTE: |
120 | # we do @MRO[1 .. $#MRO] here because it |
121 | # makes no sense to interogate the class |
122 | # which you are calculating for. |
123 | foreach my $local (@MRO[1 .. $#MRO]) { |
124 | # if overload has tagged this module to |
125 | # have use "fallback", then we want to |
126 | # grab that value |
127 | $has_overload_fallback = ${"${local}::()"} |
128 | if defined ${"${local}::()"}; |
129 | foreach my $method (grep { defined &{"${local}::$_"} } keys %{"${local}::"}) { |
130 | # skip if already overriden in local class |
131 | next unless !defined *{"${class}::$method"}{CODE}; |
132 | $methods{$method} = { |
133 | orig => "${local}::$method", |
134 | code => \&{"${local}::$method"} |
135 | } unless exists $methods{$method}; |
136 | } |
137 | } |
138 | # now stash them in our %MRO table |
139 | $MRO{$class}->{methods} = \%methods; |
140 | $MRO{$class}->{has_overload_fallback} = $has_overload_fallback; |
141 | } |
142 | |
143 | sub _apply_method_dispatch_tables { |
144 | return if $C3_IN_CORE; |
145 | foreach my $class (keys %MRO) { |
146 | _apply_method_dispatch_table($class); |
147 | } |
148 | } |
149 | |
150 | sub _apply_method_dispatch_table { |
151 | return if $C3_IN_CORE; |
152 | my $class = shift; |
153 | no strict 'refs'; |
154 | ${"${class}::()"} = $MRO{$class}->{has_overload_fallback} |
155 | if $MRO{$class}->{has_overload_fallback}; |
156 | foreach my $method (keys %{$MRO{$class}->{methods}}) { |
030b48e2 |
157 | if ( $method =~ /^\(/ ) { |
158 | my $orig = $MRO{$class}->{methods}->{$method}->{orig}; |
159 | ${"${class}::$method"} = $$orig if defined $$orig; |
160 | } |
e86d671c |
161 | *{"${class}::$method"} = $MRO{$class}->{methods}->{$method}->{code}; |
162 | } |
163 | } |
164 | |
165 | sub _remove_method_dispatch_tables { |
166 | return if $C3_IN_CORE; |
167 | foreach my $class (keys %MRO) { |
168 | _remove_method_dispatch_table($class); |
169 | } |
170 | } |
171 | |
172 | sub _remove_method_dispatch_table { |
173 | return if $C3_IN_CORE; |
174 | my $class = shift; |
175 | no strict 'refs'; |
176 | delete ${"${class}::"}{"()"} if $MRO{$class}->{has_overload_fallback}; |
177 | foreach my $method (keys %{$MRO{$class}->{methods}}) { |
178 | delete ${"${class}::"}{$method} |
179 | if defined *{"${class}::${method}"}{CODE} && |
180 | (*{"${class}::${method}"}{CODE} eq $MRO{$class}->{methods}->{$method}->{code}); |
181 | } |
182 | } |
183 | |
184 | sub calculateMRO { |
185 | my ($class, $merge_cache) = @_; |
186 | |
e86d671c |
187 | return Algorithm::C3::merge($class, sub { |
188 | no strict 'refs'; |
189 | @{$_[0] . '::ISA'}; |
190 | }, $merge_cache); |
322a5920 |
191 | } |
5d5c86d9 |
192 | |
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193 | sub _core_calculateMRO { @{mro::get_linear_isa($_[0])} } |
194 | |
195 | if($C3_IN_CORE) { |
196 | no warnings 'redefine'; |
197 | *Class::C3::calculateMRO = \&_core_calculateMRO; |
198 | } |
199 | elsif($C3_XS) { |
200 | no warnings 'redefine'; |
201 | *Class::C3::calculateMRO = \&Class::C3::XS::calculateMRO; |
202 | } |
203 | |
95bebf8c |
204 | 1; |
205 | |
206 | __END__ |
207 | |
208 | =pod |
209 | |
210 | =head1 NAME |
211 | |
212 | Class::C3 - A pragma to use the C3 method resolution order algortihm |
213 | |
214 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
215 | |
216 | package A; |
217 | use Class::C3; |
218 | sub hello { 'A::hello' } |
219 | |
220 | package B; |
221 | use base 'A'; |
222 | use Class::C3; |
223 | |
224 | package C; |
225 | use base 'A'; |
226 | use Class::C3; |
227 | |
228 | sub hello { 'C::hello' } |
229 | |
230 | package D; |
231 | use base ('B', 'C'); |
232 | use Class::C3; |
233 | |
234 | # Classic Diamond MI pattern |
d401eda1 |
235 | # <A> |
236 | # / \ |
237 | # <B> <C> |
238 | # \ / |
239 | # <D> |
95bebf8c |
240 | |
241 | package main; |
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242 | |
243 | # initializez the C3 module |
244 | # (formerly called in INIT) |
245 | Class::C3::initialize(); |
95bebf8c |
246 | |
247 | print join ', ' => Class::C3::calculateMRO('Diamond_D') # prints D, B, C, A |
248 | |
249 | print D->hello() # prints 'C::hello' instead of the standard p5 'A::hello' |
250 | |
251 | D->can('hello')->(); # can() also works correctly |
252 | UNIVERSAL::can('D', 'hello'); # as does UNIVERSAL::can() |
253 | |
f29041c4 |
254 | =head1 SPECIAL NOTE FOR 0.15_05 |
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255 | |
f29041c4 |
256 | To try this with the new perl core c3 support, |
ff5d5837 |
257 | download the most recent copy perl-current: |
663e8dcc |
258 | |
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259 | http://mirrors.develooper.com/perl/APC/perl-current-snap/ |
663e8dcc |
260 | |
663e8dcc |
261 | sh Configure -Dusedevel -Dprefix=/where/I/want/it -d -e && make && make test && make install |
262 | |
f29041c4 |
263 | then try your C3-using software against this perl + Class::C3 0.15_05. |
663e8dcc |
264 | |
95bebf8c |
265 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
266 | |
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267 | This is pragma to change Perl 5's standard method resolution order from depth-first left-to-right |
268 | (a.k.a - pre-order) to the more sophisticated C3 method resolution order. |
95bebf8c |
269 | |
270 | =head2 What is C3? |
271 | |
272 | C3 is the name of an algorithm which aims to provide a sane method resolution order under multiple |
273 | inheritence. It was first introduced in the langauge Dylan (see links in the L<SEE ALSO> section), |
274 | and then later adopted as the prefered MRO (Method Resolution Order) for the new-style classes in |
275 | Python 2.3. Most recently it has been adopted as the 'canonical' MRO for Perl 6 classes, and the |
276 | default MRO for Parrot objects as well. |
277 | |
278 | =head2 How does C3 work. |
279 | |
280 | C3 works by always preserving local precendence ordering. This essentially means that no class will |
281 | appear before any of it's subclasses. Take the classic diamond inheritence pattern for instance: |
282 | |
d401eda1 |
283 | <A> |
284 | / \ |
285 | <B> <C> |
286 | \ / |
287 | <D> |
95bebf8c |
288 | |
289 | The standard Perl 5 MRO would be (D, B, A, C). The result being that B<A> appears before B<C>, even |
290 | though B<C> is the subclass of B<A>. The C3 MRO algorithm however, produces the following MRO |
291 | (D, B, C, A), which does not have this same issue. |
292 | |
293 | This example is fairly trival, for more complex examples and a deeper explaination, see the links in |
294 | the L<SEE ALSO> section. |
295 | |
296 | =head2 How does this module work? |
297 | |
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298 | This module uses a technique similar to Perl 5's method caching. When C<Class::C3::initialize> is |
299 | called, this module calculates the MRO of all the classes which called C<use Class::C3>. It then |
300 | gathers information from the symbol tables of each of those classes, and builds a set of method |
301 | aliases for the correct dispatch ordering. Once all these C3-based method tables are created, it |
302 | then adds the method aliases into the local classes symbol table. |
95bebf8c |
303 | |
304 | The end result is actually classes with pre-cached method dispatch. However, this caching does not |
305 | do well if you start changing your C<@ISA> or messing with class symbol tables, so you should consider |
306 | your classes to be effectively closed. See the L<CAVEATS> section for more details. |
307 | |
d401eda1 |
308 | =head1 OPTIONAL LOWERCASE PRAGMA |
309 | |
310 | This release also includes an optional module B<c3> in the F<opt/> folder. I did not include this in |
311 | the regular install since lowercase module names are considered I<"bad"> by some people. However I |
312 | think that code looks much nicer like this: |
313 | |
314 | package MyClass; |
315 | use c3; |
316 | |
317 | The the more clunky: |
318 | |
319 | package MyClass; |
320 | use Class::C3; |
321 | |
322 | But hey, it's your choice, thats why it is optional. |
323 | |
95bebf8c |
324 | =head1 FUNCTIONS |
325 | |
326 | =over 4 |
327 | |
328 | =item B<calculateMRO ($class)> |
329 | |
330 | Given a C<$class> this will return an array of class names in the proper C3 method resolution order. |
331 | |
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332 | =item B<initialize> |
333 | |
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334 | This B<must be called> to initalize the C3 method dispatch tables, this module B<will not work> if |
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335 | you do not do this. It is advised to do this as soon as possible B<after> loading any classes which |
336 | use C3. Here is a quick code example: |
337 | |
338 | package Foo; |
339 | use Class::C3; |
340 | # ... Foo methods here |
341 | |
342 | package Bar; |
343 | use Class::C3; |
344 | use base 'Foo'; |
345 | # ... Bar methods here |
346 | |
347 | package main; |
348 | |
349 | Class::C3::initialize(); # now it is safe to use Foo and Bar |
2ffffc6d |
350 | |
351 | This function used to be called automatically for you in the INIT phase of the perl compiler, but |
352 | that lead to warnings if this module was required at runtime. After discussion with my user base |
353 | (the L<DBIx::Class> folks), we decided that calling this in INIT was more of an annoyance than a |
354 | convience. I apologize to anyone this causes problems for (although i would very suprised if I had |
355 | any other users other than the L<DBIx::Class> folks). The simplest solution of course is to define |
356 | your own INIT method which calls this function. |
d401eda1 |
357 | |
358 | NOTE: |
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359 | |
360 | If C<initialize> detects that C<initialize> has already been executed, it will L</uninitialize> and |
361 | clear the MRO cache first. |
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362 | |
363 | =item B<uninitialize> |
364 | |
365 | Calling this function results in the removal of all cached methods, and the restoration of the old Perl 5 |
366 | style dispatch order (depth-first, left-to-right). |
367 | |
368 | =item B<reinitialize> |
369 | |
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370 | This is an alias for L</initialize> above. |
d401eda1 |
371 | |
95bebf8c |
372 | =back |
373 | |
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374 | =head1 METHOD REDISPATCHING |
375 | |
376 | It is always useful to be able to re-dispatch your method call to the "next most applicable method". This |
377 | module provides a pseudo package along the lines of C<SUPER::> or C<NEXT::> which will re-dispatch the |
378 | method along the C3 linearization. This is best show with an examples. |
379 | |
380 | # a classic diamond MI pattern ... |
381 | <A> |
382 | / \ |
383 | <B> <C> |
384 | \ / |
385 | <D> |
386 | |
387 | package A; |
388 | use c3; |
389 | sub foo { 'A::foo' } |
390 | |
391 | package B; |
392 | use base 'A'; |
393 | use c3; |
394 | sub foo { 'B::foo => ' . (shift)->next::method() } |
395 | |
396 | package B; |
397 | use base 'A'; |
398 | use c3; |
399 | sub foo { 'C::foo => ' . (shift)->next::method() } |
400 | |
401 | package D; |
402 | use base ('B', 'C'); |
403 | use c3; |
404 | sub foo { 'D::foo => ' . (shift)->next::method() } |
405 | |
406 | print D->foo; # prints out "D::foo => B::foo => C::foo => A::foo" |
407 | |
408 | A few things to note. First, we do not require you to add on the method name to the C<next::method> |
409 | call (this is unlike C<NEXT::> and C<SUPER::> which do require that). This helps to enforce the rule |
410 | that you cannot dispatch to a method of a different name (this is how C<NEXT::> behaves as well). |
411 | |
412 | The next thing to keep in mind is that you will need to pass all arguments to C<next::method> it can |
413 | not automatically use the current C<@_>. |
414 | |
322a5920 |
415 | If C<next::method> cannot find a next method to re-dispatch the call to, it will throw an exception. |
416 | You can use C<next::can> to see if C<next::method> will succeed before you call it like so: |
417 | |
418 | $self->next::method(@_) if $self->next::can; |
419 | |
fa91a1c7 |
420 | Additionally, you can use C<maybe::next::method> as a shortcut to only call the next method if it exists. |
421 | The previous example could be simply written as: |
422 | |
423 | $self->maybe::next::method(@_); |
322a5920 |
424 | |
2ffffc6d |
425 | There are some caveats about using C<next::method>, see below for those. |
95bebf8c |
426 | |
2ffffc6d |
427 | =head1 CAVEATS |
95bebf8c |
428 | |
2ffffc6d |
429 | This module used to be labeled as I<experimental>, however it has now been pretty heavily tested by |
430 | the good folks over at L<DBIx::Class> and I am confident this module is perfectly usable for |
431 | whatever your needs might be. |
95bebf8c |
432 | |
2ffffc6d |
433 | But there are still caveats, so here goes ... |
95bebf8c |
434 | |
435 | =over 4 |
436 | |
437 | =item Use of C<SUPER::>. |
438 | |
439 | The idea of C<SUPER::> under multiple inheritence is ambigious, and generally not recomended anyway. |
440 | However, it's use in conjuntion with this module is very much not recommended, and in fact very |
5d5c86d9 |
441 | discouraged. The recommended approach is to instead use the supplied C<next::method> feature, see |
442 | more details on it's usage above. |
95bebf8c |
443 | |
444 | =item Changing C<@ISA>. |
445 | |
446 | It is the author's opinion that changing C<@ISA> at runtime is pure insanity anyway. However, people |
447 | do it, so I must caveat. Any changes to the C<@ISA> will not be reflected in the MRO calculated by this |
d0e2efe5 |
448 | module, and therefor probably won't even show up. If you do this, you will need to call C<reinitialize> |
449 | in order to recalulate B<all> method dispatch tables. See the C<reinitialize> documentation and an example |
450 | in F<t/20_reinitialize.t> for more information. |
95bebf8c |
451 | |
452 | =item Adding/deleting methods from class symbol tables. |
453 | |
2ffffc6d |
454 | This module calculates the MRO for each requested class by interogatting the symbol tables of said classes. |
455 | So any symbol table manipulation which takes place after our INIT phase is run will not be reflected in |
456 | the calculated MRO. Just as with changing the C<@ISA>, you will need to call C<reinitialize> for any |
457 | changes you make to take effect. |
95bebf8c |
458 | |
2ffffc6d |
459 | =item Calling C<next::method> from methods defined outside the class |
95bebf8c |
460 | |
2ffffc6d |
461 | There is an edge case when using C<next::method> from within a subroutine which was created in a different |
462 | module than the one it is called from. It sounds complicated, but it really isn't. Here is an example which |
463 | will not work correctly: |
15eeb546 |
464 | |
2ffffc6d |
465 | *Foo::foo = sub { (shift)->next::method(@_) }; |
466 | |
467 | The problem exists because the anonymous subroutine being assigned to the glob C<*Foo::foo> will show up |
468 | in the call stack as being called C<__ANON__> and not C<foo> as you might expect. Since C<next::method> |
469 | uses C<caller> to find the name of the method it was called in, it will fail in this case. |
15eeb546 |
470 | |
2ffffc6d |
471 | But fear not, there is a simple solution. The module C<Sub::Name> will reach into the perl internals and |
472 | assign a name to an anonymous subroutine for you. Simply do this: |
473 | |
474 | use Sub::Name 'subname'; |
475 | *Foo::foo = subname 'Foo::foo' => sub { (shift)->next::method(@_) }; |
15eeb546 |
476 | |
2ffffc6d |
477 | and things will Just Work. Of course this is not always possible to do, but to be honest, I just can't |
478 | manage to find a workaround for it, so until someone gives me a working patch this will be a known |
479 | limitation of this module. |
15eeb546 |
480 | |
5d5c86d9 |
481 | =back |
15eeb546 |
482 | |
0a4d4e25 |
483 | =head1 COMPATIBILITY |
484 | |
485 | If your software requires Perl 5.9.5 or higher, you do not need L<Class::C3>, you can simple C<use mro 'c3'>, and not worry about C<initialize()>, avoid some of the above caveats, and get the best possible performance. See L<mro> for more details. |
486 | |
487 | If your software is meant to work on earlier Perls, use L<Class::C3> as documented here. L<Class::C3> will detect Perl 5.9.5+ and take advantage of the core support when available. |
488 | |
489 | =head1 Class::C3::XS |
490 | |
491 | This module will load L<Class::C3::XS> if it's installed and you are running on a Perl version older than 5.9.5. Installing this is recommended when possible, as it results in significant performance improvements (but unlike the 5.9.5+ core support, it still has all of the same caveats as L<Class::C3>). |
492 | |
5d5c86d9 |
493 | =head1 CODE COVERAGE |
15eeb546 |
494 | |
ac6b0914 |
495 | I use B<Devel::Cover> to test the code coverage of my tests, below is the B<Devel::Cover> report on this |
496 | module's test suite. |
5d5c86d9 |
497 | |
498 | ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ |
499 | File stmt bran cond sub pod time total |
500 | ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ |
58f0eafe |
501 | Class/C3.pm 98.3 84.4 80.0 96.2 100.0 98.4 94.4 |
5d5c86d9 |
502 | ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ |
58f0eafe |
503 | Total 98.3 84.4 80.0 96.2 100.0 98.4 94.4 |
5d5c86d9 |
504 | ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ |
15eeb546 |
505 | |
95bebf8c |
506 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
507 | |
508 | =head2 The original Dylan paper |
509 | |
510 | =over 4 |
511 | |
512 | =item L<http://www.webcom.com/haahr/dylan/linearization-oopsla96.html> |
513 | |
514 | =back |
515 | |
516 | =head2 The prototype Perl 6 Object Model uses C3 |
517 | |
518 | =over 4 |
519 | |
520 | =item L<http://svn.openfoundry.org/pugs/perl5/Perl6-MetaModel/> |
521 | |
522 | =back |
523 | |
524 | =head2 Parrot now uses C3 |
525 | |
526 | =over 4 |
527 | |
528 | =item L<http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Mail/Message/perl6-internals/2746631> |
529 | |
530 | =item L<http://use.perl.org/~autrijus/journal/25768> |
531 | |
532 | =back |
533 | |
534 | =head2 Python 2.3 MRO related links |
535 | |
536 | =over 4 |
537 | |
538 | =item L<http://www.python.org/2.3/mro.html> |
539 | |
540 | =item L<http://www.python.org/2.2.2/descrintro.html#mro> |
541 | |
542 | =back |
543 | |
544 | =head2 C3 for TinyCLOS |
545 | |
546 | =over 4 |
547 | |
548 | =item L<http://www.call-with-current-continuation.org/eggs/c3.html> |
549 | |
550 | =back |
551 | |
bad9dc59 |
552 | =head1 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS |
553 | |
554 | =over 4 |
555 | |
556 | =item Thanks to Matt S. Trout for using this module in his module L<DBIx::Class> |
557 | and finding many bugs and providing fixes. |
558 | |
559 | =item Thanks to Justin Guenther for making C<next::method> more robust by handling |
560 | calls inside C<eval> and anon-subs. |
561 | |
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562 | =item Thanks to Robert Norris for adding support for C<next::can> and |
563 | C<maybe::next::method>. |
564 | |
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565 | =back |
566 | |
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567 | =head1 AUTHOR |
568 | |
d401eda1 |
569 | Stevan Little, E<lt>stevan@iinteractive.comE<gt> |
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570 | |
6262b4cf |
571 | Brandon L. Black, E<lt>blblack@gmail.comE<gt> |
572 | |
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573 | =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE |
574 | |
08c29211 |
575 | Copyright 2005, 2006 by Infinity Interactive, Inc. |
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576 | |
577 | L<http://www.iinteractive.com> |
578 | |
579 | This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify |
580 | it under the same terms as Perl itself. |
581 | |
f4a893b2 |
582 | =cut |