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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
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3 | Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::02_CatalystBasics - Catalyst Tutorial - Chapter 2: Catalyst Application Development Basics |
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4 | |
5 | |
6 | =head1 OVERVIEW |
7 | |
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8 | This is B<Chapter 2 of 10> for the Catalyst tutorial. |
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9 | |
10 | L<Tutorial Overview|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial> |
11 | |
12 | =over 4 |
13 | |
14 | =item 1 |
15 | |
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16 | L<Introduction|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::01_Intro> |
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17 | |
18 | =item 2 |
19 | |
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20 | B<02_Catalyst Basics> |
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21 | |
22 | =item 3 |
23 | |
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24 | L<More Catalyst Basics|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::03_MoreCatalystBasics> |
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25 | |
26 | =item 4 |
27 | |
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28 | L<Basic CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::04_BasicCRUD> |
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29 | |
30 | =item 5 |
31 | |
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32 | L<Authentication|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::05_Authentication> |
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33 | |
34 | =item 6 |
35 | |
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36 | L<Authorization|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::06_Authorization> |
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37 | |
38 | =item 7 |
39 | |
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40 | L<Debugging|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::07_Debugging> |
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41 | |
42 | =item 8 |
43 | |
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44 | L<Testing|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::08_Testing> |
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45 | |
46 | =item 9 |
47 | |
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48 | L<Advanced CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::09_AdvancedCRUD> |
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49 | |
50 | =item 10 |
51 | |
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52 | L<Appendices|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::10_Appendices> |
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53 | |
54 | =back |
55 | |
56 | |
57 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
58 | |
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59 | In this chapter of the tutorial, we will create a very basic Catalyst |
60 | web application, demonstrating a number of powerful capabilities, such |
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61 | as: |
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62 | |
63 | =over 4 |
64 | |
65 | =item * Helper Scripts |
66 | |
67 | Catalyst helper scripts that can be used to rapidly bootstrap the |
68 | skeletal structure of an application. |
69 | |
70 | =item * MVC |
71 | |
72 | Model/View/Controller (MVC) provides an architecture that facilitates a |
73 | clean "separation of control" between the different portions of your |
74 | application. Given that many other documents cover this subject in |
75 | detail, MVC will not be discussed in depth here (for an excellent |
76 | introduction to MVC and general Catalyst concepts, please see |
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77 | L<Catalyst::Manual::About>). In short: |
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78 | |
79 | =over 4 |
80 | |
81 | =item * Model |
82 | |
83 | The model usually represents a data store. In most applications, the |
84 | model equates to the objects that are created from and saved to your SQL |
85 | database. |
86 | |
87 | =item * View |
88 | |
89 | The view takes model objects and renders them into something for the end |
90 | user to look at. Normally this involves a template-generation tool that |
91 | creates HTML for the user's web browser, but it could easily be code |
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92 | that generates other forms such as PDF documents, e-mails, spreadsheets, |
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93 | or even "behind the scenes" formats such as XML and JSON. |
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94 | |
95 | =item * Controller |
96 | |
97 | As suggested by its name, the controller takes user requests and routes |
98 | them to the necessary model and view. |
99 | |
100 | =back |
101 | |
102 | =item * ORM |
103 | |
104 | The use of Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) technology for database |
105 | access. Specifically, ORM provides an automated and standardized means |
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106 | to persist and restore objects to/from a relational database and will |
107 | automatically create our Catalyst model for use with a database. |
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108 | |
109 | =back |
110 | |
111 | You can checkout the source code for this example from the catalyst |
112 | subversion repository as per the instructions in |
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113 | L<Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::01_Intro>. |
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114 | |
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115 | |
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116 | =head1 CREATE A CATALYST PROJECT |
117 | |
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118 | Catalyst provides a number of helper scripts that can be used to quickly |
119 | flesh out the basic structure of your application. All Catalyst projects |
120 | begin with the C<catalyst.pl> helper (see |
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121 | L<Catalyst::Helper> for more information on helpers). |
040c4781 |
122 | Also note that as of Catalyst 5.7000, you will not have the helper |
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123 | scripts unless you install both L<Catalyst::Runtime> |
124 | and L<Catalyst::Devel>. |
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125 | |
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126 | In this first chapter of the tutorial, use the Catalyst C<catalyst.pl> |
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127 | script to initialize the framework for an application called C<Hello>: |
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128 | |
129 | $ catalyst.pl Hello |
130 | created "Hello" |
131 | created "Hello/script" |
132 | created "Hello/lib" |
133 | created "Hello/root" |
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134 | ... |
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135 | created "Hello/script/hello_create.pl" |
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136 | Change to application directory and Run "perl Makefile.PL" to make sure your install is complete |
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137 | $ cd Hello |
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138 | |
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139 | Note: If you are using Strawberry Perl on Win32, drop the ".pl" |
140 | from the end of the "catalyst.pl" command and simply use |
141 | "catalyst Hello". |
142 | |
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143 | The C<catalyst.pl> helper script will display the names of the |
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144 | directories and files it creates: |
145 | |
146 | Changes # Record of application changes |
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147 | lib # Lib directory for your app's Perl modules |
148 | Hello # Application main code directory |
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149 | Controller # Directory for Controller modules |
150 | Model # Directory for Models |
151 | View # Directory for Views |
152 | Hello.pm # Base application module |
153 | Makefile.PL # Makefile to build application |
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154 | hello.conf # Application configuration file |
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155 | README # README file |
156 | root # Equiv of htdocs, dir for templates, css, javascript |
157 | favicon.ico |
158 | static # Directory for static files |
159 | images # Directory for image files used in welcome screen |
160 | script # Directory for Perl scripts |
161 | hello_cgi.pl # To run your app as a cgi (not recommended) |
162 | hello_create.pl # To create models, views, controllers |
163 | hello_fastcgi.pl # To run app as a fastcgi program |
164 | hello_server.pl # The normal development server |
165 | hello_test.pl # Test your app from the command line |
166 | t # Directory for tests |
167 | 01app.t # Test scaffold |
168 | 02pod.t |
169 | 03podcoverage.t |
170 | |
171 | |
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172 | Catalyst will "auto-discover" modules in the Controller, Model, and View |
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173 | directories. When you use the C<hello_create.pl> script it will create Perl |
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174 | module scaffolds in those directories, plus test files in the "t" |
175 | directory. The default location for templates is in the "root" |
176 | directory. The scripts in the script directory will always start with |
177 | the lowercased version of your application name. If your app is MaiTai, |
178 | then the create script would be "maitai_create.pl". |
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179 | |
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180 | Though it's too early for any significant celebration, we already have a |
181 | functioning application. We can use the Catalyst supplied script to |
182 | start up a development server and view the default Catalyst page in your |
183 | browser. All scripts in the script directory should be run from the base |
184 | directory of your application, so change to the Hello directory. |
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185 | |
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186 | Run the following command to start up the built-in development web |
187 | server (make sure you didn't forget the "C<cd Hello>" from the previous |
188 | step): |
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189 | |
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190 | B<Note>: The "-r" argument enables reloading on code changes so you |
191 | don't have to stop and start the server when you update code. See |
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192 | C<perldoc script/hello_server.pl> or C<script/hello_server.pl --help> |
193 | for additional options you might find helpful. Most of the rest of the |
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194 | tutorial will assume that you are using "-r" when you start the |
195 | development server, but feel free to manually start and stop it (use |
196 | C<Ctrl-C> to breakout of the dev server) if you prefer. |
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197 | |
198 | $ script/hello_server.pl -r |
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199 | [debug] Debug messages enabled |
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200 | [debug] Statistics enabled |
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201 | [debug] Loaded plugins: |
202 | .----------------------------------------------------------------------------. |
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203 | | Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader 0.27 | |
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204 | '----------------------------------------------------------------------------' |
205 | |
206 | [debug] Loaded dispatcher "Catalyst::Dispatcher" |
207 | [debug] Loaded engine "Catalyst::Engine::HTTP" |
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208 | [debug] Found home "/home/me/Hello" |
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209 | [debug] Loaded Config "/home/me/Hello/hello.conf" |
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210 | [debug] Loaded components: |
211 | .-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------. |
212 | | Class | Type | |
213 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------+ |
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214 | | Hello::Controller::Root | instance | |
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215 | '-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------' |
216 | |
217 | [debug] Loaded Private actions: |
218 | .----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------. |
219 | | Private | Class | Method | |
220 | +----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------+ |
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221 | | /default | Hello::Controller::Root | default | |
222 | | /end | Hello::Controller::Root | end | |
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223 | | /index | Hello::Controller::Root | index | |
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224 | '----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------' |
225 | |
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226 | [debug] Loaded Path actions: |
227 | .-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------. |
228 | | Path | Private | |
229 | +-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ |
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230 | | / | /index | |
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231 | | / | /default | |
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232 | '-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------' |
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233 | |
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234 | [info] Hello powered by Catalyst 5.80025 |
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235 | You can connect to your server at http://debian:3000 |
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236 | |
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237 | Point your web browser to L<http://localhost:3000> (substituting a |
238 | different hostname or IP address as appropriate) and you should be |
239 | greeted by the Catalyst welcome screen (if you get some other welcome |
240 | screen or an "Index" screen, you probably forgot to specify port 3000 in |
241 | your URL). Information similar to the following should be appended to |
242 | the logging output of the development server: |
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243 | |
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244 | [info] *** Request 1 (0.001/s) [23194] [Sat Jan 16 11:09:18 2010] *** |
245 | [debug] "GET" request for "/" from "127.0.0.1" |
246 | [debug] Path is "/" |
247 | [info] Request took 0.004851s (206.143/s) |
248 | .------------------------------------------------------------+-----------. |
249 | | Action | Time | |
250 | +------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+ |
251 | | /index | 0.000395s | |
252 | | /end | 0.000425s | |
253 | '------------------------------------------------------------+-----------' |
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254 | |
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255 | B<Note>: Press C<Ctrl-C> to break out of the development server if |
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256 | necessary. |
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257 | |
258 | |
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259 | =head1 HELLO WORLD |
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260 | |
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261 | =head2 The Simplest Way |
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262 | |
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263 | The Root.pm controller is a place to put global actions that usually |
264 | execute on the root URL. Open the C<lib/Hello/Controller/Root.pm> file |
265 | in your editor. You will see the "index" subroutine, which is |
266 | responsible for displaying the welcome screen that you just saw in your |
267 | browser. |
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268 | |
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269 | sub index :Path :Args(0) { |
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270 | my ( $self, $c ) = @_; |
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271 | |
272 | # Hello World |
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273 | $c->response->body( $c->welcome_message ); |
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274 | } |
275 | |
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276 | Later on you'll want to change that to something more reasonable, such |
277 | as a "404" message or a redirect, but for now just leave it alone. |
278 | |
279 | The "C<$c>" here refers to the Catalyst context, which is used to access |
280 | the Catalyst application. In addition to many other things, the Catalyst |
281 | context provides access to "response" and "request" objects. (See |
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282 | L<Catalyst>, L<Catalyst::Response>, and |
283 | L<Catalyst::Request>) |
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284 | |
285 | C<$c-E<gt>response-E<gt>body> sets the HTTP response (see |
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286 | L<Catalyst::Response>), while |
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287 | C<$c-E<gt>welcome_message> is a special method that returns the welcome |
288 | message that you saw in your browser. |
289 | |
290 | The ":Path :Args(0)" after the method name are attributes which |
291 | determine which URLs will be dispatched to this method. (You might see |
292 | ":Private" if you are using an older version of Catalyst, but using that |
293 | with "default" or "index" is currently deprecated. If so, you should |
294 | also probably upgrade before continuing the tutorial.) |
295 | |
296 | Some MVC frameworks handle dispatching in a central place. Catalyst, by |
297 | policy, prefers to handle URL dispatching with attributes on controller |
298 | methods. There is a lot of flexibility in specifying which URLs to |
299 | match. This particular method will match all URLs, because it doesn't |
300 | specify the path (nothing comes after "Path"), but will only accept a |
301 | URL without any args because of the ":Args(0)". |
302 | |
303 | The default is to map URLs to controller names, and because of the way |
304 | that Perl handles namespaces through package names, it is simple to |
305 | create hierarchical structures in Catalyst. This means that you can |
306 | create controllers with deeply nested actions in a clean and logical |
307 | way. For example, the URL C<http://hello.com/admin/articles/create> maps |
308 | to the package C<Hello::Controller::Admin::Articles>, and the C<create> |
309 | method. |
310 | |
311 | Add the following subroutine to your C<lib/Hello/Controller/Root.pm> |
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312 | file: |
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313 | |
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314 | sub hello :Global { |
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315 | my ( $self, $c ) = @_; |
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316 | |
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317 | $c->response->body("Hello, World!"); |
318 | } |
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319 | |
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320 | Once you restart the server, you will need to use the new address |
321 | L<http://localhost:3000/hello> instead of L<http://localhost:3000/> to see the |
322 | changes. |
323 | |
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324 | B<TIP>: See Appendix 1 for tips on removing the leading spaces when |
325 | cutting and pasting example code from POD-based documents. |
326 | |
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327 | Here you're sending your own string to the webpage. |
328 | |
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329 | Save the file, and you should notice the following in your server output: |
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330 | |
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331 | Saw changes to the following files: |
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332 | - /home/me/Hello/lib/Hello/Controller/Root.pm (modify) |
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333 | |
334 | Attempting to restart the server |
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335 | ... |
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336 | [debug] Loaded Private actions: |
337 | .----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------. |
338 | | Private | Class | Method | |
339 | +----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------+ |
340 | | /default | Hello::Controller::Root | default | |
341 | | /end | Hello::Controller::Root | end | |
342 | | /index | Hello::Controller::Root | index | |
343 | | /hello | Hello::Controller::Root | hello | |
344 | '----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------' |
345 | |
346 | [debug] Loaded Path actions: |
347 | .-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------. |
348 | | Path | Private | |
349 | +-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ |
350 | | / | /index | |
351 | | / | /default | |
352 | | /hello | /hello | |
353 | '-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------' |
354 | ... |
355 | |
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356 | Go to L<http://localhost:3000/hello> to see "Hello, World!". Also |
357 | notice that the newly defined 'hello' action is listed under "Loaded |
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358 | Private actions" in the development server debug output. |
359 | |
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360 | |
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361 | =head2 Hello, World! Using a View and a Template |
362 | |
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363 | In the Catalyst world a "View" itself is not a page of XHTML or a |
364 | template designed to present a page to a browser. Rather, it is the |
365 | module that determines the I<type> of view -- HTML, pdf, XML, etc. For |
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366 | the thing that generates the I<content> of that view (such as a |
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367 | Toolkit Template template file), the actual templates go under the |
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368 | "root" directory. |
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369 | |
370 | To create a TT view, run: |
371 | |
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372 | $ script/hello_create.pl view HTML TT |
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373 | |
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374 | This creates the C<lib/Hello/View/HTML.pm> module, which is a subclass |
375 | of C<Catalyst::View::TT>. |
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376 | |
377 | =over 4 |
378 | |
379 | =item * |
380 | |
381 | The "view" keyword tells the create script that you are creating a view. |
382 | |
383 | =item * |
384 | |
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385 | The first argument "HTML" tells the script to name the View module "HTML.pm", |
386 | which is a commonly used name for TT views. You can name it anything you want, |
387 | such as "MyView.pm". If you have more than one view, be sure to set the |
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388 | default_view in Hello.pm (See L<Catalyst::View::TT> for more |
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389 | details on setting this). |
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390 | |
391 | =item * |
392 | |
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393 | The final "TT" tells Catalyst the I<type> of the view, with "TT" |
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394 | indicating that you want to a Template Toolkit view. |
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395 | |
396 | =back |
397 | |
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398 | If you look at C<lib/Hello/View/HTML.pm> you will find that it only |
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399 | contains a config statement to set the TT extension to ".tt". |
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400 | |
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401 | Now that the HTML.pm "View" exists, Catalyst will autodiscover it and be |
402 | able to use it to display the view templates using the "process" method |
403 | that it inherits from the C<Catalyst::View::TT> class. |
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404 | |
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405 | Template Toolkit is a very full featured template facility, with |
406 | excellent documentation at L<http://template-toolkit.org/>, but since |
407 | this is not a TT tutorial, we'll stick to only basic TT usage here (and |
408 | explore some of the more common TT features in later chapters of the |
409 | tutorial). |
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410 | |
040c4781 |
411 | Create a C<root/hello.tt> template file (put it in the C<root> under the |
412 | C<Hello> directory that is the base of your application). Here is a |
413 | simple sample: |
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414 | |
3533daff |
415 | <p> |
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416 | This is a TT view template, called '[% template.name %]'. |
3533daff |
417 | </p> |
418 | |
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419 | [% and %] are markers for the TT parts of the template. Inside you can |
420 | access Perl variables and classes, and use TT directives. In this case, |
421 | we're using a special TT variable that defines the name of the template |
422 | file (C<hello.tt>). The rest of the template is normal HTML. |
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423 | |
040c4781 |
424 | Change the hello method in C<lib/Hello/Controller/Root.pm> to the |
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425 | following: |
3533daff |
426 | |
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427 | sub hello :Global { |
3533daff |
428 | my ( $self, $c ) = @_; |
040c4781 |
429 | |
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430 | $c->stash(template => 'hello.tt'); |
3533daff |
431 | } |
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432 | |
040c4781 |
433 | This time, instead of doing C<$c-E<gt>response-E<gt>body()>, you are |
434 | setting the value of the "template" hash key in the Catalyst "stash", an |
435 | area for putting information to share with other parts of your |
436 | application. The "template" key determines which template will be |
437 | displayed at the end of the request cycle. Catalyst controllers have a |
438 | default "end" action for all methods which causes the first (or default) |
439 | view to be rendered (unless there's a C<$c-E<gt>response- E<gt>body()> |
440 | statement). So your template will be magically displayed at the end of |
441 | your method. |
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442 | |
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443 | After saving the file, the development server should automatically |
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444 | restart (again, the tutorial is written to assume that you are using the |
445 | "-r" option -- manually restart it if you aren't), and look at |
446 | L<http://localhost:3000/hello> in your again. You should see the |
447 | template that you just made. |
448 | |
449 | B<TIP:> If you keep the server running with "-r" in a "background |
450 | window," don't let that window get totally hidden... if you have an |
451 | syntax error in your code, the debug server output will contain the |
af0a93cf |
452 | error information. |
453 | |
ddfbd850 |
454 | B<Note:> You will probably run into a variation of the "stash" |
455 | statement above that looks like: |
456 | |
457 | $c->stash->{template} = 'hello.tt'; |
458 | |
459 | Although this style is still relatively common, the approach we |
460 | used previous is becoming more common because it allows you to |
461 | set multiple stash variables in one line. For example: |
462 | |
463 | $c->stash(template => 'hello.tt', foo => 'bar', |
464 | another_thing => 1); |
465 | |
466 | You can also set multiple stash values with a hashref: |
467 | |
468 | $c->stash({template => 'hello.tt', foo => 'bar', |
469 | another_thing => 1}); |
470 | |
471 | Any of these formats work, but the C<$c-E<gt>stash(name =E<gt> value);> |
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472 | style is growing in popularity -- you may wish to use it all the time |
473 | (even when you are only setting a single value). |
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474 | |
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475 | |
3533daff |
476 | =head1 CREATE A SIMPLE CONTROLLER AND AN ACTION |
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477 | |
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478 | Create a controller named "Site" by executing the create script: |
d442cc9f |
479 | |
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480 | $ script/hello_create.pl controller Site |
d442cc9f |
481 | |
040c4781 |
482 | This will create a C<lib/Hello/Controller/Site.pm> file (and a test |
483 | file). Bring Site.pm up in your editor, and you can see that there's not |
484 | much there. |
d442cc9f |
485 | |
d0496197 |
486 | In C<lib/Hello/Controller/Site.pm>, add the following method: |
d442cc9f |
487 | |
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488 | sub test :Local { |
3533daff |
489 | my ( $self, $c ) = @_; |
d0496197 |
490 | |
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491 | $c->stash(username => 'John', |
0ed3df53 |
492 | template => 'site/test.tt'); |
d442cc9f |
493 | } |
494 | |
040c4781 |
495 | Notice the "Local" attribute on the C<test> method. This will cause the |
496 | C<test> action (now that we have assigned an "action type" to the method |
497 | it appears as a "controller action" to Catalyst) to be executed on the |
498 | "controller/method" URL, or, in this case, "site/test". We will see |
499 | additional information on controller actions throughout the rest of the |
500 | tutorial, but if you are curious take a look at |
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501 | L<Catalyst::Manual::Intro/Actions>. |
502 | |
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503 | It's not actually necessary to set the template value as we do here. By |
504 | default TT will attempt to render a template that follows the naming |
505 | pattern "controller/method.tt", and we're following that pattern here. |
506 | However, in other situations you will need to specify the template (such |
507 | as if you've "forwarded" to the method, or if it doesn't follow the |
508 | default naming convention). |
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509 | |
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510 | We've also put the variable "username" into the stash, for use in the |
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511 | template. |
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512 | |
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513 | Make a subdirectory "site" in the "root" directory. |
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514 | |
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515 | $ mkdir root/site |
516 | |
517 | Create a new template file in that direction named C<root/site/test.tt> |
518 | and include a line like: |
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519 | |
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520 | <p>Hello, [% username %]!</p> |
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521 | |
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522 | Once the server automatically restarts, notice in the server output that |
523 | C</site/test> is listed in the Loaded Path actions. Go to |
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524 | L<http://localhost:3000/site/test> in your browser and you should see |
525 | your test.tt file displayed, including the name "John" that you set in |
526 | the controller. |
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527 | |
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528 | |
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529 | =head1 AUTHORS |
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530 | |
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531 | Gerda Shank, C<gerda.shank@gmail.com> |
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532 | Kennedy Clark, C<hkclark@gmail.com> |
533 | |
53243324 |
534 | Feel free to contact the author for any errors or suggestions, but the |
535 | best way to report issues is via the CPAN RT Bug system at |
536 | <https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Catalyst-Manual>. |
537 | |
538 | The most recent version of the Catalyst Tutorial can be found at |
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539 | L<http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/Catalyst-Manual/5.80/trunk/lib/Catalyst/Manual/Tutorial/>. |
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540 | |
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541 | Copyright 2006-2010, Kennedy Clark, under the |
542 | Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License Version 3.0 |
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543 | (L<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/>). |