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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
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3 | Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::01_Intro - Catalyst Tutorial - Chapter 1: Introduction |
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4 | |
5 | |
6 | =head1 OVERVIEW |
7 | |
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8 | This is B<Chapter 1 of 10> for the Catalyst tutorial. |
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9 | |
10 | L<Tutorial Overview|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial> |
11 | |
12 | =over 4 |
13 | |
14 | =item 1 |
15 | |
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16 | B<01_Introduction> |
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17 | |
18 | =item 2 |
19 | |
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20 | L<Catalyst Basics|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::02_CatalystBasics> |
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21 | |
22 | =item 3 |
23 | |
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24 | L<More Catalyst Basics|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::03_MoreCatalystBasics> |
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25 | |
26 | =item 4 |
27 | |
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28 | L<Basic CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::04_BasicCRUD> |
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29 | |
30 | =item 5 |
31 | |
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32 | L<Authentication|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::05_Authentication> |
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33 | |
34 | =item 6 |
35 | |
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36 | L<Authorization|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::06_Authorization> |
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37 | |
38 | =item 7 |
39 | |
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40 | L<Debugging|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::07_Debugging> |
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41 | |
42 | =item 8 |
43 | |
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44 | L<Testing|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::08_Testing> |
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45 | |
46 | =item 9 |
47 | |
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48 | L<Advanced CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::09_AdvancedCRUD> |
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49 | |
50 | =item 10 |
51 | |
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52 | L<Appendices|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::10_Appendices> |
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53 | |
54 | =back |
55 | |
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56 | |
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57 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
58 | |
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59 | This tutorial provides a multi-part introduction to the Catalyst Web |
60 | Framework. It seeks to provide a rapid overview of many of its most |
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61 | commonly used features. The focus is on the real-world best practices |
62 | required in the construction of nearly all Catalyst applications. |
63 | |
64 | Although the primary target of the tutorial is users new to the Catalyst |
65 | framework, experienced users may wish to review specific sections (for |
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66 | example, how to use DBIC for their model classes, how to add |
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67 | authentication and authorization to an existing application, and/or |
68 | form management). |
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69 | |
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70 | The most recent code for the tutorial is included on the Tutorial Virtual |
71 | Machine you can download from: |
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72 | |
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73 | L<http://cattut.shadowcat.co.uk/> |
74 | |
75 | See L</STARTING WITH THE TUTORIAL VIRTUAL MACHINE> below for |
76 | instructions getting and using the VM. |
77 | |
78 | Should you wish to download the code directly, you get pull it via the |
79 | following command (note: will probably be switching to git soon): |
80 | |
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81 | svn co http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/trunk/examples/Tutorial/ CatalystTutorial |
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82 | |
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83 | This will download the most recent code for each chapter of the |
84 | tutorial into the CatalystTutorial directory on your machine. |
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85 | |
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86 | These reference implementations are provided so that when you follow |
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87 | the tutorial, you can use the code to ensure that your system is set up |
88 | correctly (which shouldn't be an issue if you use the Tutorial Virtual |
89 | Machine), :-) and that you have not inadvertently made any typographic |
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90 | errors, or accidentally skipped part of the tutorial. |
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91 | |
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92 | B<NOTE: You can use any Perl-supported OS and environment to run |
93 | Catalyst.> It should make little or no difference to Catalyst's |
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94 | operation, B<but this tutorial has been written using the Debian-based |
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95 | Tutorial Virtual Machine> that you can download and use to work through |
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96 | the full tutorial step by step. B<WE STRONGLY RECOMMEND THAT YOU USE |
97 | THE VIRTUAL MACHINE IMAGE TO WORK THROUGH THE TUTORIAL> to avoid issues |
98 | that may crop up if you are working with a different configuration. We |
99 | have tested the Tutorial Virtual Machine to make sure all of the |
100 | examples work correctly, but it is hard to guarantee this on other |
101 | platforms and versions. |
102 | |
103 | If you would prefer to install directly from CPAN and not use the |
104 | Tutorial Virtual machine, you can download the example program and all |
105 | the necessary dependencies to your local machine by installing the |
106 | C<Task::Catalyst::Tutorial> distribution: |
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107 | |
108 | cpan Task::Catalyst::Tutorial |
109 | |
110 | This will also test to make sure the dependencies are working. If you |
111 | have trouble installing these, please ask for help on the #catalyst |
112 | IRC channel, or the Catalyst mailing list. |
113 | |
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114 | Subjects covered by the tutorial include: |
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115 | |
116 | =over 4 |
117 | |
118 | =item * |
119 | |
120 | A simple application that lists and adds books. |
121 | |
122 | =item * |
123 | |
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124 | The use of L<DBIx::Class> (DBIC) for the model (including |
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125 | some of the more advanced techniques you will probably want to use in |
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126 | your applications). |
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127 | |
128 | =item * |
129 | |
130 | How to write CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) operations in |
131 | Catalyst. |
132 | |
133 | =item * |
134 | |
135 | Authentication ("auth"). |
136 | |
137 | =item * |
138 | |
139 | Role-based authorization ("authz"). |
140 | |
141 | =item * |
142 | |
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143 | Attempts to provide an example showing current (5.9) Catalyst |
144 | practices. |
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145 | |
146 | =item * |
147 | |
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148 | The use of Template Toolkit (TT). |
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149 | |
150 | =item * |
151 | |
152 | Useful techniques for troubleshooting and debugging Catalyst |
153 | applications. |
154 | |
155 | =item * |
156 | |
157 | The use of SQLite as a database (with code also provided for MySQL and |
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158 | PostgreSQL). (Note: Because we make use of the DBIx::Class Object |
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159 | Relational Mapping [ORM] layer, out our application will be database |
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160 | agnostic and can easily be used by any of the databases supported by |
161 | DBIx::Class.) |
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162 | |
163 | =item * |
164 | |
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165 | The use of L<HTML::FormFu> or L<HTML::FormHandler> |
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166 | for automated form processing and validation. |
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167 | |
168 | =back |
169 | |
170 | This tutorial makes the learning process its main priority. For |
171 | example, the level of comments in the code found here would likely be |
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172 | considered excessive in a "normal project." Because of their contextual |
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173 | value, this tutorial will generally favor inline comments over a |
174 | separate discussion in the text. It also deliberately tries to |
175 | demonstrate multiple approaches to various features (in general, you |
176 | should try to be as consistent as possible with your own production |
177 | code). |
178 | |
179 | Furthermore, this tutorial tries to minimize the number of controllers, |
180 | models, TT templates, and database tables. Although this does result in |
181 | things being a bit contrived at times, the concepts should be applicable |
182 | to more complex environments. More complete and complicated example |
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183 | applications can be found at |
184 | L<http://wiki.catalystframework.org/wiki/resources/catalystexamples> and |
185 | in the C<examples> area of the Catalyst Subversion repository at |
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186 | L<http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/trunk/examples/>. |
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187 | |
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188 | |
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189 | =head1 STARTING WITH THE TUTORIAL VIRTUAL MACHINE |
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190 | |
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191 | The steps below briefly outline how you can download the Tutorial |
192 | Virtual Machine. This document uses the term "host machine" to refer to |
193 | the physical machine where you will run the virtualization software and |
194 | boot up the VM. The terms "guest machine" or just "VM" refer to the |
195 | virtual machine itself -- the thing where you actually do the tutorial |
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196 | (and that you boot up on the "host machine"). |
197 | B<Note:> Throughout the tutorial, we will shows the UNIX shell prompt |
198 | as "C<$>". If you are using Tutorial VM, the prompt will really be |
199 | "C<root@catalyst:~#>", but we will keep it short (and also use "C<$>" in |
200 | lieu of "C<#>", since "C<#>" looks too much like a Perl comment). |
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201 | |
202 | |
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203 | =over 4 |
204 | |
205 | =item 1 |
206 | |
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207 | Download a Tutorial Virtual Machine image from |
208 | L<http://cattut.shadowcat.co.uk/> |
209 | |
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210 | B<A big thanks to Shadowcat Systems for hosting the virtual machines> |
211 | B<(and everything else they do for the Perl community)!> |
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212 | |
213 | =item 2 |
214 | |
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215 | Uncompress the image on the "host machine": |
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216 | |
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217 | MAINCOMPUTER:~$ tar zxvf CatalystTutorial.tgz |
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218 | |
219 | =item 3 |
220 | |
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221 | Boot the virtual machine using a tool like VMWare Player |
222 | L<http://www.vmware.com/products/player> or VirtualBox |
223 | L<http://www.virtualbox.org/>. |
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224 | |
225 | =item 4 |
226 | |
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227 | Once you get a login prompt, enter the username B<root> and a password |
228 | for C<catalyst>. You should now be at a prompt that looks like: |
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229 | |
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230 | catalyst login: root |
231 | Password: catalyst |
232 | ... |
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233 | root@catalyst:~# |
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234 | |
235 | =item 5 |
236 | |
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237 | Type "C<ifconfig>" to get the IP address assigned to the virtual |
238 | machine. You should get output along the lines of: |
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239 | |
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240 | eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:01:22:3b:45:69 |
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241 | inet addr:192.168.0.12 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 |
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242 | ... |
243 | |
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244 | You want the IP address on the second line below the C<eth0> interface. |
245 | The image it design to automatically use a DHCP-assigned address. |
246 | |
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247 | |
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248 | Try to ping this IP address from your "host machine" (main desktop): |
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249 | |
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250 | |
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251 | MAINCOMPUTER:~$ ping 192.168.0.12 |
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252 | PING 192.168.0.12 (192.168.0.12) 56(84) bytes of data. |
253 | 64 bytes from 192.168.0.12: icmp_req=1 ttl=255 time=4.97 ms |
254 | 64 bytes from 192.168.0.12: icmp_req=2 ttl=255 time=3.43 ms |
255 | ... |
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256 | |
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257 | |
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258 | B<Note:> The ping above is being originated B<from> your B<host machine> |
259 | (main desktop) and going B<to> your guest B<virtual machine>, not the |
260 | other way around. |
261 | |
262 | If you are not seeing a valid IP address or it's not responding to pings |
263 | (for example, you get error messages along the lines of "Request timed |
264 | out", "100% packet loss", or "Destination Host Unreachable"), there |
265 | could be a few network-related issues you might need to sort out. See |
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266 | the section below L</Sorting Out Virtual Machine Network-Related Issues> |
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267 | for additional information and troubleshooting advice. |
268 | |
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269 | B<Note:> Remember this IP address... you will be using it throughout the |
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270 | tutorial. |
271 | |
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272 | |
273 | =item 6 |
274 | |
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275 | B<From your main desktop machine>, open an SSH client and connect to the |
276 | IP address found in the previous step. You should get a login prompt |
277 | (accept the SSH key if you get a warning message about that). Login |
278 | with the same username and password as we used in Step 4: B<root> / |
279 | B<catalyst> |
280 | |
281 | catalyst login: root |
282 | Password: catalyst |
283 | ... |
284 | root@catalyst:~# |
285 | |
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286 | |
287 | =item 7 |
288 | |
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289 | B<Using the SSH session>, change to the sample code directory for |
290 | Chapter 3 included with the Tutorial Virtual Machine and start the |
291 | Catalyst Development Server: |
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292 | |
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293 | $ cd Final/Chapter03/MyApp |
294 | $ perl scripts/myapp_server |
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295 | |
296 | =item 8 |
297 | |
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298 | B<From your main desktop machine> (the "host machine"), open a web |
299 | browser and go to B<http://A.B.C.D:3000/>, where C<A.B.C.D> is the IP |
300 | address to your virtual machine that you looked up in Step 5. For |
301 | example, if your virtual machine is using the IP address |
302 | C<192.168.0.12>, you would put the following URL into your web browser: |
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303 | |
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304 | http://192.168.0.12:3000/ |
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305 | |
306 | Make sure you don't forget the B<:3000> to use port 3000 instead of the |
307 | usual port 80 that is used by HTTP by default. |
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308 | |
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309 | You should get a Catalyst Welcome Screen. If you do, feel free to jump |
310 | right in to L<Chapter 2|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::02_CatalystBasics> |
311 | of the tutorial. If you don't go get the Catalyst Welcome Screen, go |
312 | back and carefully check each of the steps above. |
313 | |
314 | =item 9 |
315 | |
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316 | B<Optional:> Also, to reduce download size, the Tutorial VM just |
317 | includes a minimal command-line environment. You are free to use |
318 | Debian's very capable C<apt> package manager to install other packages. |
319 | You will first want to pull the apt cache files with C<aptitude update> |
320 | (or C<apt-get update> if you prefer apt-get). |
321 | |
322 | The VI/VIM editor is already installed on the Tutorial Virtual Machine. |
323 | In order to reduce the size of the download, Emacs is not pre-installed. |
324 | Since people obviously have very strong opinions about which editor is |
325 | best, :-) fortunately it's very easy to install Emacs: |
326 | |
327 | $ aptitude update |
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328 | $ aptitude install emacs |
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329 | |
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330 | In general, it is expected that people will |
331 | boot up the Tutorial VM on their main desktop (the "host machine" using |
332 | the terminology above) and then use that main desktop machine to SSH and |
333 | web browse into the "guest VM" as they work through the tutorial. If |
334 | you wish to install X Windows (or any other packages), just use the |
335 | C<aptitude> (or C<apt-get>) Debian commands. For example, to install |
336 | X Windows with the Gnome desktop manager, you can do: |
337 | |
338 | $ aptitude update |
339 | $ aptitude install gnome iceweasel |
340 | |
341 | Or, if you prefer KDE: |
342 | |
343 | $ aptitude update |
344 | $ aptitude install kde iceweasel |
345 | |
346 | You can then start X Windows with: |
347 | |
348 | $ startx |
349 | |
350 | |
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351 | =back |
352 | |
353 | |
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354 | You may note that the Tutorial Virtual Machine uses L<local::lib> so |
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355 | that the Perl modules are run from ~/perl5 (in this case, /root/perl5) |
356 | vs. the usual location of your "system Perl". We recommend that you |
357 | also consider using this very handy module. It can greatly ease the |
358 | process of maintaining and testing different combinations or Perl |
359 | modules across development, staging, and production servers. (The |
360 | "relocatable Perl" feature can also be used to to run both the modules |
361 | B<and> Perl itself from your home directory [or any other directory you |
362 | chose]). |
363 | |
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364 | B<Note>: Please provide feedback on how the Virtual Machine approach for |
365 | the tutorial works for you. If you have suggestions or comments, you |
366 | can reach the author through the email address at the bottom of this |
367 | page or via an RT ticket at |
368 | L<https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Catalyst-Manual>. |
369 | |
370 | |
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371 | |
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372 | =head2 Sorting Out Virtual Machine Network-Related Issues |
373 | |
374 | In general, using a virtual machine to work through the tutorial is |
375 | *much* easier than trying to do it in other environments, especially if |
376 | you are new to Catalyst (or Perl or CPAN or ...). However, it's |
377 | possible that you could run into a few network-related issues. The good |
378 | news is that there is lots of information about the issue available via |
379 | search engines on the Internet. Here is some background information to |
380 | get you started. |
381 | |
382 | In Step 5 of the prior section above, we assumed that a "Bridged Mode" |
383 | configuration and DHCP will work (it should for most people). If DHCP |
384 | is not working or is not available in your location, most virtual |
385 | machine "host" environments let you select between one of several |
386 | different types of networking between the "guest" and the "host" |
387 | machine. |
388 | |
389 | 1) Bridged |
390 | 2) NAT |
391 | 3) Local host only |
392 | |
393 | The Tutorial Virtual Machine defaults to "Bridged" -- this should result |
394 | in the VM acting like another device on your network that will get a |
395 | different DHCP IP address than the host machine. The advantage of this |
396 | approach, is that you can easily SSH and web browse to the guest virtual |
397 | machine. In general, this is the best option if you want to be able to |
398 | boot up the VM and then use your SSH client and web browser from your |
399 | main machine to connect into the virtual machine. |
400 | |
401 | In some environments, you might have better luck with "NAT" (Network |
402 | Address Translation) mode. With this configuration, the guest VM shares |
403 | the same IP address as the host machine. The downside of this approach |
404 | is that special configuration is required if you want to be able to SSH |
405 | or web browse to the guest VM. The NAT option should automatically |
406 | allow the VM "outbound connection" (e.g., to the Internet if you want to |
407 | install additional Debian packages), but it requires special |
408 | configuration if you want to get "inbound connections" that go from some |
409 | other machine (including the "host machine") into the VM. Some virtual |
410 | machine host environments let you configure a "static NAT" or "port |
411 | forwarding" to reach the guest OS, but others omit this functionality. |
412 | |
413 | "Local host only" mode let's the guest VM and the host machine talk on a |
414 | "private subnet" that other devices in your network cannot reach. This |
415 | can work as long as you don't need to go from the VM to the Internet |
416 | (for example, to install other Debian packages). |
417 | |
418 | Consult the documentation on your virtual machine host environment for |
419 | help configuring the options above. Here are some links that might |
420 | help: |
421 | |
422 | =over 4 |
423 | |
424 | =item * |
425 | |
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426 | L<http://vmfaq.com/entry/34/> |
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427 | |
428 | =item * |
429 | |
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430 | L<http://www.vmware.com/support/pubs/player_pubs.html> |
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431 | |
432 | =item * |
433 | |
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434 | L<http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch06.html> |
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435 | |
436 | =back |
437 | |
438 | |
439 | |
440 | |
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441 | =head1 VERSIONS AND CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS TUTORIAL |
442 | |
443 | This tutorial was built using the following resources. Please note that |
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444 | you may need to make adjustments for different environments and versions |
445 | (note that trailing zeros in version numbers are not significant and may |
446 | get dropped with some techniques for viewing them; for example, Catalyst |
447 | v5.80020 might show up as 5.8002): |
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448 | |
449 | =over 4 |
450 | |
451 | =item * |
452 | |
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453 | Debian 6 (Squeeze) |
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454 | |
455 | =item * |
456 | |
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457 | Catalyst v5.90002 |
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458 | |
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459 | =item * |
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460 | |
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461 | Catalyst::Devel v1.34 |
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462 | |
463 | =item * |
464 | |
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465 | DBIx::Class v0.08195 |
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466 | |
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467 | =item * |
468 | |
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469 | Catalyst::Model::DBIC::Schema v0.54 |
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470 | |
471 | =item * |
472 | |
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473 | Template Toolkit v2.22 |
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474 | |
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475 | |
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476 | =item * |
477 | |
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478 | HTML::FormFu -- v0.09004 |
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479 | |
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480 | =item * |
481 | |
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482 | B<NOTE:> You can check the versions you have installed with the |
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483 | following command (note the slash before the space): |
484 | |
485 | perl -M<_mod_name_>\ 999 |
486 | |
487 | or: |
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488 | |
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489 | perl -M<_mod_name_> -e 'print "$<_mod_name_>::VERSION\n"' |
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490 | |
491 | For example: |
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492 | |
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493 | perl -MCatalyst::Devel\ 999 |
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494 | |
495 | or: |
496 | |
497 | perl -MCatalyst::Devel -e 'print "$Catalyst::Devel::VERSION\n";' |
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498 | |
499 | =item * |
500 | |
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501 | This tutorial will show URLs in the format of C<http://localhost:3000>, |
502 | but if you are running your web browser from outside the Tutorial |
503 | Virtual Machine, you will want to substitute the IP address of your VM |
504 | for the C<localhost> in the URLs (again, you can get the IP address for |
505 | eth0 from the C<ifconfig> command). For example, if your VM has an |
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506 | IP address of 192.168.0.12, you will want to use a base URL of |
507 | C<http://192.168.0.12:3000>. Note that the development server |
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508 | defaults to port 3000 (you can change with with the "-p" option on the |
509 | command line. |
510 | |
d3b61552 |
511 | B<Please Note:> Depending on the web browser you are using, you might |
512 | need to hit C<Shift+Reload> or C<Ctrl+Reload> to pull a fresh page when |
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513 | testing your application at various points (see |
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514 | L<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bypass_your_cache> for a |
515 | comprehensive list of options for each browser). |
516 | |
517 | Also, the C<-k> B<keepalive option> to the development server can be |
518 | necessary with some browsers (B<especially Internet Explorer>). |
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519 | |
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520 | =back |
521 | |
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522 | |
d442cc9f |
523 | =head1 DATABASES |
524 | |
525 | This tutorial will primarily focus on SQLite because of its simplicity |
526 | of installation and use; however, modifications in the script required |
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527 | to support MySQL and PostgreSQL will be presented in the Appendix. |
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528 | |
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529 | B<Note:> One of the advantages of using tools like Catalyst and DBIC is |
530 | that applications become much more database independent. As such, you |
531 | will notice that only the C<.sql> files used to initialize the database |
532 | change between database systems: most of the code generally remains the |
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533 | same. |
534 | |
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535 | |
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536 | You can jump to the next chapter of the tutorial here: |
537 | L<Catalyst Basics|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::02_CatalystBasics> |
538 | |
539 | |
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540 | =head1 AUTHOR |
541 | |
542 | Kennedy Clark, C<hkclark@gmail.com> |
543 | |
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544 | Feel free to contact the author for any errors or suggestions, but the |
545 | best way to report issues is via the CPAN RT Bug system at |
546 | L<https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Catalyst-Manual>. |
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547 | |
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548 | Copyright 2006-2011, Kennedy Clark, under the |
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549 | Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License Version 3.0 |
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550 | (L<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/>). |