=head1 NAME

Catalyst::Manual::Cookbook - Cooking with Catalyst

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Yummy code like your mum used to bake!

=head1 RECIPES

=head2 Force debug screen

You can force Catalyst to display the debug screen at the end of the request by
placing a die() call in the _end action.

     sub end : Private {
         my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
         die "testing";
     }

If you're tired of removing and adding this all the time, you
can easily add a condition. for example:

  die "Testing" if $c->param->{dump_info};

=head2 Disable statistics

Just add this line to your application class if you don't want those nifty
statistics in your debug messages.

    sub Catalyst::Log::info { }

=head2 Scaffolding

Scaffolding is very simple with Catalyst.
Just use Catalyst::Model::CDBI::CRUD as baseclass.

    # lib/MyApp/Model/CDBI.pm
    package MyApp::Model::CDBI;

    use strict;
    use base 'Catalyst::Model::CDBI::CRUD';

    __PACKAGE__->config(
        dsn           => 'dbi:SQLite:/tmp/myapp.db',
        relationships => 1
    );

    1;

    # lib/MyApp.pm
    package MyApp;

    use Catalyst 'FormValidator';

    __PACKAGE__->config(
        name => 'My Application',
        root => '/home/joeuser/myapp/root'
    );

    sub my_table : Global {
        my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
        $c->form( optional => [ MyApp::Model::CDBI::Table->columns ] );
        $c->forward('MyApp::Model::CDBI::Table');
    }

    1;

Modify the $c->form() parameters to match your needs, and don't forget to copy
the templates. ;)

=head2 Single file upload with Catalyst

To implement uploads in Catalyst you need to have a HTML form similiar to
this:

    <form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
      <input type="hidden" name="form_submit" value="yes">
      <input type="file" name="my_file">
      <input type="submit" value="Send">
    </form>

It's very important not to forget enctype="multipart/form-data" in form, 
if it's not there, uploads just don't work.

Catalyst Controller module 'upload' action:

    sub upload : Global {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;

        if ( $c->request->parameters->{form_submit} eq 'yes' ) {

            if ( my $upload = $c->request->upload('my_file') ) {
            
                my $filename = $upload->filename;
                my $target   = "/tmp/upload/$filename";
                
                unless ( $upload->link_to($target) || $upload->copy_to($target) ) {
                    die( "Failed to copy '$filename' to '$target': $!" );
                }
            }
        }
        
        $c->stash->{template} = 'file_upload.html';
    }

=head2 Multiple file upload with Catalyst

Code for uploading multiple files from one form needs little changes compared
to single file upload.

Form goes like this:

    <form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
      <input type="hidden" name="form_submit" value="yes">
      <input type="file" name="file1" size="50"><br>
      <input type="file" name="file2" size="50"><br>
      <input type="file" name="file3" size="50"><br>
      <input type="submit" value="Send">
    </form>

Controller:

    sub upload : Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;

        if ( $c->request->parameters->{form_submit} eq 'yes' ) {

            for my $field ( $c->req->upload ) {

                my $filename = $upload->filename;
                my $target   = "/tmp/upload/$filename";
                
                unless ( $upload->link_to($target) || $upload->copy_to($target) ) {
                    die( "Failed to copy '$filename' to '$target': $!" );
                }
            }
        }

        $c->stash->{template} = 'file_upload.html';
    }

for my $field ($c->req->upload) loops automatically over all file input
fields and gets input names. After that is basic file saving code, just like in
single file upload.

Notice: die'ing might not be what you want to do, when error occurs, but
it works as an example. Better idea would be to store error $! in
$c->stash->{error} and show custom error template displaying this message.

For more information about uploads and usable methods look at
C<Catalyst::Request::Upload> and C<Catalyst::Request>.

=head2 Authentication with Catalyst::Plugin::Authentication::CDBI

There are (at least) two ways to implement authentication with this plugin:
1) only checking username and password
2) checking username, password and the roles the user has

For both variants you'll need the following code in your MyApp package:

    use Catalyst qw/Session::FastMmap Static Authentication::CDBI/;

    MyApp->config( authentication => { user_class => 'MyApp::M::MyApp::Users',
                                       user_field => 'email',
                                       password_field => 'password' });

'user_class' is a Class::DBI class for your users table.
'user_field' tells which field is used for username lookup (might be 
email, first name, surname etc).
'password_field' is, well, password field in your table and by default 
password is stored in plain text. Authentication::CDBI looks for 'user' 
and 'password' fields in table, if they're not defined in the config.

In PostgreSQL users table might be something like:

CREATE TABLE users (
  user_id   serial,
  name      varchar(100),
  surname   varchar(100),
  password  varchar(100),
  email     varchar(100),
  primary key(user_id)
);

We'll discuss the first variant for now:
1. user:password login / auth without roles

To log in a user you might use a action like this:

    sub 'login' : Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        if ($c->req->params->{username}) {
            $c->session_login($c->req->params->{username}, 
                              $c->req->params->{password} );
            if ($c->req->{user}) {
                $c->forward('?restricted_area');
            }
        }
    }

$c->req->params->{username} and $c->req->params->{password} are html 
form parameters from a login form. If login succeeds, then 
$c->req->{user} contains the username of the authenticated user.

If you want to remember the users login status inbetween further 
requests, then just use the $c->session_login method, Catalyst will 
create a session id, session cookie and automatically append session 
id to all urls. So all you have to do, is just check $c->req->{user} 
where needed.

To log out user, just call $c->session_logout.

Now lets take a look at the second variant:
2. user:password login / auth with roles

To use roles you need to add to MyApp->config in the 'authentication' 
section following parameters:

    role_class      => 'MyApp::M::MyApp::Roles',
    user_role_class => 'MyApp::M::MyApp::UserRoles',
    user_role_user_field => 'user_id',
    user_role_role_field => 'role_id',

Corresponding tables in PostgreSQL could look like this:

CREATE TABLE roles (
  role_id  serial,
  name     varchar(100),
  primary key(role_id)
);

CREATE TABLE user_roles (
  user_role_id  serial,
  user_id       int,
  role_id       int,
  primary key(user_role_id),
  foreign key(user_id) references users(user_id),
  foreign key(role_id) references roles(role_id)
);

The 'roles' table is a list of role names and the 'user_role' table is 
used for the user -> role lookup.

Now if a logged in user wants to see a location which is allowed only 
for people with 'admin' role then in you controller you can check it 
with:

    sub add : Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        if ($c->roles(qw/admin/)) {
            $c->req->output("Your account has the role 'admin.'");
        } else {
            $c->req->output("You're not allowed to be here");
        }
    }

One thing you might need is to forward non-authenticated users to login 
form, if they try to access restricted areas. If you want to do this 
controller-wide (if you have one controller for admin section) then it's 
best to add user check to '!begin' action:

    sub begin : Private {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        unless ($c->req->{user}) {
            $c->req->action(undef);  ## notice this!!
            $c->forward('?login');
        }
    }

Pay attention to $c->req->action(undef). This is needed, because of the 
way $c->forward works - forward to login gets called, but after that 
Catalyst executes anyway the action defined in the uri (eg. if you 
tried to watch /add, then first 'begin' forwards to 'login', but after
that anyway 'add' is executed). So $c->req->action(undef) undefines any 
actions that were to be called and forwards user where we want him/her 
to be.

And this is all you need to do, isn't Catalyst wonderful?


=head2 How to use Catalyst without mod_perl

Catalyst applications give optimum performance when run under mod_perl.
However sometimes mod_perl is not an option, and running under CGI is 
just too slow.  There's also an alternatives to mod_perl that gives
reasonable performance named FastCGI.

B<Using FastCGI>

To quote from L<http://www.fastcgi.com/>: "FastCGI is a language 
independent, scalable, extension to CGI that provides high performance 
without the limitations of specific server APIs."  Web server support 
is provided for Apache in the form of C<mod_fastcgi> and there is Perl
support in the C<FCGI> module.  To convert a CGI Catalyst application 
to FastCGI one needs to initialize an C<FCGI::Request> object and loop 
while the C<Accept> method returns zero.  The following code shows how 
it is done - and it also works as a normal, single-shot CGI script.

    #!/usr/bin/perl
    use strict;
    use FCGI;
    use MyApp;

    my $request = FCGI::Request();
    while ($request->Accept() >= 0) {
        MyApp->run;
    }

Any initialization code should be included outside the request-accept 
loop.

There is one little complication, which is that C<MyApp->run> outputs a
complete HTTP response including the status line (e.g.: 
"C<HTTP/1.1 200>").
FastCGI just wants a set of headers, so the sample code captures the 
output and  drops the first line if it is an HTTP status line (note: 
this may change).

The Apache C<mod_fastcgi> module is provided by a number of Linux 
distros and is straightforward to compile for most Unix-like systems.  
The module provides a FastCGI Process Manager, which manages FastCGI 
scripts.  You configure your script as a FastCGI script with the 
following Apache configuration directives:

    <Location /fcgi-bin>
       AddHandler fastcgi-script fcgi
    </Location>

or:

    <Location /fcgi-bin>
       SetHandler fastcgi-script
       Action fastcgi-script /path/to/fcgi-bin/fcgi-script
    </Location>

C<mod_fastcgi> provides a number of options for controlling the FastCGI
scripts spawned; it also allows scripts to be run to handle the
authentication, authorization and access check phases.

For more information see the FastCGI documentation, the C<FCGI> module 
and L<http://www.fastcgi.com/>.

=head1 AUTHOR

Sebastian Riedel, C<sri@oook.de>
Danijel Milicevic C<me@danijel.de>
Viljo Marrandi C<vilts@yahoo.com>
Marcus Ramberg C<mramberg@cpan.org>

=head1 COPYRIGHT

This program is free software, you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.