4 use Moose::Meta::Class ();
5 extends 'Catalyst::Component';
6 use Moose::Util qw/find_meta/;
7 use namespace::clean -except => 'meta';
8 use Catalyst::Exception;
9 use Catalyst::Exception::Detach;
10 use Catalyst::Exception::Go;
12 use Catalyst::Request;
13 use Catalyst::Request::Upload;
14 use Catalyst::Response;
16 use Catalyst::Controller;
18 use Devel::InnerPackage ();
19 use Module::Pluggable::Object ();
20 use Text::SimpleTable ();
21 use Path::Class::Dir ();
22 use Path::Class::File ();
27 use Tree::Simple qw/use_weak_refs/;
28 use Tree::Simple::Visitor::FindByUID;
29 use Class::C3::Adopt::NEXT;
30 use List::MoreUtils qw/uniq/;
32 use String::RewritePrefix;
33 use Catalyst::EngineLoader;
35 use Carp qw/croak carp shortmess/;
38 use Moose::Util 'find_meta';
39 use Plack::Middleware::Conditional;
40 use Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxy;
41 use Plack::Middleware::IIS6ScriptNameFix;
42 use Plack::Middleware::IIS7KeepAliveFix;
43 use Plack::Middleware::LighttpdScriptNameFix;
44 use Plack::Middleware::ContentLength;
45 use Plack::Middleware::Head;
46 use Plack::Middleware::HTTPExceptions;
47 use Plack::Middleware::FixMissingBodyInRedirect;
48 use Plack::Middleware::MethodOverride;
49 use Plack::Middleware::RemoveRedundantBody;
50 use Catalyst::Middleware::Stash;
52 use Class::Load 'load_class';
53 use Encode 2.21 'decode_utf8', 'encode_utf8';
55 BEGIN { require 5.008003; }
57 has stack => (is => 'ro', default => sub { [] });
58 has state => (is => 'rw', default => 0);
59 has stats => (is => 'rw');
60 has action => (is => 'rw');
61 has counter => (is => 'rw', default => sub { {} });
66 $self->request_class->new($self->_build_request_constructor_args);
70 sub _build_request_constructor_args {
72 my %p = ( _log => $self->log );
73 $p{_uploadtmp} = $self->_uploadtmp if $self->_has_uploadtmp;
74 $p{data_handlers} = {$self->registered_data_handlers};
75 $p{_use_hash_multivalue} = $self->config->{use_hash_multivalue_in_request}
76 if $self->config->{use_hash_multivalue_in_request};
84 $self->response_class->new($self->_build_response_constructor_args);
88 sub _build_response_constructor_args {
91 encoding => $_[0]->encoding,
95 has namespace => (is => 'rw');
97 sub depth { scalar @{ shift->stack || [] }; }
98 sub comp { shift->component(@_) }
101 my $self = shift; return $self->request(@_);
104 my $self = shift; return $self->response(@_);
107 # For backwards compatibility
108 sub finalize_output { shift->finalize_body(@_) };
113 our $RECURSION = 1000;
114 our $DETACH = Catalyst::Exception::Detach->new;
115 our $GO = Catalyst::Exception::Go->new;
117 #I imagine that very few of these really need to be class variables. if any.
118 #maybe we should just make them attributes with a default?
119 __PACKAGE__->mk_classdata($_)
120 for qw/components arguments dispatcher engine log dispatcher_class
121 engine_loader context_class request_class response_class stats_class
122 setup_finished _psgi_app loading_psgi_file run_options _psgi_middleware
123 _data_handlers _encoding _encode_check/;
125 __PACKAGE__->dispatcher_class('Catalyst::Dispatcher');
126 __PACKAGE__->request_class('Catalyst::Request');
127 __PACKAGE__->response_class('Catalyst::Response');
128 __PACKAGE__->stats_class('Catalyst::Stats');
129 __PACKAGE__->_encode_check(Encode::FB_CROAK | Encode::LEAVE_SRC);
131 # Remember to update this in Catalyst::Runtime as well!
132 our $VERSION = '5.90079_005';
133 $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases
136 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
138 # We have to limit $class to Catalyst to avoid pushing Catalyst upon every
140 return unless $class eq 'Catalyst';
142 my $caller = caller();
143 return if $caller eq 'main';
145 my $meta = Moose::Meta::Class->initialize($caller);
146 unless ( $caller->isa('Catalyst') ) {
147 my @superclasses = ($meta->superclasses, $class, 'Catalyst::Controller');
148 $meta->superclasses(@superclasses);
150 # Avoid possible C3 issues if 'Moose::Object' is already on RHS of MyApp
151 $meta->superclasses(grep { $_ ne 'Moose::Object' } $meta->superclasses);
153 unless( $meta->has_method('meta') ){
154 if ($Moose::VERSION >= 1.15) {
155 $meta->_add_meta_method('meta');
158 $meta->add_method(meta => sub { Moose::Meta::Class->initialize("${caller}") } );
162 $caller->arguments( [@arguments] );
166 sub _application { $_[0] }
172 Catalyst - The Elegant MVC Web Application Framework
176 See the L<Catalyst::Manual> distribution for comprehensive
177 documentation and tutorials.
179 # Install Catalyst::Devel for helpers and other development tools
180 # use the helper to create a new application
183 # add models, views, controllers
184 script/myapp_create.pl model MyDatabase DBIC::Schema create=static dbi:SQLite:/path/to/db
185 script/myapp_create.pl view MyTemplate TT
186 script/myapp_create.pl controller Search
188 # built in testserver -- use -r to restart automatically on changes
189 # --help to see all available options
190 script/myapp_server.pl
192 # command line testing interface
193 script/myapp_test.pl /yada
196 use Catalyst qw/-Debug/; # include plugins here as well
198 ### In lib/MyApp/Controller/Root.pm (autocreated)
199 sub foo : Chained('/') Args() { # called for /foo, /foo/1, /foo/1/2, etc.
200 my ( $self, $c, @args ) = @_; # args are qw/1 2/ for /foo/1/2
201 $c->stash->{template} = 'foo.tt'; # set the template
202 # lookup something from db -- stash vars are passed to TT
204 $c->model('Database::Foo')->search( { country => $args[0] } );
205 if ( $c->req->params->{bar} ) { # access GET or POST parameters
206 $c->forward( 'bar' ); # process another action
207 # do something else after forward returns
211 # The foo.tt TT template can use the stash data from the database
212 [% WHILE (item = data.next) %]
216 # called for /bar/of/soap, /bar/of/soap/10, etc.
217 sub bar : Chained('/') PathPart('/bar/of/soap') Args() { ... }
219 # called after all actions are finished
221 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
222 if ( scalar @{ $c->error } ) { ... } # handle errors
223 return if $c->res->body; # already have a response
224 $c->forward( 'MyApp::View::TT' ); # render template
227 See L<Catalyst::Manual::Intro> for additional information.
231 Catalyst is a modern framework for making web applications without the
232 pain usually associated with this process. This document is a reference
233 to the main Catalyst application. If you are a new user, we suggest you
234 start with L<Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial> or L<Catalyst::Manual::Intro>.
236 See L<Catalyst::Manual> for more documentation.
238 Catalyst plugins can be loaded by naming them as arguments to the "use
239 Catalyst" statement. Omit the C<Catalyst::Plugin::> prefix from the
240 plugin name, i.e., C<Catalyst::Plugin::My::Module> becomes
243 use Catalyst qw/My::Module/;
245 If your plugin starts with a name other than C<Catalyst::Plugin::>, you can
246 fully qualify the name by using a unary plus:
250 +Fully::Qualified::Plugin::Name
253 Special flags like C<-Debug> can also be specified as
254 arguments when Catalyst is loaded:
256 use Catalyst qw/-Debug My::Module/;
258 The position of plugins and flags in the chain is important, because
259 they are loaded in the order in which they appear.
261 The following flags are supported:
265 Enables debug output. You can also force this setting from the system
266 environment with CATALYST_DEBUG or <MYAPP>_DEBUG. The environment
267 settings override the application, with <MYAPP>_DEBUG having the highest
270 This sets the log level to 'debug' and enables full debug output on the
271 error screen. If you only want the latter, see L<< $c->debug >>.
275 Forces Catalyst to use a specific home directory, e.g.:
277 use Catalyst qw[-Home=/usr/mst];
279 This can also be done in the shell environment by setting either the
280 C<CATALYST_HOME> environment variable or C<MYAPP_HOME>; where C<MYAPP>
281 is replaced with the uppercased name of your application, any "::" in
282 the name will be replaced with underscores, e.g. MyApp::Web should use
283 MYAPP_WEB_HOME. If both variables are set, the MYAPP_HOME one will be used.
285 If none of these are set, Catalyst will attempt to automatically detect the
286 home directory. If you are working in a development environment, Catalyst
287 will try and find the directory containing either Makefile.PL, Build.PL,
288 dist.ini, or cpanfile. If the application has been installed into the system
289 (i.e. you have done C<make install>), then Catalyst will use the path to your
290 application module, without the .pm extension (e.g., /foo/MyApp if your
291 application was installed at /foo/MyApp.pm)
295 use Catalyst '-Log=warn,fatal,error';
297 Specifies a comma-delimited list of log levels.
301 Enables statistics collection and reporting.
303 use Catalyst qw/-Stats=1/;
305 You can also force this setting from the system environment with CATALYST_STATS
306 or <MYAPP>_STATS. The environment settings override the application, with
307 <MYAPP>_STATS having the highest priority.
309 Stats are also enabled if L<< debugging |/"-Debug" >> is enabled.
313 =head2 INFORMATION ABOUT THE CURRENT REQUEST
317 Returns a L<Catalyst::Action> object for the current action, which
318 stringifies to the action name. See L<Catalyst::Action>.
322 Returns the namespace of the current action, i.e., the URI prefix
323 corresponding to the controller of the current action. For example:
325 # in Controller::Foo::Bar
326 $c->namespace; # returns 'foo/bar';
332 Returns the current L<Catalyst::Request> object, giving access to
333 information about the current client request (including parameters,
334 cookies, HTTP headers, etc.). See L<Catalyst::Request>.
336 =head2 REQUEST FLOW HANDLING
338 =head2 $c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )
340 =head2 $c->forward( $class, $method, [, \@arguments ] )
342 This is one way of calling another action (method) in the same or
343 a different controller. You can also use C<< $self->my_method($c, @args) >>
344 in the same controller or C<< $c->controller('MyController')->my_method($c, @args) >>
345 in a different controller.
346 The main difference is that 'forward' uses some of the Catalyst request
347 cycle overhead, including debugging, which may be useful to you. On the
348 other hand, there are some complications to using 'forward', restrictions
349 on values returned from 'forward', and it may not handle errors as you prefer.
350 Whether you use 'forward' or not is up to you; it is not considered superior to
351 the other ways to call a method.
353 'forward' calls another action, by its private name. If you give a
354 class name but no method, C<process()> is called. You may also optionally
355 pass arguments in an arrayref. The action will receive the arguments in
356 C<@_> and C<< $c->req->args >>. Upon returning from the function,
357 C<< $c->req->args >> will be restored to the previous values.
359 Any data C<return>ed from the action forwarded to, will be returned by the
362 my $foodata = $c->forward('/foo');
363 $c->forward('index');
364 $c->forward(qw/Model::DBIC::Foo do_stuff/);
365 $c->forward('View::TT');
367 Note that L<< forward|/"$c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >> implies
368 an C<< eval { } >> around the call (actually
369 L<< execute|/"$c->execute( $class, $coderef )" >> does), thus rendering all
370 exceptions thrown by the called action non-fatal and pushing them onto
371 $c->error instead. If you want C<die> to propagate you need to do something
375 die join "\n", @{ $c->error } if @{ $c->error };
377 Or make sure to always return true values from your actions and write
380 $c->forward('foo') || return;
382 Another note is that C<< $c->forward >> always returns a scalar because it
383 actually returns $c->state which operates in a scalar context.
384 Thus, something like:
388 in an action that is forwarded to is going to return a scalar,
389 i.e. how many items are in that array, which is probably not what you want.
390 If you need to return an array then return a reference to it,
393 $c->stash->{array} = \@array;
395 and access it from the stash.
397 Keep in mind that the C<end> method used is that of the caller action. So a C<$c-E<gt>detach> inside a forwarded action would run the C<end> method from the original action requested.
401 sub forward { my $c = shift; no warnings 'recursion'; $c->dispatcher->forward( $c, @_ ) }
403 =head2 $c->detach( $action [, \@arguments ] )
405 =head2 $c->detach( $class, $method, [, \@arguments ] )
409 The same as L<< forward|/"$c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >>, but
410 doesn't return to the previous action when processing is finished.
412 When called with no arguments it escapes the processing chain entirely.
416 sub detach { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->detach( $c, @_ ) }
418 =head2 $c->visit( $action [, \@arguments ] )
420 =head2 $c->visit( $action [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )
422 =head2 $c->visit( $class, $method, [, \@arguments ] )
424 =head2 $c->visit( $class, $method, [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )
426 Almost the same as L<< forward|/"$c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >>,
427 but does a full dispatch, instead of just calling the new C<$action> /
428 C<< $class->$method >>. This means that C<begin>, C<auto> and the method
429 you go to are called, just like a new request.
431 In addition both C<< $c->action >> and C<< $c->namespace >> are localized.
432 This means, for example, that C<< $c->action >> methods such as
433 L<name|Catalyst::Action/name>, L<class|Catalyst::Action/class> and
434 L<reverse|Catalyst::Action/reverse> return information for the visited action
435 when they are invoked within the visited action. This is different from the
436 behavior of L<< forward|/"$c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >>, which
437 continues to use the $c->action object from the caller action even when
438 invoked from the called action.
440 C<< $c->stash >> is kept unchanged.
442 In effect, L<< visit|/"$c->visit( $action [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )" >>
443 allows you to "wrap" another action, just as it would have been called by
444 dispatching from a URL, while the analogous
445 L<< go|/"$c->go( $action [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )" >> allows you to
446 transfer control to another action as if it had been reached directly from a URL.
450 sub visit { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->visit( $c, @_ ) }
452 =head2 $c->go( $action [, \@arguments ] )
454 =head2 $c->go( $action [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )
456 =head2 $c->go( $class, $method, [, \@arguments ] )
458 =head2 $c->go( $class, $method, [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )
460 The relationship between C<go> and
461 L<< visit|/"$c->visit( $action [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )" >> is the same as
462 the relationship between
463 L<< forward|/"$c->forward( $class, $method, [, \@arguments ] )" >> and
464 L<< detach|/"$c->detach( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >>. Like C<< $c->visit >>,
465 C<< $c->go >> will perform a full dispatch on the specified action or method,
466 with localized C<< $c->action >> and C<< $c->namespace >>. Like C<detach>,
467 C<go> escapes the processing of the current request chain on completion, and
468 does not return to its caller.
470 @arguments are arguments to the final destination of $action. @captures are
471 arguments to the intermediate steps, if any, on the way to the final sub of
476 sub go { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->go( $c, @_ ) }
482 Returns the current L<Catalyst::Response> object, see there for details.
486 Returns a hashref to the stash, which may be used to store data and pass
487 it between components during a request. You can also set hash keys by
488 passing arguments. The stash is automatically sent to the view. The
489 stash is cleared at the end of a request; it cannot be used for
490 persistent storage (for this you must use a session; see
491 L<Catalyst::Plugin::Session> for a complete system integrated with
494 $c->stash->{foo} = $bar;
495 $c->stash( { moose => 'majestic', qux => 0 } );
496 $c->stash( bar => 1, gorch => 2 ); # equivalent to passing a hashref
498 # stash is automatically passed to the view for use in a template
499 $c->forward( 'MyApp::View::TT' );
501 The stash hash is currently stored in the PSGI C<$env> and is managed by
502 L<Catalyst::Middleware::Stash>. Since it's part of the C<$env> items in
503 the stash can be accessed in sub applications mounted under your main
504 L<Catalyst> application. For example if you delegate the response of an
505 action to another L<Catalyst> application, that sub application will have
506 access to all the stash keys of the main one, and if can of course add
507 more keys of its own. However those new keys will not 'bubble' back up
508 to the main application.
510 For more information the best thing to do is to review the test case:
511 t/middleware-stash.t in the distribution /t directory.
517 return Catalyst::Middleware::Stash::get_stash($c->req->env)->(@_);
522 =head2 $c->error($error, ...)
524 =head2 $c->error($arrayref)
526 Returns an arrayref containing error messages. If Catalyst encounters an
527 error while processing a request, it stores the error in $c->error. This
528 method should only be used to store fatal error messages.
530 my @error = @{ $c->error };
534 $c->error('Something bad happened');
536 Calling this will always return an arrayref (if there are no errors it
537 will be an empty arrayref.
544 my $error = ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY' ? $_[0] : [@_];
545 croak @$error unless ref $c;
546 push @{ $c->{error} }, @$error;
548 elsif ( defined $_[0] ) { $c->{error} = undef }
549 return $c->{error} || [];
555 Contains the return value of the last executed action.
556 Note that << $c->state >> operates in a scalar context which means that all
557 values it returns are scalar.
559 =head2 $c->clear_errors
561 Clear errors. You probably don't want to clear the errors unless you are
562 implementing a custom error screen.
564 This is equivalent to running
575 =head2 $c->has_errors
577 Returns true if you have errors
581 sub has_errors { scalar(@{shift->error}) ? 1:0 }
583 =head2 $c->last_error
585 Returns the most recent error in the stack (the one most recently added...)
586 or nothing if there are no errors.
590 sub last_error { my ($err, @errs) = @{shift->error}; return $err }
594 shifts the most recently added error off the error stack and returns if. Returns
595 nothing if there are nomore errors.
601 my ($err, @errors) = @{$self->error};
602 $self->{error} = \@errors;
606 sub _comp_search_prefixes {
608 return map $c->components->{ $_ }, $c->_comp_names_search_prefixes(@_);
611 # search components given a name and some prefixes
612 sub _comp_names_search_prefixes {
613 my ( $c, $name, @prefixes ) = @_;
614 my $appclass = ref $c || $c;
615 my $filter = "^${appclass}::(" . join( '|', @prefixes ) . ')::';
616 $filter = qr/$filter/; # Compile regex now rather than once per loop
618 # map the original component name to the sub part that we will search against
619 my %eligible = map { my $n = $_; $n =~ s{^$appclass\::[^:]+::}{}; $_ => $n; }
620 grep { /$filter/ } keys %{ $c->components };
622 # undef for a name will return all
623 return keys %eligible if !defined $name;
625 my $query = $name->$_isa('Regexp') ? $name : qr/^$name$/i;
626 my @result = grep { $eligible{$_} =~ m{$query} } keys %eligible;
628 return @result if @result;
630 # if we were given a regexp to search against, we're done.
631 return if $name->$_isa('Regexp');
633 # skip regexp fallback if configured
635 if $appclass->config->{disable_component_resolution_regex_fallback};
639 @result = grep { $eligible{ $_ } =~ m{$query} } keys %eligible;
641 # no results? try against full names
643 @result = grep { m{$query} } keys %eligible;
646 # don't warn if we didn't find any results, it just might not exist
648 # Disgusting hack to work out correct method name
649 my $warn_for = lc $prefixes[0];
650 my $msg = "Used regexp fallback for \$c->${warn_for}('${name}'), which found '" .
651 (join '", "', @result) . "'. Relying on regexp fallback behavior for " .
652 "component resolution is unreliable and unsafe.";
653 my $short = $result[0];
654 # remove the component namespace prefix
655 $short =~ s/.*?(Model|Controller|View):://;
656 my $shortmess = Carp::shortmess('');
657 if ($shortmess =~ m#Catalyst/Plugin#) {
658 $msg .= " You probably need to set '$short' instead of '${name}' in this " .
660 } elsif ($shortmess =~ m#Catalyst/lib/(View|Controller)#) {
661 $msg .= " You probably need to set '$short' instead of '${name}' in this " .
662 "component's config";
664 $msg .= " You probably meant \$c->${warn_for}('$short') instead of \$c->${warn_for}('${name}'), " .
665 "but if you really wanted to search, pass in a regexp as the argument " .
666 "like so: \$c->${warn_for}(qr/${name}/)";
668 $c->log->warn( "${msg}$shortmess" );
674 # Find possible names for a prefix
676 my ( $c, @prefixes ) = @_;
677 my $appclass = ref $c || $c;
679 my $filter = "^${appclass}::(" . join( '|', @prefixes ) . ')::';
681 my @names = map { s{$filter}{}; $_; }
682 $c->_comp_names_search_prefixes( undef, @prefixes );
687 # Filter a component before returning by calling ACCEPT_CONTEXT if available
688 sub _filter_component {
689 my ( $c, $comp, @args ) = @_;
691 if ( eval { $comp->can('ACCEPT_CONTEXT'); } ) {
692 return $comp->ACCEPT_CONTEXT( $c, @args );
698 =head2 COMPONENT ACCESSORS
700 =head2 $c->controller($name)
702 Gets a L<Catalyst::Controller> instance by name.
704 $c->controller('Foo')->do_stuff;
706 If the name is omitted, will return the controller for the dispatched
709 If you want to search for controllers, pass in a regexp as the argument.
711 # find all controllers that start with Foo
712 my @foo_controllers = $c->controller(qr{^Foo});
718 my ( $c, $name, @args ) = @_;
720 my $appclass = ref($c) || $c;
722 unless ( $name->$_isa('Regexp') ) { # Direct component hash lookup to avoid costly regexps
723 my $comps = $c->components;
724 my $check = $appclass."::Controller::".$name;
725 return $c->_filter_component( $comps->{$check}, @args ) if exists $comps->{$check};
727 my @result = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( $name, qw/Controller C/ );
728 return map { $c->_filter_component( $_, @args ) } @result if ref $name;
729 return $c->_filter_component( $result[ 0 ], @args );
732 return $c->component( $c->action->class );
735 =head2 $c->model($name)
737 Gets a L<Catalyst::Model> instance by name.
739 $c->model('Foo')->do_stuff;
741 Any extra arguments are directly passed to ACCEPT_CONTEXT.
743 If the name is omitted, it will look for
744 - a model object in $c->stash->{current_model_instance}, then
745 - a model name in $c->stash->{current_model}, then
746 - a config setting 'default_model', or
747 - check if there is only one model, and return it if that's the case.
749 If you want to search for models, pass in a regexp as the argument.
751 # find all models that start with Foo
752 my @foo_models = $c->model(qr{^Foo});
757 my ( $c, $name, @args ) = @_;
758 my $appclass = ref($c) || $c;
760 unless ( $name->$_isa('Regexp') ) { # Direct component hash lookup to avoid costly regexps
761 my $comps = $c->components;
762 my $check = $appclass."::Model::".$name;
763 return $c->_filter_component( $comps->{$check}, @args ) if exists $comps->{$check};
765 my @result = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( $name, qw/Model M/ );
766 return map { $c->_filter_component( $_, @args ) } @result if ref $name;
767 return $c->_filter_component( $result[ 0 ], @args );
771 return $c->stash->{current_model_instance}
772 if $c->stash->{current_model_instance};
773 return $c->model( $c->stash->{current_model} )
774 if $c->stash->{current_model};
776 return $c->model( $appclass->config->{default_model} )
777 if $appclass->config->{default_model};
779 my( $comp, $rest ) = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( undef, qw/Model M/);
782 $c->log->warn( Carp::shortmess('Calling $c->model() will return a random model unless you specify one of:') );
783 $c->log->warn( '* $c->config(default_model => "the name of the default model to use")' );
784 $c->log->warn( '* $c->stash->{current_model} # the name of the model to use for this request' );
785 $c->log->warn( '* $c->stash->{current_model_instance} # the instance of the model to use for this request' );
786 $c->log->warn( 'NB: in version 5.81, the "random" behavior will not work at all.' );
789 return $c->_filter_component( $comp );
793 =head2 $c->view($name)
795 Gets a L<Catalyst::View> instance by name.
797 $c->view('Foo')->do_stuff;
799 Any extra arguments are directly passed to ACCEPT_CONTEXT.
801 If the name is omitted, it will look for
802 - a view object in $c->stash->{current_view_instance}, then
803 - a view name in $c->stash->{current_view}, then
804 - a config setting 'default_view', or
805 - check if there is only one view, and return it if that's the case.
807 If you want to search for views, pass in a regexp as the argument.
809 # find all views that start with Foo
810 my @foo_views = $c->view(qr{^Foo});
815 my ( $c, $name, @args ) = @_;
817 my $appclass = ref($c) || $c;
819 unless ( $name->$_isa('Regexp') ) { # Direct component hash lookup to avoid costly regexps
820 my $comps = $c->components;
821 my $check = $appclass."::View::".$name;
822 if( exists $comps->{$check} ) {
823 return $c->_filter_component( $comps->{$check}, @args );
826 $c->log->warn( "Attempted to use view '$check', but does not exist" );
829 my @result = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( $name, qw/View V/ );
830 return map { $c->_filter_component( $_, @args ) } @result if ref $name;
831 return $c->_filter_component( $result[ 0 ], @args );
835 return $c->stash->{current_view_instance}
836 if $c->stash->{current_view_instance};
837 return $c->view( $c->stash->{current_view} )
838 if $c->stash->{current_view};
840 return $c->view( $appclass->config->{default_view} )
841 if $appclass->config->{default_view};
843 my( $comp, $rest ) = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( undef, qw/View V/);
846 $c->log->warn( 'Calling $c->view() will return a random view unless you specify one of:' );
847 $c->log->warn( '* $c->config(default_view => "the name of the default view to use")' );
848 $c->log->warn( '* $c->stash->{current_view} # the name of the view to use for this request' );
849 $c->log->warn( '* $c->stash->{current_view_instance} # the instance of the view to use for this request' );
850 $c->log->warn( 'NB: in version 5.81, the "random" behavior will not work at all.' );
853 return $c->_filter_component( $comp );
856 =head2 $c->controllers
858 Returns the available names which can be passed to $c->controller
864 return $c->_comp_names(qw/Controller C/);
869 Returns the available names which can be passed to $c->model
875 return $c->_comp_names(qw/Model M/);
881 Returns the available names which can be passed to $c->view
887 return $c->_comp_names(qw/View V/);
890 =head2 $c->comp($name)
892 =head2 $c->component($name)
894 Gets a component object by name. This method is not recommended,
895 unless you want to get a specific component by full
896 class. C<< $c->controller >>, C<< $c->model >>, and C<< $c->view >>
897 should be used instead.
899 If C<$name> is a regexp, a list of components matched against the full
900 component name will be returned.
902 If Catalyst can't find a component by name, it will fallback to regex
903 matching by default. To disable this behaviour set
904 disable_component_resolution_regex_fallback to a true value.
906 __PACKAGE__->config( disable_component_resolution_regex_fallback => 1 );
911 my ( $c, $name, @args ) = @_;
914 my $comps = $c->components;
917 # is it the exact name?
918 return $c->_filter_component( $comps->{ $name }, @args )
919 if exists $comps->{ $name };
921 # perhaps we just omitted "MyApp"?
922 my $composed = ( ref $c || $c ) . "::${name}";
923 return $c->_filter_component( $comps->{ $composed }, @args )
924 if exists $comps->{ $composed };
926 # search all of the models, views and controllers
927 my( $comp ) = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( $name, qw/Model M Controller C View V/ );
928 return $c->_filter_component( $comp, @args ) if $comp;
932 if $c->config->{disable_component_resolution_regex_fallback};
934 # This is here so $c->comp( '::M::' ) works
935 my $query = ref $name ? $name : qr{$name}i;
937 my @result = grep { m{$query} } keys %{ $c->components };
938 return map { $c->_filter_component( $_, @args ) } @result if ref $name;
941 $c->log->warn( Carp::shortmess(qq(Found results for "${name}" using regexp fallback)) );
942 $c->log->warn( 'Relying on the regexp fallback behavior for component resolution' );
943 $c->log->warn( 'is unreliable and unsafe. You have been warned' );
944 return $c->_filter_component( $result[ 0 ], @args );
947 # I would expect to return an empty list here, but that breaks back-compat
951 return sort keys %{ $c->components };
954 =head2 CLASS DATA AND HELPER CLASSES
958 Returns or takes a hashref containing the application's configuration.
960 __PACKAGE__->config( { db => 'dsn:SQLite:foo.db' } );
962 You can also use a C<YAML>, C<XML> or L<Config::General> config file
963 like C<myapp.conf> in your applications home directory. See
964 L<Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader>.
966 =head3 Cascading configuration
968 The config method is present on all Catalyst components, and configuration
969 will be merged when an application is started. Configuration loaded with
970 L<Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader> takes precedence over other configuration,
971 followed by configuration in your top level C<MyApp> class. These two
972 configurations are merged, and then configuration data whose hash key matches a
973 component name is merged with configuration for that component.
975 The configuration for a component is then passed to the C<new> method when a
976 component is constructed.
980 MyApp->config({ 'Model::Foo' => { bar => 'baz', overrides => 'me' } });
981 MyApp::Model::Foo->config({ quux => 'frob', overrides => 'this' });
983 will mean that C<MyApp::Model::Foo> receives the following data when
986 MyApp::Model::Foo->new({
992 It's common practice to use a Moose attribute
993 on the receiving component to access the config value.
995 package MyApp::Model::Foo;
999 # this attr will receive 'baz' at construction time
1005 You can then get the value 'baz' by calling $c->model('Foo')->bar
1006 (or $self->bar inside code in the model).
1008 B<NOTE:> you MUST NOT call C<< $self->config >> or C<< __PACKAGE__->config >>
1009 as a way of reading config within your code, as this B<will not> give you the
1010 correctly merged config back. You B<MUST> take the config values supplied to
1011 the constructor and use those instead.
1015 around config => sub {
1019 croak('Setting config after setup has been run is not allowed.')
1020 if ( @_ and $c->setup_finished );
1027 Returns the logging object instance. Unless it is already set, Catalyst
1028 sets this up with a L<Catalyst::Log> object. To use your own log class,
1029 set the logger with the C<< __PACKAGE__->log >> method prior to calling
1030 C<< __PACKAGE__->setup >>.
1032 __PACKAGE__->log( MyLogger->new );
1037 $c->log->info( 'Now logging with my own logger!' );
1039 Your log class should implement the methods described in
1044 Returned True if there's a valid encoding
1046 =head2 clear_encoding
1048 Clears the encoding for the current context
1052 Sets or gets the application encoding.
1056 sub has_encoding { shift->encoding ? 1:0 }
1058 sub clear_encoding {
1061 $c->encoding(undef);
1063 $c->debug->error("You can't clear encoding on the application");
1072 # Let it be set to undef
1073 if (my $wanted = shift) {
1074 $encoding = Encode::find_encoding($wanted)
1075 or Carp::croak( qq/Unknown encoding '$wanted'/ );
1076 binmode(STDERR, ':encoding(' . $encoding->name . ')');
1083 ? $c->{encoding} = $encoding
1084 : $c->_encoding($encoding);
1086 $encoding = ref $c && exists $c->{encoding}
1096 Returns 1 if debug mode is enabled, 0 otherwise.
1098 You can enable debug mode in several ways:
1102 =item By calling myapp_server.pl with the -d flag
1104 =item With the environment variables MYAPP_DEBUG, or CATALYST_DEBUG
1106 =item The -Debug option in your MyApp.pm
1108 =item By declaring C<sub debug { 1 }> in your MyApp.pm.
1112 The first three also set the log level to 'debug'.
1114 Calling C<< $c->debug(1) >> has no effect.
1120 =head2 $c->dispatcher
1122 Returns the dispatcher instance. See L<Catalyst::Dispatcher>.
1126 Returns the engine instance. See L<Catalyst::Engine>.
1129 =head2 UTILITY METHODS
1131 =head2 $c->path_to(@path)
1133 Merges C<@path> with C<< $c->config->{home} >> and returns a
1134 L<Path::Class::Dir> object. Note you can usually use this object as
1135 a filename, but sometimes you will have to explicitly stringify it
1136 yourself by calling the C<< ->stringify >> method.
1140 $c->path_to( 'db', 'sqlite.db' );
1145 my ( $c, @path ) = @_;
1146 my $path = Path::Class::Dir->new( $c->config->{home}, @path );
1147 if ( -d $path ) { return $path }
1148 else { return Path::Class::File->new( $c->config->{home}, @path ) }
1152 my ( $class, $name, $plugin, @args ) = @_;
1154 # See block comment in t/unit_core_plugin.t
1155 $class->log->warn(qq/Adding plugin using the ->plugin method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release/);
1157 $class->_register_plugin( $plugin, 1 );
1159 eval { $plugin->import };
1160 $class->mk_classdata($name);
1162 eval { $obj = $plugin->new(@args) };
1165 Catalyst::Exception->throw( message =>
1166 qq/Couldn't instantiate instant plugin "$plugin", "$@"/ );
1169 $class->$name($obj);
1170 $class->log->debug(qq/Initialized instant plugin "$plugin" as "$name"/)
1176 Initializes the dispatcher and engine, loads any plugins, and loads the
1177 model, view, and controller components. You may also specify an array
1178 of plugins to load here, if you choose to not load them in the C<use
1182 MyApp->setup( qw/-Debug/ );
1184 B<Note:> You B<should not> wrap this method with method modifiers
1185 or bad things will happen - wrap the C<setup_finalize> method instead.
1190 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
1191 croak('Running setup more than once')
1192 if ( $class->setup_finished );
1194 unless ( $class->isa('Catalyst') ) {
1196 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
1197 message => qq/'$class' does not inherit from Catalyst/ );
1200 if ( $class->arguments ) {
1201 @arguments = ( @arguments, @{ $class->arguments } );
1207 foreach (@arguments) {
1211 ( $flags->{log} ) ? 'debug,' . $flags->{log} : 'debug';
1213 elsif (/^-(\w+)=?(.*)$/) {
1214 $flags->{ lc $1 } = $2;
1217 push @{ $flags->{plugins} }, $_;
1221 $class->setup_home( delete $flags->{home} );
1223 $class->setup_log( delete $flags->{log} );
1224 $class->setup_plugins( delete $flags->{plugins} );
1226 $class->setup_data_handlers();
1227 $class->setup_dispatcher( delete $flags->{dispatcher} );
1228 if (my $engine = delete $flags->{engine}) {
1229 $class->log->warn("Specifying the engine in ->setup is no longer supported, see Catalyst::Upgrading");
1231 $class->setup_engine();
1232 $class->setup_stats( delete $flags->{stats} );
1234 for my $flag ( sort keys %{$flags} ) {
1236 if ( my $code = $class->can( 'setup_' . $flag ) ) {
1237 &$code( $class, delete $flags->{$flag} );
1240 $class->log->warn(qq/Unknown flag "$flag"/);
1244 eval { require Catalyst::Devel; };
1245 if( !$@ && $ENV{CATALYST_SCRIPT_GEN} && ( $ENV{CATALYST_SCRIPT_GEN} < $Catalyst::Devel::CATALYST_SCRIPT_GEN ) ) {
1246 $class->log->warn(<<"EOF");
1247 You are running an old script!
1249 Please update by running (this will overwrite existing files):
1250 catalyst.pl -force -scripts $class
1252 or (this will not overwrite existing files):
1253 catalyst.pl -scripts $class
1258 # Call plugins setup, this is stupid and evil.
1259 # Also screws C3 badly on 5.10, hack to avoid.
1261 no warnings qw/redefine/;
1262 local *setup = sub { };
1263 $class->setup unless $Catalyst::__AM_RESTARTING;
1266 # If you are expecting configuration info as part of your setup, it needs
1267 # to get called here and below, since we need the above line to support
1268 # ConfigLoader based configs.
1270 $class->setup_encoding();
1271 $class->setup_middleware();
1273 # Initialize our data structure
1274 $class->components( {} );
1276 $class->setup_components;
1278 if ( $class->debug ) {
1279 my @plugins = map { "$_ " . ( $_->VERSION || '' ) } $class->registered_plugins;
1282 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 6;
1283 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new($column_width);
1284 $t->row($_) for @plugins;
1285 $class->log->debug( "Loaded plugins:\n" . $t->draw . "\n" );
1288 my @middleware = map {
1291 (ref($_) .' '. ($_->can('VERSION') ? $_->VERSION || '' : '')
1292 || '') } $class->registered_middlewares;
1295 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 6;
1296 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new($column_width);
1297 $t->row($_) for @middleware;
1298 $class->log->debug( "Loaded PSGI Middleware:\n" . $t->draw . "\n" );
1301 my %dh = $class->registered_data_handlers;
1302 if (my @data_handlers = keys %dh) {
1303 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 6;
1304 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new($column_width);
1305 $t->row($_) for @data_handlers;
1306 $class->log->debug( "Loaded Request Data Handlers:\n" . $t->draw . "\n" );
1309 my $dispatcher = $class->dispatcher;
1310 my $engine = $class->engine;
1311 my $home = $class->config->{home};
1313 $class->log->debug(sprintf(q/Loaded dispatcher "%s"/, blessed($dispatcher)));
1314 $class->log->debug(sprintf(q/Loaded engine "%s"/, blessed($engine)));
1318 ? $class->log->debug(qq/Found home "$home"/)
1319 : $class->log->debug(qq/Home "$home" doesn't exist/)
1320 : $class->log->debug(q/Couldn't find home/);
1322 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 8 - 9;
1323 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new( [ $column_width, 'Class' ], [ 8, 'Type' ] );
1324 for my $comp ( sort keys %{ $class->components } ) {
1325 my $type = ref $class->components->{$comp} ? 'instance' : 'class';
1326 $t->row( $comp, $type );
1328 $class->log->debug( "Loaded components:\n" . $t->draw . "\n" )
1329 if ( keys %{ $class->components } );
1332 # Add our self to components, since we are also a component
1333 if( $class->isa('Catalyst::Controller') ){
1334 $class->components->{$class} = $class;
1337 $class->setup_actions;
1339 if ( $class->debug ) {
1340 my $name = $class->config->{name} || 'Application';
1341 $class->log->info("$name powered by Catalyst $Catalyst::VERSION");
1344 if ($class->config->{case_sensitive}) {
1345 $class->log->warn($class . "->config->{case_sensitive} is set.");
1346 $class->log->warn("This setting is deprecated and planned to be removed in Catalyst 5.81.");
1349 $class->setup_finalize;
1351 # Flush the log for good measure (in case something turned off 'autoflush' early)
1352 $class->log->_flush() if $class->log->can('_flush');
1354 return $class || 1; # Just in case someone named their Application 0...
1357 =head2 $app->setup_finalize
1359 A hook to attach modifiers to. This method does not do anything except set the
1360 C<setup_finished> accessor.
1362 Applying method modifiers to the C<setup> method doesn't work, because of quirky things done for plugin setup.
1366 after setup_finalize => sub {
1374 sub setup_finalize {
1376 $class->setup_finished(1);
1379 =head2 $c->uri_for( $path?, @args?, \%query_values? )
1381 =head2 $c->uri_for( $action, \@captures?, @args?, \%query_values? )
1383 =head2 $c->uri_for( $action, [@captures, @args], \%query_values? )
1385 Constructs an absolute L<URI> object based on the application root, the
1386 provided path, and the additional arguments and query parameters provided.
1387 When used as a string, provides a textual URI. If you need more flexibility
1388 than this (i.e. the option to provide relative URIs etc.) see
1389 L<Catalyst::Plugin::SmartURI>.
1391 If no arguments are provided, the URI for the current action is returned.
1392 To return the current action and also provide @args, use
1393 C<< $c->uri_for( $c->action, @args ) >>.
1395 If the first argument is a string, it is taken as a public URI path relative
1396 to C<< $c->namespace >> (if it doesn't begin with a forward slash) or
1397 relative to the application root (if it does). It is then merged with
1398 C<< $c->request->base >>; any C<@args> are appended as additional path
1399 components; and any C<%query_values> are appended as C<?foo=bar> parameters.
1401 If the first argument is a L<Catalyst::Action> it represents an action which
1402 will have its path resolved using C<< $c->dispatcher->uri_for_action >>. The
1403 optional C<\@captures> argument (an arrayref) allows passing the captured
1404 variables that are needed to fill in the paths of Chained and Regex actions;
1405 once the path is resolved, C<uri_for> continues as though a path was
1406 provided, appending any arguments or parameters and creating an absolute
1409 The captures for the current request can be found in
1410 C<< $c->request->captures >>, and actions can be resolved using
1411 C<< Catalyst::Controller->action_for($name) >>. If you have a private action
1412 path, use C<< $c->uri_for_action >> instead.
1414 # Equivalent to $c->req->uri
1415 $c->uri_for($c->action, $c->req->captures,
1416 @{ $c->req->args }, $c->req->params);
1418 # For the Foo action in the Bar controller
1419 $c->uri_for($c->controller('Bar')->action_for('Foo'));
1421 # Path to a static resource
1422 $c->uri_for('/static/images/logo.png');
1424 In general the scheme of the generated URI object will follow the incoming request
1425 however if your targeted action or action chain has the Scheme attribute it will
1431 my ( $c, $path, @args ) = @_;
1433 if ( $path->$_isa('Catalyst::Controller') ) {
1434 $path = $path->path_prefix;
1439 undef($path) if (defined $path && $path eq '');
1442 ( scalar @args && ref $args[$#args] eq 'HASH' ? pop @args : {} );
1444 carp "uri_for called with undef argument" if grep { ! defined $_ } @args;
1446 my @encoded_args = ();
1447 foreach my $arg (@args) {
1448 if(ref($arg)||'' eq 'ARRAY') {
1449 push @encoded_args, [map {
1450 my $encoded = encode_utf8 $_;
1451 $encoded =~ s/([^$URI::uric])/$URI::Escape::escapes{$1}/go;
1455 push @encoded_args, do {
1456 my $encoded = encode_utf8 $arg;
1457 $encoded =~ s/([^$URI::uric])/$URI::Escape::escapes{$1}/go;
1463 my $target_action = $path->$_isa('Catalyst::Action') ? $path : undef;
1464 if ( $path->$_isa('Catalyst::Action') ) { # action object
1465 s|/|%2F|g for @encoded_args;
1466 my $captures = [ map { s|/|%2F|g; $_; }
1467 ( scalar @encoded_args && ref $encoded_args[0] eq 'ARRAY'
1468 ? @{ shift(@encoded_args) }
1472 # ->uri_for( $action, \@captures_and_args, \%query_values? )
1473 if( !@encoded_args && $action->number_of_args ) {
1474 my $expanded_action = $c->dispatcher->expand_action( $action );
1475 my $num_captures = $expanded_action->number_of_captures;
1476 unshift @encoded_args, splice @$captures, $num_captures;
1479 $path = $c->dispatcher->uri_for_action($action, $captures);
1480 if (not defined $path) {
1481 $c->log->debug(qq/Can't find uri_for action '$action' @$captures/)
1485 $path = '/' if $path eq '';
1488 unshift(@encoded_args, $path);
1490 unless (defined $path && $path =~ s!^/!!) { # in-place strip
1491 my $namespace = $c->namespace;
1492 if (defined $path) { # cheesy hack to handle path '../foo'
1493 $namespace =~ s{(?:^|/)[^/]+$}{} while $encoded_args[0] =~ s{^\.\./}{};
1495 unshift(@encoded_args, $namespace || '');
1498 # join args with '/', or a blank string
1499 my $args = join('/', grep { defined($_) } @encoded_args);
1500 $args =~ s/\?/%3F/g; # STUPID STUPID SPECIAL CASE
1503 my ($base, $class) = ('/', 'URI::_generic');
1505 $base = $c->req->base;
1506 if($target_action) {
1507 $target_action = $c->dispatcher->expand_action($target_action);
1508 if(my $s = $target_action->scheme) {
1513 $class = ref($base);
1516 $class = ref($base);
1519 $base =~ s{(?<!/)$}{/};
1524 if (my @keys = keys %$params) {
1525 # somewhat lifted from URI::_query's query_form
1526 $query = '?'.join('&', map {
1527 my $val = $params->{$_};
1528 #s/([;\/?:@&=+,\$\[\]%])/$URI::Escape::escapes{$1}/go; ## Commented out because seems to lead to double encoding - JNAP
1531 $val = '' unless defined $val;
1534 $param = encode_utf8($param);
1535 # using the URI::Escape pattern here so utf8 chars survive
1536 $param =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9\-_.!~*'() ])/$URI::Escape::escapes{$1}/go;
1539 $key = encode_utf8($key);
1540 # using the URI::Escape pattern here so utf8 chars survive
1541 $key =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9\-_.!~*'() ])/$URI::Escape::escapes{$1}/go;
1544 "${key}=$param"; } ( ref $val eq 'ARRAY' ? @$val : $val ));
1548 my $res = bless(\"${base}${args}${query}", $class);
1552 =head2 $c->uri_for_action( $path, \@captures_and_args?, @args?, \%query_values? )
1554 =head2 $c->uri_for_action( $action, \@captures_and_args?, @args?, \%query_values? )
1560 A private path to the Catalyst action you want to create a URI for.
1562 This is a shortcut for calling C<< $c->dispatcher->get_action_by_path($path)
1563 >> and passing the resulting C<$action> and the remaining arguments to C<<
1566 You can also pass in a Catalyst::Action object, in which case it is passed to
1569 Note that although the path looks like a URI that dispatches to the wanted action, it is not a URI, but an internal path to that action.
1571 For example, if the action looks like:
1573 package MyApp::Controller::Users;
1575 sub lst : Path('the-list') {}
1579 $c->uri_for_action('/users/lst')
1581 and it will create the URI /users/the-list.
1583 =item \@captures_and_args?
1585 Optional array reference of Captures (i.e. C<<CaptureArgs or $c->req->captures>)
1586 and arguments to the request. Usually used with L<Catalyst::DispatchType::Chained>
1587 to interpolate all the parameters in the URI.
1591 Optional list of extra arguments - can be supplied in the
1592 C<< \@captures_and_args? >> array ref, or here - whichever is easier for your
1595 Your action can have zero, a fixed or a variable number of args (e.g.
1596 C<< Args(1) >> for a fixed number or C<< Args() >> for a variable number)..
1598 =item \%query_values?
1600 Optional array reference of query parameters to append. E.g.
1606 /rest/of/your/uri?foo=bar
1612 sub uri_for_action {
1613 my ( $c, $path, @args ) = @_;
1614 my $action = blessed($path)
1616 : $c->dispatcher->get_action_by_path($path);
1617 unless (defined $action) {
1618 croak "Can't find action for path '$path'";
1620 return $c->uri_for( $action, @args );
1623 =head2 $c->welcome_message
1625 Returns the Catalyst welcome HTML page.
1629 sub welcome_message {
1631 my $name = $c->config->{name};
1632 my $logo = $c->uri_for('/static/images/catalyst_logo.png');
1633 my $prefix = Catalyst::Utils::appprefix( ref $c );
1634 $c->response->content_type('text/html; charset=utf-8');
1636 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
1637 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
1638 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
1640 <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en" />
1641 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
1642 <title>$name on Catalyst $VERSION</title>
1643 <style type="text/css">
1646 background-color: #eee;
1653 margin-bottom: 10px;
1655 background-color: #ccc;
1656 border: 1px solid #aaa;
1661 font-family: verdana, tahoma, sans-serif;
1664 font-family: verdana, tahoma, sans-serif;
1667 text-decoration: none;
1669 border-bottom: 1px dotted #bbb;
1671 :link:hover, :visited:hover {
1684 background-color: #fff;
1685 border: 1px solid #aaa;
1689 font-weight: normal;
1711 <h1><span id="appname">$name</span> on <a href="http://catalyst.perl.org">Catalyst</a>
1716 <img src="$logo" alt="Catalyst Logo" />
1718 <p>Welcome to the world of Catalyst.
1719 This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC">MVC</a>
1720 framework will make web development something you had
1721 never expected it to be: Fun, rewarding, and quick.</p>
1722 <h2>What to do now?</h2>
1723 <p>That really depends on what <b>you</b> want to do.
1724 We do, however, provide you with a few starting points.</p>
1725 <p>If you want to jump right into web development with Catalyst
1726 you might want to start with a tutorial.</p>
1727 <pre>perldoc <a href="https://metacpan.org/module/Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial">Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial</a></code>
1729 <p>Afterwards you can go on to check out a more complete look at our features.</p>
1731 <code>perldoc <a href="https://metacpan.org/module/Catalyst::Manual::Intro">Catalyst::Manual::Intro</a>
1732 <!-- Something else should go here, but the Catalyst::Manual link seems unhelpful -->
1734 <h2>What to do next?</h2>
1735 <p>Next it's time to write an actual application. Use the
1736 helper scripts to generate <a href="https://metacpan.org/search?q=Catalyst%3A%3AController">controllers</a>,
1737 <a href="https://metacpan.org/search?q=Catalyst%3A%3AModel">models</a>, and
1738 <a href="https://metacpan.org/search?q=Catalyst%3A%3AView">views</a>;
1739 they can save you a lot of work.</p>
1740 <pre><code>script/${prefix}_create.pl --help</code></pre>
1741 <p>Also, be sure to check out the vast and growing
1742 collection of <a href="http://search.cpan.org/search?query=Catalyst">plugins for Catalyst on CPAN</a>;
1743 you are likely to find what you need there.
1747 <p>Catalyst has a very active community. Here are the main places to
1748 get in touch with us.</p>
1751 <a href="http://dev.catalyst.perl.org">Wiki</a>
1754 <a href="http://lists.scsys.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/catalyst">Mailing-List</a>
1757 <a href="irc://irc.perl.org/catalyst">IRC channel #catalyst on irc.perl.org</a>
1760 <h2>In conclusion</h2>
1761 <p>The Catalyst team hopes you will enjoy using Catalyst as much
1762 as we enjoyed making it. Please contact us if you have ideas
1763 for improvement or other feedback.</p>
1773 Contains a hash of options passed from the application script, including
1774 the original ARGV the script received, the processed values from that
1775 ARGV and any extra arguments to the script which were not processed.
1777 This can be used to add custom options to your application's scripts
1778 and setup your application differently depending on the values of these
1781 =head1 INTERNAL METHODS
1783 These methods are not meant to be used by end users.
1785 =head2 $c->components
1787 Returns a hash of components.
1789 =head2 $c->context_class
1791 Returns or sets the context class.
1795 Returns a hashref containing coderefs and execution counts (needed for
1796 deep recursion detection).
1800 Returns the number of actions on the current internal execution stack.
1804 Dispatches a request to actions.
1808 sub dispatch { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->dispatch( $c, @_ ) }
1810 =head2 $c->dispatcher_class
1812 Returns or sets the dispatcher class.
1814 =head2 $c->dump_these
1816 Returns a list of 2-element array references (name, structure) pairs
1817 that will be dumped on the error page in debug mode.
1823 [ Request => $c->req ],
1824 [ Response => $c->res ],
1825 [ Stash => $c->stash ],
1826 [ Config => $c->config ];
1829 =head2 $c->engine_class
1831 Returns or sets the engine class.
1833 =head2 $c->execute( $class, $coderef )
1835 Execute a coderef in given class and catch exceptions. Errors are available
1841 my ( $c, $class, $code ) = @_;
1842 $class = $c->component($class) || $class;
1845 if ( $c->depth >= $RECURSION ) {
1846 my $action = $code->reverse();
1847 $action = "/$action" unless $action =~ /->/;
1848 my $error = qq/Deep recursion detected calling "${action}"/;
1849 $c->log->error($error);
1855 my $stats_info = $c->_stats_start_execute( $code ) if $c->use_stats;
1857 push( @{ $c->stack }, $code );
1859 no warnings 'recursion';
1860 # N.B. This used to be combined, but I have seen $c get clobbered if so, and
1861 # I have no idea how, ergo $ret (which appears to fix the issue)
1862 eval { my $ret = $code->execute( $class, $c, @{ $c->req->args } ) || 0; $c->state( $ret ) };
1864 $c->_stats_finish_execute( $stats_info ) if $c->use_stats and $stats_info;
1866 my $last = pop( @{ $c->stack } );
1868 if ( my $error = $@ ) {
1869 #rethow if this can be handled by middleware
1870 if ( $c->_handle_http_exception($error) ) {
1871 foreach my $err (@{$c->error}) {
1872 $c->log->error($err);
1875 $c->log->_flush if $c->log->can('_flush');
1877 $error->can('rethrow') ? $error->rethrow : croak $error;
1879 if ( blessed($error) and $error->isa('Catalyst::Exception::Detach') ) {
1880 $error->rethrow if $c->depth > 1;
1882 elsif ( blessed($error) and $error->isa('Catalyst::Exception::Go') ) {
1883 $error->rethrow if $c->depth > 0;
1886 unless ( ref $error ) {
1887 no warnings 'uninitialized';
1889 my $class = $last->class;
1890 my $name = $last->name;
1891 $error = qq/Caught exception in $class->$name "$error"/;
1900 sub _stats_start_execute {
1901 my ( $c, $code ) = @_;
1902 my $appclass = ref($c) || $c;
1903 return if ( ( $code->name =~ /^_.*/ )
1904 && ( !$appclass->config->{show_internal_actions} ) );
1906 my $action_name = $code->reverse();
1907 $c->counter->{$action_name}++;
1909 my $action = $action_name;
1910 $action = "/$action" unless $action =~ /->/;
1912 # determine if the call was the result of a forward
1913 # this is done by walking up the call stack and looking for a calling
1914 # sub of Catalyst::forward before the eval
1916 for my $index ( 2 .. 11 ) {
1918 if ( ( caller($index) )[0] eq 'Catalyst'
1919 && ( caller($index) )[3] eq '(eval)' );
1921 if ( ( caller($index) )[3] =~ /forward$/ ) {
1922 $callsub = ( caller($index) )[3];
1923 $action = "-> $action";
1928 my $uid = $action_name . $c->counter->{$action_name};
1930 # is this a root-level call or a forwarded call?
1931 if ( $callsub =~ /forward$/ ) {
1932 my $parent = $c->stack->[-1];
1934 # forward, locate the caller
1935 if ( defined $parent && exists $c->counter->{"$parent"} ) {
1938 parent => "$parent" . $c->counter->{"$parent"},
1944 # forward with no caller may come from a plugin
1963 sub _stats_finish_execute {
1964 my ( $c, $info ) = @_;
1965 $c->stats->profile( end => $info );
1970 Finalizes the request.
1977 for my $error ( @{ $c->error } ) {
1978 $c->log->error($error);
1981 # Support skipping finalize for psgix.io style 'jailbreak'. Used to support
1982 # stuff like cometd and websockets
1984 if($c->request->_has_io_fh) {
1989 # Allow engine to handle finalize flow (for POE)
1990 my $engine = $c->engine;
1991 if ( my $code = $engine->can('finalize') ) {
1996 $c->finalize_uploads;
1999 if ( $#{ $c->error } >= 0 ) {
2003 $c->finalize_encoding;
2004 $c->finalize_headers unless $c->response->finalized_headers;
2010 if ($c->use_stats) {
2011 my $elapsed = $c->stats->elapsed;
2012 my $av = $elapsed == 0 ? '??' : sprintf '%.3f', 1 / $elapsed;
2014 "Request took ${elapsed}s ($av/s)\n" . $c->stats->report . "\n" );
2017 return $c->response->status;
2020 =head2 $c->finalize_body
2026 sub finalize_body { my $c = shift; $c->engine->finalize_body( $c, @_ ) }
2028 =head2 $c->finalize_cookies
2034 sub finalize_cookies { my $c = shift; $c->engine->finalize_cookies( $c, @_ ) }
2036 =head2 $c->finalize_error
2038 Finalizes error. If there is only one error in L</error> and it is an object that
2039 does C<as_psgi> or C<code> we rethrow the error and presume it caught by middleware
2040 up the ladder. Otherwise we return the debugging error page (in debug mode) or we
2041 return the default error page (production mode).
2045 sub finalize_error {
2047 if($#{$c->error} > 0) {
2048 $c->engine->finalize_error( $c, @_ );
2050 my ($error) = @{$c->error};
2051 if ( $c->_handle_http_exception($error) ) {
2052 # In the case where the error 'knows what it wants', becauses its PSGI
2053 # aware, just rethow and let middleware catch it
2054 $error->can('rethrow') ? $error->rethrow : croak $error;
2056 $c->engine->finalize_error( $c, @_ )
2061 =head2 $c->finalize_headers
2067 sub finalize_headers {
2070 my $response = $c->response; #accessor calls can add up?
2072 # Check if we already finalized headers
2073 return if $response->finalized_headers;
2076 if ( my $location = $response->redirect ) {
2077 $c->log->debug(qq/Redirecting to "$location"/) if $c->debug;
2078 $response->header( Location => $location );
2081 # Remove incorrectly added body and content related meta data when returning
2082 # an information response, or a response the is required to not include a body
2084 $c->finalize_cookies;
2086 # This currently is a NOOP but I don't want to remove it since I guess people
2087 # might have Response subclasses that use it for something... (JNAP)
2088 $c->response->finalize_headers();
2091 $response->finalized_headers(1);
2094 =head2 $c->finalize_encoding
2096 Make sure your body is encoded properly IF you set an encoding. By
2097 default the encoding is UTF-8 but you can disable it by explictly setting the
2098 encoding configuration value to undef.
2100 We can only encode when the body is a scalar. Methods for encoding via the
2101 streaming interfaces (such as C<write> and C<write_fh> on L<Catalyst::Response>
2108 sub finalize_encoding {
2110 my $res = $c->res || return;
2112 # Warn if the set charset is different from the one you put into encoding. We need
2113 # to do this early since encodable_response is false for this condition and we need
2114 # to match the debug output for backcompat (there's a test for this...) -JNAP
2116 $res->content_type_charset and $c->encoding and
2117 (uc($c->encoding->mime_name) ne uc($res->content_type_charset))
2119 my $ct = lc($res->content_type_charset);
2120 $c->log->debug("Catalyst encoding config is set to encode in '" .
2121 $c->encoding->mime_name .
2122 "', content type is '$ct', not encoding ");
2126 ($res->encodable_response) and
2127 (defined($res->body)) and
2128 (ref(\$res->body) eq 'SCALAR')
2130 $c->res->body( $c->encoding->encode( $c->res->body, $c->_encode_check ) );
2132 # Set the charset if necessary. This might be a bit bonkers since encodable response
2133 # is false when the set charset is not the same as the encoding mimetype (maybe
2134 # confusing action at a distance here..
2135 # Don't try to set the charset if one already exists
2136 $c->res->content_type($c->res->content_type . "; charset=" . $c->encoding->mime_name)
2137 unless($c->res->content_type_charset);
2141 =head2 $c->finalize_output
2143 An alias for finalize_body.
2145 =head2 $c->finalize_read
2147 Finalizes the input after reading is complete.
2151 sub finalize_read { my $c = shift; $c->engine->finalize_read( $c, @_ ) }
2153 =head2 $c->finalize_uploads
2155 Finalizes uploads. Cleans up any temporary files.
2159 sub finalize_uploads { my $c = shift; $c->engine->finalize_uploads( $c, @_ ) }
2161 =head2 $c->get_action( $action, $namespace )
2163 Gets an action in a given namespace.
2167 sub get_action { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->get_action(@_) }
2169 =head2 $c->get_actions( $action, $namespace )
2171 Gets all actions of a given name in a namespace and all parent
2176 sub get_actions { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->get_actions( $c, @_ ) }
2178 =head2 $app->handle_request( @arguments )
2180 Called to handle each HTTP request.
2184 sub handle_request {
2185 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
2187 # Always expect worst case!
2190 if ($class->debug) {
2191 my $secs = time - $START || 1;
2192 my $av = sprintf '%.3f', $COUNT / $secs;
2193 my $time = localtime time;
2194 $class->log->info("*** Request $COUNT ($av/s) [$$] [$time] ***");
2197 my $c = $class->prepare(@arguments);
2199 $status = $c->finalize;
2201 #rethow if this can be handled by middleware
2202 if ( $class->_handle_http_exception($_) ) {
2203 $_->can('rethrow') ? $_->rethrow : croak $_;
2205 chomp(my $error = $_);
2206 $class->log->error(qq/Caught exception in engine "$error"/);
2211 if(my $coderef = $class->log->can('_flush')){
2212 $class->log->$coderef();
2217 =head2 $class->prepare( @arguments )
2219 Creates a Catalyst context from an engine-specific request (Apache, CGI,
2226 predicate => '_has_uploadtmp',
2230 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
2233 # After the app/ctxt split, this should become an attribute based on something passed
2234 # into the application.
2235 $class->context_class( ref $class || $class ) unless $class->context_class;
2237 my $uploadtmp = $class->config->{uploadtmp};
2238 my $c = $class->context_class->new({ $uploadtmp ? (_uploadtmp => $uploadtmp) : ()});
2240 $c->response->_context($c);
2242 #surely this is not the most efficient way to do things...
2243 $c->stats($class->stats_class->new)->enable($c->use_stats);
2244 if ( $c->debug || $c->config->{enable_catalyst_header} ) {
2245 $c->res->headers->header( 'X-Catalyst' => $Catalyst::VERSION );
2249 # Allow engine to direct the prepare flow (for POE)
2250 if ( my $prepare = $c->engine->can('prepare') ) {
2251 $c->engine->$prepare( $c, @arguments );
2254 $c->prepare_request(@arguments);
2255 $c->prepare_connection;
2256 $c->prepare_query_parameters;
2257 $c->prepare_headers; # Just hooks, no longer needed - they just
2258 $c->prepare_cookies; # cause the lazy attribute on req to build
2261 # Prepare the body for reading, either by prepare_body
2262 # or the user, if they are using $c->read
2265 # Parse the body unless the user wants it on-demand
2266 unless ( ref($c)->config->{parse_on_demand} ) {
2272 # VERY ugly and probably shouldn't rely on ->finalize actually working
2274 # failed prepare is always due to an invalid request, right?
2275 $c->response->status(400);
2276 $c->response->content_type('text/plain');
2277 $c->response->body('Bad Request');
2278 # Note we call finalize and then die here, which escapes
2279 # finalize being called in the enclosing block..
2280 # It in fact couldn't be called, as we don't return $c..
2281 # This is a mess - but I'm unsure you can fix this without
2282 # breaking compat for people doing crazy things (we should set
2283 # the 400 and just return the ctx here IMO, letting finalize get called
2294 =head2 $c->prepare_action
2296 Prepares action. See L<Catalyst::Dispatcher>.
2300 sub prepare_action {
2302 my $ret = $c->dispatcher->prepare_action( $c, @_);
2305 foreach (@{$c->req->arguments}, @{$c->req->captures}) {
2306 $_ = $c->_handle_param_unicode_decoding($_);
2314 =head2 $c->prepare_body
2316 Prepares message body.
2323 return if $c->request->_has_body;
2325 # Initialize on-demand data
2326 $c->engine->prepare_body( $c, @_ );
2327 $c->prepare_parameters;
2328 $c->prepare_uploads;
2331 =head2 $c->prepare_body_chunk( $chunk )
2333 Prepares a chunk of data before sending it to L<HTTP::Body>.
2335 See L<Catalyst::Engine>.
2339 sub prepare_body_chunk {
2341 $c->engine->prepare_body_chunk( $c, @_ );
2344 =head2 $c->prepare_body_parameters
2346 Prepares body parameters.
2350 sub prepare_body_parameters {
2352 $c->request->prepare_body_parameters( $c, @_ );
2355 =head2 $c->prepare_connection
2357 Prepares connection.
2361 sub prepare_connection {
2363 $c->request->prepare_connection($c);
2366 =head2 $c->prepare_cookies
2368 Prepares cookies by ensuring that the attribute on the request
2369 object has been built.
2373 sub prepare_cookies { my $c = shift; $c->request->cookies }
2375 =head2 $c->prepare_headers
2377 Prepares request headers by ensuring that the attribute on the request
2378 object has been built.
2382 sub prepare_headers { my $c = shift; $c->request->headers }
2384 =head2 $c->prepare_parameters
2386 Prepares parameters.
2390 sub prepare_parameters {
2392 $c->prepare_body_parameters;
2393 $c->engine->prepare_parameters( $c, @_ );
2396 =head2 $c->prepare_path
2398 Prepares path and base.
2402 sub prepare_path { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_path( $c, @_ ) }
2404 =head2 $c->prepare_query_parameters
2406 Prepares query parameters.
2410 sub prepare_query_parameters {
2413 $c->engine->prepare_query_parameters( $c, @_ );
2416 =head2 $c->log_request
2418 Writes information about the request to the debug logs. This includes:
2422 =item * Request method, path, and remote IP address
2424 =item * Query keywords (see L<Catalyst::Request/query_keywords>)
2426 =item * Request parameters
2428 =item * File uploads
2437 return unless $c->debug;
2439 my($dump) = grep {$_->[0] eq 'Request' } $c->dump_these;
2440 my $request = $dump->[1];
2442 my ( $method, $path, $address ) = ( $request->method, $request->path, $request->address );
2444 $path = '/' unless length $path;
2447 $path =~ s/%([0-9A-Fa-f]{2})/chr(hex($1))/eg;
2448 $path = decode_utf8($path);
2450 $c->log->debug(qq/"$method" request for "$path" from "$address"/);
2452 $c->log_request_headers($request->headers);
2454 if ( my $keywords = $request->query_keywords ) {
2455 $c->log->debug("Query keywords are: $keywords");
2458 $c->log_request_parameters( query => $request->query_parameters, $request->_has_body ? (body => $request->body_parameters) : () );
2460 $c->log_request_uploads($request);
2463 =head2 $c->log_response
2465 Writes information about the response to the debug logs by calling
2466 C<< $c->log_response_status_line >> and C<< $c->log_response_headers >>.
2473 return unless $c->debug;
2475 my($dump) = grep {$_->[0] eq 'Response' } $c->dump_these;
2476 my $response = $dump->[1];
2478 $c->log_response_status_line($response);
2479 $c->log_response_headers($response->headers);
2482 =head2 $c->log_response_status_line($response)
2484 Writes one line of information about the response to the debug logs. This includes:
2488 =item * Response status code
2490 =item * Content-Type header (if present)
2492 =item * Content-Length header (if present)
2498 sub log_response_status_line {
2499 my ($c, $response) = @_;
2503 'Response Code: %s; Content-Type: %s; Content-Length: %s',
2504 $response->status || 'unknown',
2505 $response->headers->header('Content-Type') || 'unknown',
2506 $response->headers->header('Content-Length') || 'unknown'
2511 =head2 $c->log_response_headers($headers);
2513 Hook method which can be wrapped by plugins to log the response headers.
2514 No-op in the default implementation.
2518 sub log_response_headers {}
2520 =head2 $c->log_request_parameters( query => {}, body => {} )
2522 Logs request parameters to debug logs
2526 sub log_request_parameters {
2528 my %all_params = @_;
2530 return unless $c->debug;
2532 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 44;
2533 foreach my $type (qw(query body)) {
2534 my $params = $all_params{$type};
2535 next if ! keys %$params;
2536 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new( [ 35, 'Parameter' ], [ $column_width, 'Value' ] );
2537 for my $key ( sort keys %$params ) {
2538 my $param = $params->{$key};
2539 my $value = defined($param) ? $param : '';
2540 $t->row( $key, ref $value eq 'ARRAY' ? ( join ', ', @$value ) : $value );
2542 $c->log->debug( ucfirst($type) . " Parameters are:\n" . $t->draw );
2546 =head2 $c->log_request_uploads
2548 Logs file uploads included in the request to the debug logs.
2549 The parameter name, filename, file type, and file size are all included in
2554 sub log_request_uploads {
2556 my $request = shift;
2557 return unless $c->debug;
2558 my $uploads = $request->uploads;
2559 if ( keys %$uploads ) {
2560 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new(
2561 [ 12, 'Parameter' ],
2566 for my $key ( sort keys %$uploads ) {
2567 my $upload = $uploads->{$key};
2568 for my $u ( ref $upload eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$upload} : ($upload) ) {
2569 $t->row( $key, $u->filename, $u->type, $u->size );
2572 $c->log->debug( "File Uploads are:\n" . $t->draw );
2576 =head2 $c->log_request_headers($headers);
2578 Hook method which can be wrapped by plugins to log the request headers.
2579 No-op in the default implementation.
2583 sub log_request_headers {}
2585 =head2 $c->log_headers($type => $headers)
2587 Logs L<HTTP::Headers> (either request or response) to the debug logs.
2594 my $headers = shift; # an HTTP::Headers instance
2596 return unless $c->debug;
2598 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 28;
2599 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new( [ 15, 'Header Name' ], [ $column_width, 'Value' ] );
2602 my ( $name, $value ) = @_;
2603 $t->row( $name, $value );
2606 $c->log->debug( ucfirst($type) . " Headers:\n" . $t->draw );
2610 =head2 $c->prepare_read
2612 Prepares the input for reading.
2616 sub prepare_read { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_read( $c, @_ ) }
2618 =head2 $c->prepare_request
2620 Prepares the engine request.
2624 sub prepare_request { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_request( $c, @_ ) }
2626 =head2 $c->prepare_uploads
2632 sub prepare_uploads {
2634 $c->engine->prepare_uploads( $c, @_ );
2637 =head2 $c->prepare_write
2639 Prepares the output for writing.
2643 sub prepare_write { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_write( $c, @_ ) }
2645 =head2 $c->request_class
2647 Returns or sets the request class. Defaults to L<Catalyst::Request>.
2649 =head2 $c->response_class
2651 Returns or sets the response class. Defaults to L<Catalyst::Response>.
2653 =head2 $c->read( [$maxlength] )
2655 Reads a chunk of data from the request body. This method is designed to
2656 be used in a while loop, reading C<$maxlength> bytes on every call.
2657 C<$maxlength> defaults to the size of the request if not specified.
2659 You have to set C<< MyApp->config(parse_on_demand => 1) >> to use this
2662 Warning: If you use read(), Catalyst will not process the body,
2663 so you will not be able to access POST parameters or file uploads via
2664 $c->request. You must handle all body parsing yourself.
2668 sub read { my $c = shift; return $c->request->read( @_ ) }
2678 $app->_make_immutable_if_needed;
2679 $app->engine_loader->needs_psgi_engine_compat_hack ?
2680 $app->engine->run($app, @_) :
2681 $app->engine->run( $app, $app->_finalized_psgi_app, @_ );
2684 sub _make_immutable_if_needed {
2686 my $meta = find_meta($class);
2687 my $isa_ca = $class->isa('Class::Accessor::Fast') || $class->isa('Class::Accessor');
2690 && ! { $meta->immutable_options }->{replace_constructor}
2693 warn("You made your application class ($class) immutable, "
2694 . "but did not inline the\nconstructor. "
2695 . "This will break catalyst, as your app \@ISA "
2696 . "Class::Accessor(::Fast)?\nPlease pass "
2697 . "(replace_constructor => 1)\nwhen making your class immutable.\n");
2699 unless ($meta->is_immutable) {
2700 # XXX - FIXME warning here as you should make your app immutable yourself.
2701 $meta->make_immutable(
2702 replace_constructor => 1,
2707 =head2 $c->set_action( $action, $code, $namespace, $attrs )
2709 Sets an action in a given namespace.
2713 sub set_action { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->set_action( $c, @_ ) }
2715 =head2 $c->setup_actions($component)
2717 Sets up actions for a component.
2721 sub setup_actions { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->setup_actions( $c, @_ ) }
2723 =head2 $c->setup_components
2725 This method is called internally to set up the application's components.
2727 It finds modules by calling the L<locate_components> method, expands them to
2728 package names with the L<expand_component_module> method, and then installs
2729 each component into the application.
2731 The C<setup_components> config option is passed to both of the above methods.
2733 Installation of each component is performed by the L<setup_component> method,
2738 sub setup_components {
2741 my $config = $class->config->{ setup_components };
2743 my @comps = $class->locate_components($config);
2744 my %comps = map { $_ => 1 } @comps;
2746 my $deprecatedcatalyst_component_names = grep { /::[CMV]::/ } @comps;
2747 $class->log->warn(qq{Your application is using the deprecated ::[MVC]:: type naming scheme.\n}.
2748 qq{Please switch your class names to ::Model::, ::View:: and ::Controller: as appropriate.\n}
2749 ) if $deprecatedcatalyst_component_names;
2751 for my $component ( @comps ) {
2753 # We pass ignore_loaded here so that overlay files for (e.g.)
2754 # Model::DBI::Schema sub-classes are loaded - if it's in @comps
2755 # we know M::P::O found a file on disk so this is safe
2757 Catalyst::Utils::ensure_class_loaded( $component, { ignore_loaded => 1 } );
2760 for my $component (@comps) {
2761 my $instance = $class->components->{ $component } = $class->setup_component($component);
2762 my @expanded_components = $instance->can('expand_modules')
2763 ? $instance->expand_modules( $component, $config )
2764 : $class->expand_component_module( $component, $config );
2765 for my $component (@expanded_components) {
2766 next if $comps{$component};
2767 $class->components->{ $component } = $class->setup_component($component);
2772 =head2 $c->locate_components( $setup_component_config )
2774 This method is meant to provide a list of component modules that should be
2775 setup for the application. By default, it will use L<Module::Pluggable>.
2777 Specify a C<setup_components> config option to pass additional options directly
2778 to L<Module::Pluggable>. To add additional search paths, specify a key named
2779 C<search_extra> as an array reference. Items in the array beginning with C<::>
2780 will have the application class name prepended to them.
2784 sub locate_components {
2788 my @paths = qw( ::M ::Model ::V ::View ::C ::Controller );
2789 my $extra = delete $config->{ search_extra } || [];
2791 unshift @paths, @$extra;
2793 my @comps = map { sort { length($a) <=> length($b) } Module::Pluggable::Object->new(
2794 search_path => [ map { s/^(?=::)/$class/; $_; } ($_) ],
2796 )->plugins } @paths;
2801 =head2 $c->expand_component_module( $component, $setup_component_config )
2803 Components found by C<locate_components> will be passed to this method, which
2804 is expected to return a list of component (package) names to be set up.
2808 sub expand_component_module {
2809 my ($class, $module) = @_;
2810 return Devel::InnerPackage::list_packages( $module );
2813 =head2 $c->setup_component
2817 sub setup_component {
2818 my( $class, $component ) = @_;
2820 unless ( $component->can( 'COMPONENT' ) ) {
2824 my $suffix = Catalyst::Utils::class2classsuffix( $component );
2825 my $config = $class->config->{ $suffix } || {};
2826 # Stash catalyst_component_name in the config here, so that custom COMPONENT
2827 # methods also pass it. local to avoid pointlessly shitting in config
2828 # for the debug screen, as $component is already the key name.
2829 local $config->{catalyst_component_name} = $component;
2831 my $instance = eval { $component->COMPONENT( $class, $config ); };
2833 if ( my $error = $@ ) {
2835 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
2836 message => qq/Couldn't instantiate component "$component", "$error"/
2840 unless (blessed $instance) {
2841 my $metaclass = Moose::Util::find_meta($component);
2842 my $method_meta = $metaclass->find_method_by_name('COMPONENT');
2843 my $component_method_from = $method_meta->associated_metaclass->name;
2844 my $value = defined($instance) ? $instance : 'undef';
2845 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
2847 qq/Couldn't instantiate component "$component", COMPONENT() method (from $component_method_from) didn't return an object-like value (value was $value)./
2853 =head2 $c->setup_dispatcher
2859 sub setup_dispatcher {
2860 my ( $class, $dispatcher ) = @_;
2863 $dispatcher = 'Catalyst::Dispatcher::' . $dispatcher;
2866 if ( my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'DISPATCHER' ) ) {
2867 $dispatcher = 'Catalyst::Dispatcher::' . $env;
2870 unless ($dispatcher) {
2871 $dispatcher = $class->dispatcher_class;
2874 load_class($dispatcher);
2876 # dispatcher instance
2877 $class->dispatcher( $dispatcher->new );
2880 =head2 $c->setup_engine
2887 my ($class, $requested_engine) = @_;
2889 if (!$class->engine_loader || $requested_engine) {
2890 $class->engine_loader(
2891 Catalyst::EngineLoader->new({
2892 application_name => $class,
2893 (defined $requested_engine
2894 ? (catalyst_engine_class => $requested_engine) : ()),
2899 $class->engine_loader->catalyst_engine_class;
2903 my ($class, $requested_engine) = @_;
2906 my $loader = $class->engine_loader;
2908 if (!$loader || $requested_engine) {
2909 $loader = Catalyst::EngineLoader->new({
2910 application_name => $class,
2911 (defined $requested_engine
2912 ? (requested_engine => $requested_engine) : ()),
2915 $class->engine_loader($loader);
2918 $loader->catalyst_engine_class;
2921 # Don't really setup_engine -- see _setup_psgi_app for explanation.
2922 return if $class->loading_psgi_file;
2924 load_class($engine);
2926 if ($ENV{MOD_PERL}) {
2927 my $apache = $class->engine_loader->auto;
2929 my $meta = find_meta($class);
2930 my $was_immutable = $meta->is_immutable;
2931 my %immutable_options = $meta->immutable_options;
2932 $meta->make_mutable if $was_immutable;
2934 $meta->add_method(handler => sub {
2936 my $psgi_app = $class->_finalized_psgi_app;
2937 $apache->call_app($r, $psgi_app);
2940 $meta->make_immutable(%immutable_options) if $was_immutable;
2943 $class->engine( $engine->new );
2948 ## This exists just to supply a prebuild psgi app for mod_perl and for the
2949 ## build in server support (back compat support for pre psgi port behavior).
2950 ## This is so that we don't build a new psgi app for each request when using
2951 ## the mod_perl handler or the built in servers (http and fcgi, etc).
2953 sub _finalized_psgi_app {
2956 unless ($app->_psgi_app) {
2957 my $psgi_app = $app->_setup_psgi_app;
2958 $app->_psgi_app($psgi_app);
2961 return $app->_psgi_app;
2964 ## Look for a psgi file like 'myapp_web.psgi' (if the app is MyApp::Web) in the
2965 ## home directory and load that and return it (just assume it is doing the
2966 ## right thing :) ). If that does not exist, call $app->psgi_app, wrap that
2967 ## in default_middleware and return it ( this is for backward compatibility
2968 ## with pre psgi port behavior ).
2970 sub _setup_psgi_app {
2973 for my $home (Path::Class::Dir->new($app->config->{home})) {
2974 my $psgi_file = $home->file(
2975 Catalyst::Utils::appprefix($app) . '.psgi',
2978 next unless -e $psgi_file;
2980 # If $psgi_file calls ->setup_engine, it's doing so to load
2981 # Catalyst::Engine::PSGI. But if it does that, we're only going to
2982 # throw away the loaded PSGI-app and load the 5.9 Catalyst::Engine
2983 # anyway. So set a flag (ick) that tells setup_engine not to populate
2984 # $c->engine or do any other things we might regret.
2986 $app->loading_psgi_file(1);
2987 my $psgi_app = Plack::Util::load_psgi($psgi_file);
2988 $app->loading_psgi_file(0);
2991 unless $app->engine_loader->needs_psgi_engine_compat_hack;
2994 Found a legacy Catalyst::Engine::PSGI .psgi file at ${psgi_file}.
2996 Its content has been ignored. Please consult the Catalyst::Upgrading
2997 documentation on how to upgrade from Catalyst::Engine::PSGI.
3001 return $app->apply_default_middlewares($app->psgi_app);
3004 =head2 $c->apply_default_middlewares
3006 Adds the following L<Plack> middlewares to your application, since they are
3007 useful and commonly needed:
3009 L<Plack::Middleware::LighttpdScriptNameFix> (if you are using Lighttpd),
3010 L<Plack::Middleware::IIS6ScriptNameFix> (always applied since this middleware
3011 is smart enough to conditionally apply itself).
3013 We will also automatically add L<Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxy> if we notice
3014 that your HTTP $env variable C<REMOTE_ADDR> is '127.0.0.1'. This is usually
3015 an indication that your server is running behind a proxy frontend. However in
3016 2014 this is often not the case. We preserve this code for backwards compatibility
3017 however I B<highly> recommend that if you are running the server behind a front
3018 end proxy that you clearly indicate so with the C<using_frontend_proxy> configuration
3019 setting to true for your environment configurations that run behind a proxy. This
3020 way if you change your front end proxy address someday your code would inexplicably
3021 stop working as expected.
3023 Additionally if we detect we are using Nginx, we add a bit of custom middleware
3024 to solve some problems with the way that server handles $ENV{PATH_INFO} and
3027 Please B<NOTE> that if you do use C<using_frontend_proxy> the middleware is now
3028 adding via C<registered_middleware> rather than this method.
3030 If you are using Lighttp or IIS6 you may wish to apply these middlewares. In
3031 general this is no longer a common case but we have this here for backward
3037 sub apply_default_middlewares {
3038 my ($app, $psgi_app) = @_;
3040 # Don't add this conditional IF we are explicitly saying we want the
3041 # frontend proxy support. We don't need it here since if that is the
3042 # case it will be always loaded in the default_middleware.
3044 unless($app->config->{using_frontend_proxy}) {
3045 $psgi_app = Plack::Middleware::Conditional->wrap(
3047 builder => sub { Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxy->wrap($_[0]) },
3050 return if $app->config->{ignore_frontend_proxy};
3051 return $env->{REMOTE_ADDR} eq '127.0.0.1';
3056 # If we're running under Lighttpd, swap PATH_INFO and SCRIPT_NAME
3057 # http://lists.scsys.co.uk/pipermail/catalyst/2006-June/008361.html
3058 $psgi_app = Plack::Middleware::Conditional->wrap(
3060 builder => sub { Plack::Middleware::LighttpdScriptNameFix->wrap($_[0]) },
3063 return unless $env->{SERVER_SOFTWARE} && $env->{SERVER_SOFTWARE} =~ m!lighttpd[-/]1\.(\d+\.\d+)!;
3064 return unless $1 < 4.23;
3069 # we're applying this unconditionally as the middleware itself already makes
3070 # sure it doesn't fuck things up if it's not running under one of the right
3072 $psgi_app = Plack::Middleware::IIS6ScriptNameFix->wrap($psgi_app);
3074 # And another IIS issue, this time with IIS7.
3075 $psgi_app = Plack::Middleware::Conditional->wrap(
3077 builder => sub { Plack::Middleware::IIS7KeepAliveFix->wrap($_[0]) },
3080 return $env->{SERVER_SOFTWARE} && $env->{SERVER_SOFTWARE} =~ m!IIS/7\.[0-9]!;
3087 =head2 App->psgi_app
3091 Returns a PSGI application code reference for the catalyst application
3092 C<$c>. This is the bare application created without the C<apply_default_middlewares>
3093 method called. We do however apply C<registered_middleware> since those are
3094 integral to how L<Catalyst> functions. Also, unlike starting your application
3095 with a generated server script (via L<Catalyst::Devel> and C<catalyst.pl>) we do
3096 not attempt to return a valid L<PSGI> application using any existing C<${myapp}.psgi>
3097 scripts in your $HOME directory.
3099 B<NOTE> C<apply_default_middlewares> was orginally created when the first PSGI
3100 port was done for v5.90000. These are middlewares that are added to achieve
3101 backward compatibility with older applications. If you start your application
3102 using one of the supplied server scripts (generated with L<Catalyst::Devel> and
3103 the project skeleton script C<catalyst.pl>) we apply C<apply_default_middlewares>
3104 automatically. This was done so that pre and post PSGI port applications would
3107 This is what you want to be using to retrieve the PSGI application code
3108 reference of your Catalyst application for use in a custom F<.psgi> or in your
3109 own created server modules.
3113 *to_app = \&psgi_app;
3117 my $psgi = $app->engine->build_psgi_app($app);
3118 return $app->Catalyst::Utils::apply_registered_middleware($psgi);
3121 =head2 $c->setup_home
3123 Sets up the home directory.
3128 my ( $class, $home ) = @_;
3130 if ( my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'HOME' ) ) {
3134 $home ||= Catalyst::Utils::home($class);
3137 #I remember recently being scolded for assigning config values like this
3138 $class->config->{home} ||= $home;
3139 $class->config->{root} ||= Path::Class::Dir->new($home)->subdir('root');
3143 =head2 $c->setup_encoding
3145 Sets up the input/output encoding. See L<ENCODING>
3149 sub setup_encoding {
3151 if( exists($c->config->{encoding}) && !defined($c->config->{encoding}) ) {
3152 # Ok, so the user has explicitly said "I don't want encoding..."
3155 my $enc = defined($c->config->{encoding}) ?
3156 delete $c->config->{encoding} : 'UTF-8'; # not sure why we delete it... (JNAP)
3161 =head2 handle_unicode_encoding_exception
3163 Hook to let you customize how encoding errors are handled. By default
3164 we just throw an exception. Receives a hashref of debug information.
3167 $c->handle_unicode_encoding_exception({
3168 param_value => $value,
3170 encoding_step => 'params',
3175 sub handle_unicode_encoding_exception {
3176 my ( $self, $exception_ctx ) = @_;
3177 die $exception_ctx->{error_msg};
3180 # Some unicode helpers cargo culted from the old plugin. These could likely
3183 sub _handle_unicode_decoding {
3184 my ( $self, $value ) = @_;
3186 return unless defined $value;
3188 ## I think this mess is to support the old nested
3189 if ( ref $value eq 'ARRAY' ) {
3190 foreach ( @$value ) {
3191 $_ = $self->_handle_unicode_decoding($_);
3195 elsif ( ref $value eq 'HASH' ) {
3196 foreach (keys %$value) {
3197 my $encoded_key = $self->_handle_param_unicode_decoding($_);
3198 $value->{$encoded_key} = $self->_handle_unicode_decoding($value->{$_});
3200 # If the key was encoded we now have two (the original and current so
3201 # delete the original.
3202 delete $value->{$_} if $_ ne $encoded_key;
3207 return $self->_handle_param_unicode_decoding($value);
3211 sub _handle_param_unicode_decoding {
3212 my ( $self, $value ) = @_;
3213 return unless defined $value; # not in love with just ignoring undefs - jnap
3215 my $enc = $self->encoding;
3217 $enc->decode( $value, $self->_encode_check );
3220 $self->handle_unicode_encoding_exception({
3221 param_value => $value,
3223 encoding_step => 'params',
3228 =head2 $c->setup_log
3230 Sets up log by instantiating a L<Catalyst::Log|Catalyst::Log> object and
3231 passing it to C<log()>. Pass in a comma-delimited list of levels to set the
3234 This method also installs a C<debug> method that returns a true value into the
3235 catalyst subclass if the "debug" level is passed in the comma-delimited list,
3236 or if the C<$CATALYST_DEBUG> environment variable is set to a true value.
3238 Note that if the log has already been setup, by either a previous call to
3239 C<setup_log> or by a call such as C<< __PACKAGE__->log( MyLogger->new ) >>,
3240 that this method won't actually set up the log object.
3245 my ( $class, $levels ) = @_;
3248 $levels =~ s/^\s+//;
3249 $levels =~ s/\s+$//;
3250 my %levels = map { $_ => 1 } split /\s*,\s*/, $levels;
3252 my $env_debug = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'DEBUG' );
3253 if ( defined $env_debug ) {
3254 $levels{debug} = 1 if $env_debug; # Ugly!
3255 delete($levels{debug}) unless $env_debug;
3258 unless ( $class->log ) {
3259 $class->log( Catalyst::Log->new(keys %levels) );
3262 if ( $levels{debug} ) {
3263 Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class)->add_method('debug' => sub { 1 });
3264 $class->log->debug('Debug messages enabled');
3268 =head2 $c->setup_plugins
3274 =head2 $c->setup_stats
3276 Sets up timing statistics class.
3281 my ( $class, $stats ) = @_;
3283 Catalyst::Utils::ensure_class_loaded($class->stats_class);
3285 my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'STATS' );
3286 if ( defined($env) ? $env : ($stats || $class->debug ) ) {
3287 Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class)->add_method('use_stats' => sub { 1 });
3288 $class->log->debug('Statistics enabled');
3293 =head2 $c->registered_plugins
3295 Returns a sorted list of the plugins which have either been stated in the
3298 If passed a given plugin name, it will report a boolean value indicating
3299 whether or not that plugin is loaded. A fully qualified name is required if
3300 the plugin name does not begin with C<Catalyst::Plugin::>.
3302 if ($c->registered_plugins('Some::Plugin')) {
3310 sub registered_plugins {
3312 return sort keys %{ $proto->_plugins } unless @_;
3314 return 1 if exists $proto->_plugins->{$plugin};
3315 return exists $proto->_plugins->{"Catalyst::Plugin::$plugin"};
3318 sub _register_plugin {
3319 my ( $proto, $plugin, $instant ) = @_;
3320 my $class = ref $proto || $proto;
3322 load_class( $plugin );
3323 $class->log->warn( "$plugin inherits from 'Catalyst::Component' - this is deprecated and will not work in 5.81" )
3324 if $plugin->isa( 'Catalyst::Component' );
3325 my $plugin_meta = Moose::Meta::Class->create($plugin);
3326 if (!$plugin_meta->has_method('new')
3327 && ( $plugin->isa('Class::Accessor::Fast') || $plugin->isa('Class::Accessor') ) ) {
3328 $plugin_meta->add_method('new', Moose::Object->meta->get_method('new'))
3330 if (!$instant && !$proto->_plugins->{$plugin}) {
3331 my $meta = Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class);
3332 $meta->superclasses($plugin, $meta->superclasses);
3334 $proto->_plugins->{$plugin} = 1;
3338 sub _default_plugins { return qw() }
3341 my ( $class, $plugins ) = @_;
3343 $class->_plugins( {} ) unless $class->_plugins;
3345 m/Unicode::Encoding/ ? do {
3347 'Unicode::Encoding plugin is auto-applied,'
3348 . ' please remove this from your appclass'
3349 . ' and make sure to define "encoding" config'
3351 unless (exists $class->config->{'encoding'}) {
3352 $class->config->{'encoding'} = 'UTF-8';
3357 push @$plugins, $class->_default_plugins;
3358 $plugins = Data::OptList::mkopt($plugins || []);
3361 [ Catalyst::Utils::resolve_namespace(
3362 $class . '::Plugin',
3363 'Catalyst::Plugin', $_->[0]
3369 for my $plugin ( reverse @plugins ) {
3370 load_class($plugin->[0], $plugin->[1]);
3371 my $meta = find_meta($plugin->[0]);
3372 next if $meta && $meta->isa('Moose::Meta::Role');
3374 $class->_register_plugin($plugin->[0]);
3378 map { $_->[0]->name, $_->[1] }
3379 grep { blessed($_->[0]) && $_->[0]->isa('Moose::Meta::Role') }
3380 map { [find_meta($_->[0]), $_->[1]] }
3383 Moose::Util::apply_all_roles(
3389 =head2 default_middleware
3391 Returns a list of instantiated PSGI middleware objects which is the default
3392 middleware that is active for this application (taking any configuration
3393 options into account, excluding your custom added middleware via the C<psgi_middleware>
3394 configuration option). You can override this method if you wish to change
3395 the default middleware (although do so at risk since some middleware is vital
3396 to application function.)
3398 The current default middleware list is:
3400 Catalyst::Middleware::Stash
3401 Plack::Middleware::HTTPExceptions
3402 Plack::Middleware::RemoveRedundantBody
3403 Plack::Middleware::FixMissingBodyInRedirect
3404 Plack::Middleware::ContentLength
3405 Plack::Middleware::MethodOverride
3406 Plack::Middleware::Head
3408 If the configuration setting C<using_frontend_proxy> is true we add:
3410 Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxy
3412 If the configuration setting C<using_frontend_proxy_path> is true we add:
3414 Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxyPath
3416 But B<NOTE> that L<Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxyPath> is not a dependency of the
3417 L<Catalyst> distribution so if you want to use this option you should add it to
3418 your project distribution file.
3420 These middlewares will be added at L</setup_middleware> during the
3421 L</setup> phase of application startup.
3425 sub default_middleware {
3428 Catalyst::Middleware::Stash->new,
3429 Plack::Middleware::HTTPExceptions->new,
3430 Plack::Middleware::RemoveRedundantBody->new,
3431 Plack::Middleware::FixMissingBodyInRedirect->new,
3432 Plack::Middleware::ContentLength->new,
3433 Plack::Middleware::MethodOverride->new,
3434 Plack::Middleware::Head->new);
3436 if($class->config->{using_frontend_proxy}) {
3437 push @mw, Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxy->new;
3440 if($class->config->{using_frontend_proxy_path}) {
3441 if(Class::Load::try_load_class('Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxyPath')) {
3442 push @mw, Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxyPath->new;
3444 $class->log->error("Cannot use configuration 'using_frontend_proxy_path' because 'Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxyPath' is not installed");
3451 =head2 registered_middlewares
3453 Read only accessor that returns an array of all the middleware in the order
3454 that they were added (which is the REVERSE of the order they will be applied).
3456 The values returned will be either instances of L<Plack::Middleware> or of a
3457 compatible interface, or a coderef, which is assumed to be inlined middleware
3459 =head2 setup_middleware (?@middleware)
3461 Read configuration information stored in configuration key C<psgi_middleware> or
3464 See under L</CONFIGURATION> information regarding C<psgi_middleware> and how
3465 to use it to enable L<Plack::Middleware>
3467 This method is automatically called during 'setup' of your application, so
3468 you really don't need to invoke it. However you may do so if you find the idea
3469 of loading middleware via configuration weird :). For example:
3475 __PACKAGE__->setup_middleware('Head');
3478 When we read middleware definitions from configuration, we reverse the list
3479 which sounds odd but is likely how you expect it to work if you have prior
3480 experience with L<Plack::Builder> or if you previously used the plugin
3481 L<Catalyst::Plugin::EnableMiddleware> (which is now considered deprecated)
3483 So basically your middleware handles an incoming request from the first
3484 registered middleware, down and handles the response from the last middleware
3489 sub registered_middlewares {
3491 if(my $middleware = $class->_psgi_middleware) {
3492 my @mw = ($class->default_middleware, @$middleware);
3494 if($class->config->{using_frontend_proxy}) {
3495 push @mw, Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxy->new;
3500 die "You cannot call ->registered_middlewares until middleware has been setup";
3504 sub setup_middleware {
3506 my @middleware_definitions;
3508 # If someone calls this method you can add middleware with args. However if its
3509 # called without an arg we need to setup the configuration middleware.
3511 @middleware_definitions = reverse(@_);
3513 @middleware_definitions = reverse(@{$class->config->{'psgi_middleware'}||[]})
3514 unless $class->config->{__configured_from_psgi_middleware};
3515 $class->config->{__configured_from_psgi_middleware} = 1; # Only do this once, just in case some people call setup over and over...
3518 my @middleware = ();
3519 while(my $next = shift(@middleware_definitions)) {
3521 if(Scalar::Util::blessed $next && $next->can('wrap')) {
3522 push @middleware, $next;
3523 } elsif(ref $next eq 'CODE') {
3524 push @middleware, $next;
3525 } elsif(ref $next eq 'HASH') {
3526 my $namespace = shift @middleware_definitions;
3527 my $mw = $class->Catalyst::Utils::build_middleware($namespace, %$next);
3528 push @middleware, $mw;
3530 die "I can't handle middleware definition ${\ref $next}";
3533 my $mw = $class->Catalyst::Utils::build_middleware($next);
3534 push @middleware, $mw;
3538 my @existing = @{$class->_psgi_middleware || []};
3539 $class->_psgi_middleware([@middleware,@existing,]);
3542 =head2 registered_data_handlers
3544 A read only copy of registered Data Handlers returned as a Hash, where each key
3545 is a content type and each value is a subref that attempts to decode that content
3548 =head2 setup_data_handlers (?@data_handler)
3550 Read configuration information stored in configuration key C<data_handlers> or
3553 See under L</CONFIGURATION> information regarding C<data_handlers>.
3555 This method is automatically called during 'setup' of your application, so
3556 you really don't need to invoke it.
3558 =head2 default_data_handlers
3560 Default Data Handlers that come bundled with L<Catalyst>. Currently there are
3561 only two default data handlers, for 'application/json' and an alternative to
3562 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' which supposed nested form parameters via
3563 L<CGI::Struct> or via L<CGI::Struct::XS> IF you've installed it.
3565 The 'application/json' data handler is used to parse incoming JSON into a Perl
3566 data structure. It used either L<JSON::MaybeXS> or L<JSON>, depending on which
3567 is installed. This allows you to fail back to L<JSON:PP>, which is a Pure Perl
3568 JSON decoder, and has the smallest dependency impact.
3570 Because we don't wish to add more dependencies to L<Catalyst>, if you wish to
3571 use this new feature we recommend installing L<JSON> or L<JSON::MaybeXS> in
3572 order to get the best performance. You should add either to your dependency
3573 list (Makefile.PL, dist.ini, cpanfile, etc.)
3577 sub registered_data_handlers {
3579 if(my $data_handlers = $class->_data_handlers) {
3580 return %$data_handlers;
3582 $class->setup_data_handlers;
3583 return $class->registered_data_handlers;
3587 sub setup_data_handlers {
3588 my ($class, %data_handler_callbacks) = @_;
3589 %data_handler_callbacks = (
3590 %{$class->default_data_handlers},
3591 %{$class->config->{'data_handlers'}||+{}},
3592 %data_handler_callbacks);
3594 $class->_data_handlers(\%data_handler_callbacks);
3597 sub default_data_handlers {
3600 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' => sub {
3601 my ($fh, $req) = @_;
3602 my $params = $req->_use_hash_multivalue ? $req->body_parameters->mixed : $req->body_parameters;
3603 Class::Load::load_first_existing_class('CGI::Struct::XS', 'CGI::Struct')
3604 ->can('build_cgi_struct')->($params);
3606 'application/json' => sub {
3607 my ($fh, $req) = @_;
3608 my $parser = Class::Load::load_first_existing_class('JSON::MaybeXS', 'JSON');
3612 $slurped = $fh->getline;
3613 $parser->can("decode_json")->($slurped);
3614 } || Catalyst::Exception->throw(sprintf "Error Parsing POST '%s', Error: %s", (defined($slurped) ? $slurped : 'undef') ,$@);
3619 sub _handle_http_exception {
3620 my ( $self, $error ) = @_;
3622 !$self->config->{always_catch_http_exceptions}
3625 $error->can('as_psgi')
3626 || ( $error->can('code')
3627 && $error->code =~ m/^[1-5][0-9][0-9]$/ )
3637 Returns an arrayref of the internal execution stack (actions that are
3638 currently executing).
3642 Returns the current timing statistics object. By default Catalyst uses
3643 L<Catalyst::Stats|Catalyst::Stats>, but can be set otherwise with
3644 L<< stats_class|/"$c->stats_class" >>.
3646 Even if L<< -Stats|/"-Stats" >> is not enabled, the stats object is still
3647 available. By enabling it with C< $c->stats->enabled(1) >, it can be used to
3648 profile explicitly, although MyApp.pm still won't profile nor output anything
3651 =head2 $c->stats_class
3653 Returns or sets the stats (timing statistics) class. L<Catalyst::Stats|Catalyst::Stats> is used by default.
3655 =head2 $c->use_stats
3657 Returns 1 when L<< stats collection|/"-Stats" >> is enabled.
3659 Note that this is a static method, not an accessor and should be overridden
3660 by declaring C<sub use_stats { 1 }> in your MyApp.pm, not by calling C<< $c->use_stats(1) >>.
3667 =head2 $c->write( $data )
3669 Writes $data to the output stream. When using this method directly, you
3670 will need to manually set the C<Content-Length> header to the length of
3671 your output data, if known.
3678 # Finalize headers if someone manually writes output (for compat)
3679 $c->finalize_headers;
3681 return $c->response->write( @_ );
3686 Returns the Catalyst version number. Mostly useful for "powered by"
3687 messages in template systems.
3691 sub version { return $Catalyst::VERSION }
3693 =head1 CONFIGURATION
3695 There are a number of 'base' config variables which can be set:
3701 C<always_catch_http_exceptions> - As of version 5.90060 Catalyst
3702 rethrows errors conforming to the interface described by
3703 L<Plack::Middleware::HTTPExceptions> and lets the middleware deal with it.
3704 Set true to get the deprecated behaviour and have Catalyst catch HTTP exceptions.
3708 C<default_model> - The default model picked if you say C<< $c->model >>. See L<< /$c->model($name) >>.
3712 C<default_view> - The default view to be rendered or returned when C<< $c->view >> is called. See L<< /$c->view($name) >>.
3716 C<disable_component_resolution_regex_fallback> - Turns
3717 off the deprecated component resolution functionality so
3718 that if any of the component methods (e.g. C<< $c->controller('Foo') >>)
3719 are called then regex search will not be attempted on string values and
3720 instead C<undef> will be returned.
3724 C<home> - The application home directory. In an uninstalled application,
3725 this is the top level application directory. In an installed application,
3726 this will be the directory containing C<< MyApp.pm >>.
3730 C<ignore_frontend_proxy> - See L</PROXY SUPPORT>
3734 C<name> - The name of the application in debug messages and the debug and
3739 C<parse_on_demand> - The request body (for example file uploads) will not be parsed
3740 until it is accessed. This allows you to (for example) check authentication (and reject
3741 the upload) before actually receiving all the data. See L</ON-DEMAND PARSER>
3745 C<root> - The root directory for templates. Usually this is just a
3746 subdirectory of the home directory, but you can set it to change the
3747 templates to a different directory.
3751 C<search_extra> - Array reference passed to Module::Pluggable to for additional
3752 namespaces from which components will be loaded (and constructed and stored in
3753 C<< $c->components >>).
3757 C<show_internal_actions> - If true, causes internal actions such as C<< _DISPATCH >>
3758 to be shown in hit debug tables in the test server.
3762 C<use_request_uri_for_path> - Controls if the C<REQUEST_URI> or C<PATH_INFO> environment
3763 variable should be used for determining the request path.
3765 Most web server environments pass the requested path to the application using environment variables,
3766 from which Catalyst has to reconstruct the request base (i.e. the top level path to / in the application,
3767 exposed as C<< $c->request->base >>) and the request path below that base.
3769 There are two methods of doing this, both of which have advantages and disadvantages. Which method is used
3770 is determined by the C<< $c->config(use_request_uri_for_path) >> setting (which can either be true or false).
3774 =item use_request_uri_for_path => 0
3776 This is the default (and the) traditional method that Catalyst has used for determining the path information.
3777 The path is generated from a combination of the C<PATH_INFO> and C<SCRIPT_NAME> environment variables.
3778 The allows the application to behave correctly when C<mod_rewrite> is being used to redirect requests
3779 into the application, as these variables are adjusted by mod_rewrite to take account for the redirect.
3781 However this method has the major disadvantage that it is impossible to correctly decode some elements
3782 of the path, as RFC 3875 says: "C<< Unlike a URI path, the PATH_INFO is not URL-encoded, and cannot
3783 contain path-segment parameters. >>" This means PATH_INFO is B<always> decoded, and therefore Catalyst
3784 can't distinguish / vs %2F in paths (in addition to other encoded values).
3786 =item use_request_uri_for_path => 1
3788 This method uses the C<REQUEST_URI> and C<SCRIPT_NAME> environment variables. As C<REQUEST_URI> is never
3789 decoded, this means that applications using this mode can correctly handle URIs including the %2F character
3790 (i.e. with C<AllowEncodedSlashes> set to C<On> in Apache).
3792 Given that this method of path resolution is provably more correct, it is recommended that you use
3793 this unless you have a specific need to deploy your application in a non-standard environment, and you are
3794 aware of the implications of not being able to handle encoded URI paths correctly.
3796 However it also means that in a number of cases when the app isn't installed directly at a path, but instead
3797 is having paths rewritten into it (e.g. as a .cgi/fcgi in a public_html directory, with mod_rewrite in a
3798 .htaccess file, or when SSI is used to rewrite pages into the app, or when sub-paths of the app are exposed
3799 at other URIs than that which the app is 'normally' based at with C<mod_rewrite>), the resolution of
3800 C<< $c->request->base >> will be incorrect.
3806 C<using_frontend_proxy> - See L</PROXY SUPPORT>.
3810 C<using_frontend_proxy_path> - Enabled L<Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxyPath> on your application (if
3811 installed, otherwise log an error). This is useful if your application is not running on the
3812 'root' (or /) of your host server. B<NOTE> if you use this feature you should add the required
3813 middleware to your project dependency list since its not automatically a dependency of L<Catalyst>.
3814 This has been done since not all people need this feature and we wish to restrict the growth of
3815 L<Catalyst> dependencies.
3819 C<encoding> - See L</ENCODING>
3821 This now defaults to 'UTF-8'. You my turn it off by setting this configuration
3826 C<abort_chain_on_error_fix>
3828 When there is an error in an action chain, the default behavior is to continue
3829 processing the remaining actions and then catch the error upon chain end. This
3830 can lead to running actions when the application is in an unexpected state. If
3831 you have this issue, setting this config value to true will promptly exit a
3832 chain when there is an error raised in any action (thus terminating the chain
3837 __PACKAGE__->config(abort_chain_on_error_fix => 1);
3839 In the future this might become the default behavior.
3843 C<use_hash_multivalue_in_request>
3845 In L<Catalyst::Request> the methods C<query_parameters>, C<body_parametes>
3846 and C<parameters> return a hashref where values might be scalar or an arrayref
3847 depending on the incoming data. In many cases this can be undesirable as it
3848 leads one to writing defensive code like the following:
3850 my ($val) = ref($c->req->parameters->{a}) ?
3851 @{$c->req->parameters->{a}} :
3852 $c->req->parameters->{a};
3854 Setting this configuration item to true will make L<Catalyst> populate the
3855 attributes underlying these methods with an instance of L<Hash::MultiValue>
3856 which is used by L<Plack::Request> and others to solve this very issue. You
3857 may prefer this behavior to the default, if so enable this option (be warned
3858 if you enable it in a legacy application we are not sure if it is completely
3859 backwardly compatible).
3863 C<psgi_middleware> - See L<PSGI MIDDLEWARE>.
3867 C<data_handlers> - See L<DATA HANDLERS>.
3873 Generally when you throw an exception inside an Action (or somewhere in
3874 your stack, such as in a model that an Action is calling) that exception
3875 is caught by Catalyst and unless you either catch it yourself (via eval
3876 or something like L<Try::Tiny> or by reviewing the L</error> stack, it
3877 will eventually reach L</finalize_errors> and return either the debugging
3878 error stack page, or the default error page. However, if your exception
3879 can be caught by L<Plack::Middleware::HTTPExceptions>, L<Catalyst> will
3880 instead rethrow it so that it can be handled by that middleware (which
3881 is part of the default middleware). For example this would allow
3883 use HTTP::Throwable::Factory 'http_throw';
3885 sub throws_exception :Local {
3886 my ($self, $c) = @_;
3888 http_throw(SeeOther => { location =>
3889 $c->uri_for($self->action_for('redirect')) });
3893 =head1 INTERNAL ACTIONS
3895 Catalyst uses internal actions like C<_DISPATCH>, C<_BEGIN>, C<_AUTO>,
3896 C<_ACTION>, and C<_END>. These are by default not shown in the private
3897 action table, but you can make them visible with a config parameter.
3899 MyApp->config(show_internal_actions => 1);
3901 =head1 ON-DEMAND PARSER
3903 The request body is usually parsed at the beginning of a request,
3904 but if you want to handle input yourself, you can enable on-demand
3905 parsing with a config parameter.
3907 MyApp->config(parse_on_demand => 1);
3909 =head1 PROXY SUPPORT
3911 Many production servers operate using the common double-server approach,
3912 with a lightweight frontend web server passing requests to a larger
3913 backend server. An application running on the backend server must deal
3914 with two problems: the remote user always appears to be C<127.0.0.1> and
3915 the server's hostname will appear to be C<localhost> regardless of the
3916 virtual host that the user connected through.
3918 Catalyst will automatically detect this situation when you are running
3919 the frontend and backend servers on the same machine. The following
3920 changes are made to the request.
3922 $c->req->address is set to the user's real IP address, as read from
3923 the HTTP X-Forwarded-For header.
3925 The host value for $c->req->base and $c->req->uri is set to the real
3926 host, as read from the HTTP X-Forwarded-Host header.
3928 Additionally, you may be running your backend application on an insecure
3929 connection (port 80) while your frontend proxy is running under SSL. If there
3930 is a discrepancy in the ports, use the HTTP header C<X-Forwarded-Port> to
3931 tell Catalyst what port the frontend listens on. This will allow all URIs to
3932 be created properly.
3934 In the case of passing in:
3936 X-Forwarded-Port: 443
3938 All calls to C<uri_for> will result in an https link, as is expected.
3940 Obviously, your web server must support these headers for this to work.
3942 In a more complex server farm environment where you may have your
3943 frontend proxy server(s) on different machines, you will need to set a
3944 configuration option to tell Catalyst to read the proxied data from the
3947 MyApp->config(using_frontend_proxy => 1);
3949 If you do not wish to use the proxy support at all, you may set:
3951 MyApp->config(ignore_frontend_proxy => 0);
3953 =head2 Note about psgi files
3955 Note that if you supply your own .psgi file, calling
3956 C<< MyApp->psgi_app(@_); >>, then B<this will not happen automatically>.
3958 You either need to apply L<Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxy> yourself
3959 in your psgi, for example:
3962 enable "Plack::Middleware::ReverseProxy";
3966 This will unconditionally add the ReverseProxy support, or you need to call
3967 C<< $app = MyApp->apply_default_middlewares($app) >> (to conditionally
3968 apply the support depending upon your config).
3970 See L<Catalyst::PSGI> for more information.
3972 =head1 THREAD SAFETY
3974 Catalyst has been tested under Apache 2's threading C<mpm_worker>,
3975 C<mpm_winnt>, and the standalone forking HTTP server on Windows. We
3976 believe the Catalyst core to be thread-safe.
3978 If you plan to operate in a threaded environment, remember that all other
3979 modules you are using must also be thread-safe. Some modules, most notably
3980 L<DBD::SQLite>, are not thread-safe.
3982 =head1 DATA HANDLERS
3984 The L<Catalyst::Request> object uses L<HTTP::Body> to populate 'classic' HTML
3985 form parameters and URL search query fields. However it has become common
3986 for various alternative content types to be PUT or POSTed to your controllers
3987 and actions. People working on RESTful APIs, or using AJAX often use JSON,
3988 XML and other content types when communicating with an application server. In
3989 order to better support this use case, L<Catalyst> defines a global configuration
3990 option, C<data_handlers>, which lets you associate a content type with a coderef
3991 that parses that content type into something Perl can readily access.
3998 __PACKAGE__->config(
4000 'application/json' => sub { local $/; decode_json $_->getline },
4002 ## Any other configuration.
4007 By default L<Catalyst> comes with a generic JSON data handler similar to the
4008 example given above, which uses L<JSON::Maybe> to provide either L<JSON::PP>
4009 (a pure Perl, dependency free JSON parser) or L<Cpanel::JSON::XS> if you have
4010 it installed (if you want the faster XS parser, add it to you project Makefile.PL
4011 or dist.ini, cpanfile, etc.)
4013 The C<data_handlers> configuration is a hashref whose keys are HTTP Content-Types
4014 (matched against the incoming request type using a regexp such as to be case
4015 insensitive) and whose values are coderefs that receive a localized version of
4016 C<$_> which is a filehandle object pointing to received body.
4018 This feature is considered an early access release and we reserve the right
4019 to alter the interface in order to provide a performant and secure solution to
4020 alternative request body content. Your reports welcomed!
4022 =head1 PSGI MIDDLEWARE
4024 You can define middleware, defined as L<Plack::Middleware> or a compatible
4025 interface in configuration. Your middleware definitions are in the form of an
4026 arrayref under the configuration key C<psgi_middleware>. Here's an example
4027 with details to follow:
4032 use Plack::Middleware::StackTrace;
4034 my $stacktrace_middleware = Plack::Middleware::StackTrace->new;
4036 __PACKAGE__->config(
4037 'psgi_middleware', [
4040 $stacktrace_middleware,
4041 'Session' => {store => 'File'},
4046 $env->{myapp.customkey} = 'helloworld';
4055 So the general form is:
4057 __PACKAGE__->config(psgi_middleware => \@middleware_definitions);
4059 Where C<@middleware> is one or more of the following, applied in the REVERSE of
4060 the order listed (to make it function similarly to L<Plack::Builder>:
4062 Alternatively, you may also define middleware by calling the L</setup_middleware>
4069 __PACKAGE__->setup_middleware( \@middleware_definitions);
4072 In the case where you do both (use 'setup_middleware' and configuration) the
4073 package call to setup_middleware will be applied earlier (in other words its
4074 middleware will wrap closer to the application). Keep this in mind since in
4075 some cases the order of middleware is important.
4077 The two approaches are not exclusive.
4081 =item Middleware Object
4083 An already initialized object that conforms to the L<Plack::Middleware>
4086 my $stacktrace_middleware = Plack::Middleware::StackTrace->new;
4088 __PACKAGE__->config(
4089 'psgi_middleware', [
4090 $stacktrace_middleware,
4096 A coderef that is an inlined middleware:
4098 __PACKAGE__->config(
4099 'psgi_middleware', [
4104 if($env->{PATH_INFO} =~m/forced/) {
4106 ->new(file=>TestApp->path_to(qw/share static forced.txt/))
4109 return $app->($env);
4119 We assume the scalar refers to a namespace after normalizing it using the
4122 (1) If the scalar is prefixed with a "+" (as in C<+MyApp::Foo>) then the full string
4123 is assumed to be 'as is', and we just install and use the middleware.
4125 (2) If the scalar begins with "Plack::Middleware" or your application namespace
4126 (the package name of your Catalyst application subclass), we also assume then
4127 that it is a full namespace, and use it.
4129 (3) Lastly, we then assume that the scalar is a partial namespace, and attempt to
4130 resolve it first by looking for it under your application namespace (for example
4131 if you application is "MyApp::Web" and the scalar is "MyMiddleware", we'd look
4132 under "MyApp::Web::Middleware::MyMiddleware") and if we don't find it there, we
4133 will then look under the regular L<Plack::Middleware> namespace (i.e. for the
4134 previous we'd try "Plack::Middleware::MyMiddleware"). We look under your application
4135 namespace first to let you 'override' common L<Plack::Middleware> locally, should
4136 you find that a good idea.
4142 __PACKAGE__->config(
4143 'psgi_middleware', [
4144 'Debug', ## MyAppWeb::Middleware::Debug->wrap or Plack::Middleware::Debug->wrap
4145 'Plack::Middleware::Stacktrace', ## Plack::Middleware::Stacktrace->wrap
4146 '+MyApp::Custom', ## MyApp::Custom->wrap
4150 =item a scalar followed by a hashref
4152 Just like the previous, except the following C<HashRef> is used as arguments
4153 to initialize the middleware object.
4155 __PACKAGE__->config(
4156 'psgi_middleware', [
4157 'Session' => {store => 'File'},
4162 Please see L<PSGI> for more on middleware.
4166 On request, decodes all params from encoding into a sequence of
4167 logical characters. On response, encodes body into encoding.
4169 By default encoding is now 'UTF-8'. You may turn it off by setting
4170 the encoding configuration to undef.
4172 Encoding is automatically applied when the content-type is set to
4173 a type that can be encoded. Currently we encode when the content type
4174 matches the following regular expression:
4176 $content_type =~ /^text|xml$|javascript$/
4178 Encoding is set on the application, but it is copied to the context object
4179 so that you can override it on a request basis.
4181 Be default we don't automatically encode 'application/json' since the most
4182 popular JSON encoders (such as L<JSON::MaybeXS> which is the library that
4183 L<Catalyst> can make use of) will do the UTF8 encoding and decoding automatically.
4184 Having it on in Catalyst could result in double encoding.
4186 If you are producing JSON response in an unconventional manner (such
4187 as via a template or manual strings) you should perform the UTF8 encoding
4188 manually as well such as to conform to the JSON specification.
4190 NOTE: We also examine the value of $c->response->content_encoding. If
4191 you set this (like for example 'gzip', and manually gzipping the body)
4192 we assume that you have done all the neccessary encoding yourself, since
4193 we cannot encode the gzipped contents. If you use a plugin like
4194 L<Catalyst::Plugin::Compress> we will be updating that plugin to work
4195 with the new UTF8 encoding code, or you can use L<Plack::Middleware::Deflater>
4196 or (probably best) do your compression on a front end proxy.
4204 Returns an instance of an C<Encode> encoding
4206 print $c->encoding->name
4208 =item handle_unicode_encoding_exception ($exception_context)
4210 Method called when decoding process for a request fails.
4212 An C<$exception_context> hashref is provided to allow you to override the
4213 behaviour of your application when given data with incorrect encodings.
4215 The default method throws exceptions in the case of invalid request parameters
4216 (resulting in a 500 error), but ignores errors in upload filenames.
4218 The keys passed in the C<$exception_context> hash are:
4224 The value which was not able to be decoded.
4228 The exception received from L<Encode>.
4232 What type of data was being decoded. Valid values are (currently)
4233 C<params> - for request parameters / arguments / captures
4234 and C<uploads> - for request upload filenames.
4244 Join #catalyst on irc.perl.org.
4248 http://lists.scsys.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/catalyst
4249 http://lists.scsys.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/catalyst-dev
4253 http://catalyst.perl.org
4257 http://dev.catalyst.perl.org
4261 =head2 L<Task::Catalyst> - All you need to start with Catalyst
4263 =head2 L<Catalyst::Manual> - The Catalyst Manual
4265 =head2 L<Catalyst::Component>, L<Catalyst::Controller> - Base classes for components
4267 =head2 L<Catalyst::Engine> - Core engine
4269 =head2 L<Catalyst::Log> - Log class.
4271 =head2 L<Catalyst::Request> - Request object
4273 =head2 L<Catalyst::Response> - Response object
4275 =head2 L<Catalyst::Test> - The test suite.
4277 =head1 PROJECT FOUNDER
4279 sri: Sebastian Riedel <sri@cpan.org>
4285 acme: Leon Brocard <leon@astray.com>
4287 abraxxa: Alexander Hartmaier <abraxxa@cpan.org>
4291 Andrew Ford E<lt>A.Ford@ford-mason.co.ukE<gt>
4295 andyg: Andy Grundman <andy@hybridized.org>
4297 audreyt: Audrey Tang
4299 bricas: Brian Cassidy <bricas@cpan.org>
4301 Caelum: Rafael Kitover <rkitover@io.com>
4303 chansen: Christian Hansen
4305 chicks: Christopher Hicks
4307 Chisel Wright C<pause@herlpacker.co.uk>
4309 Danijel Milicevic C<me@danijel.de>
4311 davewood: David Schmidt <davewood@cpan.org>
4313 David Kamholz E<lt>dkamholz@cpan.orgE<gt>
4315 David Naughton, C<naughton@umn.edu>
4319 dhoss: Devin Austin <dhoss@cpan.org>
4321 dkubb: Dan Kubb <dan.kubb-cpan@onautopilot.com>
4325 dwc: Daniel Westermann-Clark <danieltwc@cpan.org>
4327 esskar: Sascha Kiefer
4329 fireartist: Carl Franks <cfranks@cpan.org>
4331 frew: Arthur Axel "fREW" Schmidt <frioux@gmail.com>
4333 gabb: Danijel Milicevic
4337 Gavin Henry C<ghenry@perl.me.uk>
4341 groditi: Guillermo Roditi <groditi@gmail.com>
4343 hobbs: Andrew Rodland <andrew@cleverdomain.org>
4345 ilmari: Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker <ilmari@ilmari.org>
4347 jcamacho: Juan Camacho
4349 jester: Jesse Sheidlower C<jester@panix.com>
4351 jhannah: Jay Hannah <jay@jays.net>
4357 jon: Jon Schutz <jjschutz@cpan.org>
4359 Jonathan Rockway C<< <jrockway@cpan.org> >>
4361 Kieren Diment C<kd@totaldatasolution.com>
4363 konobi: Scott McWhirter <konobi@cpan.org>
4365 marcus: Marcus Ramberg <mramberg@cpan.org>
4367 miyagawa: Tatsuhiko Miyagawa <miyagawa@bulknews.net>
4369 mgrimes: Mark Grimes <mgrimes@cpan.org>
4371 mst: Matt S. Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
4375 naughton: David Naughton
4377 ningu: David Kamholz <dkamholz@cpan.org>
4379 nothingmuch: Yuval Kogman <nothingmuch@woobling.org>
4381 numa: Dan Sully <daniel@cpan.org>
4387 omega: Andreas Marienborg
4389 Oleg Kostyuk <cub.uanic@gmail.com>
4391 phaylon: Robert Sedlacek <phaylon@dunkelheit.at>
4393 rafl: Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>
4395 random: Roland Lammel <lammel@cpan.org>
4397 Robert Sedlacek C<< <rs@474.at> >>
4399 SpiceMan: Marcel Montes
4403 szbalint: Balint Szilakszi <szbalint@cpan.org>
4405 t0m: Tomas Doran <bobtfish@bobtfish.net>
4409 vanstyn: Henry Van Styn <vanstyn@cpan.org>
4411 Viljo Marrandi C<vilts@yahoo.com>
4413 Will Hawes C<info@whawes.co.uk>
4415 willert: Sebastian Willert <willert@cpan.org>
4417 wreis: Wallace Reis <wreis@cpan.org>
4419 Yuval Kogman, C<nothingmuch@woobling.org>
4421 rainboxx: Matthias Dietrich, C<perl@rainboxx.de>
4423 dd070: Dhaval Dhanani <dhaval070@gmail.com>
4425 Upasana <me@upasana.me>
4429 Copyright (c) 2005-2014, the above named PROJECT FOUNDER and CONTRIBUTORS.
4433 This library is free software. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
4434 the same terms as Perl itself.
4440 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;