3 package Catalyst::Plugin::Session;
6 with 'MooseX::Emulate::Class::Accessor::Fast';
8 use Catalyst::Exception ();
11 use Object::Signature ();
13 use List::Util qw/ max /;
15 use namespace::clean -except => 'meta';
17 our $VERSION = '0.38';
18 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
20 my @session_data_accessors; # used in delete_session
22 __PACKAGE__->mk_accessors(
23 "_session_delete_reason",
24 @session_data_accessors = qw/
28 _extended_session_expires
33 _tried_loading_session_id
34 _tried_loading_session_data
35 _tried_loading_session_expires
36 _tried_loading_flash_data
40 sub _session_plugin_config {
42 # FIXME - Start warning once all the state/store modules have also been updated.
43 #$c->log->warn("Deprecated 'session' config key used, please use the key 'Plugin::Session' instead")
44 # if exists $c->config->{session}
45 #$c->config->{'Plugin::Session'} ||= delete($c->config->{session}) || {};
46 $c->config->{'Plugin::Session'} ||= $c->config->{session} || {};
52 $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
54 $c->check_session_plugin_requirements;
60 sub check_session_plugin_requirements {
63 unless ( $c->isa("Catalyst::Plugin::Session::State")
64 && $c->isa("Catalyst::Plugin::Session::Store") )
67 ( "The Session plugin requires both Session::State "
68 . "and Session::Store plugins to be used as well." );
71 Catalyst::Exception->throw($err);
78 my $cfg = $c->_session_plugin_config;
83 verify_user_agent => 0,
84 expiry_threshold => 0,
88 $c->maybe::next::method();
94 $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
96 if ( $c->_session_plugin_config->{flash_to_stash}
98 and my $flash_data = $c->flash )
100 @{ $c->stash }{ keys %$flash_data } = values %$flash_data;
104 sub finalize_headers {
107 # fix cookie before we send headers
108 $c->_save_session_expires;
110 # Force extension of session_expires before finalizing headers, so a pos
111 # up to date. First call to session_expires will extend the expiry, subs
112 # just return the previously extended value.
115 return $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
121 # We have to finalize our session *before* $c->engine->finalize_xxx is called,
122 # because we do not want to send the HTTP response before the session is stored/committed to
123 # the session database (or whatever Session::Store you use).
124 $c->finalize_session;
126 return $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
129 sub finalize_session {
132 $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
134 $c->_save_session_id;
138 $c->_clear_session_instance_data;
141 sub _session_updated {
144 if ( my $session_data = $c->_session ) {
146 no warnings 'uninitialized';
147 if ( Object::Signature::signature($session_data) ne
148 $c->_session_data_sig )
150 return $session_data;
162 sub _save_session_id {
165 # we already called set when allocating
166 # no need to tell the state plugins anything new
169 sub _save_session_expires {
172 if ( defined($c->_session_expires) ) {
174 if (my $sid = $c->sessionid) {
176 my $current = $c->_get_stored_session_expires;
177 my $extended = $c->session_expires;
178 if ($extended > $current) {
179 $c->store_session_data( "expires:$sid" => $extended );
189 if ( my $session_data = $c->_session_updated ) {
191 $session_data->{__updated} = time();
192 my $sid = $c->sessionid;
193 $c->store_session_data( "session:$sid" => $session_data );
200 if ( my $flash_data = $c->_flash ) {
202 my $hashes = $c->_flash_key_hashes || {};
203 my $keep = $c->_flash_keep_keys || {};
204 foreach my $key ( keys %$hashes ) {
205 if ( !exists $keep->{$key} and Object::Signature::signature( \$flash_data->{$key} ) eq $hashes->{$key} ) {
206 delete $flash_data->{$key};
210 my $sid = $c->sessionid;
212 my $session_data = $c->_session;
214 $session_data->{__flash} = $flash_data;
217 delete $session_data->{__flash};
219 $c->_session($session_data);
224 sub _load_session_expires {
226 return $c->_session_expires if $c->_tried_loading_session_expires;
227 $c->_tried_loading_session_expires(1);
229 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
230 my $expires = $c->_get_stored_session_expires;
232 if ( $expires >= time() ) {
233 $c->_session_expires( $expires );
236 $c->delete_session( "session expired" );
246 return $c->_session if $c->_tried_loading_session_data;
247 $c->_tried_loading_session_data(1);
249 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
250 if ( $c->_load_session_expires ) { # > 0
252 my $session_data = $c->get_session_data("session:$sid") || return;
253 $c->_session($session_data);
255 no warnings 'uninitialized'; # ne __address
256 if ( $c->_session_plugin_config->{verify_address}
257 && exists $session_data->{__address}
258 && $session_data->{__address} ne $c->request->address )
261 "Deleting session $sid due to address mismatch ("
262 . $session_data->{__address} . " != "
263 . $c->request->address . ")"
265 $c->delete_session("address mismatch");
268 if ( $c->_session_plugin_config->{verify_user_agent}
269 && $session_data->{__user_agent} ne $c->request->user_agent )
272 "Deleting session $sid due to user agent mismatch ("
273 . $session_data->{__user_agent} . " != "
274 . $c->request->user_agent . ")"
276 $c->delete_session("user agent mismatch");
280 $c->log->debug(qq/Restored session "$sid"/) if $c->debug;
281 $c->_session_data_sig( Object::Signature::signature($session_data) ) if $session_data;
282 $c->_expire_session_keys;
284 return $session_data;
293 return $c->_flash if $c->_tried_loading_flash_data;
294 $c->_tried_loading_flash_data(1);
296 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
298 my $session_data = $c->session;
299 $c->_flash($session_data->{__flash});
301 if ( my $flash_data = $c->_flash )
303 $c->_flash_key_hashes({ map { $_ => Object::Signature::signature( \$flash_data->{$_} ) } keys %$flash_data });
312 sub _expire_session_keys {
313 my ( $c, $data ) = @_;
317 my $expire_times = ( $data || $c->_session || {} )->{__expire_keys} || {};
318 foreach my $key ( grep { $expire_times->{$_} < $now } keys %$expire_times ) {
319 delete $c->_session->{$key};
320 delete $expire_times->{$key};
324 sub _clear_session_instance_data {
326 $c->$_(undef) for @session_data_accessors;
327 $c->maybe::next::method(@_); # allow other plugins to hook in on this
330 sub change_session_id {
333 my $sessiondata = $c->session;
334 my $oldsid = $c->sessionid;
335 my $newsid = $c->create_session_id;
338 $c->log->debug(qq/change_sessid: deleting session data from "$oldsid"/) if $c->debug;
339 $c->delete_session_data("${_}:${oldsid}") for qw/session expires flash/;
342 $c->log->debug(qq/change_sessid: storing session data to "$newsid"/) if $c->debug;
343 $c->store_session_data( "session:$newsid" => $sessiondata );
349 my ( $c, $msg ) = @_;
351 $c->log->debug("Deleting session" . ( defined($msg) ? "($msg)" : '(no reason given)') ) if $c->debug;
353 # delete the session data
354 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
355 $c->delete_session_data("${_}:${sid}") for qw/session expires flash/;
356 $c->delete_session_id($sid);
359 # reset the values in the context object
360 # see the BEGIN block
361 $c->_clear_session_instance_data;
363 $c->_session_delete_reason($msg);
366 sub session_delete_reason {
369 $c->session_is_valid; # check that it was loaded
371 $c->_session_delete_reason(@_);
374 sub session_expires {
377 if ( defined( my $expires = $c->_extended_session_expires ) ) {
379 } elsif ( defined( $expires = $c->_load_session_expires ) ) {
380 return $c->extend_session_expires( $expires );
386 sub extend_session_expires {
387 my ( $c, $expires ) = @_;
389 my $threshold = $c->_session_plugin_config->{expiry_threshold} || 0;
391 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
392 my $expires = $c->_get_stored_session_expires;
393 my $cutoff = $expires - $threshold;
395 if (!$threshold || $cutoff <= time || $c->_session_updated) {
397 $c->_extended_session_expires( my $updated = $c->calculate_initial_session_expires() );
398 $c->extend_session_id( $sid, $updated );
416 sub change_session_expires {
417 my ( $c, $expires ) = @_;
420 my $sid = $c->sessionid;
421 my $time_exp = time() + $expires;
422 $c->store_session_data( "expires:$sid" => $time_exp );
425 sub _get_stored_session_expires {
428 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
429 return $c->get_session_data("expires:$sid") || 0;
435 sub initial_session_expires {
437 return ( time() + $c->_session_plugin_config->{expires} );
440 sub calculate_initial_session_expires {
442 return max( $c->initial_session_expires, $c->_get_stored_session_expires );
445 sub calculate_extended_session_expires {
446 my ( $c, $prev ) = @_;
447 return ( time() + $prev );
450 sub reset_session_expires {
451 my ( $c, $sid ) = @_;
453 my $exp = $c->calculate_initial_session_expires;
454 $c->_session_expires( $exp );
456 # since we're setting _session_expires directly, make load_session_expires
457 # actually use that value.
459 $c->_tried_loading_session_expires(1);
460 $c->_extended_session_expires( $exp );
467 return $c->_sessionid || $c->_load_sessionid;
470 sub _load_sessionid {
472 return if $c->_tried_loading_session_id;
473 $c->_tried_loading_session_id(1);
475 if ( defined( my $sid = $c->get_session_id ) ) {
476 if ( $c->validate_session_id($sid) ) {
477 # temporarily set the inner key, so that validation will work
478 $c->_sessionid($sid);
481 my $err = "Tried to set invalid session ID '$sid'";
482 $c->log->error($err);
483 Catalyst::Exception->throw($err);
490 sub session_is_valid {
493 # force a check for expiry, but also __address, etc
494 if ( $c->_load_session ) {
501 sub validate_session_id {
502 my ( $c, $sid ) = @_;
504 $sid and $sid =~ /^[a-f\d]+$/i;
510 my $session = $c->_session || $c->_load_session || do {
511 $c->create_session_id_if_needed;
512 $c->initialize_session_data;
516 my $new_values = @_ > 1 ? { @_ } : $_[0];
517 croak('session takes a hash or hashref') unless ref $new_values;
519 for my $key (keys %$new_values) {
520 $session->{$key} = $new_values->{$key};
528 my ( $c, @keys ) = @_;
529 my $href = $c->_flash_keep_keys || $c->_flash_keep_keys({});
530 (@{$href}{@keys}) = ((undef) x @keys);
535 $c->_flash || $c->_load_flash || do {
536 $c->create_session_id_if_needed;
544 my $items = @_ > 1 ? {@_} : $_[0];
545 croak('flash takes a hash or hashref') unless ref $items;
546 @{ $c->_flash }{ keys %$items } = values %$items;
560 #$c->delete_session_data("flash:" . $c->sessionid); # should this be in here? or delayed till finalization?
561 $c->_flash_key_hashes({});
562 $c->_flash_keep_keys({});
566 sub session_expire_key {
567 my ( $c, %keys ) = @_;
570 @{ $c->session->{__expire_keys} }{ keys %keys } =
571 map { $now + $_ } values %keys;
574 sub initialize_session_data {
585 $c->_session_plugin_config->{verify_address}
586 ? ( __address => $c->request->address||'' )
590 $c->_session_plugin_config->{verify_user_agent}
591 ? ( __user_agent => $c->request->user_agent||'' )
598 sub generate_session_id {
601 my $digest = $c->_find_digest();
602 $digest->add( $c->session_hash_seed() );
603 return $digest->hexdigest;
606 sub create_session_id_if_needed {
608 $c->create_session_id unless $c->sessionid;
611 sub create_session_id {
614 my $sid = $c->generate_session_id;
616 $c->log->debug(qq/Created session "$sid"/) if $c->debug;
618 $c->_sessionid($sid);
619 $c->reset_session_expires;
620 $c->set_session_id($sid);
627 sub session_hash_seed {
630 return join( "", ++$counter, time, rand, $$, {}, overload::StrVal($c), );
635 sub _find_digest () {
637 foreach my $alg (qw/SHA-1 SHA-256 MD5/) {
638 if ( eval { Digest->new($alg) } ) {
643 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
644 "Could not find a suitable Digest module. Please install "
645 . "Digest::SHA1, Digest::SHA, or Digest::MD5" )
649 return Digest->new($usable);
656 $c->maybe::next::method(),
659 ? ( [ "Session ID" => $c->sessionid ], [ Session => $c->session ], )
665 sub get_session_id { shift->maybe::next::method(@_) }
666 sub set_session_id { shift->maybe::next::method(@_) }
667 sub delete_session_id { shift->maybe::next::method(@_) }
668 sub extend_session_id { shift->maybe::next::method(@_) }
678 Catalyst::Plugin::Session - Generic Session plugin - ties together server side storage and client side state required to maintain session data.
682 # To get sessions to "just work", all you need to do is use these plugins:
686 Session::Store::FastMmap
687 Session::State::Cookie
690 # you can replace Store::FastMmap with Store::File - both have sensible
691 # default configurations (see their docs for details)
693 # more complicated backends are available for other scenarios (DBI storage,
697 # after you've loaded the plugins you can save session data
698 # For example, if you are writing a shopping cart, it could be implemented
701 sub add_item : Local {
702 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
704 my $item_id = $c->req->param("item");
706 # $c->session is a hash ref, a bit like $c->stash
707 # the difference is that it' preserved across requests
709 push @{ $c->session->{items} }, $item_id;
711 $c->forward("MyView");
714 sub display_items : Local {
715 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
717 # values in $c->session are restored
718 $c->stash->{items_to_display} =
719 [ map { MyModel->retrieve($_) } @{ $c->session->{items} } ];
721 $c->forward("MyView");
726 The Session plugin is the base of two related parts of functionality required
727 for session management in web applications.
729 The first part, the State, is getting the browser to repeat back a session key,
730 so that the web application can identify the client and logically string
731 several requests together into a session.
733 The second part, the Store, deals with the actual storage of information about
734 the client. This data is stored so that the it may be revived for every request
735 made by the same client.
737 This plugin links the two pieces together.
739 =head1 RECOMENDED BACKENDS
743 =item Session::State::Cookie
745 The only really sane way to do state is using cookies.
747 =item Session::Store::File
749 A portable backend, based on Cache::File.
751 =item Session::Store::FastMmap
753 A fast and flexible backend, based on Cache::FastMmap.
763 An accessor for the session ID value.
767 Returns a hash reference that might contain unserialized values from previous
768 requests in the same session, and whose modified value will be saved for future
771 This method will automatically create a new session and session ID if none
774 You can also set session keys by passing a list of key/value pairs or a
777 $c->session->{foo} = "bar"; # This works.
778 $c->session(one => 1, two => 2); # And this.
779 $c->session({ answer => 42 }); # And this.
781 =item session_expires
783 This method returns the time when the current session will expire, or 0 if
784 there is no current session. If there is a session and it already expired, it
785 will delete the session and return 0 as well.
789 This is like Ruby on Rails' flash data structure. Think of it as a stash that
790 lasts for longer than one request, letting you redirect instead of forward.
792 The flash data will be cleaned up only on requests on which actually use
793 $c->flash (thus allowing multiple redirections), and the policy is to delete
794 all the keys which haven't changed since the flash data was loaded at the end
797 Note that use of the flash is an easy way to get data across requests, but
798 it's also strongly disrecommended, due it it being inherently plagued with
799 race conditions. This means that it's unlikely to work well if your
800 users have multiple tabs open at once, or if your site does a lot of AJAX
803 L<Catalyst::Plugin::StatusMessage> is the recommended alternative solution,
804 as this doesn't suffer from these issues.
807 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
809 $c->flash->{beans} = 10;
810 $c->response->redirect( $c->uri_for("foo") );
814 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
816 my $value = $c->flash->{beans};
820 $c->response->redirect( $c->uri_for("bar") );
824 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
826 if ( exists $c->flash->{beans} ) { # false
833 Zap all the keys in the flash regardless of their current state.
835 =item keep_flash @keys
837 If you want to keep a flash key for the next request too, even if it hasn't
838 changed, call C<keep_flash> and pass in the keys as arguments.
840 =item delete_session REASON
842 This method is used to invalidate a session. It takes an optional parameter
843 which will be saved in C<session_delete_reason> if provided.
845 NOTE: This method will B<also> delete your flash data.
847 =item session_delete_reason
849 This accessor contains a string with the reason a session was deleted. Possible
864 =item session_expire_key $key, $ttl
866 Mark a key to expire at a certain time (only useful when shorter than the
867 expiry time for the whole session).
871 __PACKAGE__->config('Plugin::Session' => { expires => 10000000000 }); # "forever"
872 (NB If this number is too large, Y2K38 breakage could result.)
876 $c->session_expire_key( __user => 3600 );
878 Will make the session data survive, but the user will still be logged out after
881 Note that these values are not auto extended.
883 =item change_session_id
885 By calling this method you can force a session id change while keeping all
886 session data. This method might come handy when you are paranoid about some
887 advanced variations of session fixation attack.
889 If you want to prevent this session fixation scenario:
891 0) let us have WebApp with anonymous and authenticated parts
892 1) a hacker goes to vulnerable WebApp and gets a real sessionid,
893 just by browsing anonymous part of WebApp
894 2) the hacker inserts (somehow) this values into a cookie in victim's browser
895 3) after the victim logs into WebApp the hacker can enter his/her session
897 you should call change_session_id in your login controller like this:
899 if ($c->authenticate( { username => $user, password => $pass } )) {
901 $c->change_session_id;
908 =item change_session_expires $expires
910 You can change the session expiration time for this session;
912 $c->change_session_expires( 4000 );
914 Note that this only works to set the session longer than the config setting.
918 =head1 INTERNAL METHODS
924 This method is extended to also make calls to
925 C<check_session_plugin_requirements> and C<setup_session>.
927 =item check_session_plugin_requirements
929 This method ensures that a State and a Store plugin are also in use by the
934 This method populates C<< $c->config('Plugin::Session') >> with the default values
935 listed in L</CONFIGURATION>.
939 This method is extended.
941 Its only effect is if the (off by default) C<flash_to_stash> configuration
942 parameter is on - then it will copy the contents of the flash to the stash at
945 =item finalize_headers
947 This method is extended and will extend the expiry time before sending
952 This method is extended and will call finalize_session before the other
953 finalize_body methods run. Here we persist the session data if a session exists.
955 =item initialize_session_data
957 This method will initialize the internal structure of the session, and is
958 called by the C<session> method if appropriate.
960 =item create_session_id
962 Creates a new session ID using C<generate_session_id> if there is no session ID
965 =item validate_session_id SID
967 Make sure a session ID is of the right format.
969 This currently ensures that the session ID string is any amount of case
970 insensitive hexadecimal characters.
972 =item generate_session_id
974 This method will return a string that can be used as a session ID. It is
975 supposed to be a reasonably random string with enough bits to prevent
976 collision. It basically takes C<session_hash_seed> and hashes it using SHA-1,
977 MD5 or SHA-256, depending on the availability of these modules.
979 =item session_hash_seed
981 This method is actually rather internal to generate_session_id, but should be
982 overridable in case you want to provide more random data.
984 Currently it returns a concatenated string which contains:
990 =item * The current time
992 =item * One value from C<rand>.
994 =item * The stringified value of a newly allocated hash reference
996 =item * The stringified value of the Catalyst context object
1000 in the hopes that those combined values are entropic enough for most uses. If
1001 this is not the case you can replace C<session_hash_seed> with e.g.
1003 sub session_hash_seed {
1004 open my $fh, "<", "/dev/random";
1005 read $fh, my $bytes, 20;
1010 Or even more directly, replace C<generate_session_id>:
1012 sub generate_session_id {
1013 open my $fh, "<", "/dev/random";
1014 read $fh, my $bytes, 20;
1016 return unpack("H*", $bytes);
1019 Also have a look at L<Crypt::Random> and the various openssl bindings - these
1020 modules provide APIs for cryptographically secure random data.
1022 =item finalize_session
1024 Clean up the session during C<finalize>.
1026 This clears the various accessors after saving to the store.
1030 See L<Catalyst/dump_these> - ammends the session data structure to the list of
1031 dumped objects if session ID is defined.
1034 =item calculate_extended_session_expires
1036 =item calculate_initial_session_expires
1038 =item create_session_id_if_needed
1040 =item delete_session_id
1042 =item extend_session_expires
1044 Note: this is *not* used to give an individual user a longer session. See
1045 'change_session_expires'.
1047 =item extend_session_id
1049 =item get_session_id
1051 =item reset_session_expires
1053 =item session_is_valid
1055 =item set_session_id
1057 =item initial_session_expires
1061 =head1 USING SESSIONS DURING PREPARE
1063 The earliest point in time at which you may use the session data is after
1064 L<Catalyst::Plugin::Session>'s C<prepare_action> has finished.
1066 State plugins must set $c->session ID before C<prepare_action>, and during
1067 C<prepare_action> L<Catalyst::Plugin::Session> will actually load the data from
1070 sub prepare_action {
1073 # don't touch $c->session yet!
1075 $c->NEXT::prepare_action( @_ );
1077 $c->session; # this is OK
1078 $c->sessionid; # this is also OK
1081 =head1 CONFIGURATION
1083 $c->config('Plugin::Session' => {
1087 All configuation parameters are provided in a hash reference under the
1088 C<Plugin::Session> key in the configuration hash.
1094 The time-to-live of each session, expressed in seconds. Defaults to 7200 (two
1097 =item expiry_threshold
1099 Only update the session expiry time if it would otherwise expire
1100 within this many seconds from now.
1102 The purpose of this is to keep the session store from being updated
1103 when nothing else in the session is updated.
1105 Defaults to 0 (in which case, the expiration will always be updated).
1107 =item verify_address
1109 When true, C<< $c->request->address >> will be checked at prepare time. If it is
1110 not the same as the address that initiated the session, the session is deleted.
1114 =item verify_user_agent
1116 When true, C<< $c->request->user_agent >> will be checked at prepare time. If it
1117 is not the same as the user agent that initiated the session, the session is
1122 =item flash_to_stash
1124 This option makes it easier to have actions behave the same whether they were
1125 forwarded to or redirected to. On prepare time it copies the contents of
1126 C<flash> (if any) to the stash.
1132 The hash reference returned by C<< $c->session >> contains several keys which
1133 are automatically set:
1139 This key no longer exists. Use C<session_expires> instead.
1143 The last time a session was saved to the store.
1147 The time when the session was first created.
1151 The value of C<< $c->request->address >> at the time the session was created.
1152 This value is only populated if C<verify_address> is true in the configuration.
1156 The value of C<< $c->request->user_agent >> at the time the session was created.
1157 This value is only populated if C<verify_user_agent> is true in the configuration.
1163 =head2 Round the Robin Proxies
1165 C<verify_address> could make your site inaccessible to users who are behind
1166 load balanced proxies. Some ISPs may give a different IP to each request by the
1167 same client due to this type of proxying. If addresses are verified these
1168 users' sessions cannot persist.
1170 To let these users access your site you can either disable address verification
1171 as a whole, or provide a checkbox in the login dialog that tells the server
1172 that it's OK for the address of the client to change. When the server sees that
1173 this box is checked it should delete the C<__address> special key from the
1174 session hash when the hash is first created.
1176 =head2 Race Conditions
1178 In this day and age where cleaning detergents and Dutch football (not the
1179 American kind) teams roam the plains in great numbers, requests may happen
1180 simultaneously. This means that there is some risk of session data being
1181 overwritten, like this:
1187 request a starts, request b starts, with the same session ID
1191 session data is loaded in request a
1195 session data is loaded in request b
1199 session data is changed in request a
1203 request a finishes, session data is updated and written to store
1207 request b finishes, session data is updated and written to store, overwriting
1208 changes by request a
1212 For applications where any given user's session is only making one request
1213 at a time this plugin should be safe enough.
1221 Yuval Kogman, C<nothingmuch@woobling.org>
1225 Tomas Doran (t0m) C<bobtfish@bobtfish.net> (current maintainer)
1231 Florian Ragwitz (rafl) C<rafl@debian.org>
1233 Kent Fredric (kentnl)
1235 And countless other contributers from #catalyst. Thanks guys!
1239 Devin Austin (dhoss) <dhoss@cpan.org>
1241 Robert Rothenberg <rrwo@cpan.org> (on behalf of Foxtons Ltd.)
1243 =head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
1245 Copyright (c) 2005 the aforementioned authors. All rights
1246 reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute
1247 it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.