=head2 Important Caveats
-WARNING: While the implementation of Unicode support in Perl is now
-fairly complete it is still evolving to some extent.
-
-In particular the way Unicode is handled on EBCDIC platforms is still
-rather experimental. On such a platform references to UTF-8 encoding
-in this document and elsewhere should be read as meaning UTF-EBCDIC as
-specified in Unicode Technical Report 16 unless ASCII vs EBCDIC issues
-are specifically discussed. There is no C<utfebcdic> pragma or
-":utfebcdic" layer, rather "utf8" and ":utf8" are re-used to mean
-platform's "natural" 8-bit encoding of Unicode. See L<perlebcdic> for
-more discussion of the issues.
-
-The following areas are still under development.
+Unicode support is an extensive requirement. While perl does not
+implement the Unicode standard or the accompanying technical reports
+from cover to cover, Perl does support many Unicode features.
=over 4
A filehandle can be marked as containing perl's internal Unicode
encoding (UTF-8 or UTF-EBCDIC) by opening it with the ":utf8" layer.
Other encodings can be converted to perl's encoding on input, or from
-perl's encoding on output by use of the ":encoding()" layer. There is
-not yet a clean way to mark the Perl source itself as being in an
-particular encoding.
+perl's encoding on output by use of the ":encoding(...)" layer.
+See L<open>.
+
+To mark the Perl source itself as being in an particular encoding,
+see L<encoding>.
=item Regular Expressions
-The regular expression compiler does now attempt to produce
-polymorphic opcodes. That is the pattern should now adapt to the data
-and automatically switch to the Unicode character scheme when
-presented with Unicode data, or a traditional byte scheme when
-presented with byte data. The implementation is still new and
-(particularly on EBCDIC platforms) may need further work.
+The regular expression compiler produces polymorphic opcodes. That is,
+the pattern adapts to the data and automatically switch to the Unicode
+character scheme when presented with Unicode data, or a traditional
+byte scheme when presented with byte data.
=item C<use utf8> still needed to enable UTF-8/UTF-EBCDIC in scripts
The C<utf8> pragma implements the tables used for Unicode support.
-These tables are automatically loaded on demand, so the C<utf8> pragma
-need not normally be used.
+However, these tables are automatically loaded on demand, so the
+C<utf8> pragma should not normally be used.
-However, as a compatibility measure, this pragma must be explicitly
-used to enable recognition of UTF-8 in the Perl scripts themselves on
-ASCII based machines or recognize UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based machines.
-B<NOTE: this should be the only place where an explicit C<use utf8> is
-needed>.
+As a compatibility measure, this pragma must be explicitly used to
+enable recognition of UTF-8 in the Perl scripts themselves on ASCII
+based machines or recognize UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based machines.
+B<NOTE: this should be the only place where an explicit C<use utf8>
+is needed>.
You can also use the C<encoding> pragma to change the default encoding
of the data in your script; see L<encoding>.
external programs, from information provided by the system (such as %ENV),
or from literals and constants in the source text.
-If the C<-C> command line switch is used, (or the
+On Windows platforms, if the C<-C> command line switch is used, (or the
${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS} global flag is set to C<1>), all system calls
will use the corresponding wide character APIs. Note that this is
-currently only implemented on Windows since other platforms API
-standard on this area.
+currently only implemented on Windows since other platforms lack an
+API standard on this area.
Regardless of the above, the C<bytes> pragma can always be used to
force byte semantics in a particular lexical scope. See L<bytes>.
=back
+=head2 Unicode Encodings
+
+Unicode characters are assigned to I<code points> which are abstract
+numbers. To use this numbers various encodings are needed.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item UTF-8
+
+UTF-8 is the encoding used internally by Perl. UTF-8 is variable
+length (1 to 6 bytes, current character allocations require 4 bytes),
+byteorder independent encoding. For ASCII UTF-8 is transparent
+(and we really mean 7-bit ASCII, not any 8-bit encoding).
+
+=item UTF-16, UTF-16BE, UTF16-LE, Surrogates, and BOMs (Byte Order Marks)
+
+UTF-16 is a 2 or 4 byte encoding. The Unicode code points
+0x0000..0xFFFF are stored in two 16-bit units, and the code points
+0x010000..0x10FFFF in four 16-bit units. The latter case is
+using I<surrogates>, the first 16-bit unit being the I<high
+surrogate>, and the second being the I<low surrogate>.
+
+Surrogates are code points set aside to encode the 0x01000..0x10FFFF
+range of Unicode code points in pairs of 16-bit units. The I<high
+surrogates> are the range 0xD800..0xDBFF, and the I<low surrogates>
+are the range 0xDC00..0xDFFFF. The surrogate encoding is
+
+ $hi = ($uni - 0x10000) / 0x400 + 0xD800;
+ $lo = ($uni - 0x10000) % 0x400 + 0xDC00;
+
+and the decoding is
+
+ $uni = 0x10000 + ($hi - 0xD8000) * 0x400 + ($lo - 0xDC00);
+
+Because of the 16-bitness, UTF-16 is byteorder dependent. The UTF-16
+itself can be used for in-memory computations, but if storage or
+transfer is required, either the UTF-16BE (Big Endian), or UTF-16LE
+(Little Endian) must be chosen.
+
+This introduces another problem: what if you just know that your data
+is UTF-16, but you don't know which endianness? Byte Order Marks
+(BOMs) are a solution to this. A special character has been reserved
+in Unicode to function as a byte order marker: the 0xFFFE is the BOM.
+The trick is that if you read a BOM, you will know the byte order,
+since if it was written on a big endian platform, you will read the
+bytes 0xFF 0xFE, but if it was written on a little endian platform,
+you will read the bytes 0xFE 0xFF. (And if the originating platform
+was writing in UTF-8, you will read the bytes 0xEF 0xBF 0xBE.)
+
+=item UTF-32, UTF-32BE, UTF32-LE
+
+The UTF-32 family is pretty much like the UTF-16 family, expect that
+the units are 32-bit, and therefore the surrogate scheme is not needed.
+
+=item UCS-2, UCS-4
+
+Encodings defined by the ISO 10646 standard. UCS-2 is 16-bit
+encoding, UCS-4 is 32-bit encoding. Unlike the UTF-16 the UCS-2
+is not extensible beyond 0xFFFF.
+
+=item UTF-7
+
+A seven-bit safe (non-eight-bit) encoding, useful if the
+transport/storage is not eight-bit safe. Defined by RFC 2152.
+
+=head2 Unicode in Perl on EBCDIC
+
+The way Unicode is handled on EBCDIC platforms is still rather
+experimental. On such a platform references to UTF-8 encoding in this
+document and elsewhere should be read as meaning UTF-EBCDIC as
+specified in Unicode Technical Report 16 unless ASCII vs EBCDIC issues
+are specifically discussed. There is no C<utfebcdic> pragma or
+":utfebcdic" layer, rather "utf8" and ":utf8" are re-used to mean
+platform's "natural" 8-bit encoding of Unicode. See L<perlebcdic> for
+more discussion of the issues.
+
+=back
+
=head1 SEE ALSO
-L<bytes>, L<utf8>, L<perlretut>, L<perlvar/"${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}">
+L<encoding>, L<Encode>, L<open>, L<bytes>, L<utf8>, L<perlretut>,
+L<perlvar/"${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}">
=cut
projects / p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git / commitdiff