=head2 Shift Operators
-Binary "<<" returns the value of its left argument shifted left by the
+Binary "E<lt>E<lt>" returns the value of its left argument shifted left by the
number of bits specified by the right argument. Arguments should be
integers.
-Binary ">>" returns the value of its left argument shifted right by the
+Binary "E<gt>E<gt>" returns the value of its left argument shifted right by the
number of bits specified by the right argument. Arguments should be
integers.
=head2 Relational Operators
-Binary "<" returns true if the left argument is numerically less than
+Binary "E<lt>" returns true if the left argument is numerically less than
the right argument.
-Binary ">" returns true if the left argument is numerically greater
+Binary "E<gt>" returns true if the left argument is numerically greater
than the right argument.
-Binary "<=" returns true if the left argument is numerically less than
+Binary "E<lt>=" returns true if the left argument is numerically less than
or equal to the right argument.
-Binary ">=" returns true if the left argument is numerically greater
+Binary "E<gt>=" returns true if the left argument is numerically greater
than or equal to the right argument.
Binary "lt" returns true if the left argument is stringwise less than
Binary "!=" returns true if the left argument is numerically not equal
to the right argument.
-Binary "<=>" returns -1, 0, or 1 depending on whether the left argument is numerically
-less than, equal to, or greater than the right argument.
+Binary "E<lt>=E<gt>" returns -1, 0, or 1 depending on whether the left
+argument is numerically less than, equal to, or greater than the right
+argument.
Binary "eq" returns true if the left argument is stringwise equal to
the right argument.
In a list context, it's just the list argument separator, and inserts
both its arguments into the list.
-The => digraph is mostly just a synonym for the comma operator. It's useful for
+The =E<gt> digraph is mostly just a synonym for the comma operator. It's useful for
documenting arguments that come in pairs. As of release 5.001, it also forces
any word to the left of it to be interpreted as a string.
For constructs that do interpolation, variables beginning with "C<$>" or "C<@>"
are interpolated, as are the following sequences:
- \t tab
- \n newline
- \r return
- \f form feed
- \b backspace
- \a alarm (bell)
- \e escape
+ \t tab (HT, TAB)
+ \n newline (LF, NL)
+ \r return (CR)
+ \f form feed (FF)
+ \b backspace (BS)
+ \a alarm (bell) (BEL)
+ \e escape (ESC)
\033 octal char
\x1b hex char
\c[ control char
If used in a context that requires a list value, a pattern match returns a
list consisting of the subexpressions matched by the parentheses in the
-pattern, i.e. ($1, $2, $3...). (Note that here $1 etc. are also set, and
+pattern, i.e. (C<$1>, $2, $3...). (Note that here $1 etc. are also set, and
that this differs from Perl 4's behavior.) If the match fails, a null
array is returned. If the match succeeds, but there were no parentheses,
a list value of (1) is returned.
s/([^ ]*) *([^ ]*)/$2 $1/; # reverse 1st two fields
Note the use of $ instead of \ in the last example. Unlike
-B<sed>, we only use the \<I<digit>> form in the left hand side.
-Anywhere else it's $<I<digit>>.
+B<sed>, we only use the \E<lt>I<digit>E<gt> form in the left hand side.
+Anywhere else it's $E<lt>I<digit>E<gt>.
Occasionally, you can't just use a C</g> to get all the changes
to occur. Here are two common cases:
than global.) Additional filehandles may be created with the open()
function. See L<perlfunc/open()> for details on this.
-If a <FILEHANDLE> is used in a context that is looking for a list, a
+If a E<lt>FILEHANDLEE<gt> is used in a context that is looking for a list, a
list consisting of all the input lines is returned, one line per list
element. It's easy to make a I<LARGE> data space this way, so use with
care.
except that it isn't so cumbersome to say, and will actually work. It
really does shift array @ARGV and put the current filename into variable
$ARGV. It also uses filehandle I<ARGV> internally--E<lt>E<gt> is just a synonym
-for <ARGV>, which is magical. (The pseudo code above doesn't work
-because it treats <ARGV> as non-magical.)
+for E<lt>ARGVE<gt>, which is magical. (The pseudo code above doesn't work
+because it treats E<lt>ARGVE<gt> as non-magical.)
You can modify @ARGV before the first E<lt>E<gt> as long as the array ends up
containing the list of filenames you really want. Line numbers (C<$.>)
haven't set @ARGV, will input from STDIN.
If the string inside the angle brackets is a reference to a scalar
-variable (e.g. <$foo>), then that variable contains the name of the
+variable (e.g. E<lt>$fooE<gt>), then that variable contains the name of the
filehandle to input from, or a reference to the same. For example:
$fh = \*STDIN;
next filename in the list is returned, depending on context. One level of
$ interpretation is done first, but you can't say C<E<lt>$fooE<gt>>
because that's an indirect filehandle as explained in the previous
-paragraph. In older version of Perl, programmers would insert curly
+paragraph. (In older versions of Perl, programmers would insert curly
brackets to force interpretation as a filename glob: C<E<lt>${foo}E<gt>>.
These days, it's considered cleaner to call the internal function directly
as C<glob($foo)>, which is probably the right way to have done it in the
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