X-Git-Url: http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?a=blobdiff_plain;f=t%2Fop%2Ftie.t;h=281c0d97a09a497c17ebca8ffd6208b292d366a0;hb=04518cc3f43b495f85caf2ec89c8b06540a60f8c;hp=8b8eb64c5dcd6476e86376a4ee7b6def1b1bfab1;hpb=810d9308ad3234b6d649cdfae5bbe4bf70e41ce7;p=p5sagit%2Fp5-mst-13.2.git diff --git a/t/op/tie.t b/t/op/tie.t old mode 100755 new mode 100644 index 8b8eb64..281c0d9 --- a/t/op/tie.t +++ b/t/op/tie.t @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ #!./perl # Add new tests to the end with format: -# "########\n# test description\nTest code\nEXPECT\nWarn or die msgs (if any)\n" +# ######## +# +# # test description +# Test code +# EXPECT +# Warn or die msgs (if any) at - line 1234 # -# This test script does NOT test the output of the test code. It ONLY -# checks warnings or croaks. Todo tests should have TODO as the start -# of the description. Note also that warnings are not enabled: if you -# need to test a perl warning, enable its class in your test. chdir 't' if -d 't'; @INC = '../lib'; @@ -14,37 +15,23 @@ $ENV{PERL5LIB} = "../lib"; $|=1; -# catch warnings into fatal errors -$SIG{__WARN__} = sub { die "WARNING: @_" } ; -$SIG{__DIE__} = sub { die @_ }; - undef $/; @prgs = split /^########\n/m, ; -print "1..", scalar @prgs, "\n"; +require './test.pl'; +plan(tests => scalar @prgs); for (@prgs){ ++$i; my($prog,$expected) = split(/\nEXPECT\n/, $_, 2); print("not ok $i # bad test format\n"), next unless defined $expected; - my ($testname) = $prog =~ /^\n?(# .*)\n/; + my ($testname) = $prog =~ /^# (.*)\n/m; $testname ||= ''; - eval "$prog" ; - $status = $?; - $results = $@ ; + $TODO = $testname =~ s/^TODO //; $results =~ s/\n+$//; $expected =~ s/\n+$//; - if ( $status || ($expected eq '') != ($results eq '') || - $results !~ /^(WARNING: )?$expected/){ - print STDERR "STATUS: $status\n"; - print STDERR "PROG: $prog\n"; - print STDERR "EXPECTED:\n$expected\n"; - print STDERR "GOT:\n$results\n"; - print "not ok $i $testname\n"; - } - else { - print "ok $i $testname\n"; - } + + fresh_perl_is($prog, $expected, {}, $testname); } __END__ @@ -117,7 +104,7 @@ use Tie::Hash ; $a = tie %h, Tie::StdHash; untie %h; EXPECT -untie attempted while 1 inner references still exist +untie attempted while 1 inner references still exist at - line 6. ######## # strict behaviour, with 1 extra references via tied generating an error @@ -127,7 +114,7 @@ tie %h, Tie::StdHash; $a = tied %h; untie %h; EXPECT -untie attempted while 1 inner references still exist +untie attempted while 1 inner references still exist at - line 7. ######## # strict behaviour, with 1 extra references which are destroyed @@ -149,14 +136,14 @@ untie %h; EXPECT ######## -# strict error behaviour, with 2 extra references +# strict error behaviour, with 2 extra references use warnings 'untie'; use Tie::Hash ; $a = tie %h, Tie::StdHash; $b = tied %h ; untie %h; EXPECT -untie attempted while 2 inner references still exist +untie attempted while 2 inner references still exist at - line 7. ######## # strict behaviour, check scope of strictness. @@ -173,6 +160,7 @@ $C = $B = tied %H ; untie %H; EXPECT ######## + # Forbidden aggregate self-ties sub Self::TIEHASH { bless $_[1], $_[0] } { @@ -180,8 +168,9 @@ sub Self::TIEHASH { bless $_[1], $_[0] } tie %c, 'Self', \%c; } EXPECT -Self-ties of arrays and hashes are not supported +Self-ties of arrays and hashes are not supported at - line 6. ######## + # Allowed scalar self-ties my $destroyed = 0; sub Self::TIESCALAR { bless $_[1], $_[0] } @@ -190,33 +179,59 @@ sub Self::DESTROY { $destroyed = 1; } my $c = 42; tie $c, 'Self', \$c; } -die "self-tied scalar not DESTROYd" unless $destroyed == 1; +die "self-tied scalar not DESTROYed" unless $destroyed == 1; EXPECT ######## + # Allowed glob self-ties my $destroyed = 0; +my $printed = 0; sub Self2::TIEHANDLE { bless $_[1], $_[0] } sub Self2::DESTROY { $destroyed = 1; } +sub Self2::PRINT { $printed = 1; } { use Symbol; my $c = gensym; tie *$c, 'Self2', $c; + print $c 'Hello'; } -die "self-tied glob not DESTROYd" unless $destroyed == 1; +die "self-tied glob not PRINTed" unless $printed == 1; +die "self-tied glob not DESTROYed" unless $destroyed == 1; EXPECT ######## + # Allowed IO self-ties my $destroyed = 0; sub Self3::TIEHANDLE { bless $_[1], $_[0] } sub Self3::DESTROY { $destroyed = 1; } +sub Self3::PRINT { $printed = 1; } { use Symbol 'geniosym'; my $c = geniosym; tie *$c, 'Self3', $c; + print $c 'Hello'; } -die "self-tied IO not DESTROYd" unless $destroyed == 1; +die "self-tied IO not PRINTed" unless $printed == 1; +die "self-tied IO not DESTROYed" unless $destroyed == 1; EXPECT ######## + +# TODO IO "self-tie" via TEMP glob +my $destroyed = 0; +sub Self3::TIEHANDLE { bless $_[1], $_[0] } +sub Self3::DESTROY { $destroyed = 1; } +sub Self3::PRINT { $printed = 1; } +{ + use Symbol 'geniosym'; + my $c = geniosym; + tie *$c, 'Self3', \*$c; + print $c 'Hello'; +} +die "IO tied to TEMP glob not PRINTed" unless $printed == 1; +die "IO tied to TEMP glob not DESTROYed" unless $destroyed == 1; +EXPECT +######## + # Interaction of tie and vec my ($a, $b); @@ -229,6 +244,7 @@ vec($b,1,1)=0; die unless $a eq $b; EXPECT ######## + # correct unlocalisation of tied hashes (patch #16431) use Tie::Hash ; tie %tied, Tie::StdHash; @@ -236,4 +252,648 @@ tie %tied, Tie::StdHash; { local $tied{'foo'} } warn "tied hash bad unlocalize" if exists $tied{'foo'}; { local $ENV{'foo'} } warn "%ENV bad unlocalize" if exists $ENV{'foo'}; EXPECT +######## + +# An attempt at lvalueable barewords broke this +tie FH, 'main'; +EXPECT +Can't modify constant item in tie at - line 3, near "'main';" +Execution of - aborted due to compilation errors. +######## + +# localizing tied hash slices +$ENV{FooA} = 1; +$ENV{FooB} = 2; +print exists $ENV{FooA} ? 1 : 0, "\n"; +print exists $ENV{FooB} ? 2 : 0, "\n"; +print exists $ENV{FooC} ? 3 : 0, "\n"; +{ + local @ENV{qw(FooA FooC)}; + print exists $ENV{FooA} ? 4 : 0, "\n"; + print exists $ENV{FooB} ? 5 : 0, "\n"; + print exists $ENV{FooC} ? 6 : 0, "\n"; +} +print exists $ENV{FooA} ? 7 : 0, "\n"; +print exists $ENV{FooB} ? 8 : 0, "\n"; +print exists $ENV{FooC} ? 9 : 0, "\n"; # this should not exist +EXPECT +1 +2 +0 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +0 +######## +# +# FETCH freeing tie'd SV +sub TIESCALAR { bless [] } +sub FETCH { *a = \1; 1 } +tie $a, 'main'; +print $a; +EXPECT +######## + +# [20020716.007] - nested FETCHES + +sub F1::TIEARRAY { bless [], 'F1' } +sub F1::FETCH { 1 } +my @f1; +tie @f1, 'F1'; + +sub F2::TIEARRAY { bless [2], 'F2' } +sub F2::FETCH { my $self = shift; my $x = $f1[3]; $self } +my @f2; +tie @f2, 'F2'; + +print $f2[4][0],"\n"; + +sub F3::TIEHASH { bless [], 'F3' } +sub F3::FETCH { 1 } +my %f3; +tie %f3, 'F3'; + +sub F4::TIEHASH { bless [3], 'F4' } +sub F4::FETCH { my $self = shift; my $x = $f3{3}; $self } +my %f4; +tie %f4, 'F4'; + +print $f4{'foo'}[0],"\n"; + +EXPECT +2 +3 +######## +# test untie() from within FETCH +package Foo; +sub TIESCALAR { my $pkg = shift; return bless [@_], $pkg; } +sub FETCH { + my $self = shift; + my ($obj, $field) = @$self; + untie $obj->{$field}; + $obj->{$field} = "Bar"; +} +package main; +tie $a->{foo}, "Foo", $a, "foo"; +my $s = $a->{foo}; # access once +# the hash element should not be tied anymore +print defined tied $a->{foo} ? "not ok" : "ok"; +EXPECT +ok +######## +# the tmps returned by FETCH should appear to be SCALAR +# (even though they are now implemented using PVLVs.) +package X; +sub TIEHASH { bless {} } +sub TIEARRAY { bless {} } +sub FETCH {1} +my (%h, @a); +tie %h, 'X'; +tie @a, 'X'; +my $r1 = \$h{1}; +my $r2 = \$a[0]; +my $s = "$r1 ". ref($r1) . " $r2 " . ref($r2); +$s=~ s/\(0x\w+\)//g; +print $s, "\n"; +EXPECT +SCALAR SCALAR SCALAR SCALAR +######## +# [perl #23287] segfault in untie +sub TIESCALAR { bless $_[1], $_[0] } +my $var; +tie $var, 'main', \$var; +untie $var; +EXPECT +######## +# Test case from perlmonks by runrig +# http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=273490 +# "Here is what I tried. I think its similar to what you've tried +# above. Its odd but convienient that after untie'ing you are left with +# a variable that has the same value as was last returned from +# FETCH. (At least on my perl v5.6.1). So you don't need to pass a +# reference to the variable in order to set it after the untie (here it +# is accessed through a closure)." +use strict; +use warnings; +package MyTied; +sub TIESCALAR { + my ($class,$code) = @_; + bless $code, $class; +} +sub FETCH { + my $self = shift; + print "Untie\n"; + $self->(); +} +package main; +my $var; +tie $var, 'MyTied', sub { untie $var; 4 }; +print "One\n"; +print "$var\n"; +print "Two\n"; +print "$var\n"; +print "Three\n"; +print "$var\n"; +EXPECT +One +Untie +4 +Two +4 +Three +4 +######## +# [perl #22297] cannot untie scalar from within tied FETCH +my $counter = 0; +my $x = 7; +my $ref = \$x; +tie $x, 'Overlay', $ref, $x; +my $y; +$y = $x; +$y = $x; +$y = $x; +$y = $x; +#print "WILL EXTERNAL UNTIE $ref\n"; +untie $$ref; +$y = $x; +$y = $x; +$y = $x; +$y = $x; +#print "counter = $counter\n"; + +print (($counter == 1) ? "ok\n" : "not ok\n"); + +package Overlay; + +sub TIESCALAR +{ + my $pkg = shift; + my ($ref, $val) = @_; + return bless [ $ref, $val ], $pkg; +} + +sub FETCH +{ + my $self = shift; + my ($ref, $val) = @$self; + #print "WILL INTERNAL UNITE $ref\n"; + $counter++; + untie $$ref; + return $val; +} +EXPECT +ok +######## + +# [perl #948] cannot meaningfully tie $, +package TieDollarComma; + +sub TIESCALAR { + my $pkg = shift; + return bless \my $x, $pkg; +} + +sub STORE { + my $self = shift; + $$self = shift; + print "STORE set '$$self'\n"; +} + +sub FETCH { + my $self = shift; + print ""; + return $$self; +} +package main; + +tie $,, 'TieDollarComma'; +$, = 'BOBBINS'; +print "join", "things", "up\n"; +EXPECT +STORE set 'BOBBINS' +joinBOBBINSthingsBOBBINSup +######## + +# test SCALAR method +package TieScalar; + +sub TIEHASH { + my $pkg = shift; + bless { } => $pkg; +} + +sub STORE { + $_[0]->{$_[1]} = $_[2]; +} + +sub FETCH { + $_[0]->{$_[1]} +} + +sub CLEAR { + %{ $_[0] } = (); +} + +sub SCALAR { + print "SCALAR\n"; + return 0 if ! keys %{$_[0]}; + sprintf "%i/%i", scalar keys %{$_[0]}, scalar keys %{$_[0]}; +} + +package main; +tie my %h => "TieScalar"; +$h{key1} = "val1"; +$h{key2} = "val2"; +print scalar %h, "\n" + if %h; # this should also call SCALAR but implicitly +%h = (); +print scalar %h, "\n" + if !%h; # this should also call SCALAR but implicitly +EXPECT +SCALAR +SCALAR +2/2 +SCALAR +SCALAR +0 +######## + +# test scalar on tied hash when no SCALAR method has been given +package TieScalar; + +sub TIEHASH { + my $pkg = shift; + bless { } => $pkg; +} +sub STORE { + $_[0]->{$_[1]} = $_[2]; +} +sub FETCH { + $_[0]->{$_[1]} +} +sub CLEAR { + %{ $_[0] } = (); +} +sub FIRSTKEY { + my $a = keys %{ $_[0] }; + print "FIRSTKEY\n"; + each %{ $_[0] }; +} + +package main; +tie my %h => "TieScalar"; + +if (!%h) { + print "empty\n"; +} else { + print "not empty\n"; +} + +$h{key1} = "val1"; +print "not empty\n" if %h; +print "not empty\n" if %h; +print "-->\n"; +my ($k,$v) = each %h; +print "<--\n"; +print "not empty\n" if %h; +%h = (); +print "empty\n" if ! %h; +EXPECT +FIRSTKEY +empty +FIRSTKEY +not empty +FIRSTKEY +not empty +--> +FIRSTKEY +<-- +not empty +FIRSTKEY +empty +######## +sub TIESCALAR { bless {} } +sub FETCH { my $x = 3.3; 1 if 0+$x; $x } +tie $h, "main"; +print $h,"\n"; +EXPECT +3.3 +######## +sub TIESCALAR { bless {} } +sub FETCH { shift()->{i} ++ } +tie $h, "main"; +print $h.$h; +EXPECT +01 +######## +# Bug 53482 (and maybe others) +sub TIESCALAR { my $foo = $_[1]; bless \$foo, $_[0] } +sub FETCH { ${$_[0]} } +tie my $x1, "main", 2; +tie my $y1, "main", 8; +print $x1 | $y1; +print $x1 | $y1; +tie my $x2, "main", "2"; +tie my $y2, "main", "8"; +print $x2 | $y2; +print $x2 | $y2; +EXPECT +1010:: +######## +# Bug 36267 +sub TIEHASH { bless {}, $_[0] } +sub STORE { $_[0]->{$_[1]} = $_[2] } +sub FIRSTKEY { my $a = scalar keys %{$_[0]}; each %{$_[0]} } +sub NEXTKEY { each %{$_[0]} } +sub DELETE { delete $_[0]->{$_[1]} } +sub CLEAR { %{$_[0]} = () } +$h{b}=1; +delete $h{b}; +print scalar keys %h, "\n"; +tie %h, 'main'; +$i{a}=1; +%h = %i; +untie %h; +print scalar keys %h, "\n"; +EXPECT +0 +0 +######## +# Bug 37731 +sub foo::TIESCALAR { bless {value => $_[1]}, $_[0] } +sub foo::FETCH { $_[0]->{value} } +tie my $VAR, 'foo', '42'; +foreach my $var ($VAR) { + print +($var eq $VAR) ? "yes\n" : "no\n"; +} +EXPECT +yes +######## +sub TIEARRAY { bless [], 'main' } +{ + local @a; + tie @a, 'main'; +} +print "tied\n" if tied @a; +EXPECT +######## +sub TIEHASH { bless [], 'main' } +{ + local %h; + tie %h, 'main'; +} +print "tied\n" if tied %h; +EXPECT +######## +# RT 20727: PL_defoutgv is left as a tied element +sub TIESCALAR { return bless {}, 'main' } + +sub STORE { + select($_[1]); + $_[1] = 1; + select(); # this used to coredump or assert fail +} +tie $SELECT, 'main'; +$SELECT = *STDERR; +EXPECT +######## +# RT 23810: eval in die in FETCH can corrupt context stack + +my $file = 'rt23810.pm'; + +my $e; +my $s; + +sub do_require { + my ($str, $eval) = @_; + open my $fh, '>', $file or die "Can't create $file: $!\n"; + print $fh $str; + close $fh; + if ($eval) { + $s .= '-ERQ'; + eval { require $pm; $s .= '-ENDE' } + } + else { + $s .= '-RQ'; + require $pm; + } + $s .= '-ENDRQ'; + unlink $file; +} + +sub TIEHASH { bless {} } + +sub FETCH { + # 10 or more syntax errors makes yyparse croak() + my $bad = q{$x+;$x+;$x+;$x+;$x+;$x+;$x+;$x+;$x+$x+;$x+;$x+;$x+;$x+;;$x+;}; + + if ($_[1] eq 'eval') { + $s .= 'EVAL'; + eval q[BEGIN { die; $s .= '-X1' }]; + $s .= '-BD'; + eval q[BEGIN { $x+ }]; + $s .= '-BS'; + eval '$x+'; + $s .= '-E1'; + $s .= '-S1' while $@ =~ /syntax error at/g; + eval $bad; + $s .= '-E2'; + $s .= '-S2' while $@ =~ /syntax error at/g; + } + elsif ($_[1] eq 'require') { + $s .= 'REQUIRE'; + my @text = ( + q[BEGIN { die; $s .= '-X1' }], + q[BEGIN { $x+ }], + '$x+', + $bad + ); + for my $i (0..$#text) { + $s .= "-$i"; + do_require($txt[$i], 0) if $e;; + do_require($txt[$i], 1); + } + } + elsif ($_[1] eq 'exit') { + eval q[exit(0); print "overshot eval\n"]; + } + else { + print "unknown key: '$_[1]'\n"; + } + return "-R"; +} +my %foo; +tie %foo, "main"; + +for my $action(qw(eval require)) { + $s = ''; $e = 0; $s .= main->FETCH($action); print "$action: s0=$s\n"; + $s = ''; $e = 1; eval { $s .= main->FETCH($action)}; print "$action: s1=$s\n"; + $s = ''; $e = 0; $s .= $foo{$action}; print "$action: s2=$s\n"; + $s = ''; $e = 1; eval { $s .= $foo{$action}}; print "$action: s3=$s\n"; +} +1 while unlink $file; + +$foo{'exit'}; +print "overshot main\n"; # shouldn't reach here + +EXPECT +eval: s0=EVAL-BD-BS-E1-S1-E2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-R +eval: s1=EVAL-BD-BS-E1-S1-E2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-R +eval: s2=EVAL-BD-BS-E1-S1-E2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-R +eval: s3=EVAL-BD-BS-E1-S1-E2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2-R +require: s0=REQUIRE-0-ERQ-ENDRQ-1-ERQ-ENDRQ-2-ERQ-ENDRQ-3-ERQ-ENDRQ-R +require: s1=REQUIRE-0-RQ +require: s2=REQUIRE-0-ERQ-ENDRQ-1-ERQ-ENDRQ-2-ERQ-ENDRQ-3-ERQ-ENDRQ-R +require: s3=REQUIRE-0-RQ +######## +# RT 8857: STORE incorrectly invoked for local($_) on aliased tied array +# element + +sub TIEARRAY { bless [], $_[0] } +sub TIEHASH { bless [], $_[0] } +sub FETCH { $_[0]->[$_[1]] } +sub STORE { $_[0]->[$_[1]] = $_[2] } + + +sub f { + local $_[0]; +} +tie @a, 'main'; +tie %h, 'main'; + +foreach ($a[0], $h{a}) { + f($_); +} +# on failure, chucks up 'premature free' etc messages +EXPECT +######## +# RT 5475: +# the initial fix for this bug caused tied scalar FETCH to be called +# multiple times when that scalar was an element in an array. Check it +# only gets called once now. + +sub TIESCALAR { bless [], $_[0] } +my $c = 0; +sub FETCH { $c++; 0 } +sub FETCHSIZE { 1 } +sub STORE { $c += 100; 0 } + +my (@a, %h); +tie $a[0], 'main'; +tie $h{foo}, 'main'; + +my $i = 0; +my $x = $a[0] + $h{foo} + $a[$i] + (@a)[0]; +print "x=$x c=$c\n"; +EXPECT +x=0 c=4 +######## +# Bug 68192 - numeric ops not calling mg_get when tied scalar holds a ref +sub TIESCALAR { bless {}, __PACKAGE__ }; +sub STORE {}; +sub FETCH { + print "fetching... "; # make sure FETCH is called once per op + 123456 +}; +my $foo; +tie $foo, __PACKAGE__; +my $a = [1234567]; +$foo = $a; +print "+ ", 0 + $foo, "\n"; +print "** ", $foo**1, "\n"; +print "* ", $foo*1, "\n"; +print "/ ", $foo*1, "\n"; +print "% ", $foo%123457, "\n"; +print "- ", $foo-0, "\n"; +print "neg ", - -$foo, "\n"; +print "int ", int $foo, "\n"; +print "abs ", abs $foo, "\n"; +print "== ", 123456 == $foo, "\n"; +print "< ", 123455 < $foo, "\n"; +print "> ", 123457 > $foo, "\n"; +print "<= ", 123456 <= $foo, "\n"; +print ">= ", 123456 >= $foo, "\n"; +print "!= ", 0 != $foo, "\n"; +print "<=> ", 123457 <=> $foo, "\n"; +EXPECT +fetching... + 123456 +fetching... ** 123456 +fetching... * 123456 +fetching... / 123456 +fetching... % 123456 +fetching... - 123456 +fetching... neg 123456 +fetching... int 123456 +fetching... abs 123456 +fetching... == 1 +fetching... < 1 +fetching... > 1 +fetching... <= 1 +fetching... >= 1 +fetching... != 1 +fetching... <=> 1 +######## +# Ties returning overloaded objects +{ + package overloaded; + use overload + '*{}' => sub { print '*{}'; \*100 }, + '@{}' => sub { print '@{}'; \@100 }, + '%{}' => sub { print '%{}'; \%100 }, + '${}' => sub { print '${}'; \$100 }, + map { + my $op = $_; + $_ => sub { print "$op"; 100 } + } qw< 0+ "" + ** * / % - neg int abs == < > <= >= != <=> > +} +$o = bless [], overloaded; + +sub TIESCALAR { bless {}, "" } +sub FETCH { print "fetching... "; $o } +sub STORE{} +tie $ghew, ""; + +$ghew=undef; 1+$ghew; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew**1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew*1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew/1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew%1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew-1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; -$ghew; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; int $ghew; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; abs $ghew; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; 1 == $ghew; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew<1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew>1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew<=1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew >=1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew != 1; print "\n"; +$ghew=undef; $ghew<=>1; print "\n"; +$ghew=\*shrext; *$ghew; print "\n"; +$ghew=\@spled; @$ghew; print "\n"; +$ghew=\%frit; %$ghew; print "\n"; +$ghew=\$drile; $$ghew; print "\n"; +EXPECT +fetching... + +fetching... ** +fetching... * +fetching... / +fetching... % +fetching... - +fetching... neg +fetching... int +fetching... abs +fetching... == +fetching... < +fetching... > +fetching... <= +fetching... >= +fetching... != +fetching... <=> +fetching... *{} +fetching... @{} +fetching... %{} +fetching... ${}