X-Git-Url: http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?a=blobdiff_plain;f=pod%2Fperltoc.pod;h=97975b3a0abe9e4d0ff04513ce194371ef7877df;hb=b1866b2db57c4aa1ee77325f2658722f6a7befa2;hp=798a24d19363665a8d220ed7ab50feffc0efa342;hpb=37590e525640e8a7292e3548240b36182deaf4a8;p=p5sagit%2Fp5-mst-13.2.git diff --git a/pod/perltoc.pod b/pod/perltoc.pod index 798a24d..97975b3 100644 --- a/pod/perltoc.pod +++ b/pod/perltoc.pod @@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't -embed perl inmy C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my -script, I got this message. What does itmean?, What's MakeMaker?, +embed perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my +script, I got this message. What does it mean?, What's MakeMaker?, L: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?, Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round() @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character] -delimited string except when inside[character]? (Comma-separated files), +delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files), How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a @@ -301,55 +301,39 @@ authors =back -=head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date: -1999/05/23 16:08:30 $) +=head2 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents =over =item DESCRIPTION -=over - -=item What is Perl? - -=item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free? - -=item Which version of Perl should I use? - -=item What are perl4 and perl5? - -=item What is perl6? - -=item How stable is Perl? - -=item Is Perl difficult to learn? +=item BASIC DOCUMENTATION -=item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, -Scheme, or Tcl? +=over -=item Can I do [task] in Perl? +=item perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language -=item When shouldn't I program in Perl? +SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, AVAILABILITY, ENVIRONMENT, AUTHOR, FILES, SEE ALSO, +DIAGNOSTICS, BUGS, NOTES -=item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"? +=item perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23 +20:38:02 $) -=item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script? +DESCRIPTION -=item What is a JAPH? +=back -=item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms? +=back -=item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version -(5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)? +=head2 perlbook - Perl book information -=back +=over -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item DESCRIPTION =back -=head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $, -$Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $) +=head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax =over @@ -357,438 +341,522 @@ $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $) =over -=item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it? +=item Declarations -=item How can I get a binary version of Perl? +=item Simple statements -=item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl? +=item Compound statements -=item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts -don't work. +=item Loop Control -=item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic -loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work? +=item For Loops -=item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? -What does CPAN/src/... mean? +=item Foreach Loops -=item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl? +=item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements -=item Where can I get information on Perl? +=item Goto -=item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions? +=item PODs: Embedded Documentation -=item Where should I post source code? +=item Plain Old Comments (Not!) -=item Perl Books +=back -References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics +=back -=item Perl in Magazines +=head2 perldata - Perl data types -=item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access +=over -=item What mailing lists are there for Perl? +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc +=over -=item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl? +=item Variable names -=item Where do I send bug reports? +=item Context -=item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? +=item Scalar values + +=item Scalar value constructors + +=item List value constructors + +=item Slices + +=item Typeglobs and Filehandles =back -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item SEE ALSO =back -=head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 -16:08:30 $) +=head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence =over +=item SYNOPSIS + =item DESCRIPTION =over -=item How do I do (anything)? +=item Terms and List Operators (Leftward) -=item How can I use Perl interactively? +=item The Arrow Operator -=item Is there a Perl shell? +=item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement -=item How do I debug my Perl programs? +=item Exponentiation -=item How do I profile my Perl programs? +=item Symbolic Unary Operators -=item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs? +=item Binding Operators -=item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl? +=item Multiplicative Operators -=item Is there a ctags for Perl? +=item Additive Operators -=item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor? +=item Shift Operators -=item Where can I get Perl macros for vi? +=item Named Unary Operators -=item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs? +=item Relational Operators -=item How can I use curses with Perl? +=item Equality Operators -=item How can I use X or Tk with Perl? +=item Bitwise And -=item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk? +=item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or -=item What is undump? +=item C-style Logical And -=item How can I make my Perl program run faster? +=item C-style Logical Or -=item How can I make my Perl program take less memory? +=item Range Operators -=item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data? +=item Conditional Operator -=item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks? +=item Assignment Operators -=item How can I make my CGI script more efficient? +=item Comma Operator -=item How can I hide the source for my Perl program? +=item List Operators (Rightward) -=item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C? +=item Logical Not -=item How can I compile Perl into Java? +=item Logical And -=item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]? +=item Logical or and Exclusive Or -=item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line? +=item C Operators Missing From Perl -=item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system? +unary &, unary *, (TYPE) -=item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl? +=item Quote and Quote-like Operators -=item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming? +=item Regexp Quote-Like Operators -=item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp] +?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>, +qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/, +s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds, +y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds -=item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in -my C program, what am I doing wrong? +=item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs -=item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it -mean? +Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation, +C<<<'EOF'>, C, C, C, C, C<''>, C, C<"">, +C<``>, C, C, C<< >>, C, C, C, +C,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of +regular expressions -=item What's MakeMaker? +=item I/O Operators -=back +=item Constant Folding -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item Bitwise String Operators -=back +=item Integer Arithmetic -=head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 -20:37:49 $) +=item Floating-point Arithmetic -=over +=item Bigger Numbers -=item DESCRIPTION +=back -=item Data: Numbers +=back -=over +=head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines -=item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the -numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)? +=over -=item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly? +=item SYNOPSIS -=item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()? -Trig functions? +=item DESCRIPTION -=item How do I convert bits into ints? +=over -=item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to? +=item Private Variables via my() -=item How do I multiply matrices? +=item Persistent Private Variables -=item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers? +=item Temporary Values via local() -=item How can I output Roman numerals? +=item Lvalue subroutines -=item Why aren't my random numbers random? +=item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs) -=back +=item When to Still Use local() -=item Data: Dates +1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2. +You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3. +You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash -=over +=item Pass by Reference -=item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year? +=item Prototypes -=item How do I find the current century or millennium? +=item Constant Functions -=item How can I compare two dates and find the difference? +=item Overriding Built-in Functions -=item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds? +=item Autoloading -=item How can I find the Julian Day? +=item Subroutine Attributes -=item How do I find yesterday's date? +=back -=item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant? +=item SEE ALSO =back -=item Data: Strings +=head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions =over -=item How do I validate input? - -=item How do I unescape a string? - -=item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters? - -=item How do I expand function calls in a string? +=item DESCRIPTION -=item How do I find matching/nesting anything? +=over -=item How do I reverse a string? +=item Perl Functions by Category -=item How do I expand tabs in a string? +Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching, +Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data, +Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed +length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories, +Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related +to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process +groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and +object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess +communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network +info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted +in perl5 -=item How do I reformat a paragraph? +=item Portability -=item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string? +=item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions -=item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something? +I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept +NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME, +binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME, +bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE, +chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER, +chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE, +connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, cos, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT, +dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete +EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump, +each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST, +exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl +FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, +fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin, +getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam +NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname +NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr +ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, +getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, +getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent +STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, +endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET, +getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL, +goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex, +import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl +FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST, +last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length, +link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR, +lock, log EXPR, log, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST, map EXPR,LIST, +mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, +msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : +ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open +FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, opendir +DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package +NAMESPACE, package, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos +SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE +FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push ARRAY,LIST, +q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR, +quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read +FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, +readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, +ref EXPR, ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, +require, reset EXPR, reset, return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir +DIRHANDLE, rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, +rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir +DIRHANDLE,POS, select FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, +semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send +SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority +WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY, +shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, +shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep +EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair +SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST, +sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH, +splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split +/PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR, +sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR, +study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr +EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr +EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen +FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread +FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek +FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite +FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, +syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie +VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate +FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR, +ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack +TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST, +use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST, +values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn +LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y/// -=item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a -string? +=back -=item How do I capitalize all the words on one line? +=back -=item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside -[character]? (Comma-separated files) +=head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references -=item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string? +=over -=item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes? +=item DESCRIPTION -=item How do I extract selected columns from a string? +=item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures? -=item How do I find the soundex value of a string? +=item The Solution -=item How can I expand variables in text strings? +=item Syntax -=item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"? +=over -=item Why don't my < -=item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes? +=item DEBUGGING -=back +=item CODE EXAMPLES -=item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays) +=item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS =over -=item How do I process an entire hash? +=item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS -=item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over -it? +=item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS -=item How do I look up a hash element by value? +=item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS -=item How can I know how many entries are in a hash? +=back -=item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)? +=item HASHES OF ARRAYS -=item How can I always keep my hash sorted? +=over -=item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes? +=item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS -=item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction? +=item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS -=item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through? +=item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS -=item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes? +=back -=item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file? +=item ARRAYS OF HASHES -=item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it? +=over -=item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create -it? +=item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES -=item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or -array of hashes or arrays? +=item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES -=item How can I use a reference as a hash key? +=item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES =back -=item Data: Misc +=item HASHES OF HASHES =over -=item How do I handle binary data correctly? +=item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES -=item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float? +=item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES -=item How do I keep persistent data across program calls? +=item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES -=item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure? +=back -=item How do I define methods for every class/object? +=item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS -=item How do I verify a credit card checksum? +=over -=item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code? +=item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS + +=item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS + +=item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS =back -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item Database Ties + +=item SEE ALSO + +=item AUTHOR =back -=head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 -16:08:30 $) +=head2 perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start =over =item DESCRIPTION -=over +=item The Guide -=item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this? +=over -=item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a -line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file? +=item Simple word matching -=item How do I count the number of lines in a file? +=item Using character classes -=item How do I make a temporary file name? +\d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and +represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and +represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character +but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace +character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character +[^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n" -=item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files? +=item Matching this or that -=item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass -filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles? +=item Grouping things and hierarchical matching -=item How can I use a filehandle indirectly? +=item Extracting matches -=item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()? +=item Matching repetitions -=item How can I write() into a string? +C = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., +any number of times, C = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least +once, C = match at least C times, but not more than C times, +C = match at least C or more times, C = match exactly C +times -=item How can I output my numbers with commas added? +=item More matching -=item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename? +=item Search and replace -=item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out? +=item The split operator -=item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>? +=back -=item Is there a leak/bug in glob()? +=item BUGS -=item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks? +=item SEE ALSO -=item How can I reliably rename a file? +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT -=item How can I lock a file? +=over -=item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")? +=item Acknowledgments -=item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in -the file. How can I do this? +=back -=item How do I randomly update a binary file? +=back -=item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl? +=head2 perlpod - plain old documentation -=item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl? +=over -=item How do I print to more than one file at once? +=item DESCRIPTION -=item How can I read in an entire file all at once? +=over -=item How can I read in a file by paragraphs? +=item Verbatim Paragraph -=item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard? +=item Command Paragraph -=item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle? +=item Ordinary Block of Text -=item How do I do a C in perl? +=item The Intent -=item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl? +=item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules -=item How do I close a file descriptor by number? +=item Common Pod Pitfalls -=item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't -`C:\temp\foo.exe` work? +=back -=item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files? +=item SEE ALSO -=item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber -protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl? +=item AUTHOR -=item How do I select a random line from a file? +=back -=item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines? +=head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide -=back +=over -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item DESCRIPTION =back -=head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $) +=head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary =over @@ -796,758 +864,842 @@ protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl? =over -=item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible -and unmaintainable code? +=item Awk Traps -Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters +=item C Traps -=item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong? +=item Sed Traps -=item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on -different lines? +=item Shell Traps -=item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong? +=item Perl Traps -=item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving -case on the RHS? +=item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps -=item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets? +Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical +Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts, +Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc, +Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps -=item How can I match a locale-smart version of C? +=item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps -=item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex? +Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, +Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix, +Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance -=item What is C really for? +=item Parsing Traps -=item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a -file? +Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing -=item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text? +=item Numerical Traps -=item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it? +Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops -=item How do I process each word on each line? +=item General data type traps -=item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary? +(Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String), +(Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide) -=item How can I do approximate matching? +=item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts -=item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once? +(list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin) -=item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me? +=item Precedence Traps -=item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down? +Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, +Precedence -=item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression? +=item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc. -=item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant? +Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular +Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, +Regular Expression -=item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context? +=item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps -=item How can I match strings with multibyte characters? +(Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle -=item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user? +=item OS Traps -=back +(SysV), (SysV) -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item Interpolation Traps + +Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, +Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation + +=item DBM Traps + +DBM, DBM + +=item Unclassified Traps + +C/C trap using returned value, C on empty string with +LIMIT specified =back -=head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date: -1999/05/23 20:36:18 $) +=back + +=head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter =over +=item SYNOPSIS + =item DESCRIPTION =over -=item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language? - -=item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to -use them? - -=item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and -commas? +=item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems -=item How do I skip some return values? +OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS -=item How do I temporarily block warnings? +=item Location of Perl -=item What's an extension? +=item Command Switches -=item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators? +B<-0>[I], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I, +B<-D>I, B<-D>I, B<-e> I, B<-F>I, +B<-h>, B<-i>[I], B<-I>I, B<-l>[I], +B<-m>[B<->]I, B<-M>[B<->]I, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>, +B<-[mM]>[B<->]I, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>, +B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>, +B<-x> I -=item How do I declare/create a structure? +=back -=item How do I create a module? +=item ENVIRONMENT -=item How do I create a class? +HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL +(specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL, +PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port) -=item How can I tell if a variable is tainted? +=back -=item What's a closure? +=head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics -=item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it? +=over -=item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, -Regex}? +=item DESCRIPTION -Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes, -Passing Methods +=back -=item How do I create a static variable? +=head2 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings -=item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? -Between local() and my()? +=over -=item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical -is in scope? +=item DESCRIPTION -=item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding? +=over -=item Why doesn't "my($foo) = ;" work right? +=item Default Warnings and Optional Warnings -=item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method? +=item What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W> -=item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()? +=item Controlling Warnings from the Command Line -=item How do I create a switch or case statement? +B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X> -=item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods? +=item Backward Compatibility -=item Why can't a method included in this same file be found? +=item Category Hierarchy -=item How can I find out my current package? +=item Fatal Warnings -=item How can I comment out a large block of perl code? +=item Reporting Warnings from a Module -=item How do I clear a package? +=back -=item How can I use a variable as a variable name? +=item TODO -=back +=item SEE ALSO -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item AUTHOR =back -=head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 -18:37:57 $) +=head2 perldebtut - Perl debugging tutorial =over =item DESCRIPTION -=over +=item use strict -=item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under? +=item Looking at data and -w and w -=item How come exec() doesn't return? +=item help -=item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse? +=item Stepping through code -Keyboard, Screen, Mouse +=item Placeholder for a, w, t, T -=item How do I print something out in color? +=item REGULAR EXPRESSIONS -=item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key? +=item OUTPUT TIPS -=item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard? +=item CGI -=item How do I clear the screen? +=item GUIs -=item How do I get the screen size? +=item SUMMARY -=item How do I ask the user for a password? +=item SEE ALSO -=item How do I read and write the serial port? +=item AUTHOR -lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input +=item CONTRIBUTORS -=item How do I decode encrypted password files? +=back -=item How do I start a process in the background? +=head2 perldebug - Perl debugging -STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies +=over -=item How do I trap control characters/signals? +=item DESCRIPTION -=item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system? +=item The Perl Debugger -=item How do I set the time and date? +=over -=item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second? +=item Debugger Commands -=item How can I measure time under a second? +h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n +[expr], r, , c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname, +-, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr, +b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname +[condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line] +command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O +option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >> +command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !! +cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage] -=item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling) +=item Configurable Options -=item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What -does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean? +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C -=item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl? +=item Debugger input/output -=item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()? +Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame +listing -=item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems? +=item Debugging compile-time statements -=item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command? +=item Debugger Customization -=item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()? +=item Readline Support -=item How can I capture STDERR from an external command? +=item Editor Support for Debugging -=item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails? +=item The Perl Profiler -=item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context? +=back -=item How can I call backticks without shell processing? +=item Debugging regular expressions -=item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, -^Z on MS-DOS)? +=item Debugging memory usage -=item How can I convert my shell script to perl? +=item SEE ALSO -=item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session? +=item BUGS -=item How can I write expect in Perl? +=back -=item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as -"ps"? +=head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables -=item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How -come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my -changes to be visible? +=over -Unix +=item DESCRIPTION -=item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to -complete? +=over -=item How do I fork a daemon process? +=item Predefined Names -=item How do I make my program run with sh and csh? +$ARG, $_, $>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $', +$LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*, +input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $, +input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/, +autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE +EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE +EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $", +$SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE +EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR, +$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR, +$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as +C, C<$&> is the same as C, C<$'> is the same as C, C<$1> is the same +as C, C<$2> is the same as +C, C<$3> is the same as C, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~, +format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^, +format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, +$:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A, +$CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E, +$EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<, +$EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(, +$EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C, +$DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M, +$OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, +0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S, +$BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS}, +${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC, +%ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr} -=item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not? +=item Error Indicators -=item How do I timeout a slow event? +=item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names -=item How do I set CPU limits? +=back -=item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system? +=item BUGS -=item How do I use an SQL database? +=back -=item How do I make a system() exit on control-C? +=head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl -=item How do I open a file without blocking? - -=item How do I install a module from CPAN? +=over -=item What's the difference between require and use? +=item DESCRIPTION -=item How do I keep my own module/library directory? +=item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays -=item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library -search path? +=item Growing Your Own -=item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime? +=item Access and Printing -=item What is socket.ph and where do I get it? +=item Slices -=back +=item SEE ALSO -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item AUTHOR =back -=head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 -$) +=head2 perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl =over =item DESCRIPTION -=over +=item Open E la shell -=item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500 -Server Error) +=over -=item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program? +=item Simple Opens -=item How do I remove HTML from a string? +=item Pipe Opens -=item How do I extract URLs? +=item The Minus File -=item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a -file on another machine? +=item Mixing Reads and Writes -=item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML? +=item Filters -=item How do I fetch an HTML file? +=back -=item How do I automate an HTML form submission? +=item Open E la C -=item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web? +=over -=item How do I redirect to another page? +=item Permissions E la mode -=item How do I put a password on my web pages? +=back -=item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl? +=item Obscure Open Tricks -=item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my -CGI script to do bad things? +=over -=item How do I parse a mail header? +=item Re-Opening Files (dups) -=item How do I decode a CGI form? +=item Dispelling the Dweomer -=item How do I check a valid mail address? +=item Paths as Opens -=item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string? +=item Single Argument Open -=item How do I return the user's mail address? +=item Playing with STDIN and STDOUT -=item How do I send mail? +=back -=item How do I read mail? +=item Other I/O Issues -=item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address? +=over -=item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups? +=item Opening Non-File Files -=item How do I fetch/put an FTP file? +=item Binary Files -=item How can I do RPC in Perl? +=item File Locking =back -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item SEE ALSO -=back +=item AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT -=head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0 +=item HISTORY -=over +=back + +=head2 perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial + +=over =item DESCRIPTION -=item Core Enhancements +=item Part 1: The basics =over -=item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency +=item Simple word matching -=item Lexically scoped warning categories +=item Using character classes -=item Unicode and UTF-8 support +\d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and +represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and +represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character +but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace +character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character +[^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n", no modifiers (//): +Default behavior. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> +matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the +end or before a newline at the end, s modifier (//s): Treat string as a +single long line. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. C<^> +matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the +end or before a newline at the end, m modifier (//m): Treat string as a set +of multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> and +C<$> are able to match at the start or end of I line within the +string, both s and m modifiers (//sm): Treat string as a single long line, +but detect multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. +C<^> and C<$>, however, are able to match at the start or end of I +line within the string -=item Support for interpolating named characters +=item Matching this or that -=item "our" declarations +=item Grouping things and hierarchical matching -=item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals +0 Start with the first letter in the string 'a', 1 Try the first +alternative in the first group 'abd', 2 Match 'a' followed by 'b'. So far +so good, 3 'd' in the regexp doesn't match 'c' in the string - a dead end. +So backtrack two characters and pick the second alternative in the first +group 'abc', 4 Match 'a' followed by 'b' followed by 'c'. We are on a roll +and have satisfied the first group. Set $1 to 'abc', 5 Move on to the +second group and pick the first alternative 'df', 6 Match the 'd', 7 'f' in +the regexp doesn't match 'e' in the string, so a dead end. Backtrack one +character and pick the second alternative in the second group 'd', 8 'd' +matches. The second grouping is satisfied, so set $2 to 'd', 9 We are at +the end of the regexp, so we are done! We have matched 'abcd' out of the +string "abcde" -=item Improved Perl version numbering system +=item Extracting matches -=item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes +=item Matching repetitions -=item File and directory handles can be autovivified +C = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., +any number of times, C = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least +once, C = match at least C times, but not more than C times, +C = match at least C or more times, C = match exactly C +times, Principle 0: Taken as a whole, any regexp will be matched at the +earliest possible position in the string, Principle 1: In an alternation +C, the leftmost alternative that allows a match for the whole +regexp will be the one used, Principle 2: The maximal matching quantifiers +C, C<*>, C<+> and C<{n,m}> will in general match as much of the string +as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to match, Principle 3: If +there are two or more elements in a regexp, the leftmost greedy quantifier, +if any, will match as much of the string as possible while still allowing +the whole regexp to match. The next leftmost greedy quantifier, if any, +will try to match as much of the string remaining available to it as +possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until +all the regexp elements are satisfied, C = match 'a' 0 or 1 times. Try +0 first, then 1, C = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of +times, but as few times as possible, C = match 'a' 1 or more times, +i.e., at least once, but as few times as possible, C = match at +least C times, not more than C times, as few times as possible, +C = match at least C times, but as few times as possible, +C = match exactly C times. Because we match exactly C times, +C is equivalent to C and is just there for notational +consistency, Principle 3: If there are two or more elements in a regexp, +the leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will match as much +(little) of the string as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to +match. The next leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will try +to match as much (little) of the string remaining available to it as +possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until +all the regexp elements are satisfied, 0 Start with the first letter in the +string 't', 1 The first quantifier '.*' starts out by matching the whole +string 'the cat in the hat', 2 'a' in the regexp element 'at' doesn't match +the end of the string. Backtrack one character, 3 'a' in the regexp +element 'at' still doesn't match the last letter of the string 't', so +backtrack one more character, 4 Now we can match the 'a' and the 't', 5 +Move on to the third element '.*'. Since we are at the end of the string +and '.*' can match 0 times, assign it the empty string, 6 We are done! -=item open() with more than two arguments +=item Building a regexp -=item 64-bit support +specifying the task in detail,, breaking down the problem into smaller +parts,, translating the small parts into regexps,, combining the regexps,, +and optimizing the final combined regexp -=item Large file support +=item Using regular expressions in Perl -=item Long doubles +=back -=item "more bits" +=item Part 2: Power tools -=item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines +=over -=item C allowed +=item More on characters, strings, and character classes -=item File globbing implemented internally +=item Compiling and saving regular expressions -Support for CHECK blocks +=item Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression -=item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported +=item Non-capturing groupings + +=item Looking ahead and looking behind + +=item Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking + +=item Conditional expressions -Better pseudo-random number generator +=item A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression -=item Improved C operator +=item Pragmas and debugging -Better worst-case behavior of hashes +=back -=item pack() format 'Z' supported +=item BUGS -=item pack() format modifier '!' supported +=item SEE ALSO -=item pack() and unpack() support counted strings +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT -=item Comments in pack() templates +=over -=item Weak references +=item Acknowledgments -=item Binary numbers supported +=back -=item Lvalue subroutines +=back -=item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references +=head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions -=item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues +=over -=item exists() is supported on subroutine names +=item DESCRIPTION -=item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements +i, m, s, x -=item Pseudo-hashes work better +=over -=item Automatic flushing of output buffers +=item Regular Expressions -=item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations +cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit -=item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle +=item Extended Patterns -=item eof() has the same old magic as <> +C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>, +C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?, C<(?{ +code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>, +C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)> -=item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes +=item Backtracking -=item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text" +=item Version 8 Regular Expressions -=item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure +=item Warning on \1 vs $1 -=item Improved diagnostics +=item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring -=item Diagnostics follow STDERR +=item Combining pieces together -More consistent close-on-exec behavior +C, C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>, +C<(?!S)>, C<(?, C<(??{ EXPR })>, +C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)> -=item syswrite() ease-of-use +=item Creating custom RE engines -=item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators +=back -=item Bit operators support full native integer width +=item BUGS -=item Improved security features +=item SEE ALSO -More functional bareword prototype (*) +=back -=item C and C may be overridden +=head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures -=item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character +=over -=item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch +=item NOTE -=item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Optional Y2K warnings +=over -=back +=item Making References -=item Modules and Pragmata +=item Using References -=over +=item Symbolic references -=item Modules +=item Not-so-symbolic references -attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper, -DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English, -Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec, -File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt, -Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker, -podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage, -pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname, -Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters +=item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash -=item Pragmata +=item Function Templates =back -=item Utility Changes +=item WARNING -=over +=item SEE ALSO -=item dprofpp +=back -=item find2perl +=head2 perlform - Perl formats -=item h2xs +=over -=item perlcc +=item DESCRIPTION -=item perldoc +=over -=item The Perl Debugger +=item Format Variables =back -=item Improved Documentation - -perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod, -perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod, -perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod, -perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod - -=item Performance enhancements +=item NOTES =over -=item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized +=item Footers -=item Optimized assignments to lexical variables +=item Accessing Formatting Internals -=item Faster subroutine calls +=back -delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster +=item WARNINGS =back -=item Installation and Configuration Improvements +=head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial =over -=item -Dusethreads means something different +=item DESCRIPTION -=item New Configure flags +=over -=item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring +=item If we could talk to the animals... -=item Long Doubles +=item Introducing the method invocation arrow -=item -Dusemorebits +=item Invoking a barnyard -=item -Duselargefiles +=item The extra parameter of method invocation -=item installusrbinperl +=item Calling a second method to simplify things -=item SOCKS support +=item Inheriting the windpipes -=item C<-A> flag +=item A few notes about @ISA -=item Enhanced Installation Directories +=item Overriding the methods -=back +=item Starting the search from a different place -=item Platform specific changes +=item The SUPER way of doing things -=over +=item Where we're at so far... -=item Supported platforms +=item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it? -=item DOS +=item Invoking an instance method -=item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS) +=item Accessing the instance data -=item VMS +=item How to build a horse -=item Win32 +=item Inheriting the constructor -=back +=item Making a method work with either classes or instances -=item Significant bug fixes +=item Adding parameters to a method -=over +=item More interesting instances -=item on empty files +=item A horse of a different color -=item C improvements +=item Summary -=item All compilation errors are true errors +=back -=item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer +=item SEE ALSO -=item Behavior of list slices is more consistent - -=item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}> +=item COPYRIGHT -=item C and AUTOLOAD +=back -=item C<-bareword> allowed under C +=head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl -=item Failures in DESTROY() +=over -=item Locale bugs fixed +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Memory leaks +=item Creating a Class -=item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls +=over -=item Taint failures under C<-U> +=item Object Representation -=item END blocks and the C<-c> switch +=item Class Interface -=item Potential to leak DATA filehandles +=item Constructors and Instance Methods -=back +=item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors -=item New or Changed Diagnostics +=item Destructors -"%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet -implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s, -/ cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed -by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape -\\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class -passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too -early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s -argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a -subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word: -%s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled -substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional, -Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector -size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check -filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s", -Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default, -Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't -remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't -weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class -syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference, -constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated, -defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean -"local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective -%s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for -output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires -explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable, -Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter: -|%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal -number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute: -%s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid -separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in -subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs -returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing -%sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub", -No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our", -No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time -is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref, -panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing -around "%s" list, Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use -"sub NAME : ATTRS" instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count -in pack overflows, Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed -memory ignored, Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, -Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not -implemented, This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl -can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown -open() mode '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, -Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter -in attribute list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute -parameter in subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute -list, Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant -number +=item Other Object Methods -=item New tests +=back -=item Incompatible Changes +=item Class Data =over -=item Perl Source Incompatibilities +=item Accessing Class Data -CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed +=item Debugging Methods -=item Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different +=item Class Destructors -Literals of the form C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed -pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, -C fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe -and socket handles, Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported, -delete(), values() and C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies, -vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic -output has changed, C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves -like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed +=item Documenting the Interface -=item Semantics of bit operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms +=back -=item More builtins taint their results +=item Aggregation -=item C Source Incompatibilities +=item Inheritance -C, C, C +=over -=item Compatible C Source API Changes +=item Overridden Methods -C is now C +=item Multiple Inheritance -=item Binary Incompatibilities +=item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects =back -=item Known Problems +=item Alternate Object Representations =over -=item Thread test failures +=item Arrays as Objects -=item EBCDIC platforms not supported +=item Closures as Objects -=item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang +=back -=item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure +=item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods -=item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with -gcc +=over -=item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run +=item Autoloaded Data Methods -=item Arrow operator and arrays +=item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods -=item Windows 2000 +=back -=item Experimental features +=item Metaclassical Tools -Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The -pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file -globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })> -and C<(??{ code })> +=over -=back +=item Class::Struct -=item Obsolete Diagnostics +=item Data Members as Variables -Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed -logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, Probable precedence problem on %s, -regexp too big, Use of "$$" to mean "${$}" is deprecated +=item NOTES -=item Reporting Bugs +=item Object Terminology + +=back =item SEE ALSO -=item HISTORY +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + +=item COPYRIGHT + +=over + +=item Acknowledgments =back -=head2 perldata - Perl data types +=back + +=head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl =over =item DESCRIPTION +=item Class Data as Package Variables + =over -=item Variable names +=item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket -=item Context +=item Inheritance Concerns -=item Scalar values +=item The Eponymous Meta-Object -=item Scalar value constructors +=item Indirect References to Class Data -=item List value constructors +=item Monadic Classes -=item Slices +=item Translucent Attributes -=item Typeglobs and Filehandles +=back + +=item Class Data as Lexical Variables + +=over + +=item Privacy and Responsibility + +=item File-Scoped Lexicals + +=item More Inheritance Concerns + +=item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key + +=item Translucency Revisited =back +=item NOTES + =item SEE ALSO +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + +=item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS + +=item HISTORY + =back -=head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax +=head2 perlobj - Perl objects =over @@ -1555,172 +1707,184 @@ regexp too big, Use of "$$" to mean "${$}" is deprecated =over -=item Declarations +=item An Object is Simply a Reference -=item Simple statements +=item A Class is Simply a Package -=item Compound statements +=item A Method is Simply a Subroutine -=item Loop Control +=item Method Invocation -=item For Loops +=item WARNING -=item Foreach Loops +=item Default UNIVERSAL methods -=item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements +isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] ) -=item Goto +=item Destructors -=item PODs: Embedded Documentation +=item Summary -=item Plain Old Comments (Not!) +=item Two-Phased Garbage Collection =back +=item SEE ALSO + =back -=head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence +=head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT) =over -=item SYNOPSIS - =item DESCRIPTION -=over +=item OO SCALING TIPS -=item Terms and List Operators (Leftward) +=item INSTANCE VARIABLES -=item The Arrow Operator +=item SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES -=item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement +=item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE -=item Exponentiation +=item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS -=item Symbolic Unary Operators +=item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS -=item Binding Operators +=item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM -=item Multiplicative Operators +=item THINKING OF CODE REUSE -=item Additive Operators +=item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT -=item Shift Operators +=item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR -=item Named Unary Operators +=item DELEGATION -=item Relational Operators +=back -=item Equality Operators +=head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable -=item Bitwise And +=over -=item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or +=item SYNOPSIS -=item C-style Logical And +=item DESCRIPTION -=item C-style Logical Or +=over -=item Range Operators +=item Tying Scalars -=item Conditional Operator +TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this -=item Assignment Operators +=item Tying Arrays -=item Comma Operator +TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value, +DESTROY this -=item List Operators (Rightward) +=item Tying Hashes -=item Logical Not +USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE +this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY +this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this -=item Logical And +=item Tying FileHandles -=item Logical or and Exclusive Or +TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, +LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this -=item C Operators Missing From Perl +=item The C Gotcha -unary &, unary *, (TYPE) +=back -=item Quote and Quote-like Operators +=item SEE ALSO -=item Regexp Quote-Like Operators +=item BUGS -?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>, -qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/, -s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsUC, -y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsUC +=item AUTHOR -=item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs +=back -Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation, -C<<<'EOF'>, C, C, C, C, C<''>, C, C<"">, -C<``>, C, C, C<< >>, C, C, C, -C,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of -regular expressions +=head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes, +safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores) -=item I/O Operators +=over -=item Constant Folding +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Bitwise String Operators +=item Signals -=item Integer Arithmetic +=item Named Pipes -=item Floating-point Arithmetic +=over -=item Bigger Numbers +=item WARNING =back +=item Using open() for IPC + +=over + +=item Filehandles + +=item Background Processes + +=item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent + +=item Safe Pipe Opens + +=item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process + +=item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself + =back -=head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions +=item Sockets: Client/Server Communication =over -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Internet Line Terminators -i, m, s, x +=item Internet TCP Clients and Servers -=over +=item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers -=item Regular Expressions +=back -cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit +=item TCP Clients with IO::Socket -=item Extended Patterns +=over -C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>, -C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?, C<(?{ -code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>, -C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)> +=item A Simple Client -=item Backtracking +C, C, C -=item Version 8 Regular Expressions +=item A Webget Client -=item Warning on \1 vs $1 +=item Interactive Client with IO::Socket -=item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring +=back -=item Combining pieces together +=item TCP Servers with IO::Socket -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>, -C<(?!S)>, C<(?, C<(??{ EXPR })>, -C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)> +Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse -=item Creating custom RE engines +=item UDP: Message Passing -=back +=item SysV IPC + +=item NOTES =item BUGS +=item AUTHOR + =item SEE ALSO =back -=head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter +=head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation =over @@ -1730,444 +1894,295 @@ C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)> =over -=item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems +=item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes -OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS +$$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept +filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to +files, directories and network sockets -=item Location of Perl +=item Resource limits -=item Command Switches +=item Killing the parent process -B<-0>[I], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I, -B<-D>I, B<-D>I, B<-e> I, B<-F>I, -B<-h>, B<-i>[I], B<-I>I, B<-l>[I], -B<-m>[B<->]I, B<-M>[B<->]I, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>, -B<-[mM]>[B<->]I, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>, -B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>, -B<-x> I +=item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes + +=item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS + +BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented, +Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger +application, Thread-safety of extensions =back -=item ENVIRONMENT +=item BUGS -HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL -(specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL +=item AUTHOR + +=item SEE ALSO =back -=head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions +=head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl =over -=item DESCRIPTION +=item SYNOPSIS -=over +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Perl Functions by Category +=item Storing numbers -Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching, -Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data, -Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed -length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories, -Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related -to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process -groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and -object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess -communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network -info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted -in perl5 +=item Numeric operators and numeric conversions -=item Portability +=item Flavors of Perl numeric operations -=item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions +Arithmetic operators except, C, Arithmetic operators except, +C, Bitwise operators, C, Bitwise operators, C, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a +string -I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept -NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME, -binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME, -bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE, -chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER, -chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE, -connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT, -dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete -EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump, -each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST, -exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl -FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, -fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin, -getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam -NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname -NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr -ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, -getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, -getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent -STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, -endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET, -getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL, -goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex, -import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl -FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST, -last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length, -link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR, -lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK -LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl -ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd -ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module -LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open -FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack -TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop -ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, -printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, -push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, -quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read -FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir -DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv -SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename -OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset, -return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex -STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar -EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select -FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl -ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send -SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority -WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY, -shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, -shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep -EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair -SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST, -sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH, -splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split -/PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR, -sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR, -study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr -EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr -EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen -FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread -FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek -FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite -FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, -syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie -VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate -FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR, -ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack -TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST, -use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST, -values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn -LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y/// +=item AUTHOR -=back +=item SEE ALSO =back -=head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables +=head2 perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl =over =item DESCRIPTION -=over - -=item Predefined Names +=item What Is A Thread Anyway? -$ARG, $_, $>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $', -$LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*, input_line_number -HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $, input_record_separator HANDLE -EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/, autoflush HANDLE EXPR, -$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE EXPR, -$OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, -$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $", -$SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE -EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR, -$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR, -$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @-, C<$`> is the same as C), -C<$&> is the same as C), C<$'> is the -same as C), C<$1> is the same as C, C<$2> is the same as C, C<$3> is the same as C), -format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~, format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, -$FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^, format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, -$FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, -$FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A, $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, -$ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E, $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, -$$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<, $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, -$GID, $(, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], -$COMPILING, $^C, $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, -$INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M, $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, -0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, -$EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S, $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, -$WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS}, ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, -$^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC, %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr} +=item Threaded Program Models -=item Error Indicators +=over -=item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names +=item Boss/Worker -=back +=item Work Crew -=item BUGS +=item Pipeline =back -=head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines +=item Native threads -=over +=item What kind of threads are perl threads? -=item SYNOPSIS +=item Threadsafe Modules -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Thread Basics =over -=item Private Variables via my() - -=item Persistent Private Variables +=item Basic Thread Support -=item Temporary Values via local() +=item Creating Threads -=item Lvalue subroutines +=item Giving up control -=item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs) +=item Waiting For A Thread To Exit -=item When to Still Use local() +=item Errors In Threads -1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2. -You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3. -You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash +=item Ignoring A Thread -=item Pass by Reference +=back -=item Prototypes +=item Threads And Data -=item Constant Functions +=over -=item Overriding Built-in Functions +=item Shared And Unshared Data -=item Autoloading +=item Thread Pitfall: Races -=item Subroutine Attributes +=item Controlling access: lock() -=back +=item Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks -=item SEE ALSO +=item Queues: Passing Data Around =back -=head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables) +=item Threads And Code =over -=item DESCRIPTION - -=over +=item Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access -=item Packages +Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores -=item Symbol Tables +=item Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines -=item Package Constructors and Destructors +=item Subroutine Locks -=item Perl Classes +=item Methods -=item Perl Modules +=item Locking A Subroutine =back -=item SEE ALSO +=item General Thread Utility Routines -=back +=over -=head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones +=item What Thread Am I In? -=over +=item Thread IDs -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Are These Threads The Same? -=item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY +=item What Threads Are Running? -=over +=back -=item Pragmatic Modules +=item A Complete Example -attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, caller, charnames, constant, -diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, ops, overload, -re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings +=item Conclusion -=item Standard Modules +=item Bibliography -AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, -B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, -B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI, -CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push, -CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy, -Class::Struct, Config, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Data::Dumper, Devel::DProf, -Devel::Peek, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English, -Env, Errno, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Embed, -ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist, -ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS, -ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest, -ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist, -ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree, -File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Glob, -File::Path, File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, -File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, -File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long, -Getopt::Std, I18N::Collate, IO, IO::Dir, IO::File, IO::Handle, IO::Pipe, -IO::Poll, IO::Seekable, IO::Select, IO::Socket, IO::Socket::INET, -IO::Socket::UNIX, IPC::Msg, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, IPC::Semaphore, -IPC::SysV, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, -Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, -Opcode, POSIX, Pod::Checker, Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Man, -Pod::Parser, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Usage, -SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, -Symbol, Sys::Hostname, Sys::Syslog, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, -Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, -Text::Soundex, Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, -Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, -Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent +=over -=item Extension Modules +=item Introductory Texts + +=item OS-Related References + +=item Other References =back -=item CPAN +=item Acknowledgements -Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating -System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess -Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces, -User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages, -File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String -Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option, -Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing, -Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption, -World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities, -Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, -and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and -exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities, -Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe, -North America, South America +=item AUTHOR -=item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse +=item Copyrights -=over +=back -=item Guidelines for Module Creation +=head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl -Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new -module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select -what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?, -README and other Additional Files, A description of the -module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites -- what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to -Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release, -especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in -the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a -version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take -care when changing a released module +=over -=item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules +=item DESCRIPTION -There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications, -Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started, -Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from ' -to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes +Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I +portable -=item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code +=item ISSUES -Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many -applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the -reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity -to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application' -can then be reduced to a small +=over -=back +=item Newlines -=item NOTE +=item Numbers endianness and Width -=back +=item Files and Filesystems -=head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules +=item System Interaction -=over +=item Interprocess Communication (IPC) -=item DESCRIPTION +=item External Subroutines (XS) -=over +=item Standard Modules -=item PREAMBLE +=item Time and Date -B the file, B the file into a directory, B the -module (sometimes unnecessary), B the module +=item Character sets and character encoding -=back +=item Internationalisation -=item HEY +=item System Resources -=item AUTHOR +=item Security -=item COPYRIGHT +=item Style =back -=head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation - -=over +=item CPAN Testers -=item SYNOPSIS +Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results: +http://testers.cpan.org/ -=item DESCRIPTION +=item PLATFORMS =over -=item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes - -$$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept -filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to -files, directories and network sockets - -=item Resource limits +=item Unix -=item Killing the parent process +=item DOS and Derivatives -=item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes +Build instructions for OS/2, L -=item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS +=item S -BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented, -Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger -application, Thread-safety of extensions +=item VMS -=back +=item VOS -=item BUGS +=item EBCDIC Platforms -=item AUTHOR +=item Acorn RISC OS -=item SEE ALSO +=item Other perls =back -=head2 perlform - Perl formats +=item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS =over -=item DESCRIPTION - -=over +=item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions -=item Format Variables +-I FILEHANDLE, -I EXPR, -I, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode +FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt +PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec +LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, +getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, +getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr +ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, +getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, +setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, +setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, +endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, +ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, +lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, +msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, +open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink, +select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget +KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP, +setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt +SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, +shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair +SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, +symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen +FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate +FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST, +wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS =back -=item NOTES +=item CHANGES -=over +v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999, +v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May +1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December +1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August +1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998, +v1.23, 10 July 1998 -=item Footers +=item Supported Platforms -=item Accessing Formatting Internals +=item SEE ALSO -=back +=item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS -=item WARNINGS +=item VERSION =back @@ -2229,10 +2244,9 @@ B (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>), B (C):, B (C):, B (printf() and write()):, B (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B (localeconv(), strcoll(),strftime(), strxfrm()):, B (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(),isgraph(), -islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), -isxdigit()): +functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(), +islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()): =item ENVIRONMENT @@ -2273,396 +2287,442 @@ LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG =back -=head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures +=head2 perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl =over -=item NOTE - =item DESCRIPTION =over -=item Making References - -=item Using References +=item Important Caveat -=item Symbolic references +Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, C still needed +to enable a few features -=item Not-so-symbolic references +=item Byte and Character semantics -=item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash +=item Effects of character semantics -=item Function Templates +=item Character encodings for input and output =back -=item WARNING +=item CAVEATS =item SEE ALSO =back -=head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references +=head2 perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms =over =item DESCRIPTION -=item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures? +=item COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS -=item The Solution +=over -=item Syntax +=item ASCII -=over +=item ISO 8859 -=item Making References +=item Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) -=item Using References +=item EBCDIC -=back +=item 13 variant characters -=item An Example +=item 0037 -=item Arrow Rule +=item 1047 -=item Solution +=item POSIX-BC -=item The Rest +=back -=item Summary +=item SINGLE OCTET TABLES -=item Credits +recipe 0, recipe 1, recipe 2, recipe 3, recipe 4 -=over +=item IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS -=item Distribution Conditions +=item CONVERSIONS -=back +=item OPERATOR DIFFERENCES -=back +=item FUNCTION DIFFERENCES -=head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook +chr(), ord(), pack(), print(), printf(), sort(), sprintf(), unpack() + +=item REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES + +=item SOCKETS + +=item SORTING =over -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Ignore ASCII vs EBCDIC sort differences. -arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes, -more elaborate constructs +=item MONOCASE then sort data. -=item REFERENCES +=item Convert, sort data, then reconvert. -=item COMMON MISTAKES +=item Perform sorting on one type of machine only. -=item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE +=back -=item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C +=item URL ENCODING and DECODING -=item DEBUGGING +=item I18N AND L10N -=item CODE EXAMPLES +=item MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS -=item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS +=item OS ISSUES =over -=item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS +=item OS/400 -=item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS +IFS access -=item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS +=item OS/390 -=back +dataset access, locales -=item HASHES OF ARRAYS +=item VM/ESA? -=over +=item POSIX-BC? -=item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS +=back -=item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS +=item REFERENCES -=item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS +=item AUTHOR =back -=item ARRAYS OF HASHES +=head2 perlsec - Perl security =over -=item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES +=over -=item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES +=item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data -=back +=item Switches On the "#!" Line -=item HASHES OF HASHES +=item Cleaning Up Your Path -=over +=item Security Bugs -=item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES +=item Protecting Your Programs -=item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES +=back -=item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES +=item SEE ALSO =back -=item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS +=head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables) =over -=item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS +=over -=item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS +=item Packages -=back +=item Symbol Tables -=item Database Ties +=item Package Constructors and Destructors -=item SEE ALSO +=item Perl Classes -=item AUTHOR +=item Perl Modules =back -=head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl - -=over - -=item DESCRIPTION - -=item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays - -=item Growing Your Own - -=item Access and Printing - -=item Slices - =item SEE ALSO -=item AUTHOR - =back -=head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial +=head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones =over =item DESCRIPTION -=over - -=item If we could talk to the animals... - -=item Introducing the method invocation arrow - -=item Invoking a barnyard - -=item The extra parameter of method invocation +=item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY -=item Calling a second method to simplify things +=over -=item Inheriting the windpipes +=item Pragmatic Modules -=item A few notes about @ISA +attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant, +diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, open, ops, +overload, re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings -=item Overriding the methods +=item Standard Modules -=item Starting the search from a different place +AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, +B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, +B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI, +CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push, +CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy, +Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue, +English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command, +ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist, +ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS, +ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest, +ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist, +ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree, +File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path, +File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, +File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp, +File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std, +I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, +Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent, +Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find, +Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Parser, +Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Text::Termcap, +Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, +Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, +Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, +Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, +Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, +UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent -=item The SUPER way of doing things +=item Extension Modules -=item Where we're at so far... +=back -=item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it? +=item CPAN -=item Invoking an instance method +Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating +System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess +Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces, +User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages, +File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String +Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option, +Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing, +Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption, +World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities, +Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, +and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and +exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities, +Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe, +North America, South America -=item Accessing the instance data +=item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse -=item How to build a horse +=over -=item Inheriting the constructor +=item Guidelines for Module Creation -=item Making a method work with either classes or instances +Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new +module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select +what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?, +README and other Additional Files, A description of the +module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites +- what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to +Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release, +especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in +the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a +version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take +care when changing a released module -=item Adding parameters to a method +=item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules -=item More interesting instances +There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications, +Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started, +Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from ' +to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes -=item A horse of a different color +=item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code -=item Summary +Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many +applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the +reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity +to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application' +can then be reduced to a small =back -=item SEE ALSO - -=item COPYRIGHT +=item NOTE =back -=head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl +=head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules =over =item DESCRIPTION -=item Creating a Class - =over -=item Object Representation +=item PREAMBLE -=item Class Interface +B the file, B the file into a directory, B the +module (sometimes unnecessary), B the module -=item Constructors and Instance Methods +=back -=item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors +=item PORTABILITY -=item Destructors +=item HEY -=item Other Object Methods +=item AUTHOR + +=item COPYRIGHT =back -=item Class Data +=head2 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution =over -=item Accessing Class Data - -=item Debugging Methods +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Class Destructors +=over -=item Documenting the Interface +=item Warning -=back +=item What should I make into a module? -=item Aggregation +=item Step-by-step: Preparing the ground -=item Inheritance +Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again -=over +=item Step-by-step: Making the module -=item Overridden Methods +Start with F, Use L and L, Use +L, Use L - wisely!, Use L, Write tests, Write the README -=item Multiple Inheritance +=item Step-by-step: Distributing your module -=item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects +Get a CPAN user ID, C, Upload the +tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs! =back -=item Alternate Object Representations +=item AUTHOR -=over +=item SEE ALSO -=item Arrays as Objects +=back -=item Closures as Objects +=head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date: +1999/05/23 16:08:30 $) -=back +=over -=item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods +=item DESCRIPTION =over -=item Autoloaded Data Methods +=item What is Perl? -=item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods +=item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free? -=back +=item Which version of Perl should I use? -=item Metaclassical Tools +=item What are perl4 and perl5? -=over +=item What is perl6? -=item Class::Struct +=item How stable is Perl? -=item Data Members as Variables +=item Is Perl difficult to learn? -=item NOTES +=item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, +Scheme, or Tcl? -=item Object Terminology +=item Can I do [task] in Perl? -=back +=item When shouldn't I program in Perl? -=item SEE ALSO +=item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"? -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script? -=item COPYRIGHT +=item What is a JAPH? -=over +=item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms? -=item Acknowledgments +=item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version +(5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)? =back +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + =back -=head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl +=head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $, +$Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $) =over =item DESCRIPTION -=item Class Data as Package Variables - =over -=item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket +=item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it? -=item Inheritance Concerns +=item How can I get a binary version of Perl? -=item The Eponymous Meta-Object +=item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl? -=item Indirect References to Class Data +=item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts +don't work. -=item Monadic Classes +=item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic +loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work? -=item Translucent Attributes +=item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? +What does CPAN/src/... mean? -=back +=item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl? -=item Class Data as Lexical Variables +=item Where can I get information on Perl? -=over +=item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions? -=item Privacy and Responsibility +=item Where should I post source code? -=item File-Scoped Lexicals +=item Perl Books -=item More Inheritance Concerns +References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics -=item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key +=item Perl in Magazines -=item Translucency Revisited +=item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access -=back +=item What mailing lists are there for Perl? -=item NOTES +=item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc -=item SEE ALSO +=item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl? -=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT +=item Where do I send bug reports? -=item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS +=item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? -=item HISTORY +=back + +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT =back -=head2 perlobj - Perl objects +=head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 +16:08:30 $) =over @@ -2670,1240 +2730,3384 @@ more elaborate constructs =over -=item An Object is Simply a Reference +=item How do I do (anything)? -=item A Class is Simply a Package +=item How can I use Perl interactively? -=item A Method is Simply a Subroutine +=item Is there a Perl shell? -=item Method Invocation +=item How do I debug my Perl programs? -=item WARNING +=item How do I profile my Perl programs? -=item Default UNIVERSAL methods +=item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs? -isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] ) +=item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl? -=item Destructors +=item Is there a ctags for Perl? -=item Summary +=item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor? -=item Two-Phased Garbage Collection +=item Where can I get Perl macros for vi? -=back +=item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs? -=item SEE ALSO +=item How can I use curses with Perl? -=back +=item How can I use X or Tk with Perl? -=head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable +=item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk? -=over +=item What is undump? -=item SYNOPSIS +=item How can I make my Perl program run faster? -=item DESCRIPTION +=item How can I make my Perl program take less memory? -=over +=item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data? -=item Tying Scalars +=item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks? -TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this +=item How can I make my CGI script more efficient? -=item Tying Arrays +=item How can I hide the source for my Perl program? -TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value, -DESTROY this +=item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C? -=item Tying Hashes +=item How can I compile Perl into Java? -USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE -this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY -this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this +=item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]? -=item Tying FileHandles +=item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line? -TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, -LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this +=item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system? -=item The C Gotcha +=item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl? -=back +=item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming? -=item SEE ALSO +=item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp] -=item BUGS +=item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in +my C program, what am I doing wrong? -=item AUTHOR +=item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it +mean? + +=item What's MakeMaker? =back -=head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT) +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + +=back + +=head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 +20:37:49 $) =over =item DESCRIPTION -=item OO SCALING TIPS +=item Data: Numbers -=item INSTANCE VARIABLES +=over -=item SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES +=item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the +numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)? -=item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE +=item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly? -=item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS +=item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()? +Trig functions? -=item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS +=item How do I convert bits into ints? -=item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM +=item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to? -=item THINKING OF CODE REUSE +=item How do I multiply matrices? -=item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT +=item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers? -=item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR +=item How can I output Roman numerals? -=item DELEGATION +=item Why aren't my random numbers random? =back -=head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes, -safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores) +=item Data: Dates =over -=item DESCRIPTION +=item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year? -=item Signals +=item How do I find the current century or millennium? -=item Named Pipes +=item How can I compare two dates and find the difference? -=over +=item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds? -=item WARNING +=item How can I find the Julian Day? + +=item How do I find yesterday's date? + +=item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant? =back -=item Using open() for IPC +=item Data: Strings =over -=item Filehandles +=item How do I validate input? -=item Background Processes +=item How do I unescape a string? -=item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent +=item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters? -=item Safe Pipe Opens +=item How do I expand function calls in a string? -=item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process +=item How do I find matching/nesting anything? -=item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself +=item How do I reverse a string? + +=item How do I expand tabs in a string? + +=item How do I reformat a paragraph? + +=item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string? + +=item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something? + +=item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a +string? + +=item How do I capitalize all the words on one line? + +=item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside +[character]? (Comma-separated files) + +=item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string? + +=item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes? + +=item How do I extract selected columns from a string? + +=item How do I find the soundex value of a string? + +=item How can I expand variables in text strings? + +=item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"? + +=item Why don't my <, C, C +=item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over +it? -=item A Webget Client +=item How do I look up a hash element by value? -=item Interactive Client with IO::Socket +=item How can I know how many entries are in a hash? -=back +=item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)? -=item TCP Servers with IO::Socket +=item How can I always keep my hash sorted? -Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse +=item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes? -=item UDP: Message Passing +=item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction? -=item SysV IPC +=item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through? -=item NOTES +=item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes? -=item BUGS +=item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file? -=item AUTHOR +=item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it? -=item SEE ALSO +=item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create +it? + +=item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or +array of hashes or arrays? + +=item How can I use a reference as a hash key? =back -=head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters +=item Data: Misc =over -=item SYNOPSIS +=item How do I handle binary data correctly? + +=item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float? + +=item How do I keep persistent data across program calls? + +=item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure? + +=item How do I define methods for every class/object? + +=item How do I verify a credit card checksum? + +=item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code? + +=back + +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + +=back + +=head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 +16:08:30 $) + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=over + +=item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this? + +=item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a +line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file? + +=item How do I count the number of lines in a file? + +=item How do I make a temporary file name? + +=item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files? + +=item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass +filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles? + +=item How can I use a filehandle indirectly? + +=item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()? + +=item How can I write() into a string? + +=item How can I output my numbers with commas added? + +=item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename? + +=item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out? + +=item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>? + +=item Is there a leak/bug in glob()? + +=item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks? + +=item How can I reliably rename a file? + +=item How can I lock a file? + +=item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")? + +=item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in +the file. How can I do this? + +=item How do I randomly update a binary file? + +=item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl? + +=item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl? + +=item How do I print to more than one file at once? + +=item How can I read in an entire file all at once? + +=item How can I read in a file by paragraphs? + +=item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard? + +=item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle? + +=item How do I do a C in perl? + +=item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl? + +=item How do I close a file descriptor by number? + +=item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't +`C:\temp\foo.exe` work? + +=item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files? + +=item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber +protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl? + +=item How do I select a random line from a file? + +=item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines? + +=back + +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + +=back + +=head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $) + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=over + +=item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible +and unmaintainable code? + +Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters + +=item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong? + +=item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on +different lines? + +=item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong? + +=item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving +case on the RHS? + +=item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets? + +=item How can I match a locale-smart version of C? + +=item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex? + +=item What is C really for? + +=item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a +file? + +=item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text? + +=item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it? + +=item How do I process each word on each line? + +=item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary? + +=item How can I do approximate matching? + +=item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once? + +=item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me? + +=item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down? + +=item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression? + +=item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant? + +=item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context? + +=item How can I match strings with multibyte characters? + +=item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user? + +=back + +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + +=back + +=head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date: +1999/05/23 20:36:18 $) + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=over + +=item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language? + +=item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to +use them? + +=item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and +commas? + +=item How do I skip some return values? + +=item How do I temporarily block warnings? + +=item What's an extension? + +=item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators? + +=item How do I declare/create a structure? + +=item How do I create a module? + +=item How do I create a class? + +=item How can I tell if a variable is tainted? + +=item What's a closure? + +=item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it? + +=item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, +Regex}? + +Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes, +Passing Methods + +=item How do I create a static variable? + +=item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? +Between local() and my()? + +=item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical +is in scope? + +=item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding? + +=item Why doesn't "my($foo) = ;" work right? + +=item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method? + +=item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()? + +=item How do I create a switch or case statement? + +=item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods? + +=item Why can't a method included in this same file be found? + +=item How can I find out my current package? + +=item How can I comment out a large block of perl code? + +=item How do I clear a package? + +=item How can I use a variable as a variable name? + +=back + +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + +=back + +=head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 +18:37:57 $) + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=over + +=item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under? + +=item How come exec() doesn't return? + +=item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse? + +Keyboard, Screen, Mouse + +=item How do I print something out in color? + +=item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key? + +=item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard? + +=item How do I clear the screen? + +=item How do I get the screen size? + +=item How do I ask the user for a password? + +=item How do I read and write the serial port? + +lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input + +=item How do I decode encrypted password files? + +=item How do I start a process in the background? + +STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies + +=item How do I trap control characters/signals? + +=item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system? + +=item How do I set the time and date? + +=item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second? + +=item How can I measure time under a second? + +=item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling) + +=item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What +does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean? + +=item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl? + +=item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()? + +=item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems? + +=item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command? + +=item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()? + +=item How can I capture STDERR from an external command? + +=item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails? + +=item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context? + +=item How can I call backticks without shell processing? + +=item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, +^Z on MS-DOS)? + +=item How can I convert my shell script to perl? + +=item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session? + +=item How can I write expect in Perl? + +=item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as +"ps"? + +=item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How +come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my +changes to be visible? + +Unix + +=item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to +complete? + +=item How do I fork a daemon process? + +=item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not? + +=item How do I timeout a slow event? + +=item How do I set CPU limits? + +=item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system? + +=item How do I use an SQL database? + +=item How do I make a system() exit on control-C? + +=item How do I open a file without blocking? + +=item How do I install a module from CPAN? + +=item What's the difference between require and use? + +=item How do I keep my own module/library directory? + +=item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library +search path? + +=item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime? + +=item What is socket.ph and where do I get it? + +=back + +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + +=back + +=head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 +$) + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=over + +=item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500 +Server Error) + +=item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program? + +=item How do I remove HTML from a string? + +=item How do I extract URLs? + +=item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a +file on another machine? + +=item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML? + +=item How do I fetch an HTML file? + +=item How do I automate an HTML form submission? + +=item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web? + +=item How do I redirect to another page? + +=item How do I put a password on my web pages? + +=item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl? + +=item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my +CGI script to do bad things? + +=item How do I parse a mail header? + +=item How do I decode a CGI form? + +=item How do I check a valid mail address? + +=item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string? + +=item How do I return the user's mail address? + +=item How do I send mail? + +=item How do I read mail? + +=item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address? + +=item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups? + +=item How do I fetch/put an FTP file? + +=item How can I do RPC in Perl? + +=back + +=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT + +=back + +=head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=over + +=item Layout + +B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref + +=back + +=item Using The Back Ends + +=over + +=item The Cross Referencing Back End + +i, &, s, r + +=item The Decompiling Back End + +=item The Lint Back End + +=item The Simple C Back End + +=item The Bytecode Back End + +=item The Optimized C Back End + +B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, +B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, +B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref + +=back + +=item KNOWN PROBLEMS + +=item AUTHOR + +=back + +=head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=over + +=item PREAMBLE + +B, B, B, B, B + +=item ROADMAP + +=item Compiling your C program + +=item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program + +=item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program + +=item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program + +=item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program + +=item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program + +=item Maintaining a persistent interpreter + +=item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances + +=item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C +program + +=back + +=item Embedding Perl under Windows + +=item MORAL + +=item AUTHOR + +=item COPYRIGHT + +=back + +=head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=item Debugger Internals + +=over + +=item Writing Your Own Debugger + +=back + +=item Frame Listing Output Examples + +=item Debugging regular expressions + +=over + +=item Compile-time output + +C I C I, C I C +I, C, C, C +I, C, C, C, C, C, C, +C + +=item Types of nodes + +=item Run-time output + +=back + +=item Debugging Perl memory usage + +=over + +=item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}> + +C, Free/Used, C, C, C, C, C + +=item Example of using B<-DL> switch + +C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704> + +=item B<-DL> details + +C, C, C + +=item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics + +=back + +=item SEE ALSO + +=back + +=head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=item SPECIAL NOTES + +=over + +=item make + +=item Version caveat + +=item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading + +=back + +=item TUTORIAL + +=over + +=item EXAMPLE 1 + +=item EXAMPLE 2 + +=item What has gone on? + +=item Writing good test scripts + +=item EXAMPLE 3 + +=item What's new here? + +=item Input and Output Parameters + +=item The XSUBPP Program + +=item The TYPEMAP file + +=item Warning about Output Arguments + +=item EXAMPLE 4 + +=item What has happened here? + +=item Anatomy of .xs file + +=item Getting the fat out of XSUBs + +=item More about XSUB arguments + +=item The Argument Stack + +=item Extending your Extension + +=item Documenting your Extension + +=item Installing your Extension + +=item EXAMPLE 5 + +=item New Things in this Example + +=item EXAMPLE 6 + +=item New Things in this Example + +=item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon) + +=item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon) + +=item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon) + +=item Troubleshooting these Examples + +=back + +=item See also + +=item Author + +=over + +=item Last Changed + +=back + +=back + +=head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=over + +=item Introduction + +=item On The Road + +=item The Anatomy of an XSUB + +=item The Argument Stack + +=item The RETVAL Variable + +=item The MODULE Keyword + +=item The PACKAGE Keyword + +=item The PREFIX Keyword + +=item The OUTPUT: Keyword + +=item The CODE: Keyword + +=item The INIT: Keyword + +=item The NO_INIT Keyword + +=item Initializing Function Parameters + +=item Default Parameter Values + +=item The PREINIT: Keyword + +=item The SCOPE: Keyword + +=item The INPUT: Keyword + +=item Variable-length Parameter Lists + +=item The C_ARGS: Keyword + +=item The PPCODE: Keyword + +=item Returning Undef And Empty Lists + +=item The REQUIRE: Keyword + +=item The CLEANUP: Keyword + +=item The BOOT: Keyword + +=item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword + +=item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword + +=item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword + +=item The ALIAS: Keyword + +=item The INTERFACE: Keyword + +=item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword + +=item The INCLUDE: Keyword + +=item The CASE: Keyword + +=item The & Unary Operator + +=item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives + +=item Using XS With C++ + +=item Interface Strategy + +=item Perl Objects And C Structures + +=item The Typemap + +=back + +=item EXAMPLES + +=item XS VERSION + +=item AUTHOR + +=back + +=head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=item Variables + +=over + +=item Datatypes + +=item What is an "IV"? + +=item Working with SVs + +=item What's Really Stored in an SV? + +=item Working with AVs + +=item Working with HVs + +=item Hash API Extensions + +=item References + +=item Blessed References and Class Objects + +=item Creating New Variables + +=item Reference Counts and Mortality + +=item Stashes and Globs + +=item Double-Typed SVs + +=item Magic Variables + +=item Assigning Magic + +=item Magic Virtual Tables + +=item Finding Magic + +=item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays + +=item Localizing changes + +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, C, +C + +=back + +=item Subroutines + +=over + +=item XSUBs and the Argument Stack + +=item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs + +=item Memory Allocation + +=item PerlIO + +=item Putting a C value on Perl stack + +=item Scratchpads + +=item Scratchpads and recursion + +=back + +=item Compiled code + +=over + +=item Code tree + +=item Examining the tree + +=item Compile pass 1: check routines + +=item Compile pass 1a: constant folding + +=item Compile pass 2: context propagation + +=item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization + +=back + +=item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported + +=over + +=item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT + +=item How do I use all this in extensions? + +=item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS + +=back + +=item Internal Functions + +A, p, d, s, n, r, f, m, o, j, x + +=over + +=item Formatted Printing of IVs, UVs, and NVs + +=item Source Documentation + +=back + +=item Unicode Support + +=over + +=item What B Unicode, anyway? + +=item How can I recognise a UTF8 string? + +=item How does UTF8 represent Unicode characters? + +=item How does Perl store UTF8 strings? + +=item How do I convert a string to UTF8? + +=item Is there anything else I need to know? + +=back + +=item AUTHORS + +=item SEE ALSO + +=back + +=head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program + +=item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS + +call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv + +=item FLAG VALUES + +=over + +=item G_VOID + +=item G_SCALAR + +=item G_ARRAY + +=item G_DISCARD + +=item G_NOARGS + +=item G_EVAL + +=item G_KEEPERR + +=item Determining the Context + +=back + +=item KNOWN PROBLEMS + +=item EXAMPLES + +=over + +=item No Parameters, Nothing returned + +=item Passing Parameters + +=item Returning a Scalar + +=item Returning a list of values + +=item Returning a list in a scalar context + +=item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list + +=item Using G_EVAL + +=item Using G_KEEPERR + +=item Using call_sv + +=item Using call_argv + +=item Using call_method + +=item Using GIMME_V + +=item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries + +=item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information + +1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of +callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl +callback + +=item Alternate Stack Manipulation + +=item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C + +=back + +=item SEE ALSO + +=item AUTHOR + +=item DATE + +=back + +=head2 perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=over + +=item DOCUMENTATION + +L, L and L, +L and L, L, +L, L, L, +L + +=item CONVERTORS + +L, L, L + +=item Development + +L, L, L and L, +L, L, L + +=item SEE ALSO + +=back + +=back + +=head2 perlfilter - Source Filters + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=item CONCEPTS + +=item USING FILTERS + +=item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER + +=item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C + +B + +=item CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE + +=item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL + +=item USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER + +=item CONCLUSION + +=item REQUIREMENTS + +=item AUTHOR + +=item Copyrights + +=back + +=head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters + +=over + +=item SYNOPSIS + +=item DESCRIPTION + +B, B, B, +B + +=over + +=item The Filter + +=item An Example -- the NULL termination problem. + +=item Another Example -- Key is a C int. + +=back + +=item SEE ALSO + +=item AUTHOR + +=back + +=head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +AvFILL, av_clear, av_delete, av_exists, av_extend, av_fetch, av_fill, +av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push, av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, +bytes_to_utf8, call_argv, call_method, call_pv, call_sv, CLASS, Copy, +croak, CvSTASH, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv, +eval_sv, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS, get_av, get_cv, get_hv, +get_sv, GIMME, GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod, +gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD, +G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV, +HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, hv_delete, +hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, +hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv, +hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA, +isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number, +MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical, +mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc, +NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv, +newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv, +ORIGMARK, perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse, +perl_run, PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal, +PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs, +PUSHi, PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc, +require_pv, RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST, +strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy, +SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off, +SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off, +SvNOK, SvNOKp, SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK, +SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force, +SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off, +SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT, +SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, svtype, SvTYPE, SVt_IV, +SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUPGRADE, SvUV, +SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn, +sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_clear, +sv_cmp, sv_cmp_locale, sv_dec, sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_free, sv_gets, +sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject, sv_len, sv_len_utf8, +sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_pvn_force, sv_pvutf8n_force, +sv_reftype, sv_replace, sv_rvweaken, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv, +sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg, +sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv, +sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg, +sv_true, sv_unmagic, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg, +sv_utf8_downgrade, sv_utf8_encode, sv_utf8_upgrade, sv_vcatpvfn, +sv_vsetpvfn, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, U8 *s, utf8_to_bytes, warn, XPUSHi, +XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV, +XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES, +XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION, +XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero + +=item AUTHORS + +=item SEE ALSO + +=back + +=head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B + Perl functions + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +is_gv_magical + +=item AUTHORS + +=item SEE ALSO + +=back + +=head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface. + +=over + +=item SYNOPSIS + +=item DESCRIPTION + +B, B, B, B, +B, B, +B, B, +B, B, +B, B, B, +B, B, B, +B, B, B, +B, B, B, +B, B, B, +B, B + +=over + +=item Co-existence with stdio + +B, B, +B, B, B, +B, B, B, +B, B, +B, B, B, +B, B + +=back + +=back + +=head2 perltodo - Perl TO-DO List + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=item Infrastructure + +=over + +=item Mailing list archives + +=item Bug tracking system + +=item Regression Tests + +Coverage, Regression, __DIE__, suidperl, The 25% slowdown from perl4 to +perl5 + +=back + +=item Configure + +=over + +=item Install HTML + +=back + +=item Perl Language + +=over + +=item our ($var) + +=item 64-bit Perl + +=item Prototypes + +Named prototypes, Indirect objects, Method calls, Context, Scoped subs + +=back + +=item Perl Internals + +=over + +=item magic_setisa + +=item Garbage Collection + +=item Reliable signals + +Alternate runops() for signal despatch, Figure out how to die() in delayed +sighandler, Add tests for Thread::Signal, Automatic tests against CPAN + +=item Interpolated regex performance bugs + +=item Memory leaks from failed eval/regcomp + +=item Make XS easier to use + +=item Make embedded Perl easier to use + +=item Namespace cleanup + +=item MULTIPLICITY + +=item MacPerl + +=back + +=item Documentation + +=over + +=item A clear division into tutorial and reference + +=item Remove the artificial distinction between operators and functions + +=item More tutorials + +Regular expressions, I/O, pack/unpack, Debugging + +=item Include a search tool + +=item Include a locate tool + +=item Separate function manpages by default + +=item Users can't find the manpages + +=item Install ALL Documentation + +=item Outstanding issues to be documented + +=item Adapt www.linuxhq.com for Perl + +=item Replace man with a perl program + +=item Unicode tutorial + +=back + +=item Modules + +=over + +=item Update the POSIX extension to conform with the POSIX 1003.1 Edition 2 + +=item Module versions + +=item New modules + +=item Profiler + +=item Tie Modules + +VecArray, SubstrArray, VirtualArray, ShiftSplice + +=item Procedural options + +=item RPC + +=item y2k localtime/gmtime + +=item Export File::Find variables + +=item Ioctl + +=item Debugger attach/detach + +=item Regular Expression debugger + +=item Alternative RE Syntax + +=item Bundled modules + +=item Expect + +=item GUI::Native + +=item Update semibroken auxiliary tools; h2ph, a2p, etc. + +=item POD Converters + +=item pod2html + +=item Podchecker + +=back + +=item Tom's Wishes + +=over + +=item Webperl + +=item Mobile agents + +=item POSIX on non-POSIX + +=item Portable installations + +=back + +=item Win32 Stuff + +=over + +=item Rename new headers to be consistent with the rest + +=item Sort out the spawnvp() mess + +=item Work out DLL versioning + +=item Style-check + +=back + +=item Would be nice to have + +C, Contiguous bitfields in pack/unpack, lexperl, Bundled +perl preprocessor, Use posix calls internally where possible, format +BOTTOM, -i rename file only when successfully changed, All ARGV input +should act like <>, report HANDLE [formats], support in perlmain to rerun +debugger, lvalue functions + +=item Possible pragmas + +=over + +=item 'less' + +=back + +=item Optimizations + +=over + +=item constant function cache + +=item foreach(reverse...) + +=item Cache eval tree + +=item rcatmaybe + +=item Shrink opcode tables + +=item Cache hash value + +=item Optimize away @_ where possible + +=item Optimize sort by { $a <=> $b } + +=item Rewrite regexp parser for better integrated optimization + +=back + +=item Vague possibilities + +ref function in list context, make tr/// return histogram in list context?, +Loop control on do{} et al, Explicit switch statements, compile to real +threaded code, structured types, Modifiable $1 et al + +=item To Do Or Not To Do + +=over + +=item Making my() work on "package" variables + +=item "or" testing defined not truth + +=item "dynamic" lexicals + +=item "class"-based, rather than package-based "lexicals" + +=back + +=item Threading + +=over + +=item Modules + +=item Testing + +=item $AUTOLOAD + +=item exit/die + +=item External threads + +=item Thread::Pool + +=item thread-safety + +=item Per-thread GVs + +=back + +=item Compiler + +=over + +=item Optimization + +=item Byteperl + +=item Precompiled modules + +=item Executables + +=item Typed lexicals + +=item Win32 + +=item END blocks + +=item _AUTOLOAD + +=item comppadlist + +=item Cached compilation + +=back + +=item Recently Finished Tasks + +=over + +=item Figure a way out of $^(capital letter) + +=item Filenames + +=item Foreign lines + +=item Namespace cleanup + +=item ISA.pm + +=item gettimeofday + +=item autocroak? + +=back + +=back + +=head2 perlhack - How to hack at the Perl internals + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +Does concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the +implementation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?, Is +the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new bugs?, Does +it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implementation robust?, Is +the implementation generic enough to be portable?, Is there enough +documentation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much +work?, Patches speak louder than words, L, L and +L, L, F, The perl5-porters FAQ + +=over + +=item Finding Your Way Around + +Core modules, Documentation, Configure, Interpreter + +=item Elements of the interpreter + +Startup, Parsing, Optimization, Running + +=item Internal Variable Types + +=item Op Trees + +=item Stacks + +Argument stack, Mark stack, Save stack + +=item Millions of Macros + +=item Poking at Perl + +=item Using a source-level debugger + +run [args], break function_name, break source.c:xxx, step, next, continue, +finish, print + +=item Dumping Perl Data Structures + +=item Patching + +=item CONCLUSION + +I + +=back + +=item AUTHOR + +=back + +=head2 perlhist - the Perl history records + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=item INTRODUCTION + +=item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN + +=over + +=item PUMPKIN? + +=back + +=item THE RECORDS + +=over + +=item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES + +=item SELECTED PATCH SIZES + +=back + +=item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS + +=back + +=head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.7.0 + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=item Security Vulnerability Closed + +=item Incompatible Changes + +=item Core Enhancements + +=item Modules and Pragmata + +=over + +=item New Modules + +=item Updated And Improved Modules and Pragmata + +=back + +=item Utility Changes + +=item New Documentation + +=item Performance Enhancements + +=item Installation and Configuration Improvements + +=over + +=item Generic Improvements + +=back + +=item Selected Bug Fixes + +sort() arguments are now compiled in the right wantarray context (they were +accidentally using the context of the sort() itself) + +=over + +=item Platform Specific Changes and Fixes + +=back + +=item New or Changed Diagnostics + +=item Changed Internals + +=item Known Problems + +=over + +=item Unicode Support Still Far From Perfect + +=item EBCDIC Still A Lost Platform + +=item Building Extensions Can Fail Because Of Largefiles + +In string, @%s now must be written as \@%s + +=back + +=item Reporting Bugs + +=item SEE ALSO + +=item HISTORY + +=back + +=head2 perl56delta, perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0 + +=over + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=item Core Enhancements + +=over + +=item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency + +=item Lexically scoped warning categories + +=item Unicode and UTF-8 support + +=item Support for interpolating named characters + +=item "our" declarations + +=item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals + +=item Improved Perl version numbering system + +=item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes + +=item File and directory handles can be autovivified + +=item open() with more than two arguments + +=item 64-bit support + +=item Large file support + +=item Long doubles + +=item "more bits" + +=item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines + +=item C allowed + +=item File globbing implemented internally + +=item Support for CHECK blocks + +=item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported + +=item Better pseudo-random number generator + +=item Improved C operator + +=item Better worst-case behavior of hashes + +=item pack() format 'Z' supported + +=item pack() format modifier '!' supported + +=item pack() and unpack() support counted strings + +=item Comments in pack() templates + +=item Weak references + +=item Binary numbers supported + +=item Lvalue subroutines + +=item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references + +=item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues + +=item exists() is supported on subroutine names + +=item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements + +=item Pseudo-hashes work better + +=item Automatic flushing of output buffers + +=item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations + +=item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle + +=item eof() has the same old magic as <> + +=item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes + +=item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text" + +=item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure + +=item Improved diagnostics + +=item Diagnostics follow STDERR + +=item More consistent close-on-exec behavior + +=item syswrite() ease-of-use + +=item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators + +=item Bit operators support full native integer width + +=item Improved security features + +=item More functional bareword prototype (*) + +=item C and C may be overridden + +=item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character + +=item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch + +=item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string + +=item Optional Y2K warnings + +=item Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings + +=back + +=item Modules and Pragmata + +=over + +=item Modules + +attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper, +DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English, +Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec, +File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt, +Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker, +podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage, +pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname, +Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters + +=item Pragmata + +=back + +=item Utility Changes + +=over + +=item dprofpp + +=item find2perl + +=item h2xs + +=item perlcc + +=item perldoc + +=item The Perl Debugger + +=back + +=item Improved Documentation + +perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod, +perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod, +perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod, +perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod + +=item Performance enhancements + +=over + +=item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized + +=item Optimized assignments to lexical variables + +=item Faster subroutine calls + +=item delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster + +=back + +=item Installation and Configuration Improvements + +=over + +=item -Dusethreads means something different + +=item New Configure flags + +=item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring + +=item Long Doubles + +=item -Dusemorebits + +=item -Duselargefiles + +=item installusrbinperl + +=item SOCKS support + +=item C<-A> flag + +=item Enhanced Installation Directories + +=back + +=item Platform specific changes + +=over + +=item Supported platforms + +=item DOS + +=item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS) + +=item VMS + +=item Win32 + +=back + +=item Significant bug fixes + +=over + +=item on empty files + +=item C improvements + +=item All compilation errors are true errors + +=item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer + +=item Behavior of list slices is more consistent + +=item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}> + +=item C and AUTOLOAD + +=item C<-bareword> allowed under C + +=item Failures in DESTROY() + +=item Locale bugs fixed + +=item Memory leaks + +=item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls + +=item Taint failures under C<-U> + +=item END blocks and the C<-c> switch + +=item Potential to leak DATA filehandles + +=back + +=item New or Changed Diagnostics + +"%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet +implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s, +/ cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed +by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape +\\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class +passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too +early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s +argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a +subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word: +%s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled +substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional, +Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector +size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check +filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s", +Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default, +Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't +remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't +weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class +syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference, +constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated, +defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean +"local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective +%s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for +output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires +explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable, +Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter: +|%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal +number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute: +%s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid +separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in +subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs +returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing +%sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub", +No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our", +No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time +is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref, +panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing +around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string, +Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS" +instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows, +Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored, +Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on +zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This +Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL +environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode +'%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized +escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute +list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in +subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of +CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number + +=item New tests + +=item Incompatible Changes + +=over + +=item Perl Source Incompatibilities + +CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed, +Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form +C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number +generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, C fails on +read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles, +Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported, delete(), values() and +C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies, vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) +enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic output has changed, +C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator, +Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed, Semantics of bit +operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms, More builtins taint their +results + +=item C Source Incompatibilities + +C, C, C + +=item Compatible C Source API Changes + +C is now C + +=item Binary Incompatibilities + +=back + +=item Known Problems + +=over + +=item Thread test failures + +=item EBCDIC platforms not supported + +=item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang + +=item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure + +=item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with +gcc + +=item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Arrow operator and arrays -B, B, B, -B +=item Experimental features -=over +Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The +pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file +globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })> +and C<(??{ code })> -=item The Filter +=back -=item An Example -- the NULL termination problem. +=item Obsolete Diagnostics -=item Another Example -- Key is a C int. +Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed +logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as +\@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$" +to mean "${$}" is deprecated -=back +=item Reporting Bugs =item SEE ALSO -=item AUTHOR +=item HISTORY =back -=head2 perldebug - Perl debugging +=head2 perl5005delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.005 =over =item DESCRIPTION -=item The Perl Debugger - -=over +=item About the new versioning system -=item Debugger Commands +=item Incompatible Changes -h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n -[expr], r, , c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname, --, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr, -b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname -[condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line] -command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O -option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >> -command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !! -cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage] +=over -=item Configurable Options +=item WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004. -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C +=item Default installation structure has changed -=item Debugger input/output +=item Perl Source Compatibility -Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame -listing +=item C Source Compatibility -=item Debugging compile-time statements +Core sources now require ANSI C compiler, All Perl global variables must +now be referenced with an explicit prefix, Enabling threads has source +compatibility issues -=item Debugger Customization +=item Binary Compatibility -=item Readline Support +=item Security fixes may affect compatibility -=item Editor Support for Debugging +=item Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004 -=item The Perl Profiler +=item Licensing =back -=item Debugging regular expressions +=item Core Changes -=item Debugging memory usage +=over -=item SEE ALSO +=item Threads -=item BUGS +=item Compiler -=back +=item Regular Expressions -=head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl +Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression +constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other +improvements, Incompatible changes -=over +=item Improved malloc() -=item SYNOPSIS +=item Quicksort is internally implemented -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Reliable signals -=item Storing numbers +=item Reliable stack pointers -=item Numeric operators and numeric conversions +=item More generous treatment of carriage returns -=item Flavors of Perl numeric operations +=item Memory leaks -Arithmetic operators except, C, Arithmetic operators except, -C, Bitwise operators, C, Bitwise operators, C, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a -string +=item Better support for multiple interpreters -=item AUTHOR +=item Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined -=item SEE ALSO +=item C<%!> is transparently tied to the L module -=back +=item Pseudo-hashes are supported -=head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging +=item C is supported -=over +=item Keywords can be globally overridden -=item DESCRIPTION +=item C<$^E> is meaningful on Win32 -=item Debugger Internals +=item C optimized -=over +=item C can be used as implicitly quoted package name -=item Writing Your Own Debugger +=item C tests existence of a package -=back +=item Better locale support -=item Frame Listing Output Examples +=item Experimental support for 64-bit platforms -=item Debugging regular expressions +=item prototype() returns useful results on builtins -=over +=item Extended support for exception handling -=item Compile-time output +=item Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods -C I C I, C I C -I, C, C, C -I, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C +=item All C format conversions are handled internally -=item Types of nodes +=item New C keyword -=item Run-time output +=item New C keyword -=back +=item New C operator -=item Debugging Perl memory usage +=item C is now a reserved word -=over +=item Tied arrays are now fully supported -=item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}> +=item Tied handles support is better -C, Free/Used, C, C, C, C, C +=item 4th argument to substr -=item Example of using B<-DL> switch +=item Negative LENGTH argument to splice -C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704> +=item Magic lvalues are now more magical -=item B<-DL> details +=item <> now reads in records -C, C, C +=back -=item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics +=item Supported Platforms -=back +=over -=item SEE ALSO +=item New Platforms + +=item Changes in existing support =back -=head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics +=item Modules and Pragmata =over -=item DESCRIPTION - -=back +=item New Modules -=head2 perlsec - Perl security +B, Data::Dumper, Dumpvalue, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed, +ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, +Thread, attrs, fields, re -=over +=item Changes in existing modules -=item DESCRIPTION +Benchmark, Carp, CGI, Fcntl, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, POSIX, DB_File, +MakeMaker, CPAN, Cwd, Benchmark -=over +=back -=item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data +=item Utility Changes -=item Switches On the "#!" Line +=item Documentation Changes + +=item New Diagnostics + +Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index +while coercing array into hash, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent +package, Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value, Can't check +filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid, Can't coerce array into hash, Can't +goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize pseudo-hash element, +Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber +for "%s", Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions, +Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character +class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in +insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval', %s: +Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to '' (assuming +package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such +field "%s" in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously +large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance +detected while looking for method '%s' in package '%s', Reference found +where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use +of reserved word "%s" is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed -=item Cleaning Up Your Path +=item Obsolete Diagnostics -=item Security Bugs +Can't mktemp(), Can't write to temp file for B<-e>: %s, Cannot open +temporary file, regexp too big -=item Protecting Your Programs +=item Configuration Changes -=back +=item BUGS =item SEE ALSO +=item HISTORY + =back -=head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary +=head2 perl5004delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.004 =over =item DESCRIPTION +=item Supported Environments + +=item Core Changes + =over -=item Awk Traps +=item List assignment to %ENV works -=item C Traps +=item "Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" error now lists @INC -=item Sed Traps +=item Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003 -=item Shell Traps +=item $PERL5OPT environment variable -=item Perl Traps +=item Limitations on B<-M>, B<-m>, and B<-T> options -=item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps +=item More precise warnings -Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical -Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts, -Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc, -Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps +=item Deprecated: Inherited C for non-methods -=item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps +=item Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable -Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, -Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix, -Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance +=item Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified -=item Parsing Traps +=item Group vector changeable with C<$)> -Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing +=item Fixed parsing of $$, &$, etc. -=item Numerical Traps +=item Fixed localization of $, $&, etc. -Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops +=item No resetting of $. on implicit close -=item General data type traps +=item C may return undef -(Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String), -(Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide) +=item C determines value of EXPR in scalar context -=item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts +=item Changes to tainting checks -(list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin) +No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV, No +spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name -=item Precedence Traps +=item New Opcode module and revised Safe module -Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, -Precedence +=item Embedding improvements -=item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc. +=item Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes -Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular -Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, -Regular Expression +=item Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface -=item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps +=item New and changed syntax -(Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle +$coderef->(PARAMS) -=item OS Traps +=item New and changed builtin constants -(SysV), (SysV) +__PACKAGE__ -=item Interpolation Traps +=item New and changed builtin variables -Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, -Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation +$^E, $^H, $^M -=item DBM Traps +=item New and changed builtin functions -DBM, DBM +delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my() in +Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION, use Module +VERSION LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default, C does not +reset search position on failure, C ignores whitespace before ?*+{}, +nested C closures work now, formats work right on changing lexicals -=item Unclassified Traps +=item New builtin methods -C/C trap using returned value, C on empty string with -LIMIT specified +isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] ) -=back +=item TIEHANDLE now supported -=back +TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this +LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this -=head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl +=item Malloc enhancements -=over +-DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, -DPACK_MALLOC, -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements -Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I -portable +=back -=item ISSUES +=item Support for More Operating Systems =over -=item Newlines - -=item Numbers endianness and Width +=item Win32 -=item Files and Filesystems +=item Plan 9 -=item System Interaction +=item QNX -=item Interprocess Communication (IPC) +=item AmigaOS -=item External Subroutines (XS) +=back -=item Standard Modules +=item Pragmata -=item Time and Date +use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib 'dir', use +constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use ops, use vmsish -=item Character sets and character encoding +=item Modules -=item Internationalisation +=over -=item System Resources +=item Required Updates -=item Security +=item Installation directories -=item Style +=item Module information summary -=back +=item Fcntl -=item CPAN Testers +=item IO -Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results: -http://testers.cpan.org/ +=item Math::Complex -=item PLATFORMS +=item Math::Trig -=over +=item DB_File -=item Unix +=item Net::Ping -=item DOS and Derivatives +=item Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators -Build instructions for OS/2, L +=back -=item S +=item Utility Changes -=item VMS +=over -=item VOS +=item pod2html -=item EBCDIC Platforms +Sends converted HTML to standard output -=item Acorn RISC OS +=item xsubpp -=item Other perls +C XSUBs now default to returning nothing =back -=item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS - -=over +=item C Language API Changes -=item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions +C and C, C, Extended API for +manipulating hashes --I FILEHANDLE, -I EXPR, -I, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode -FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt -PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec -LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, -getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, -getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr -ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, -getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, -setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, -setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, -endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, -ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, -lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, -msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, -open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink, -select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget -KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP, -setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt -SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, -shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair -SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, -symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen -FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate -FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST, -wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS +=item Documentation Changes -=back +L, L, L, L, L, +L, L, L -=item CHANGES +=item New Diagnostics -v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999, -v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May -1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December -1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August -1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998, -v1.23, 10 July 1998 +"my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is +not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too +large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free +nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr, +Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can't redefine active sort +subroutine %s, Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in +use, Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Constant +subroutine %s redefined, Constant subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did +not return a reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too +long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT: +%s, Integer overflow in hex number, Integer overflow in octal number, +internal error: glob failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type +in pack: '%s', Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s" used only once: +possible typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of +memory!, Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible +attempt to put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words +with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found +while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Too late for +"B<-T>" option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist, +Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$" to +mean "${$}" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with +defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay +shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in +prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX, +PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s -=item Supported Platforms +=item BUGS =item SEE ALSO -=item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS - -=item VERSION +=item HISTORY =back -=head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide +=head2 perlamiga - Perl under Amiga OS (possibly very outdated information) =over -=item DESCRIPTION +=item SYNOPSIS =back -=head2 perlpod - plain old documentation - =over =item DESCRIPTION =over -=item Verbatim Paragraph - -=item Command Paragraph +=item Prerequisites -=item Ordinary Block of Text +B, B -=item The Intent +=item Starting Perl programs under AmigaOS -=item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules +=item Shortcomings of Perl under AmigaOS -=item Common Pod Pitfalls +fork(), some features of the UNIX filesystem regarding link count and file +dates, inplace operation (the -i switch) without backup file, umask() +works, but the correct permissions are only set when the file is +finally close()d =back -=item SEE ALSO +=item INSTALLATION -=item AUTHOR +=item Accessing documentation + +=over + +=item Manpages + +=item B + +=item B C files + +=item C docs =back -=head2 perlbook - Perl book information +=item BUILD =over -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Prerequisites + +=item Getting the perl source + +=item Making + +=item Testing + +=item Installing the built perl =back -=head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program +=item AUTHOR + +=item SEE ALSO + +=back + +=head2 perlcygwin, README.cygwin - Perl for Cygwin =over -=item DESCRIPTION +=item SYNOPSIS + +=item PREREQUISITES =over -=item PREAMBLE +=item Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it) -B, B, B, B, B +=item Cygwin Configuration -=item ROADMAP +C, I, Permissions -=item Compiling your C program +=back -=item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program +=item CONFIGURE -=item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program +=over -=item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program +=item Strip Binaries -=item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program +=item Optional Libraries -=item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program +C<-lcrypt>, C<-lgdbm> (C), C<-ldb> (C), +C<-lcygipc> (C) -=item Maintaining a persistent interpreter +=item Configure-time Options -=item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances +C<-Uusedl>, C<-Uusemymalloc>, C<-Dusemultiplicity>, C<-Duseperlio>, +C<-Duse64bitint>, C<-Duselongdouble>, C<-Dusethreads>, C<-Duselargefiles> -=item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C -program +=item Suspicious Warnings + +I, Win9x and C, Checking how std your stdio is.., +Compiler/Preprocessor defines =back -=item Embedding Perl under Win32 +=item MAKE -=item MORAL +=over -=item AUTHOR +=item Warnings -=item COPYRIGHT +=item ld2 =back -=head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface. +=item TEST =over -=item SYNOPSIS +=item File Permissions -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Hard Links -B, B, B, B, -B, B, -B, B, -B, B, -B, B, B, -B, B, B, -B, B, B, -B, B, B, -B, B, B, -B, B +=item Filetime Granularity -=over +=item Tainting Checks -=item Co-existence with stdio +=item /etc/group -B, B, -B, B, B, -B, B, B, -B, B, -B, B, B, -B, B +=item Script Portability + +Pathnames, Text/Binary, F<.exe>, chown(), Miscellaneous =back +=item INSTALL + +=item MANIFEST + +Documentation, Build, Configure, Make, Install, Tests, Compiled Perl +Source, Compiled Module Source, Perl Modules/Scripts + +=item BUGS + +=item AUTHORS + +=item HISTORY + =back -=head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual +=head2 perldos - Perl under DOS, W31, W95. =over +=item SYNOPSIS + =item DESCRIPTION =over -=item Introduction +=item Prerequisites -=item On The Road +DJGPP, Pthreads -=item The Anatomy of an XSUB +=item Shortcomings of Perl under DOS -=item The Argument Stack +=item Building -=item The RETVAL Variable +=item Testing -=item The MODULE Keyword +=item Installation -=item The PACKAGE Keyword +=back -=item The PREFIX Keyword +=item AUTHOR -=item The OUTPUT: Keyword +=item SEE ALSO -=item The CODE: Keyword +=back -=item The INIT: Keyword +=head2 perlhpux, README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix +(HP-UX) systems -=item The NO_INIT Keyword +=over -=item Initializing Function Parameters +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Default Parameter Values +=over -=item The PREINIT: Keyword +=item Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX -=item The SCOPE: Keyword +=item PA-RISC -=item The INPUT: Keyword +=item PA-RISC 1.0 -=item Variable-length Parameter Lists +=item PA-RISC 1.1 -=item The C_ARGS: Keyword +=item PA-RISC 2.0 -=item The PPCODE: Keyword +=item Portability Between PA-RISC Versions -=item Returning Undef And Empty Lists +=item Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX -=item The REQUIRE: Keyword +=item The HP ANSI C Compiler -=item The CLEANUP: Keyword +=item Using Large Files with Perl -=item The BOOT: Keyword +=item Threaded Perl -=item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword +=item 64-bit Perl -=item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword +=item GDBM and Threads -=item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword +=item NFS filesystems and utime(2) -=item The ALIAS: Keyword +=item perl -P and // -=item The INTERFACE: Keyword +=back -=item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword +=item AUTHOR -=item The INCLUDE: Keyword +=item DATE -=item The CASE: Keyword +=back -=item The & Unary Operator +=head2 perlmachten, README.machten - Perl version 5 on Power MachTen +systems -=item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives +=over -=item Using XS With C++ +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Interface Strategy +=over -=item Perl Objects And C Structures +=item Compiling Perl 5 on MachTen -=item The Typemap +=item Failures during C -=back +op/lexassign.t, pragma/warnings.t -=item EXAMPLES +=item Building external modules -=item XS VERSION +=back =item AUTHOR +=item DATE + =back -=head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs +=head2 perlos2 - Perl under OS/2, DOS, Win0.3*, Win0.95 and WinNT. =over -=item DESCRIPTION +=item SYNOPSIS -=item SPECIAL NOTES +=back =over -=item make +=item Target -=item Version caveat +=item Other OSes -=item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading +=item Prerequisites -=back +EMX, RSX, HPFS, pdksh -=item TUTORIAL +=item Starting Perl programs under OS/2 (and DOS and...) -=over +=item Starting OS/2 (and DOS) programs under Perl -=item EXAMPLE 1 +=back -=item EXAMPLE 2 +=over -=item What has gone on? +=item Frequently asked questions -=item Writing good test scripts +=over -=item EXAMPLE 3 +=item I cannot run external programs -=item What's new here? +=item I cannot embed perl into my program, or use F from my +program. -=item Input and Output Parameters +Is your program EMX-compiled with C<-Zmt -Zcrtdll>?, Did you use +L? -=item The XSUBPP Program +=item C<``> and pipe-C do not work under DOS. -=item The TYPEMAP file +=item Cannot start C -=item Warning about Output Arguments +=back -=item EXAMPLE 4 +=item INSTALLATION -=item What has happened here? +=over -=item Anatomy of .xs file +=item Automatic binary installation -=item Getting the fat out of XSUBs +C, C, F -=item More about XSUB arguments +=item Manual binary installation -=item The Argument Stack +Perl VIO and PM executables (dynamically linked), Perl_ VIO executable +(statically linked), Executables for Perl utilities, Main Perl library, +Additional Perl modules, Tools to compile Perl modules, Manpages for Perl +and utilities, Manpages for Perl modules, Source for Perl documentation, +Perl manual in F<.INF> format, Pdksh -=item Extending your Extension +=item B -=item Documenting your Extension +=back -=item Installing your Extension +=item Accessing documentation -=item EXAMPLE 5 +=over -=item New Things in this Example +=item OS/2 F<.INF> file -=item EXAMPLE 6 (Coming Soon) +=item Plain text -=item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon) +=item Manpages -=item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon) +=item HTML -=item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon) +=item GNU C files -=item Troubleshooting these Examples +=item F<.PDF> files -=back +=item C docs -=item See also +=back -=item Author +=item BUILD =over -=item Last Changed - -=back - -=back +=item Prerequisites -=head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API +=item Getting perl source -=over +=item Application of the patches -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Hand-editing -=item Variables +=item Making -=over +=item Testing -=item Datatypes +A lot of C, Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT, F, +F, F, F, F -=item What is an "IV"? +=item Installing the built perl -=item Working with SVs +=item C-style build -=item What's Really Stored in an SV? +=back -=item Working with AVs +=item Build FAQ -=item Working with HVs +=over -=item Hash API Extensions +=item Some C became C<\> in pdksh. -=item References +=item C<'errno'> - unresolved external -=item Blessed References and Class Objects +=item Problems with tr or sed -=item Creating New Variables +=item Some problem (forget which ;-) -=item Reference Counts and Mortality +=item Library ... not found -=item Stashes and Globs +=item Segfault in make -=item Double-Typed SVs +=item op/sprintf test failure -=item Magic Variables +=back -=item Assigning Magic +=item Specific (mis)features of OS/2 port -=item Magic Virtual Tables +=over -=item Finding Magic +=item C, C -=item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays +=item C -=item Localizing changes +=item C on the first line -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C +=item Additional modules: + +=item Prebuilt methods: + +C, C, C, + C, C, +C, C, +C, C, +C, C, +C + +=item Misfeatures + +=item Modifications + +C, C, C, C, C, C =back -=item Subroutines +=item Perl flavors =over -=item XSUBs and the Argument Stack +=item F -=item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs +=item F -=item Memory Allocation +=item F -=item PerlIO +=item F -=item Putting a C value on Perl stack +=item Why strange names? -=item Scratchpads +=item Why dynamic linking? -=item Scratchpads and recursion +=item Why chimera build? + +explicit fork(), open FH, "|-", open FH, "-|" =back -=item Compiled code +=item ENVIRONMENT =over -=item Code tree +=item C -=item Examining the tree +=item C -=item Compile pass 1: check routines +=item C -=item Compile pass 1a: constant folding +=item C -=item Compile pass 2: context propagation +=item C -=item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization +=item C or C =back -=item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported +=item Evolution =over -=item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT +=item Priorities -=item How do I use all this in extensions? +=item DLL name mangling -=item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS +=item Threading -=back +=item Calls to external programs -=item AUTHORS +=item Memory allocation -=item SEE ALSO +=item Threads + +C, F =back -=head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C +=back =over -=item DESCRIPTION - -An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program +=item AUTHOR -=item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS +=item SEE ALSO -call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv +=back -=item FLAG VALUES +=head2 perlos390, README.os390 - building and installing Perl for OS/390. =over -=item G_VOID +=item SYNOPSIS -=item G_SCALAR +=item DESCRIPTION -=item G_ARRAY +=over -=item G_DISCARD +=item Unpacking -=item G_NOARGS +=item Setup and utilities -=item G_EVAL +=item Configure -=item G_KEEPERR +=item Build, test, install -=item Determining the Context +=item Usage Hints + +=item Extensions =back -=item KNOWN PROBLEMS +=item AUTHORS -=item EXAMPLES +=item SEE ALSO =over -=item No Parameters, Nothing returned - -=item Passing Parameters +=item Mailing list -=item Returning a Scalar +=back -=item Returning a list of values +=item HISTORY -=item Returning a list in a scalar context +=back -=item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list +=head2 perlposix-bc, README.posix-bc - building and installing Perl for +BS2000 POSIX. -=item Using G_EVAL +=over -=item Using G_KEEPERR +=item SYNOPSIS -=item Using call_sv +=item DESCRIPTION -=item Using call_argv +=over -=item Using call_method +=item gzip -=item Using GIMME_V +=item bison -=item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries +=item Unpacking -=item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information +=item Compiling -1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of -callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl -callback +=item Testing -=item Alternate Stack Manipulation +=item Install -=item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C +=item Using Perl =back +=item AUTHORS + =item SEE ALSO -=item AUTHOR +=over -=item DATE +=item Mailing list =back -=head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator +=item HISTORY + +=back + +=head2 perlvms - VMS-specific documentation for Perl =over =item DESCRIPTION +=item Installation + +=item Organization of Perl Images + =over -=item Layout +=item Core Images -B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref +=item Perl Extensions + +=item Installing static extensions + +=item Installing dynamic extensions =back -=item Using The Back Ends +=item File specifications =over -=item The Cross Referencing Back End - -i, &, s, r +=item Syntax -=item The Decompiling Back End +=item Wildcard expansion -=item The Lint Back End +=item Pipes -=item The Simple C Back End +=back -=item The Bytecode Back End +=item PERL5LIB and PERLLIB -=item The Optimized C Back End +=item Command line -B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, -B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, -B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref +=over -=back +=item I/O redirection and backgrounding -=item KNOWN PROBLEMS +=item Command line switches -=item AUTHOR +-i, -S, -u =back -=head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API +=item Perl functions -=over +File tests, backticks, binmode FILEHANDLE, crypt PLAINTEXT, USER, dump, +exec LIST, fork, getpwent, getpwnam, getpwuid, gmtime, kill, qx//, select +(system call), stat EXPR, system LIST, time, times, unlink LIST, utime +LIST, waitpid PID,FLAGS -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Perl variables -AvFILL, av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push, -av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, call_argv, call_method, call_pv, -call_sv, CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS, -dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv, eval_sv, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS, -get_av, get_cv, get_hv, get_sv, GIMME, GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, -gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY, -G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, -HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, -hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, -hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv, -hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA, -isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number, -MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical, -mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc, -NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv, -newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv, -ORIGMARK, perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse, -perl_run, PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal, -PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs, -PUSHi, PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc, -require_pv, RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST, -strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy, -SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off, -SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off, -SvNOK, SvNOKp, SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK, -SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force, -SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off, -SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT, -SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype, SVt_IV, -SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUPGRADE, SvUV, -SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn, -sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_cmp, sv_dec, -sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject, -sv_len, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, -sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv, -sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv, -sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, -sv_setuv_mg, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg, sv_vcatpvfn, -sv_vsetpvfn, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, warn, XPUSHi, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, -XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV, XSRETURN_NO, -XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES, XST_mIV, XST_mNO, -XST_mNV, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION, XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, -Zero +%ENV, CRTL_ENV, CLISYM_[LOCAL], Any other string, $!, $^E, $?, $^S, $| -=item AUTHORS +=item Standard modules with VMS-specific differences -=item SEE ALSO +=over + +=item SDBM_File =back -=head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B - Perl functions +=item Revision date -=over +=item AUTHOR -=item DESCRIPTION +=back -=item AUTHORS +=head2 perlwin32 - Perl under Win32 -=item SEE ALSO +=over -=back +=item SYNOPSIS -=head2 perlhist - the Perl history records +=item DESCRIPTION =over -=item DESCRIPTION +=item Setting Up -=item INTRODUCTION +Make, Command Shell, Borland C++, Microsoft Visual C++, Mingw32 with GCC -=item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN +=item Building -=over +=item Testing -=item PUMPKIN? +=item Installation -=back +=item Usage Hints -=item THE RECORDS +Environment Variables, File Globbing, Using perl from the command line, +Building Extensions, Command-line Wildcard Expansion, Win32 Specific +Extensions, Running Perl Scripts, Miscellaneous Things -=over +=back -=item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES +=item BUGS AND CAVEATS -=item SELECTED PATCH SIZES +=item AUTHORS -=back +=item SEE ALSO -=item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS +=item HISTORY =back @@ -4406,11 +6610,16 @@ C, C, C =item DESCRIPTION -use warnings::register, warnings::enabled([$category]), -warnings::warn([$category,] $message) +use warnings::register, warnings::enabled(), warnings::enabled($category), +warnings::enabled($object), warnings::warn($message), +warnings::warn($category, $message), warnings::warn($object, $message), +warnings::warnif($message), warnings::warnif($category, $message), +warnings::warnif($object, $message) =back +=head2 warnings::register - warnings import function + =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs @@ -4451,6 +6660,8 @@ warnings::warn([$category,] $message) =item Package Lexicals +=item Not Using AutoLoader + =item B vs. B =back @@ -4634,7 +6845,7 @@ bytecode =item DESCRIPTION -=item AUTHOR +=item AUTHORS =back @@ -4661,14 +6872,15 @@ bytecode =item OPTIONS B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>, -B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>, -B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m> +B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, +B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-Ppackage> Stores package in the +output. =back =item EXAMPLES =item BUGS -=item AUTHOR +=item AUTHORS =back @@ -4849,6 +7061,8 @@ B<-u Package> =back +=head2 B::Stash - show what stashes are loaded + =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops =over @@ -4960,14 +7174,15 @@ STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache ( =item OPTIONS B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>, -B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>, -B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m> +B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, +B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-Ppackage> Stores package in the +output. =back =item EXAMPLES =item BUGS -=item AUTHOR +=item AUTHORS =back @@ -4987,7 +7202,7 @@ B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m> =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES -1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. Forexample, +1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example, -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values, 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values' @@ -5026,8 +7241,8 @@ B<:standard>, B<:all> =item PRAGMAS --any, -compile, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -autoload, -no_debug, --private_tempfiles +-any, -compile, -nosticky, -no_xhtml, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls, +-autoload, -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS @@ -5074,6 +7289,11 @@ B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query> =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS +=item AUTOESCAPING HTML + +$escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset = +charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]); + =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML =back @@ -5132,9 +7352,8 @@ B =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON -B, 3.The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, -and may be -TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE +B, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment +type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON @@ -5164,11 +7383,11 @@ the
tag =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES B, B, B, B, -B, B, BReturn the script -name as a partial URL, for self-refering -scripts, B, B, B, B, B, B, B, -B, B, B, B +B, B, B Return the script +name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, B, B, B, B, B, +B, B, B, B, +B, B =item USING NPH SCRIPTS @@ -5248,6 +7467,8 @@ other) error log =back +=item MAKING WARNINGS APPEAR AS HTML COMMENTS + =item CHANGE LOG =item AUTHORS @@ -5412,7 +7633,7 @@ distribution, Signals =item The four C Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution -=item ProgrammerE<39>s interface +=item Programmer's interface expand($type,@things), Programming Examples @@ -5455,8 +7676,23 @@ optionE [shift|pop]>, Clist optionE =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS +=over + +=item Three basic types of firewalls + http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade +=item Configuring lynx or ncftp for going through the firewall + +=back + +=item FAQ + +I installed a new version of module X but CPAN keeps saying, I have +the old version installed, So why is UNINST=1 not the default?, When I +install bundles or multiple modules with one command there is too +much output to keep track of + =item BUGS =item AUTHOR @@ -5581,8 +7817,9 @@ C, C =item c C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, +C =item C @@ -5600,55 +7837,56 @@ C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, @@ -5669,8 +7907,8 @@ C, C, C, C, C, C =item g -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C =item h @@ -5681,26 +7919,26 @@ C, C, C, C, C C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, -C, C, C +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C =item k @@ -5708,12 +7946,12 @@ C, C =item l -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C, C, C, -C +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, C, C =item m @@ -5731,12 +7969,13 @@ C, C C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C, C +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C =item o C, C, C, C, -C, C, C +C, C, C, C =item p @@ -5791,7 +8030,7 @@ C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, -C +C, C =item v @@ -6198,7 +8437,7 @@ variables =item DESCRIPTION -=item BUGS +=item PERFORMANCE =back @@ -7079,8 +9318,9 @@ rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag]) =item DESCRIPTION -C, C, C, C, C, -C, C, C, C +C, C, C, C, C, +C, C, C, C, +C, C =item CAVEAT @@ -7329,30 +9569,110 @@ rel2abs (override) =item DESCRIPTION -devnull +devnull + +=back + +tmpdir + +catfile + +canonpath + +splitpath + +splitdir + +catpath + +=over + +=item SEE ALSO + +=back + +=head2 File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely + +=over + +=item PORTABILITY + +=item SYNOPSIS + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=back + +=over + +=item FUNCTIONS + +B + +=back + +B + +=over + +=item MKTEMP FUNCTIONS + +B + +=back + +B + +B + +B + +=over + +=item POSIX FUNCTIONS + +B + +=back + +B + +=over + +=item ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS + +B =back -tmpdir +=over -catfile +=item UTILITY FUNCTIONS -canonpath +B -splitpath +=back -splitdir +=over -catpath +=item PACKAGE VARIABLES -abs2rel +B, STANDARD, MEDIUM, HIGH -rel2abs +=back + +TopSystemUID =over +=item WARNING + +=item HISTORY + =item SEE ALSO +=item AUTHOR + =back =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions @@ -7471,6 +9791,8 @@ $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines =over +=item Object oriented interface + =item Documentation and help texts =item Storing options in a hash @@ -7485,10 +9807,11 @@ $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines =item Configuring Getopt::Long -default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling -(default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case -(default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default: -reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset) +default, posix_default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, +bundling (default: disabled), bundling_override (default: disabled), +ignore_case (default: enabled), ignore_case_always (default: disabled), +pass_through (default: disabled), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: +disabled) =item Return values and Errors @@ -7504,6 +9827,17 @@ reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset) =back +=item Trouble Shooting + +=over + +=item Warning: Ignoring '!' modifier for short option + +=item GetOptions does not return a false result when an option is not +supplied + +=back + =item AUTHOR =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER @@ -8188,6 +10522,39 @@ Canonical notation, Input, Output =back +=head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical +functions + +=over + +=item SYNOPSIS + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=item OPERATIONS + +=item CREATION + +=item STRINGIFICATION + +=over + +=item CHANGED IN PERL 5.6 + +=back + +=item USAGE + +=item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO + +=item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS + +=item BUGS + +=item AUTHORS + +=back + =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions =over @@ -8239,7 +10606,17 @@ cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical =item SYNOPSIS -=item DESCRIPTION +C, C, C + +=item DIAGNOSTICS + +=over + +=item C + +=back + +=item BUGS AND WARNINGS =back @@ -8354,7 +10731,17 @@ functions =item SYNOPSIS -=item DESCRIPTION +C, C, C + +=item DIAGNOSTICS + +=over + +=item C + +=back + +=item BUGS AND WARNINGS =back @@ -8484,12 +10871,12 @@ rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid, setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp, sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat, strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen, -strncat, strncmp, strncpy, stroul, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, -strtod, strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh, -tcdrain, tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times, -tmpfile, tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname, -ungetc, unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid, -wcstombs, wctomb, write +strncat, strncmp, strncpy, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, strtod, +strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh, tcdrain, +tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times, tmpfile, +tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname, ungetc, +unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid, wcstombs, +wctomb, write =item CLASSES @@ -8577,8 +10964,6 @@ Constants Constants, Macros -=item CREATION - =back =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors @@ -8617,13 +11002,19 @@ after =back =item Warnings -multiple occurence of link target I, line containing nothing but +multiple occurrence of link target I, line containing nothing but whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I vs. I), I unescaped CE> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME -section, Hyperlinks +section + +=item Hyperlinks + +collapsing newlines to blanks, ignoring leading/trailing whitespace in +link, (section) in '$page' deprecated, alternative text/node '%s' contains +non-escaped | or / =back @@ -8635,6 +11026,8 @@ section, Hyperlinks =back +Cnew( %options )> + C<$checker-Epoderror( @args )>, C<$checker-Epoderror( {%opts}, @args )> @@ -8662,9 +11055,39 @@ C<$checker-Ehyperlink()> =item DESCRIPTION -=item OPTIONS +=back + +=over + +=item C + +C<-verbose =E 1>, C<-perl =E 1>, C<-script =E 1>, C<-inc =E +1> + +=back + +=over + +=item C + +=back + +=over + +=item C + +C<-inc =E 1>, C<-dirs =E [ $dir1, $dir2, ... ]>, C<-verbose =E +1> -B<-verbose>, B<-perl>, B<-script>, B<-inc> +=back + +=over + +=item C + +=back + +=over =item AUTHOR @@ -8711,8 +11134,8 @@ commands, etc. =item DESCRIPTION -B, B, B, -B +package B, package B, package +B, package B =back @@ -8754,49 +11177,49 @@ B =over -=item B +=item Pod::Paragraph-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_para-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_para-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_para-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_para-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_para-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_para-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_para-EB =back @@ -8808,67 +11231,67 @@ B =over -=item B +=item Pod::InteriorSequence-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_seq-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_seq-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_seq-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_seq-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_seq-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_seq-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_seq-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_seq-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $pod_seq-EB =back =over -=item B +=item Pod::InteriorSequence::B =back @@ -8880,43 +11303,43 @@ B =over -=item B +=item Pod::ParseTree-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $ptree-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $ptree-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $ptree-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $ptree-EB =back =over -=item B +=item $ptree-EB =back =over -=item B +=item Pod::ParseTree::B =back @@ -8928,6 +11351,124 @@ B =back +=head2 Pod::LaTeX - Convert Pod data to formatted Latex + +=over + +=item SYNOPSIS + +=item DESCRIPTION + +=back + +=over + +=item OBJECT METHODS + +C + +=back + +=over + +=item Data Accessors + +B + +=back + +B + +B + +B