X-Git-Url: http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?a=blobdiff_plain;f=pod%2Fperlfunc.pod;h=86a09ba8dc45ab9b52c3f2160307d6cad2824aa9;hb=f1c09d8aea4b00e7799b7273c877df50e0fd657a;hp=f6a7327101e2b81f7021343c0b301cb4faf12abc;hpb=9d8379451873878ac81deb50e7500757d4f8bc16;p=p5sagit%2Fp5-mst-13.2.git

diff --git a/pod/perlfunc.pod b/pod/perlfunc.pod
index f6a7327..86a09ba 100644
--- a/pod/perlfunc.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfunc.pod
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ functions, like some keywords and named operators)
 arranged by category.  Some functions appear in more
 than one place.
 
-=over
+=over 4
 
 =item Functions for SCALARs or strings
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ C<untie>, C<use>
 
 C<accept>, C<bind>, C<connect>, C<getpeername>, C<getsockname>,
 C<getsockopt>, C<listen>, C<recv>, C<send>, C<setsockopt>, C<shutdown>,
-C<socket>, C<socketpair>
+C<sockatmark>, C<socket>, C<socketpair>
 
 =item System V interprocess communication functions
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ C<gmtime>, C<localtime>, C<time>, C<times>
 =item Functions new in perl5
 
 C<abs>, C<bless>, C<chomp>, C<chr>, C<exists>, C<formline>, C<glob>,
-C<import>, C<lc>, C<lcfirst>, C<map>, C<my>, C<no>, C<our>, C<prototype>, 
+C<import>, C<lc>, C<lcfirst>, C<map>, C<my>, C<no>, C<our>, C<prototype>,
 C<qx>, C<qw>, C<readline>, C<readpipe>, C<ref>, C<sub*>, C<sysopen>, C<tie>,
 C<tied>, C<uc>, C<ucfirst>, C<untie>, C<use>
 
@@ -234,8 +234,9 @@ C<msgsnd>, C<open>, C<pipe>, C<readlink>, C<rename>, C<select>, C<semctl>,
 C<semget>, C<semop>, C<setgrent>, C<sethostent>, C<setnetent>,
 C<setpgrp>, C<setpriority>, C<setprotoent>, C<setpwent>,
 C<setservent>, C<setsockopt>, C<shmctl>, C<shmget>, C<shmread>,
-C<shmwrite>, C<socket>, C<socketpair>, C<stat>, C<symlink>, C<syscall>,
-C<sysopen>, C<system>, C<times>, C<truncate>, C<umask>, C<unlink>,
+C<shmwrite>, C<sockatmark>, C<socket>, C<socketpair>,
+C<stat>, C<symlink>, C<syscall>, C<sysopen>, C<system>,
+C<times>, C<truncate>, C<umask>, C<unlink>,
 C<utime>, C<wait>, C<waitpid>
 
 For more information about the portability of these functions, see
@@ -274,8 +275,8 @@ X<-S>X<-b>X<-c>X<-t>X<-u>X<-g>X<-k>X<-T>X<-B>X<-M>X<-A>X<-C>
     -O	File is owned by real uid.
 
     -e	File exists.
-    -z	File has zero size.
-    -s	File has nonzero size (returns size).
+    -z	File has zero size (is empty).
+    -s	File has nonzero size (returns size in bytes).
 
     -f	File is a plain file.
     -d	File is a directory.
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ X<-S>X<-b>X<-c>X<-t>X<-u>X<-g>X<-k>X<-T>X<-B>X<-M>X<-A>X<-C>
 Example:
 
     while (<>) {
-	chop;
+	chomp;
 	next unless -f $_;	# ignore specials
 	#...
     }
@@ -397,8 +398,9 @@ on the previous timer.
 For delays of finer granularity than one second, you may use Perl's
 four-argument version of select() leaving the first three arguments
 undefined, or you might be able to use the C<syscall> interface to
-access setitimer(2) if your system supports it.  The Time::HiRes module
-from CPAN may also prove useful.
+access setitimer(2) if your system supports it.  The Time::HiRes
+module (from CPAN, and starting from Perl 5.8 part of the standard
+distribution) may also prove useful.
 
 It is usually a mistake to intermix C<alarm> and C<sleep> calls.
 (C<sleep> may be internally implemented in your system with C<alarm>)
@@ -448,13 +450,12 @@ on systems where the run-time libraries distinguish between binary and
 text files.  If FILEHANDLE is an expression, the value is taken as the
 name of the filehandle.  DISCIPLINE can be either of C<":raw"> for
 binary mode or C<":crlf"> for "text" mode.  If the DISCIPLINE is
-omitted, it defaults to C<":raw">.
+omitted, it defaults to C<":raw">.  Returns true on success, C<undef> on
+failure.
 
 binmode() should be called after open() but before any I/O is done on
 the filehandle.
 
-On many systems binmode() currently has no effect, but in future, it
-will be extended to support user-defined input and output disciplines.
 On some systems binmode() is necessary when you're not working with a
 text file.  For the sake of portability it is a good idea to always use
 it when appropriate, and to never use it when it isn't appropriate.
@@ -473,17 +474,17 @@ representation matches the internal representation, but on some
 platforms the external representation of C<\n> is made up of more than
 one character.
 
-Mac OS and all variants of Unix use a single character to end each line
-in the external representation of text (even though that single
-character is not necessarily the same across these platforms).
-Consequently binmode() has no effect on these operating systems.  In
-other systems like VMS, MS-DOS and the various flavors of MS-Windows
-your program sees a C<\n> as a simple C<\cJ>, but what's stored in text
-files are the two characters C<\cM\cJ>.  That means that, if you don't
-use binmode() on these systems, C<\cM\cJ> sequences on disk will be
-converted to C<\n> on input, and any C<\n> in your program will be
-converted back to C<\cM\cJ> on output.  This is what you want for text
-files, but it can be disastrous for binary files.
+Mac OS, all variants of Unix, and Stream_LF files on VMS use a single
+character to end each line in the external representation of text (even
+though that single character is CARRIAGE RETURN on Mac OS and LINE FEED
+on Unix and most VMS files).  Consequently binmode() has no effect on
+these operating systems.  In other systems like OS/2, DOS and the various
+flavors of MS-Windows your program sees a C<\n> as a simple C<\cJ>, but
+what's stored in text files are the two characters C<\cM\cJ>.  That means
+that, if you don't use binmode() on these systems, C<\cM\cJ> sequences on
+disk will be converted to C<\n> on input, and any C<\n> in your program
+will be converted back to C<\cM\cJ> on output.  This is what you want for
+text files, but it can be disastrous for binary files.
 
 Another consequence of using binmode() (on some systems) is that
 special end-of-file markers will be seen as part of the data stream.
@@ -554,16 +555,17 @@ arguments with which the subroutine was invoked.
 Be aware that the optimizer might have optimized call frames away before
 C<caller> had a chance to get the information.  That means that C<caller(N)>
 might not return information about the call frame you expect it do, for
-C<< N > 1 >>.  In particular, C<@DB::args> might have information from the 
+C<< N > 1 >>.  In particular, C<@DB::args> might have information from the
 previous time C<caller> was called.
 
 =item chdir EXPR
 
-Changes the working directory to EXPR, if possible.  If EXPR is omitted,
+Changes the working directory to EXPR, if possible. If EXPR is omitted,
 changes to the directory specified by C<$ENV{HOME}>, if set; if not,
-changes to the directory specified by C<$ENV{LOGDIR}>.  If neither is
-set, C<chdir> does nothing.  It returns true upon success, false
-otherwise.  See the example under C<die>.
+changes to the directory specified by C<$ENV{LOGDIR}>. (Under VMS, the
+variable C<$ENV{SYS$LOGIN}> is also checked, and used if it is set.) If
+neither is set, C<chdir> does nothing. It returns true upon success,
+false otherwise. See the example under C<die>.
 
 =item chmod LIST
 
@@ -603,7 +605,7 @@ that the final record may be missing its newline.  When in paragraph
 mode (C<$/ = "">), it removes all trailing newlines from the string.
 When in slurp mode (C<$/ = undef>) or fixed-length record mode (C<$/> is
 a reference to an integer or the like, see L<perlvar>) chomp() won't
-remove anything.  
+remove anything.
 If VARIABLE is omitted, it chomps C<$_>.  Example:
 
     while (<>) {
@@ -612,6 +614,8 @@ If VARIABLE is omitted, it chomps C<$_>.  Example:
 	# ...
     }
 
+If VARIABLE is a hash, it chomps the hash's values, but not its keys.
+
 You can actually chomp anything that's an lvalue, including an assignment:
 
     chomp($cwd = `pwd`);
@@ -627,21 +631,11 @@ characters removed is returned.
 =item chop
 
 Chops off the last character of a string and returns the character
-chopped.  It's used primarily to remove the newline from the end of an
-input record, but is much more efficient than C<s/\n//> because it neither
+chopped.  It is much more efficient than C<s/.$//s> because it neither
 scans nor copies the string.  If VARIABLE is omitted, chops C<$_>.
-Example:
-
-    while (<>) {
-	chop;	# avoid \n on last field
-	@array = split(/:/);
-	#...
-    }
+If VARIABLE is a hash, it chops the hash's values, but not its keys.
 
-You can actually chop anything that's an lvalue, including an assignment:
-
-    chop($cwd = `pwd`);
-    chop($answer = <STDIN>);
+You can actually chop anything that's an lvalue, including an assignment.
 
 If you chop a list, each element is chopped.  Only the value of the
 last C<chop> is returned.
@@ -688,11 +682,11 @@ On POSIX systems, you can detect this condition this way:
 
 Returns the character represented by that NUMBER in the character set.
 For example, C<chr(65)> is C<"A"> in either ASCII or Unicode, and
-chr(0x263a) is a Unicode smiley face. Within the scope of C<use utf8>, 
-characters higher than 127 are encoded in Unicode; if you don't want
-this, temporarily C<use bytes> or use C<pack("C*",...)>
+chr(0x263a) is a Unicode smiley face.  Note that characters from
+127 to 255 (inclusive) are not encoded in Unicode for backward
+compatibility reasons.
 
-For the reverse, use L</ord>.  
+For the reverse, use L</ord>.
 See L<utf8> for more about Unicode.
 
 If NUMBER is omitted, uses C<$_>.
@@ -725,9 +719,9 @@ counter (C<$.>), while the implicit close done by C<open> does not.
 If the file handle came from a piped open C<close> will additionally
 return false if one of the other system calls involved fails or if the
 program exits with non-zero status.  (If the only problem was that the
-program exited non-zero C<$!> will be set to C<0>.)  Closing a pipe 
+program exited non-zero C<$!> will be set to C<0>.)  Closing a pipe
 also waits for the process executing on the pipe to complete, in case you
-want to look at the output of the pipe afterwards, and 
+want to look at the output of the pipe afterwards, and
 implicitly puts the exit status value of that command into C<$?>.
 
 Prematurely closing the read end of a pipe (i.e. before the process
@@ -795,6 +789,8 @@ to check the condition at the top of the loop.
 
 =item cos EXPR
 
+=item cos
+
 Returns the cosine of EXPR (expressed in radians).  If EXPR is omitted,
 takes cosine of C<$_>.
 
@@ -811,17 +807,29 @@ extirpated as a potential munition).  This can prove useful for checking
 the password file for lousy passwords, amongst other things.  Only the
 guys wearing white hats should do this.
 
-Note that C<crypt> is intended to be a one-way function, much like breaking
-eggs to make an omelette.  There is no (known) corresponding decrypt
-function.  As a result, this function isn't all that useful for
+Note that C<crypt> is intended to be a one-way function, much like
+breaking eggs to make an omelette.  There is no (known) corresponding
+decrypt function (in other words, the crypt() is a one-way hash
+function).  As a result, this function isn't all that useful for
 cryptography.  (For that, see your nearby CPAN mirror.)
 
-When verifying an existing encrypted string you should use the encrypted
-text as the salt (like C<crypt($plain, $crypted) eq $crypted>).  This
-allows your code to work with the standard C<crypt> and with more
-exotic implementations.  When choosing a new salt create a random two
-character string whose characters come from the set C<[./0-9A-Za-z]>
-(like C<join '', ('.', '/', 0..9, 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z')[rand 64, rand 64]>).
+When verifying an existing encrypted string you should use the
+encrypted text as the salt (like C<crypt($plain, $crypted) eq
+$crypted>).  This allows your code to work with the standard C<crypt>
+and with more exotic implementations.  In other words, do not assume
+anything about the returned string itself, or how many bytes in
+the encrypted string matter.
+
+Traditionally the result is a string of 13 bytes: two first bytes of
+the salt, followed by 11 bytes from the set C<[./0-9A-Za-z]>, and only
+the first eight bytes of the encrypted string mattered, but
+alternative hashing schemes (like MD5), higher level security schemes
+(like C2), and implementations on non-UNIX platforms may produce
+different strings.
+
+When choosing a new salt create a random two character string whose
+characters come from the set C<[./0-9A-Za-z]> (like C<join '', ('.',
+'/', 0..9, 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z')[rand 64, rand 64]>).
 
 Here's an example that makes sure that whoever runs this program knows
 their own password:
@@ -849,6 +857,11 @@ back.  Look at the F<by-module/Crypt> and F<by-module/PGP> directories
 on your favorite CPAN mirror for a slew of potentially useful
 modules.
 
+If using crypt() on an Unicode string (which potentially has
+characters with codepoints above 255), Perl tries to make sense of
+the situation by using only the low eight bits of the characters when
+calling crypt().
+
 =item dbmclose HASH
 
 [This function has been largely superseded by the C<untie> function.]
@@ -917,7 +930,10 @@ element to return happens to be C<undef>.
 
 You may also use C<defined(&func)> to check whether subroutine C<&func>
 has ever been defined.  The return value is unaffected by any forward
-declarations of C<&foo>.
+declarations of C<&foo>.  Note that a subroutine which is not defined
+may still be callable: its package may have an C<AUTOLOAD> method that
+makes it spring into existence the first time that it is called -- see
+L<perlsub>.
 
 Use of C<defined> on aggregates (hashes and arrays) is deprecated.  It
 used to report whether memory for that aggregate has ever been
@@ -962,7 +978,7 @@ See also L</undef>, L</exists>, L</ref>.
 Given an expression that specifies a hash element, array element, hash slice,
 or array slice, deletes the specified element(s) from the hash or array.
 In the case of an array, if the array elements happen to be at the end,
-the size of the array will shrink to the highest element that tests 
+the size of the array will shrink to the highest element that tests
 true for exists() (or 0 if no such element exists).
 
 Returns each element so deleted or the undefined value if there was no such
@@ -1092,7 +1108,7 @@ nothing in such situations, put
 
 as the first line of the handler (see L<perlvar/$^S>).  Because
 this promotes strange action at a distance, this counterintuitive
-behavior may be fixed in a future release.  
+behavior may be fixed in a future release.
 
 =item do BLOCK
 
@@ -1119,7 +1135,7 @@ from a Perl subroutine library.
 
 is just like
 
-    scalar eval `cat stat.pl`;
+    eval `cat stat.pl`;
 
 except that it's more efficient and concise, keeps track of the current
 filename for error messages, searches the @INC libraries, and updates
@@ -1142,9 +1158,9 @@ and raise an exception if there's a problem.
 You might like to use C<do> to read in a program configuration
 file.  Manual error checking can be done this way:
 
-    # read in config files: system first, then user 
+    # read in config files: system first, then user
     for $file ("/share/prog/defaults.rc",
-               "$ENV{HOME}/.someprogrc") 
+               "$ENV{HOME}/.someprogrc")
    {
 	unless ($return = do $file) {
 	    warn "couldn't parse $file: $@" if $@;
@@ -1169,7 +1185,7 @@ If C<LABEL> is omitted, restarts the program from the top.
 
 B<WARNING>: Any files opened at the time of the dump will I<not>
 be open any more when the program is reincarnated, with possible
-resulting confusion on the part of Perl.  
+resulting confusion on the part of Perl.
 
 This function is now largely obsolete, partly because it's very
 hard to convert a core file into an executable, and because the
@@ -1181,13 +1197,13 @@ generating bytecode or native C code as described in L<perlcc>.  If
 you're just trying to accelerate a CGI script, consider using the
 C<mod_perl> extension to B<Apache>, or the CPAN module, Fast::CGI.
 You might also consider autoloading or selfloading, which at least
-make your program I<appear> to run faster.  
+make your program I<appear> to run faster.
 
 =item each HASH
 
 When called in list context, returns a 2-element list consisting of the
 key and value for the next element of a hash, so that you can iterate over
-it.  When called in scalar context, returns the key for only the "next"
+it.  When called in scalar context, returns only the key for the next
 element in the hash.
 
 Entries are returned in an apparently random order.  The actual random
@@ -1202,7 +1218,14 @@ again.  There is a single iterator for each hash, shared by all C<each>,
 C<keys>, and C<values> function calls in the program; it can be reset by
 reading all the elements from the hash, or by evaluating C<keys HASH> or
 C<values HASH>.  If you add or delete elements of a hash while you're
-iterating over it, you may get entries skipped or duplicated, so don't.
+iterating over it, you may get entries skipped or duplicated, so
+don't.  Exception: It is always safe to delete the item most recently
+returned by C<each()>, which means that the following code will work:
+
+        while (($key, $value) = each %hash) {
+          print $key, "\n";
+          delete $hash{$key};   # This is safe
+        }
 
 The following prints out your environment like the printenv(1) program,
 only in a different order:
@@ -1241,7 +1264,7 @@ last file.  Examples:
 
     # reset line numbering on each input file
     while (<>) {
-	next if /^\s*#/;	# skip comments 
+	next if /^\s*#/;	# skip comments
 	print "$.\t$_";
     } continue {
 	close ARGV  if eof;	# Not eof()!
@@ -1395,7 +1418,7 @@ the argument is checked for shell metacharacters, and if there are any,
 the entire argument is passed to the system's command shell for parsing
 (this is C</bin/sh -c> on Unix platforms, but varies on other platforms).
 If there are no shell metacharacters in the argument, it is split into
-words and passed directly to C<execvp>, which is more efficient.  
+words and passed directly to C<execvp>, which is more efficient.
 Examples:
 
     exec '/bin/echo', 'Your arguments are: ', @ARGV;
@@ -1466,7 +1489,10 @@ it exists, but the reverse doesn't necessarily hold true.
 Given an expression that specifies the name of a subroutine,
 returns true if the specified subroutine has ever been declared, even
 if it is undefined.  Mentioning a subroutine name for exists or defined
-does not count as declaring it.
+does not count as declaring it.  Note that a subroutine which does not
+exist may still be callable: its package may have an C<AUTOLOAD>
+method that makes it spring into existence the first time that it is
+called -- see L<perlsub>.
 
     print "Exists\n" 	if exists &subroutine;
     print "Defined\n" 	if defined &subroutine;
@@ -1534,7 +1560,7 @@ See L<perlmod> for details.
 
 =item exp
 
-Returns I<e> (the natural logarithm base) to the power of EXPR.  
+Returns I<e> (the natural logarithm base) to the power of EXPR.
 If EXPR is omitted, gives C<exp($_)>.
 
 =item fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR
@@ -1544,7 +1570,7 @@ Implements the fcntl(2) function.  You'll probably have to say
     use Fcntl;
 
 first to get the correct constant definitions.  Argument processing and
-value return works just like C<ioctl> below.  
+value return works just like C<ioctl> below.
 For example:
 
     use Fcntl;
@@ -1569,12 +1595,16 @@ bitmaps for C<select> and low-level POSIX tty-handling operations.
 If FILEHANDLE is an expression, the value is taken as an indirect
 filehandle, generally its name.
 
-You can use this to find out whether two handles refer to the 
+You can use this to find out whether two handles refer to the
 same underlying descriptor:
 
     if (fileno(THIS) == fileno(THAT)) {
 	print "THIS and THAT are dups\n";
-    } 
+    }
+
+(Filehandles connected to memory objects via new features of C<open> may
+return undefined even though they are open.)
+
 
 =item flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION
 
@@ -1938,8 +1968,8 @@ for each field.  For example:
    use User::pwent;
    $is_his = (stat($filename)->uid == pwent($whoever)->uid);
 
-Even though it looks like they're the same method calls (uid), 
-they aren't, because a C<File::stat> object is different from 
+Even though it looks like they're the same method calls (uid),
+they aren't, because a C<File::stat> object is different from
 a C<User::pwent> object.
 
 =item getsockname SOCKET
@@ -1951,7 +1981,7 @@ IPs that the connection might have come in on.
     use Socket;
     $mysockaddr = getsockname(SOCK);
     ($port, $myaddr) = sockaddr_in($mysockaddr);
-    printf "Connect to %s [%s]\n", 
+    printf "Connect to %s [%s]\n",
        scalar gethostbyaddr($myaddr, AF_INET),
        inet_ntoa($myaddr);
 
@@ -1978,7 +2008,7 @@ Converts a time as returned by the time function to a 8-element list
 with the time localized for the standard Greenwich time zone.
 Typically used as follows:
 
-    #  0    1    2     3     4    5     6     7  
+    #  0    1    2     3     4    5     6     7
     ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday) =
 					    gmtime(time);
 
@@ -1989,7 +2019,7 @@ itself, in the range C<0..11> with 0 indicating January and 11
 indicating December.  $year is the number of years since 1900.  That
 is, $year is C<123> in year 2023.  $wday is the day of the week, with
 0 indicating Sunday and 3 indicating Wednesday.  $yday is the day of
-the year, in the range C<0..364> (or C<0..365> in leap years.)  
+the year, in the range C<0..364> (or C<0..365> in leap years.)
 
 Note that the $year element is I<not> simply the last two digits of
 the year.  If you assume it is, then you create non-Y2K-compliant
@@ -2104,14 +2134,15 @@ L</oct>.)  If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
     print hex 'aF';   # same
 
 Hex strings may only represent integers.  Strings that would cause
-integer overflow trigger a warning.
+integer overflow trigger a warning.  Leading whitespace is not stripped,
+unlike oct().
 
 =item import
 
 There is no builtin C<import> function.  It is just an ordinary
 method (subroutine) defined (or inherited) by modules that wish to export
 names to another module.  The C<use> function calls the C<import> method
-for the package used.  See also L</use()>, L<perlmod>, and L<Exporter>.
+for the package used.  See also L</use>, L<perlmod>, and L<Exporter>.
 
 =item index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION
 
@@ -2155,7 +2186,7 @@ has no string value but does have a numeric value, that value will be
 passed rather than a pointer to the string value.  To guarantee this to be
 true, add a C<0> to the scalar before using it.)  The C<pack> and C<unpack>
 functions may be needed to manipulate the values of structures used by
-C<ioctl>.  
+C<ioctl>.
 
 The return value of C<ioctl> (and C<fcntl>) is as follows:
 
@@ -2210,7 +2241,7 @@ Here is yet another way to print your environment:
 
     @keys = keys %ENV;
     @values = values %ENV;
-    while (@keys) { 
+    while (@keys) {
 	print pop(@keys), '=', pop(@values), "\n";
     }
 
@@ -2297,9 +2328,9 @@ C<redo> work.
 =item lc
 
 Returns an lowercased version of EXPR.  This is the internal function
-implementing the C<\L> escape in double-quoted strings.
-Respects current LC_CTYPE locale if C<use locale> in force.  See L<perllocale>
-and L<utf8>.
+implementing the C<\L> escape in double-quoted strings.  Respects
+current LC_CTYPE locale if C<use locale> in force.  See L<perllocale>
+and L<perlunicode>.
 
 If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
@@ -2307,9 +2338,10 @@ If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
 =item lcfirst
 
-Returns the value of EXPR with the first character lowercased.  This is
-the internal function implementing the C<\l> escape in double-quoted strings.
-Respects current LC_CTYPE locale if C<use locale> in force.  See L<perllocale>.
+Returns the value of EXPR with the first character lowercased.  This
+is the internal function implementing the C<\l> escape in
+double-quoted strings.  Respects current LC_CTYPE locale if C<use
+locale> in force.  See L<perllocale> and L<perlunicode>.
 
 If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
@@ -2318,25 +2350,26 @@ If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 =item length
 
 Returns the length in characters of the value of EXPR.  If EXPR is
-omitted, returns length of C<$_>.  Note that this cannot be used on 
+omitted, returns length of C<$_>.  Note that this cannot be used on
 an entire array or hash to find out how many elements these have.
 For that, use C<scalar @array> and C<scalar keys %hash> respectively.
 
 =item link OLDFILE,NEWFILE
 
 Creates a new filename linked to the old filename.  Returns true for
-success, false otherwise. 
+success, false otherwise.
 
 =item listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE
 
 Does the same thing that the listen system call does.  Returns true if
-it succeeded, false otherwise.  See the example in L<perlipc/"Sockets: Client/Server Communication">.
+it succeeded, false otherwise.  See the example in
+L<perlipc/"Sockets: Client/Server Communication">.
 
 =item local EXPR
 
 You really probably want to be using C<my> instead, because C<local> isn't
-what most people think of as "local".  See L<perlsub/"Private Variables
-via my()"> for details.
+what most people think of as "local".  See
+L<perlsub/"Private Variables via my()"> for details.
 
 A local modifies the listed variables to be local to the enclosing
 block, file, or eval.  If more than one value is listed, the list must
@@ -2420,7 +2453,7 @@ divided by the natural log of N.  For example:
     sub log10 {
 	my $n = shift;
 	return log($n)/log(10);
-    } 
+    }
 
 See also L</exp> for the inverse operation.
 
@@ -2470,6 +2503,29 @@ Using a regular C<foreach> loop for this purpose would be clearer in
 most cases.  See also L</grep> for an array composed of those items of
 the original list for which the BLOCK or EXPR evaluates to true.
 
+C<{> starts both hash references and blocks, so C<map { ...> could be either
+the start of map BLOCK LIST or map EXPR, LIST. Because perl doesn't look
+ahead for the closing C<}> it has to take a guess at which its dealing with
+based what it finds just after the C<{>. Usually it gets it right, but if it
+doesn't it won't realize something is wrong until it gets to the C<}> and
+encounters the missing (or unexpected) comma. The syntax error will be
+reported close to the C<}> but you'll need to change something near the C<{>
+such as using a unary C<+> to give perl some help:
+
+    %hash = map {  "\L$_", 1  } @array  # perl guesses EXPR.  wrong
+    %hash = map { +"\L$_", 1  } @array  # perl guesses BLOCK. right
+    %hash = map { ("\L$_", 1) } @array  # this also works
+    %hash = map {  lc($_), 1  } @array  # as does this.
+    %hash = map +( lc($_), 1 ), @array  # this is EXPR and works!
+
+    %hash = map  ( lc($_), 1 ), @array  # evaluates to (1, @array)
+
+or to force an anon hash constructor use C<+{>
+
+   @hashes = map +{ lc($_), 1 }, @array # EXPR, so needs , at end
+
+and you get list of anonymous hashes each with only 1 entry.
+
 =item mkdir FILENAME,MASK
 
 =item mkdir FILENAME
@@ -2486,6 +2542,11 @@ The exceptions to this rule are when the file or directory should be
 kept private (mail files, for instance).  The perlfunc(1) entry on
 C<umask> discusses the choice of MASK in more detail.
 
+Note that according to the POSIX 1003.1-1996 the FILENAME may have any
+number of trailing slashes.  Some operating and filesystems do not get
+this right, so Perl automatically removes all trailing slashes to keep
+everyone happy.
+
 =item msgctl ID,CMD,ARG
 
 Calls the System V IPC function msgctl(2).  You'll probably have to say
@@ -2571,8 +2632,9 @@ See the L</use> function, which C<no> is the opposite of.
 Interprets EXPR as an octal string and returns the corresponding
 value.  (If EXPR happens to start off with C<0x>, interprets it as a
 hex string.  If EXPR starts off with C<0b>, it is interpreted as a
-binary string.)  The following will handle decimal, binary, octal, and
-hex in the standard Perl or C notation:
+binary string.  Leading whitespace is ignored in all three cases.)
+The following will handle decimal, binary, octal, and hex in the standard
+Perl or C notation:
 
     $val = oct($val) if $val =~ /^0/;
 
@@ -2587,15 +2649,18 @@ to be converted into a file mode, for example. (Although perl will
 automatically convert strings into numbers as needed, this automatic
 conversion assumes base 10.)
 
-=item open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST
-
 =item open FILEHANDLE,EXPR
 
+=item open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR
+
+=item open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR,LIST
+
 =item open FILEHANDLE
 
 Opens the file whose filename is given by EXPR, and associates it with
-FILEHANDLE.  If FILEHANDLE is an expression, its value is used as the
-name of the real filehandle wanted.  (This is considered a symbolic
+FILEHANDLE.  If FILEHANDLE is an undefined lexical (C<my>) variable the variable is
+assigned a reference to a new anonymous filehandle, otherwise if FILEHANDLE is an expression,
+its value is used as the name of the real filehandle wanted.  (This is considered a symbolic
 reference, so C<use strict 'refs'> should I<not> be in effect.)
 
 If EXPR is omitted, the scalar
@@ -2605,10 +2670,11 @@ for this purpose; so if you're using C<my>, specify EXPR in your call
 to open.)  See L<perlopentut> for a kinder, gentler explanation of opening
 files.
 
-If MODE is C<< '<' >> or nothing, the file is opened for input.
+If three or more arguments are specified then the mode of opening and the file name
+are separate. If MODE is C<< '<' >> or nothing, the file is opened for input.
 If MODE is C<< '>' >>, the file is truncated and opened for
 output, being created if necessary.  If MODE is C<<< '>>' >>>,
-the file is opened for appending, again being created if necessary. 
+the file is opened for appending, again being created if necessary.
 You can put a C<'+'> in front of the C<< '>' >> or C<< '<' >> to indicate that
 you want both read and write access to the file; thus C<< '+<' >> is almost
 always preferred for read/write updates--the C<< '+>' >> mode would clobber the
@@ -2622,7 +2688,8 @@ C<'w'>, C<'w+'>, C<'a'>, and C<'a+'>.
 
 In the 2-arguments (and 1-argument) form of the call the mode and
 filename should be concatenated (in this order), possibly separated by
-spaces.  It is possible to omit the mode if the mode is C<< '<' >>.
+spaces.  It is possible to omit the mode in these forms if the mode is
+C<< '<' >>.
 
 If the filename begins with C<'|'>, the filename is interpreted as a
 command to which output is to be piped, and if the filename ends with a
@@ -2633,17 +2700,21 @@ that pipes both in I<and> out, but see L<IPC::Open2>, L<IPC::Open3>,
 and L<perlipc/"Bidirectional Communication with Another Process">
 for alternatives.)
 
-If MODE is C<'|-'>, the filename is interpreted as a
+For three or more arguments if MODE is C<'|-'>, the filename is interpreted as a
 command to which output is to be piped, and if MODE is
 C<'-|'>, the filename is interpreted as a command which pipes output to
 us.  In the 2-arguments (and 1-argument) form one should replace dash
 (C<'-'>) with the command.  See L<perlipc/"Using open() for IPC">
 for more examples of this.  (You are not allowed to C<open> to a command
 that pipes both in I<and> out, but see L<IPC::Open2>, L<IPC::Open3>,
-and L<perlipc/"Bidirectional Communication"> for alternatives.)
+and L<perlipc/"Bidirectional Communication"> for alternatives.) In 3+ arg form of
+pipe opens then if LIST is specified (extra arguments after the command name) then
+LIST becomes arguments to the command invoked if the platform supports it.
+The meaning of C<open> with more than three arguments for non-pipe modes
+is not yet specified. Experimental "layers" may give extra LIST arguments meaning.
 
 In the 2-arguments (and 1-argument) form opening C<'-'> opens STDIN
-and opening C<< '>-' >> opens STDOUT.  
+and opening C<< '>-' >> opens STDOUT.
 
 Open returns
 nonzero upon success, the undefined value otherwise.  If the C<open>
@@ -2658,6 +2729,10 @@ and those that don't is their text file formats.  Systems like Unix, MacOS, and
 Plan9, which delimit lines with a single character, and which encode that
 character in C as C<"\n">, do not need C<binmode>.  The rest need it.
 
+In the three argument form MODE may also contain a list of IO "layers" (see L<open> and
+L<PerlIO> for more details) to be applied to the handle. This can be used to achieve the
+effect of C<binmode> as well as more complex behaviours.
+
 When opening a file, it's usually a bad idea to continue normal execution
 if the request failed, so C<open> is frequently used in connection with
 C<die>.  Even if C<die> won't do what you want (say, in a CGI script,
@@ -2666,6 +2741,14 @@ modules that can help with that problem)) you should always check
 the return value from opening a file.  The infrequent exception is when
 working with an unopened filehandle is actually what you want to do.
 
+As a special case the 3 arg form with a read/write mode and the third argument
+being C<undef>:
+
+    open(TMP, "+>", undef) or die ...
+
+opens a filehandle to an anonymous temporary file.
+
+
 Examples:
 
     $ARTICLE = 100;
@@ -2721,14 +2804,14 @@ duped and opened.  You may use C<&> after C<< > >>, C<<< >> >>>,
 C<< < >>, C<< +> >>, C<<< +>> >>>, and C<< +< >>.  The
 mode you specify should match the mode of the original filehandle.
 (Duping a filehandle does not take into account any existing contents of
-stdio buffers.)  Duping file handles is not yet supported for 3-argument
-open().
+stdio buffers.) If you use the 3 arg form then you can pass either a number,
+the name of a filehandle or the normal "reference to a glob".
 
 Here is a script that saves, redirects, and restores STDOUT and
 STDERR:
 
     #!/usr/bin/perl
-    open(OLDOUT, ">&STDOUT");
+    open(my $oldout, ">&", \*STDOUT);
     open(OLDERR, ">&STDERR");
 
     open(STDOUT, '>', "foo.out") || die "Can't redirect stdout";
@@ -2749,17 +2832,24 @@ STDERR:
     print STDOUT "stdout 2\n";
     print STDERR "stderr 2\n";
 
-If you specify C<< '<&=N' >>, where C<N> is a number, then Perl will do an
-equivalent of C's C<fdopen> of that file descriptor; this is more
-parsimonious of file descriptors.  For example:
+If you specify C<< '<&=N' >>, where C<N> is a number, then Perl will
+do an equivalent of C's C<fdopen> of that file descriptor; this is
+more parsimonious of file descriptors.  For example:
 
     open(FILEHANDLE, "<&=$fd")
 
-Note that this feature depends on the fdopen() C library function.
-On many UNIX systems, fdopen() is known to fail when file descriptors
+or
+
+    open(FILEHANDLE, "<&=", $fd)
+
+Note that if Perl is using the standard C libraries' fdopen() then on
+many UNIX systems, fdopen() is known to fail when file descriptors
 exceed a certain value, typically 255. If you need more file
-descriptors than that, consider rebuilding Perl to use the C<sfio>
-library.
+descriptors than that, consider rebuilding Perl to use the C<PerlIO>.
+
+You can see whether Perl has been compiled with PerlIO or not by
+running C<perl -V> and looking for C<useperlio=> line.  If C<useperlio>
+is C<define>, you have PerlIO, otherwise you don't.
 
 If you open a pipe on the command C<'-'>, i.e., either C<'|-'> or C<'-|'>
 with 2-arguments (or 1-argument) form of open(), then
@@ -2778,10 +2868,15 @@ The following triples are more or less equivalent:
     open(FOO, "|tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'");
     open(FOO, '|-', "tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'");
     open(FOO, '|-') || exec 'tr', '[a-z]', '[A-Z]';
+    open(FOO, '|-', "tr", '[a-z]', '[A-Z]');
 
     open(FOO, "cat -n '$file'|");
     open(FOO, '-|', "cat -n '$file'");
     open(FOO, '-|') || exec 'cat', '-n', $file;
+    open(FOO, '-|', "cat", '-n', $file);
+
+The last example in each block shows the pipe as "list form", which is
+not yet supported on all platforms.
 
 See L<perlipc/"Safe Pipe Opens"> for more examples of this.
 
@@ -2801,7 +2896,7 @@ child to finish, and returns the status value in C<$?>.
 The filename passed to 2-argument (or 1-argument) form of open()
 will have leading and trailing
 whitespace deleted, and the normal redirection characters
-honored.  This property, known as "magic open", 
+honored.  This property, known as "magic open",
 can often be used to good effect.  A user could specify a filename of
 F<"rsh cat file |">, or you could change certain filenames as needed:
 
@@ -2817,7 +2912,7 @@ otherwise it's necessary to protect any leading and trailing whitespace:
     $file =~ s#^(\s)#./$1#;
     open(FOO, "< $file\0");
 
-(this may not work on some bizzare filesystems).  One should
+(this may not work on some bizarre filesystems).  One should
 conscientiously choose between the I<magic> and 3-arguments form
 of open():
 
@@ -2840,7 +2935,7 @@ another way to protect your filenames from interpretation.  For example:
     sysopen(HANDLE, $path, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL)
 	or die "sysopen $path: $!";
     $oldfh = select(HANDLE); $| = 1; select($oldfh);
-    print HANDLE "stuff $$\n");
+    print HANDLE "stuff $$\n";
     seek(HANDLE, 0, 0);
     print "File contains: ", <HANDLE>;
 
@@ -2880,6 +2975,8 @@ See L<utf8> for more about Unicode.
 
 =item our EXPR
 
+=item our EXPR : ATTRIBUTES
+
 An C<our> declares the listed variables to be valid globals within
 the enclosing block, file, or C<eval>.  That is, it has the same
 scoping rules as a "my" declaration, but does not create a local
@@ -2918,6 +3015,28 @@ package, Perl will emit warnings if you have asked for them.
 
     our $bar;		# emits warning
 
+An C<our> declaration may also have a list of attributes associated
+with it.  B<WARNING>: This is an experimental feature that may be
+changed or removed in future releases of Perl.  It should not be
+relied upon.
+
+The only currently recognized attribute is C<unique> which indicates
+that a single copy of the global is to be used by all interpreters
+should the program happen to be running in a multi-interpreter
+environment. (The default behaviour would be for each interpreter to
+have its own copy of the global.)  In such an environment, this
+attribute also has the effect of making the global readonly.
+Examples:
+
+    our @EXPORT : unique = qw(foo);
+    our %EXPORT_TAGS : unique = (bar => [qw(aa bb cc)]);
+    our $VERSION : unique = "1.00";
+
+Multi-interpreter environments can come to being either through the
+fork() emulation on Windows platforms, or by embedding perl in a
+multi-threaded application.  The C<unique> attribute does nothing in
+all other environments.
+
 =item pack TEMPLATE,LIST
 
 Takes a LIST of values and converts it into a string using the rules
@@ -2981,8 +3100,8 @@ follows:
     P	A pointer to a structure (fixed-length string).
 
     u	A uuencoded string.
-    U	A Unicode character number.  Encodes to UTF-8 internally.
-	Works even if C<use utf8> is not in effect.
+    U	A Unicode character number.  Encodes to UTF-8 internally
+	(or UTF-EBCDIC in EBCDIC platforms).
 
     w	A BER compressed integer.  Its bytes represent an unsigned
 	integer in base 128, most significant digit first, with as
@@ -3141,23 +3260,24 @@ L<Config>:
        print $Config{longlongsize}, "\n";
 
 (The C<$Config{longlongsize}> will be undefine if your system does
-not support long longs.) 
+not support long longs.)
 
 =item *
 
 The integer formats C<s>, C<S>, C<i>, C<I>, C<l>, and C<L>
 are inherently non-portable between processors and operating systems
 because they obey the native byteorder and endianness.  For example a
-4-byte integer 0x12345678 (305419896 decimal) be ordered natively
+4-byte integer 0x12345678 (305419896 decimal) would be ordered natively
 (arranged in and handled by the CPU registers) into bytes as
 
- 	0x12 0x34 0x56 0x78	# little-endian
- 	0x78 0x56 0x34 0x12	# big-endian
+ 	0x12 0x34 0x56 0x78	# big-endian
+ 	0x78 0x56 0x34 0x12	# little-endian
 
-Basically, the Intel, Alpha, and VAX CPUs are little-endian, while
-everybody else, for example Motorola m68k/88k, PPC, Sparc, HP PA,
-Power, and Cray are big-endian.  MIPS can be either: Digital used it
-in little-endian mode; SGI uses it in big-endian mode.
+Basically, the Intel and VAX CPUs are little-endian, while everybody
+else, for example Motorola m68k/88k, PPC, Sparc, HP PA, Power, and
+Cray are big-endian.  Alpha and MIPS can be either: Digital/Compaq
+used/uses them in little-endian mode; SGI/Cray uses them in big-endian
+mode.
 
 The names `big-endian' and `little-endian' are comic references to
 the classic "Gulliver's Travels" (via the paper "On Holy Wars and a
@@ -3184,7 +3304,7 @@ Byteorders C<'1234'> and C<'12345678'> are little-endian, C<'4321'>
 and C<'87654321'> are big-endian.
 
 If you want portable packed integers use the formats C<n>, C<N>,
-C<v>, and C<V>, their byte endianness and size is known.
+C<v>, and C<V>, their byte endianness and size are known.
 See also L<perlport>.
 
 =item *
@@ -3283,10 +3403,10 @@ Examples:
 
 The same template may generally also be used in unpack().
 
-=item package 
-
 =item package NAMESPACE
 
+=item package
+
 Declares the compilation unit as being in the given namespace.  The scope
 of the package declaration is from the declaration itself through the end
 of the enclosing block, file, or eval (the same as the C<my> operator).
@@ -3304,8 +3424,10 @@ C<$::sail> is equivalent to C<$main::sail> (as well as to C<$main'sail>,
 still seen in older code).
 
 If NAMESPACE is omitted, then there is no current package, and all
-identifiers must be fully qualified or lexicals.  This is stricter
-than C<use strict>, since it also extends to function names.
+identifiers must be fully qualified or lexicals.  However, you are
+strongly advised not to make use of this feature. Its use can cause
+unexpected behaviour, even crashing some versions of Perl. It is
+deprecated, and will be removed from a future release.
 
 See L<perlmod/"Packages"> for more information about packages, modules,
 and classes.  See L<perlsub> for other scoping issues.
@@ -3344,7 +3466,7 @@ array in subroutines, just like C<shift>.
 =item pos
 
 Returns the offset of where the last C<m//g> search left off for the variable
-is in question (C<$_> is used when the variable is not specified).  May be
+in question (C<$_> is used when the variable is not specified).  May be
 modified to change that offset.  Such modification will also influence
 the C<\G> zero-width assertion in regular expressions.  See L<perlre> and
 L<perlop>.
@@ -3388,9 +3510,10 @@ you will have to use a block returning its value instead:
 
 Equivalent to C<print FILEHANDLE sprintf(FORMAT, LIST)>, except that C<$\>
 (the output record separator) is not appended.  The first argument
-of the list will be interpreted as the C<printf> format.  If C<use locale> is
-in effect, the character used for the decimal point in formatted real numbers
-is affected by the LC_NUMERIC locale.  See L<perllocale>.
+of the list will be interpreted as the C<printf> format. See C<sprintf>
+for an explanation of the format argument. If C<use locale> is in effect,
+the character used for the decimal point in formatted real numbers is
+affected by the LC_NUMERIC locale.  See L<perllocale>.
 
 Don't fall into the trap of using a C<printf> when a simple
 C<print> would do.  The C<print> is more efficient and less
@@ -3452,8 +3575,15 @@ If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
 Returns a random fractional number greater than or equal to C<0> and less
 than the value of EXPR.  (EXPR should be positive.)  If EXPR is
-omitted, the value C<1> is used.  Automatically calls C<srand> unless
-C<srand> has already been called.  See also C<srand>.
+omitted, or a C<0>, the value C<1> is used.  Automatically calls C<srand>
+unless C<srand> has already been called.  See also C<srand>.
+
+Apply C<int()> to the value returned by C<rand()> if you want random
+integers instead of random fractional numbers.  For example,
+
+    int(rand(10))
+
+returns a random integer between C<0> and C<9>, inclusive.
 
 (Note: If your rand function consistently returns numbers that are too
 large or too small, then your version of Perl was probably compiled
@@ -3464,12 +3594,13 @@ with the wrong number of RANDBITS.)
 =item read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH
 
 Attempts to read LENGTH bytes of data into variable SCALAR from the
-specified FILEHANDLE.  Returns the number of bytes actually read,
-C<0> at end of file, or undef if there was an error.  SCALAR will be grown
-or shrunk to the length actually read.  An OFFSET may be specified to
-place the read data at some other place than the beginning of the
-string.  This call is actually implemented in terms of stdio's fread(3)
-call.  To get a true read(2) system call, see C<sysread>.
+specified FILEHANDLE.  Returns the number of bytes actually read, C<0>
+at end of file, or undef if there was an error.  SCALAR will be grown
+or shrunk to the length actually read.  If SCALAR needs growing, the
+new bytes will be zero bytes.  An OFFSET may be specified to place
+the read data into some other place in SCALAR than the beginning.
+The call is actually implemented in terms of stdio's fread(3) call.
+To get a true read(2) system call, see C<sysread>.
 
 =item readdir DIRHANDLE
 
@@ -3603,7 +3734,7 @@ name is returned instead.  You can think of C<ref> as a C<typeof> operator.
     }
     if (UNIVERSAL::isa($r, "HASH")) {  # for subclassing
 	print "r is a reference to something that isa hash.\n";
-    } 
+    }
 
 See also L<perlref>.
 
@@ -3625,19 +3756,23 @@ rename(2) manpage or equivalent system documentation for details.
 
 =item require
 
-Demands some semantics specified by EXPR, or by C<$_> if EXPR is not
-supplied.
+Demands a version of Perl specified by VERSION, or demands some semantics
+specified by EXPR or by C<$_> if EXPR is not supplied.
 
-If a VERSION is specified as a literal of the form v5.6.1,
-demands that the current version of Perl (C<$^V> or $PERL_VERSION) be
-at least as recent as that version, at run time.  (For compatibility
-with older versions of Perl, a numeric argument will also be interpreted
-as VERSION.)  Compare with L</use>, which can do a similar check at
-compile time.
+VERSION may be either a numeric argument such as 5.006, which will be
+compared to C<$]>, or a literal of the form v5.6.1, which will be compared
+to C<$^V> (aka $PERL_VERSION).  A fatal error is produced at run time if
+VERSION is greater than the version of the current Perl interpreter.
+Compare with L</use>, which can do a similar check at compile time.
+
+Specifying VERSION as a literal of the form v5.6.1 should generally be
+avoided, because it leads to misleading error messages under earlier
+versions of Perl which do not support this syntax.  The equivalent numeric
+version should be used instead.
 
     require v5.6.1;	# run time version check
     require 5.6.1;	# ditto
-    require 5.005_03;	# float version allowed for compatibility
+    require 5.006_001;	# ditto; preferred for backwards compatibility
 
 Otherwise, demands that a library file be included if it hasn't already
 been included.  The file is included via the do-FILE mechanism, which is
@@ -3679,9 +3814,9 @@ modules does not risk altering your namespace.
 
 In other words, if you try this:
 
-        require Foo::Bar;    # a splendid bareword 
+        require Foo::Bar;    # a splendid bareword
 
-The require function will actually look for the "F<Foo/Bar.pm>" file in the 
+The require function will actually look for the "F<Foo/Bar.pm>" file in the
 directories specified in the C<@INC> array.
 
 But if you try this:
@@ -3691,11 +3826,65 @@ But if you try this:
     #or
         require "Foo::Bar";  # not a bareword because of the ""
 
-The require function will look for the "F<Foo::Bar>" file in the @INC array and 
+The require function will look for the "F<Foo::Bar>" file in the @INC array and
 will complain about not finding "F<Foo::Bar>" there.  In this case you can do:
 
         eval "require $class";
 
+You can also insert hooks into the import facility, by putting directly
+Perl code into the @INC array.  There are three forms of hooks: subroutine
+references, array references and blessed objects.
+
+Subroutine references are the simplest case.  When the inclusion system
+walks through @INC and encounters a subroutine, this subroutine gets
+called with two parameters, the first being a reference to itself, and the
+second the name of the file to be included (e.g. "F<Foo/Bar.pm>").  The
+subroutine should return C<undef> or a filehandle, from which the file to
+include will be read.  If C<undef> is returned, C<require> will look at
+the remaining elements of @INC.
+
+If the hook is an array reference, its first element must be a subroutine
+reference.  This subroutine is called as above, but the first parameter is
+the array reference.  This enables to pass indirectly some arguments to
+the subroutine.
+
+In other words, you can write:
+
+    push @INC, \&my_sub;
+    sub my_sub {
+	my ($coderef, $filename) = @_;	# $coderef is \&my_sub
+	...
+    }
+
+or:
+
+    push @INC, [ \&my_sub, $x, $y, ... ];
+    sub my_sub {
+	my ($arrayref, $filename) = @_;
+	# Retrieve $x, $y, ...
+	my @parameters = @$arrayref[1..$#$arrayref];
+	...
+    }
+
+If the hook is an object, it must provide an INC method, that will be
+called as above, the first parameter being the object itself.  (Note that
+you must fully qualify the sub's name, as it is always forced into package
+C<main>.)  Here is a typical code layout:
+
+    # In Foo.pm
+    package Foo;
+    sub new { ... }
+    sub Foo::INC {
+	my ($self, $filename) = @_;
+	...
+    }
+
+    # In the main program
+    push @INC, new Foo(...);
+
+Note that these hooks are also permitted to set the %INC entry
+corresponding to the files they have loaded. See L<perlvar/%INC>.
+
 For a yet-more-powerful import facility, see L</use> and L<perlmod>.
 
 =item reset EXPR
@@ -3725,7 +3914,7 @@ See L</my>.
 
 =item return
 
-Returns from a subroutine, C<eval>, or C<do FILE> with the value 
+Returns from a subroutine, C<eval>, or C<do FILE> with the value
 given in EXPR.  Evaluation of EXPR may be in list, scalar, or void
 context, depending on how the return value will be used, and the context
 may vary from one execution to the next (see C<wantarray>).  If no EXPR
@@ -3958,14 +4147,14 @@ documentation.
 =item semop KEY,OPSTRING
 
 Calls the System V IPC function semop to perform semaphore operations
-such as signaling and waiting.  OPSTRING must be a packed array of
+such as signalling and waiting.  OPSTRING must be a packed array of
 semop structures.  Each semop structure can be generated with
-C<pack("sss", $semnum, $semop, $semflag)>.  The number of semaphore
+C<pack("s!3", $semnum, $semop, $semflag)>.  The number of semaphore
 operations is implied by the length of OPSTRING.  Returns true if
 successful, or false if there is an error.  As an example, the
 following code waits on semaphore $semnum of semaphore id $semid:
 
-    $semop = pack("sss", $semnum, -1, 0);
+    $semop = pack("s!3", $semnum, -1, 0);
     die "Semaphore trouble: $!\n" unless semop($semid, $semop);
 
 To signal the semaphore, replace C<-1> with C<1>.  See also
@@ -4062,7 +4251,7 @@ has the same interpretation as in the system call of the same name.
 
 This is useful with sockets when you want to tell the other
 side you're done writing but not done reading, or vice versa.
-It's also a more insistent form of close because it also 
+It's also a more insistent form of close because it also
 disables the file descriptor in any forked copies in other
 processes.
 
@@ -4096,10 +4285,31 @@ busy multitasking system.
 
 For delays of finer granularity than one second, you may use Perl's
 C<syscall> interface to access setitimer(2) if your system supports
-it, or else see L</select> above.  The Time::HiRes module from CPAN
-may also help.
+it, or else see L</select> above.  The Time::HiRes module (from CPAN,
+and starting from Perl 5.8 part of the standard distribution) may also
+help.
+
+See also the POSIX module's C<pause> function.
+
+=item sockatmark SOCKET
+
+Returns true if the socket is positioned at the out-of-band mark
+(also known as the urgent data mark), false otherwise.  Use right
+after reading from the socket.
+
+Not available directly, one has to import the function from
+the IO::Socket extension
+
+    use IO::Socket 'sockatmark';
 
-See also the POSIX module's C<sigpause> function.
+Even this doesn't guarantee that sockatmark() really is available,
+though, because sockatmark() is a relatively recent addition to
+the family of socket functions.  If it is unavailable, attempt to
+use it will fail
+
+	IO::Socket::atmark not implemented on this architecture ...
+
+See also L<IO::Socket>.
 
 =item socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL
 
@@ -4168,6 +4378,12 @@ loop control operators described in L<perlsyn> or with C<goto>.
 When C<use locale> is in effect, C<sort LIST> sorts LIST according to the
 current collation locale.  See L<perllocale>.
 
+Perl does B<not> guarantee that sort is stable.  (A I<stable> sort
+preserves the input order of elements that compare equal.)  5.7 and
+5.8 happen to use a stable mergesort, but 5.6 and earlier used quicksort,
+which is not stable.  Do not assume that future perls will continue to
+use a stable sort.
+
 Examples:
 
     # sort lexically
@@ -4252,9 +4468,9 @@ Examples:
 If you're using strict, you I<must not> declare $a
 and $b as lexicals.  They are package globals.  That means
 if you're in the C<main> package and type
-  
+
     @articles = sort {$b <=> $a} @files;
-  
+
 then C<$a> and C<$b> are C<$main::a> and C<$main::b> (or C<$::a> and C<$::b>),
 but if you're in the C<FooPack> package, it's the same as typing
 
@@ -4324,11 +4540,15 @@ splits on whitespace (after skipping any leading whitespace).  Anything
 matching PATTERN is taken to be a delimiter separating the fields.  (Note
 that the delimiter may be longer than one character.)
 
-If LIMIT is specified and positive, splits into no more than that
-many fields (though it may split into fewer).  If LIMIT is unspecified
-or zero, trailing null fields are stripped (which potential users
-of C<pop> would do well to remember).  If LIMIT is negative, it is
-treated as if an arbitrarily large LIMIT had been specified.
+If LIMIT is specified and positive, it represents the maximum number
+of fields the EXPR will be split into, though the actual number of
+fields returned depends on the number of times PATTERN matches within
+EXPR.  If LIMIT is unspecified or zero, trailing null fields are
+stripped (which potential users of C<pop> would do well to remember).
+If LIMIT is negative, it is treated as if an arbitrarily large LIMIT
+had been specified.  Note that splitting an EXPR that evaluates to the
+empty string always returns the empty list, regardless of the LIMIT
+specified.
 
 A pattern matching the null string (not to be confused with
 a null pattern C<//>, which is just one member of the set of patterns
@@ -4339,6 +4559,19 @@ characters at each point it matches that way.  For example:
 
 produces the output 'h:i:t:h:e:r:e'.
 
+Using the empty pattern C<//> specifically matches the null string, and is
+not be confused with the use of C<//> to mean "the last successful pattern
+match".
+
+Empty leading (or trailing) fields are produced when there positive width
+matches at the beginning (or end) of the string; a zero-width match at the
+beginning (or end) of the string does not produce an empty field.  For
+example:
+
+   print join(':', split(/(?=\w)/, 'hi there!'));
+
+produces the output 'h:i :t:h:e:r:e!'.
+
 The LIMIT parameter can be used to split a line partially
 
     ($login, $passwd, $remainder) = split(/:/, $_, 3);
@@ -4383,13 +4616,17 @@ Example:
 
     open(PASSWD, '/etc/passwd');
     while (<PASSWD>) {
-	($login, $passwd, $uid, $gid,
+        chomp;
+        ($login, $passwd, $uid, $gid,
          $gcos, $home, $shell) = split(/:/);
 	#...
     }
 
-(Note that $shell above will still have a newline on it.  See L</chop>,
-L</chomp>, and L</join>.)
+As with regular pattern matching, any capturing parentheses that are not
+matched in a C<split()> will be set to C<undef> when returned:
+
+    @fields = split /(A)|B/, "1A2B3";
+    # @fields is (1, 'A', 2, undef, 3)
 
 =item sprintf FORMAT, LIST
 
@@ -4412,6 +4649,12 @@ numbers, and even then only the standard modifiers are allowed).  As a
 result, any non-standard extensions in your local C<sprintf> are not
 available from Perl.
 
+Unlike C<printf>, C<sprintf> does not do what you probably mean when you
+pass it an array as your first argument. The array is given scalar context,
+and instead of using the 0th element of the array as the format, Perl will
+use the count of elements in the array as the format, which is almost never
+useful.
+
 Perl's C<sprintf> permits the following universally-known conversions:
 
    %%	a percent sign
@@ -4433,7 +4676,7 @@ In addition, Perl permits the following widely-supported conversions:
    %b	an unsigned integer, in binary
    %p	a pointer (outputs the Perl value's address in hexadecimal)
    %n	special: *stores* the number of characters output so far
-        into the next variable in the parameter list 
+        into the next variable in the parameter list
 
 Finally, for backward (and we do mean "backward") compatibility, Perl
 permits these unnecessary but widely-supported conversions:
@@ -4444,6 +4687,12 @@ permits these unnecessary but widely-supported conversions:
    %O	a synonym for %lo
    %F	a synonym for %f
 
+Note that the number of exponent digits in the scientific notation by
+C<%e>, C<%E>, C<%g> and C<%G> for numbers with the modulus of the
+exponent less than 100 is system-dependent: it may be three or less
+(zero-padded as necessary).  In other words, 1.23 times ten to the
+99th may be either "1.23e99" or "1.23e099".
+
 Perl permits the following universally-known flags between the C<%>
 and the conversion letter:
 
@@ -4460,13 +4709,31 @@ and the conversion letter:
    h       interpret integer as C type "short" or "unsigned short"
            If no flags, interpret integer as C type "int" or "unsigned"
 
+Perl supports parameter ordering, in other words, fetching the
+parameters in some explicitly specified "random" ordering as opposed
+to the default implicit sequential ordering.  The syntax is, instead
+of the C<%> and C<*>, to use C<%>I<digits>C<$> and C<*>I<digits>C<$>,
+where the I<digits> is the wanted index, from one upwards.  For example:
+
+   printf "%2\$d %1\$d\n", 12, 34;		# will print "34 12\n"
+   printf "%*2\$d\n",      12, 3;		# will print " 12\n"
+
+Note that using the reordering syntax does not interfere with the usual
+implicit sequential fetching of the parameters:
+
+   printf "%2\$d %d\n",    12, 34;		# will print "34 12\n"
+   printf "%2\$d %d %d\n", 12, 34;		# will print "34 12 34\n"
+   printf "%3\$d %d %d\n", 12, 34, 56;		# will print "56 12 34\n"
+   printf "%2\$*3\$d %d\n", 12, 34, 3;		# will print " 34 12\n"
+   printf "%*3\$2\$d %d\n", 12, 34, 3;		# will print " 34 12\n"
+
 There are also two Perl-specific flags:
 
-   V       interpret integer as Perl's standard integer type
-   v       interpret string as a vector of integers, output as
-           numbers separated either by dots, or by an arbitrary
-	   string received from the argument list when the flag
-	   is preceded by C<*>
+    V       interpret integer as Perl's standard integer type
+    v       interpret string as a vector of integers, output as
+            numbers separated either by dots, or by an arbitrary
+	    string received from the argument list when the flag
+	    is preceded by C<*>
 
 Where a number would appear in the flags, an asterisk (C<*>) may be
 used instead, in which case Perl uses the next item in the parameter
@@ -4538,19 +4805,42 @@ loaded the standard Math::Complex module.
 
 =item srand
 
-Sets the random number seed for the C<rand> operator.  If EXPR is
-omitted, uses a semi-random value supplied by the kernel (if it supports
-the F</dev/urandom> device) or based on the current time and process
-ID, among other things.  In versions of Perl prior to 5.004 the default
-seed was just the current C<time>.  This isn't a particularly good seed,
-so many old programs supply their own seed value (often C<time ^ $$> or
-C<time ^ ($$ + ($$ << 15))>), but that isn't necessary any more.
+Sets the random number seed for the C<rand> operator.
+
+The point of the function is to "seed" the C<rand> function so that
+C<rand> can produce a different sequence each time you run your
+program.
 
-In fact, it's usually not necessary to call C<srand> at all, because if
-it is not called explicitly, it is called implicitly at the first use of
-the C<rand> operator.  However, this was not the case in version of Perl
-before 5.004, so if your script will run under older Perl versions, it
-should call C<srand>.
+If srand() is not called explicitly, it is called implicitly at the
+first use of the C<rand> operator.  However, this was not the case in
+versions of Perl before 5.004, so if your script will run under older
+Perl versions, it should call C<srand>.
+
+Most programs won't even call srand() at all, except those that
+need a cryptographically-strong starting point rather than the
+generally acceptable default, which is based on time of day,
+process ID, and memory allocation, or the F</dev/urandom> device,
+if available. 
+
+You can call srand($seed) with the same $seed to reproduce the
+I<same> sequence from rand(), but this is usually reserved for
+generating predictable results for testing or debugging.
+Otherwise, don't call srand() more than once in your program.
+
+Do B<not> call srand() (i.e. without an argument) more than once in
+a script.  The internal state of the random number generator should
+contain more entropy than can be provided by any seed, so calling
+srand() again actually I<loses> randomness.
+
+Most implementations of C<srand> take an integer and will silently
+truncate decimal numbers.  This means C<srand(42)> will usually
+produce the same results as C<srand(42.1)>.  To be safe, always pass
+C<srand> an integer.
+
+In versions of Perl prior to 5.004 the default seed was just the
+current C<time>.  This isn't a particularly good seed, so many old
+programs supply their own seed value (often C<time ^ $$> or C<time ^
+($$ + ($$ << 15))>), but that isn't necessary any more.
 
 Note that you need something much more random than the default seed for
 cryptographic purposes.  Checksumming the compressed output of one or more
@@ -4562,12 +4852,6 @@ example:
 If you're particularly concerned with this, see the C<Math::TrulyRandom>
 module in CPAN.
 
-Do I<not> call C<srand> multiple times in your program unless you know
-exactly what you're doing and why you're doing it.  The point of the
-function is to "seed" the C<rand> function so that C<rand> can produce
-a different sequence each time you run your program.  Just do it once at the
-top of your program, or you I<won't> get random numbers out of C<rand>!
-
 Frequently called programs (like CGI scripts) that simply use
 
     time ^ $$
@@ -4624,7 +4908,7 @@ last stat or filetest are returned.  Example:
 under NFS.)
 
 Because the mode contains both the file type and its permissions, you
-should mask off the file type portion and (s)printf using a C<"%o"> 
+should mask off the file type portion and (s)printf using a C<"%o">
 if you want to see the real permissions.
 
     $mode = (stat($filename))[2];
@@ -4638,7 +4922,7 @@ The File::stat module provides a convenient, by-name access mechanism:
 
     use File::stat;
     $sb = stat($filename);
-    printf "File is %s, size is %s, perm %04o, mtime %s\n", 
+    printf "File is %s, size is %s, perm %04o, mtime %s\n",
 	$filename, $sb->size, $sb->mode & 07777,
 	scalar localtime $sb->mtime;
 
@@ -4685,7 +4969,7 @@ and the S_IF* functions are
 			and the setuid/setgid/sticky bits
 
     S_IFMT($mode)	the part of $mode containing the file type
-			which can be bit-anded with e.g. S_IFREG 
+			which can be bit-anded with e.g. S_IFREG
                         or with the following functions
 
     # The operators -f, -d, -l, -b, -c, -p, and -s.
@@ -4850,7 +5134,7 @@ check the value of C<$!> if syscall returns C<-1>.
 
 There's a problem with C<syscall(&SYS_pipe)>: it returns the file
 number of the read end of the pipe it creates.  There is no way
-to retrieve the file number of the other end.  You can avoid this 
+to retrieve the file number of the other end.  You can avoid this
 problem by using C<pipe> instead.
 
 =item sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE
@@ -5025,9 +5309,13 @@ case the SCALAR is empty you can use OFFSET but only zero offset.
 
 =item tell
 
-Returns the current position for FILEHANDLE.  FILEHANDLE may be an
-expression whose value gives the name of the actual filehandle.  If
-FILEHANDLE is omitted, assumes the file last read.  
+Returns the current position for FILEHANDLE, or -1 on error.  FILEHANDLE
+may be an expression whose value gives the name of the actual filehandle.
+If FILEHANDLE is omitted, assumes the file last read.
+
+The return value of tell() for the standard streams like the STDIN
+depends on the operating system: it may return -1 or something else.
+tell() on pipes, fifos, and sockets usually returns -1.
 
 There is no C<systell> function.  Use C<sysseek(FH, 0, 1)> for that.
 
@@ -5073,6 +5361,7 @@ A class implementing a hash should have the following methods:
     FIRSTKEY this
     NEXTKEY this, lastkey
     DESTROY this
+    UNTIE this
 
 A class implementing an ordinary array should have the following methods:
 
@@ -5089,6 +5378,7 @@ A class implementing an ordinary array should have the following methods:
     SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
     EXTEND this, count
     DESTROY this
+    UNTIE this
 
 A class implementing a file handle should have the following methods:
 
@@ -5099,8 +5389,15 @@ A class implementing a file handle should have the following methods:
     WRITE this, scalar, length, offset
     PRINT this, LIST
     PRINTF this, format, LIST
+    BINMODE this
+    EOF this
+    FILENO this
+    SEEK this, position, whence
+    TELL this
+    OPEN this, mode, LIST
     CLOSE this
     DESTROY this
+    UNTIE this
 
 A class implementing a scalar should have the following methods:
 
@@ -5108,6 +5405,7 @@ A class implementing a scalar should have the following methods:
     FETCH this,
     STORE this, value
     DESTROY this
+    UNTIE this
 
 Not all methods indicated above need be implemented.  See L<perltie>,
 L<Tie::Hash>, L<Tie::Array>, L<Tie::Scalar>, and L<Tie::Handle>.
@@ -5144,6 +5442,8 @@ seconds, for this process and the children of this process.
 
     ($user,$system,$cuser,$csystem) = times;
 
+In scalar context, C<times> returns C<$user>.
+
 =item tr///
 
 The transliteration operator.  Same as C<y///>.  See L<perlop>.
@@ -5162,10 +5462,10 @@ otherwise.
 =item uc
 
 Returns an uppercased version of EXPR.  This is the internal function
-implementing the C<\U> escape in double-quoted strings.
-Respects current LC_CTYPE locale if C<use locale> in force.  See L<perllocale>.
-Under Unicode (C<use utf8>) it uses the standard Unicode uppercase mappings.  (It
-does not attempt to do titlecase mapping on initial letters.  See C<ucfirst> for that.)
+implementing the C<\U> escape in double-quoted strings.  Respects
+current LC_CTYPE locale if C<use locale> in force.  See L<perllocale>
+and L<perlunicode>.  It does not attempt to do titlecase mapping on
+initial letters.  See C<ucfirst> for that.
 
 If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
@@ -5173,11 +5473,10 @@ If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
 =item ucfirst
 
-Returns the value of EXPR with the first character
-in uppercase (titlecase in Unicode).  This is
-the internal function implementing the C<\u> escape in double-quoted strings.
-Respects current LC_CTYPE locale if C<use locale> in force.  See L<perllocale>
-and L<utf8>.
+Returns the value of EXPR with the first character in uppercase
+(titlecase in Unicode).  This is the internal function implementing
+the C<\u> escape in double-quoted strings.  Respects current LC_CTYPE
+locale if C<use locale> in force.  See L<perllocale> and L<perlunicode>.
 
 If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
@@ -5311,7 +5610,7 @@ not known to be valid is likely to have disastrous consequences.
 
 If the repeat count of a field is larger than what the remainder of
 the input string allows, repeat count is decreased.  If the input string
-is longer than one described by the TEMPLATE, the rest is ignored. 
+is longer than one described by the TEMPLATE, the rest is ignored.
 
 See L</pack> for more examples and notes.
 
@@ -5325,7 +5624,7 @@ Does the opposite of a C<shift>.  Or the opposite of a C<push>,
 depending on how you look at it.  Prepends list to the front of the
 array, and returns the new number of elements in the array.
 
-    unshift(ARGV, '-e') unless $ARGV[0] =~ /^-/;
+    unshift(@ARGV, '-e') unless $ARGV[0] =~ /^-/;
 
 Note the LIST is prepended whole, not one element at a time, so the
 prepended elements stay in the same order.  Use C<reverse> to do the
@@ -5349,18 +5648,21 @@ package.  It is exactly equivalent to
 
 except that Module I<must> be a bareword.
 
-VERSION, which can be specified as a literal of the form v5.6.1, demands
-that the current version of Perl (C<$^V> or $PERL_VERSION) be at least
-as recent as that version.  (For compatibility with older versions of Perl,
-a numeric literal will also be interpreted as VERSION.)  If the version
-of the running Perl interpreter is less than VERSION, then an error
-message is printed and Perl exits immediately without attempting to
-parse the rest of the file.  Compare with L</require>, which can do a
-similar check at run time.
+VERSION may be either a numeric argument such as 5.006, which will be
+compared to C<$]>, or a literal of the form v5.6.1, which will be compared
+to C<$^V> (aka $PERL_VERSION.  A fatal error is produced if VERSION is
+greater than the version of the current Perl interpreter; Perl will not
+attempt to parse the rest of the file.  Compare with L</require>, which can
+do a similar check at run time.
+
+Specifying VERSION as a literal of the form v5.6.1 should generally be
+avoided, because it leads to misleading error messages under earlier
+versions of Perl which do not support this syntax.  The equivalent numeric
+version should be used instead.
 
     use v5.6.1;		# compile time version check
     use 5.6.1;		# ditto
-    use 5.005_03;	# float version allowed for compatibility
+    use 5.006_001;	# ditto; preferred for backwards compatibility
 
 This is often useful if you need to check the current Perl version before
 C<use>ing library modules that have changed in incompatible ways from
@@ -5376,7 +5678,8 @@ derive their C<import> method via inheritance from the C<Exporter> class that
 is defined in the C<Exporter> module.  See L<Exporter>.  If no C<import>
 method can be found then the call is skipped.
 
-If you don't want your namespace altered, explicitly supply an empty list:
+If you do not want to call the package's C<import> method (for instance,
+to stop your namespace from being altered), explicitly supply the empty list:
 
     use Module ();
 
@@ -5388,7 +5691,7 @@ If the VERSION argument is present between Module and LIST, then the
 C<use> will call the VERSION method in class Module with the given
 version as an argument.  The default VERSION method, inherited from
 the UNIVERSAL class, croaks if the given version is larger than the
-value of the variable C<$Module::VERSION>. 
+value of the variable C<$Module::VERSION>.
 
 Again, there is a distinction between omitting LIST (C<import> called
 with no arguments) and an explicit empty LIST C<()> (C<import> not
@@ -5419,7 +5722,9 @@ by C<use>, i.e., it calls C<unimport Module LIST> instead of C<import>.
 
 If no C<unimport> method can be found the call fails with a fatal error.
 
-See L<perlmod> for a list of standard modules and pragmas.
+See L<perlmodlib> for a list of standard modules and pragmas.  See L<perlrun>
+for the C<-M> and C<-m> command-line options to perl that give C<use>
+functionality from the command-line.
 
 =item utime LIST
 
@@ -5434,6 +5739,13 @@ command if the files already exist:
     $now = time;
     utime $now, $now, @ARGV;
 
+If the first two elements of the list are C<undef>, then the utime(2)
+function in the C library will be called with a null second argument.
+On most systems, this will set the file's access and modification
+times to the current time.  (i.e. equivalent to the example above.)
+
+    utime undef, undef, @ARGV;
+
 =item values HASH
 
 Returns a list consisting of all the values of the named hash.  (In a
@@ -5461,11 +5773,11 @@ that are reserved for each element in the bit vector.  This must
 be a power of two from 1 to 32 (or 64, if your platform supports
 that).
 
-If BITS is 8, "elements" coincide with bytes of the input string.  
+If BITS is 8, "elements" coincide with bytes of the input string.
 
 If BITS is 16 or more, bytes of the input string are grouped into chunks
 of size BITS/8, and each group is converted to a number as with
-pack()/unpack() with big-endian formats C<n>/C<N> (and analoguously
+pack()/unpack() with big-endian formats C<n>/C<N> (and analogously
 for BITS==64).  See L<"pack"> for details.
 
 If bits is 4 or less, the string is broken into bytes, then the bits
@@ -5480,9 +5792,18 @@ to give the expression the correct precedence as in
 
     vec($image, $max_x * $x + $y, 8) = 3;
 
-If the selected element is off the end of the string, the value 0 is
-returned.  If an element off the end of the string is written to,
-Perl will first extend the string with sufficiently many zero bytes.
+If the selected element is outside the string, the value 0 is returned.
+If an element off the end of the string is written to, Perl will first
+extend the string with sufficiently many zero bytes.   It is an error
+to try to write off the beginning of the string (i.e. negative OFFSET).
+
+The string should not contain any character with the value > 255 (which
+can only happen if you're using UTF8 encoding).  If it does, it will be
+treated as something which is not UTF8 encoded.  When the C<vec> was
+assigned to, other parts of your program will also no longer consider the
+string to be UTF8 encoded.  In other words, if you do have such characters
+in your string, vec() will operate on the actual byte string, and not the
+conceptual character string.
 
 Strings created with C<vec> can also be manipulated with the logical
 operators C<|>, C<&>, C<^>, and C<~>.  These operators will assume a bit
@@ -5523,7 +5844,7 @@ Here is an example to illustrate how the bits actually fall in place:
     #!/usr/bin/perl -wl
 
     print <<'EOT';
-                                      0         1         2         3  
+                                      0         1         2         3
                        unpack("V",$_) 01234567890123456789012345678901
     ------------------------------------------------------------------
     EOT
@@ -5551,7 +5872,7 @@ Here is an example to illustrate how the bits actually fall in place:
 Regardless of the machine architecture on which it is run, the above
 example should print the following table:
 
-                                      0         1         2         3  
+                                      0         1         2         3
                        unpack("V",$_) 01234567890123456789012345678901
     ------------------------------------------------------------------
     vec($_, 0, 1) = 1   ==          1 10000000000000000000000000000000
@@ -5700,8 +6021,8 @@ The status is returned in C<$?>.  If you say
 
     use POSIX ":sys_wait_h";
     #...
-    do { 
-	$kid = waitpid(-1,&WNOHANG);
+    do {
+	$kid = waitpid(-1, WNOHANG);
     } until $kid == -1;
 
 then you can do a non-blocking wait for all pending zombie processes.