X-Git-Url: http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?a=blobdiff_plain;f=pod%2Fperlfunc.pod;h=2f9a85c8f6bb83e36a32497ea36ac04aab0b98b8;hb=98af1e142028dcf116f32636ea54f4c3e9494651;hp=abc8355da7697ec78bc0c7863e29fa4472fc4804;hpb=c69adce39458d65db6bf9adbc7d99cf7524bd8ee;p=p5sagit%2Fp5-mst-13.2.git

diff --git a/pod/perlfunc.pod b/pod/perlfunc.pod
index abc8355..2f9a85c 100644
--- a/pod/perlfunc.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfunc.pod
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ than one place.
 X<scalar> X<string> X<character>
 
 C<chomp>, C<chop>, C<chr>, C<crypt>, C<hex>, C<index>, C<lc>, C<lcfirst>,
-C<length>, C<oct>, C<ord>, C<pack>, C<q/STRING/>, C<qq/STRING/>, C<reverse>,
+C<length>, C<oct>, C<ord>, C<pack>, C<q//>, C<qq//>, C<reverse>,
 C<rindex>, C<sprintf>, C<substr>, C<tr///>, C<uc>, C<ucfirst>, C<y///>
 
 =item Regular expressions and pattern matching
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ C<pop>, C<push>, C<shift>, C<splice>, C<unshift>
 =item Functions for list data
 X<list>
 
-C<grep>, C<join>, C<map>, C<qw/STRING/>, C<reverse>, C<sort>, C<unpack>
+C<grep>, C<join>, C<map>, C<qw//>, C<reverse>, C<sort>, C<unpack>
 
 =item Functions for real %HASHes
 X<hash>
@@ -158,25 +158,29 @@ C<goto>, C<last>, C<next>, C<redo>, C<return>, C<sub>, C<wantarray>
 
 =item Keywords related to switch
 
-C<break>, C<continue>
+C<break>, C<continue>, C<given>, C<when>, C<default>
 
 (These are only available if you enable the "switch" feature.
 See L<feature> and L<perlsyn/"Switch statements">.)
 
 =item Keywords related to scoping
 
-C<caller>, C<import>, C<local>, C<my>, C<our>, C<package>, C<use>
+C<caller>, C<import>, C<local>, C<my>, C<our>, C<state>, C<package>,
+C<use>
+
+(C<state> is only available if the "state" feature is enabled. See
+L<feature>.)
 
 =item Miscellaneous functions
 
-C<defined>, C<dump>, C<eval>, C<formline>, C<local>, C<my>, C<our>, C<reset>,
-C<scalar>, C<undef>, C<wantarray>
+C<defined>, C<dump>, C<eval>, C<formline>, C<local>, C<my>, C<our>,
+C<reset>, C<scalar>, C<state>, C<undef>, C<wantarray>
 
 =item Functions for processes and process groups
 X<process> X<pid> X<process id>
 
 C<alarm>, C<exec>, C<fork>, C<getpgrp>, C<getppid>, C<getpriority>, C<kill>,
-C<pipe>, C<qx/STRING/>, C<setpgrp>, C<setpriority>, C<sleep>, C<system>,
+C<pipe>, C<qx//>, C<setpgrp>, C<setpriority>, C<sleep>, C<system>,
 C<times>, C<wait>, C<waitpid>
 
 =item Keywords related to perl modules
@@ -184,7 +188,7 @@ X<module>
 
 C<do>, C<import>, C<no>, C<package>, C<require>, C<use>
 
-=item Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness
+=item Keywords related to classes and object-orientation
 X<object> X<class> X<package>
 
 C<bless>, C<dbmclose>, C<dbmopen>, C<package>, C<ref>, C<tie>, C<tied>,
@@ -227,10 +231,11 @@ C<gmtime>, C<localtime>, C<time>, C<times>
 =item Functions new in perl5
 X<perl5>
 
-C<abs>, C<bless>, C<chomp>, C<chr>, C<exists>, C<formline>, C<glob>,
-C<import>, C<lc>, C<lcfirst>, C<map>, C<my>, C<no>, C<our>, C<prototype>,
-C<qx>, C<qw>, C<readline>, C<readpipe>, C<ref>, C<sub*>, C<sysopen>, C<tie>,
-C<tied>, C<uc>, C<ucfirst>, C<untie>, C<use>
+C<abs>, C<bless>, C<break>, C<chomp>, C<chr>, C<continue>, C<default>, 
+C<exists>, C<formline>, C<given>, C<glob>, C<import>, C<lc>, C<lcfirst>,
+C<lock>, C<map>, C<my>, C<no>, C<our>, C<prototype>, C<qr//>, C<qw//>, C<qx//>,
+C<readline>, C<readpipe>, C<ref>, C<sub>*, C<sysopen>, C<tie>, C<tied>, C<uc>,
+C<ucfirst>, C<untie>, C<use>, C<when>
 
 * - C<sub> was a keyword in perl4, but in perl5 it is an
 operator, which can be used in expressions.
@@ -281,16 +286,17 @@ X<-S>X<-b>X<-c>X<-t>X<-u>X<-g>X<-k>X<-T>X<-B>X<-M>X<-A>X<-C>
 
 =item -X EXPR
 
+=item -X DIRHANDLE
+
 =item -X
 
 A file test, where X is one of the letters listed below.  This unary
-operator takes one argument, either a filename or a filehandle, and
-tests the associated file to see if something is true about it.  If the
+operator takes one argument, either a filename, a filehandle, or a dirhandle, 
+and tests the associated file to see if something is true about it.  If the
 argument is omitted, tests C<$_>, except for C<-t>, which tests STDIN.
 Unless otherwise documented, it returns C<1> for true and C<''> for false, or
 the undefined value if the file doesn't exist.  Despite the funny
-names, precedence is the same as any other named unary operator, and
-the argument may be parenthesized like any other unary operator.  The
+names, precedence is the same as any other named unary operator.  The
 operator may be any of:
 
     -r	File is readable by effective uid/gid.
@@ -338,10 +344,12 @@ Example:
 The interpretation of the file permission operators C<-r>, C<-R>,
 C<-w>, C<-W>, C<-x>, and C<-X> is by default based solely on the mode
 of the file and the uids and gids of the user.  There may be other
-reasons you can't actually read, write, or execute the file.  Such
-reasons may be for example network filesystem access controls, ACLs
-(access control lists), read-only filesystems, and unrecognized
-executable formats.
+reasons you can't actually read, write, or execute the file: for
+example network filesystem access controls, ACLs (access control lists),
+read-only filesystems, and unrecognized executable formats.  Note
+that the use of these six specific operators to verify if some operation
+is possible is usually a mistake, because it may be open to race
+conditions.
 
 Also note that, for the superuser on the local filesystems, the C<-r>,
 C<-R>, C<-w>, and C<-W> tests always return 1, and C<-x> and C<-X> return 1
@@ -356,8 +364,11 @@ will test whether the permission can (not) be granted using the
 access() family of system calls.  Also note that the C<-x> and C<-X> may
 under this pragma return true even if there are no execute permission
 bits set (nor any extra execute permission ACLs).  This strangeness is
-due to the underlying system calls' definitions.  Read the
-documentation for the C<filetest> pragma for more information.
+due to the underlying system calls' definitions. Note also that, due to
+the implementation of C<use filetest 'access'>, the C<_> special
+filehandle won't cache the results of the file tests when this pragma is
+in effect.  Read the documentation for the C<filetest> pragma for more
+information.
 
 Note that C<-s/a/b/> does not do a negated substitution.  Saying
 C<-exp($foo)> still works as expected, however--only single letters
@@ -439,12 +450,12 @@ previous timer, and an argument of C<0> may be supplied to cancel the
 previous timer without starting a new one.  The returned value is the
 amount of time remaining on the previous timer.
 
-For delays of finer granularity than one second, you may use Perl's
-four-argument version of select() leaving the first three arguments
-undefined, or you might be able to use the C<syscall> interface to
-access setitimer(2) if your system supports it.  The Time::HiRes
-module (from CPAN, and starting from Perl 5.8 part of the standard
-distribution) may also prove useful.
+For delays of finer granularity than one second, the Time::HiRes module
+(from CPAN, and starting from Perl 5.8 part of the standard
+distribution) provides ualarm().  You may also use Perl's four-argument
+version of select() leaving the first three arguments undefined, or you
+might be able to use the C<syscall> interface to access setitimer(2) if
+your system supports it. See L<perlfaq8> for details.
 
 It is usually a mistake to intermix C<alarm> and C<sleep> calls.
 (C<sleep> may be internally implemented in your system with C<alarm>)
@@ -481,7 +492,8 @@ function, or use the familiar relation:
 
     sub tan { sin($_[0]) / cos($_[0])  }
 
-Note that atan2(0, 0) is not well-defined.
+The return value for C<atan2(0,0)> is implementation-defined; consult
+your atan2(3) manpage for more information.
 
 =item bind SOCKET,NAME
 X<bind>
@@ -519,8 +531,8 @@ If LAYER is omitted or specified as C<:raw> the filehandle is made
 suitable for passing binary data. This includes turning off possible CRLF
 translation and marking it as bytes (as opposed to Unicode characters).
 Note that, despite what may be implied in I<"Programming Perl"> (the
-Camel) or elsewhere, C<:raw> is I<not> the simply inverse of C<:crlf>
--- other layers which would affect binary nature of the stream are
+Camel) or elsewhere, C<:raw> is I<not> simply the inverse of C<:crlf>
+-- other layers which would affect the binary nature of the stream are
 I<also> disabled. See L<PerlIO>, L<perlrun> and the discussion about the
 PERLIO environment variable.
 
@@ -535,7 +547,10 @@ functionality has moved from "discipline" to "layer".  All documentation
 of this version of Perl therefore refers to "layers" rather than to
 "disciplines".  Now back to the regularly scheduled documentation...>
 
-To mark FILEHANDLE as UTF-8, use C<:utf8>.
+To mark FILEHANDLE as UTF-8, use C<:utf8> or C<:encoding(utf8)>.
+C<:utf8> just marks the data as UTF-8 without further checking,
+while C<:encoding(utf8)> checks the data for actually being valid
+UTF-8. More details can be found in L<PerlIO::encoding>.
 
 In general, binmode() should be called after open() but before any I/O
 is done on the filehandle.  Calling binmode() will normally flush any
@@ -616,21 +631,26 @@ returns the caller's package name if there is a caller, that is, if
 we're in a subroutine or C<eval> or C<require>, and the undefined value
 otherwise.  In list context, returns
 
+    # 0         1          2
     ($package, $filename, $line) = caller;
 
 With EXPR, it returns some extra information that the debugger uses to
 print a stack trace.  The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames
 to go back before the current one.
 
+    #  0         1          2      3            4
     ($package, $filename, $line, $subroutine, $hasargs,
-    $wantarray, $evaltext, $is_require, $hints, $bitmask) = caller($i);
+
+    #  5          6          7            8       9         10
+    $wantarray, $evaltext, $is_require, $hints, $bitmask, $hinthash)
+     = caller($i);
 
 Here $subroutine may be C<(eval)> if the frame is not a subroutine
 call, but an C<eval>.  In such a case additional elements $evaltext and
 C<$is_require> are set: C<$is_require> is true if the frame is created by a
 C<require> or C<use> statement, $evaltext contains the text of the
 C<eval EXPR> statement.  In particular, for an C<eval BLOCK> statement,
-$filename is C<(eval)>, but $evaltext is undefined.  (Note also that
+$subroutine is C<(eval)>, but $evaltext is undefined.  (Note also that
 each C<use> statement creates a C<require> frame inside an C<eval EXPR>
 frame.)  $subroutine may also be C<(unknown)> if this particular
 subroutine happens to have been deleted from the symbol table.
@@ -639,6 +659,10 @@ C<$hints> and C<$bitmask> contain pragmatic hints that the caller was
 compiled with.  The C<$hints> and C<$bitmask> values are subject to change
 between versions of Perl, and are not meant for external use.
 
+C<$hinthash> is a reference to a hash containing the value of C<%^H> when the
+caller was compiled, or C<undef> if C<%^H> was empty. Do not modify the values
+of this hash, as they are the actual values stored in the optree.
+
 Furthermore, when called from within the DB package, caller returns more
 detailed information: it sets the list variable C<@DB::args> to be the
 arguments with which the subroutine was invoked.
@@ -652,6 +676,7 @@ previous time C<caller> was called.
 =item chdir EXPR
 X<chdir>
 X<cd>
+X<directory, change>
 
 =item chdir FILEHANDLE
 
@@ -688,7 +713,9 @@ successfully changed.  See also L</oct>, if all you have is a string.
 
 On systems that support fchmod, you might pass file handles among the
 files.  On systems that don't support fchmod, passing file handles
-produces a fatal error at run time.
+produces a fatal error at run time.   The file handles must be passed
+as globs or references to be recognized.  Barewords are considered
+file names.
 
     open(my $fh, "<", "foo");
     my $perm = (stat $fh)[2] & 07777;
@@ -737,10 +764,6 @@ You can actually chomp anything that's an lvalue, including an assignment:
 If you chomp a list, each element is chomped, and the total number of
 characters removed is returned.
 
-If the C<encoding> pragma is in scope then the lengths returned are
-calculated from the length of C<$/> in Unicode characters, which is not
-always the same as the length of C<$/> in the native encoding.
-
 Note that parentheses are necessary when you're chomping anything
 that is not a simple variable.  This is because C<chomp $cwd = `pwd`;>
 is interpreted as C<(chomp $cwd) = `pwd`;>, rather than as
@@ -784,7 +807,9 @@ successfully changed.
 
 On systems that support fchown, you might pass file handles among the
 files.  On systems that don't support fchown, passing file handles
-produces a fatal error at run time.
+produces a fatal error at run time.  The file handles must be passed
+as globs or references to be recognized.  Barewords are considered
+file names.
 
 Here's an example that looks up nonnumeric uids in the passwd file:
 
@@ -815,9 +840,7 @@ X<chr> X<character> X<ASCII> X<Unicode>
 
 Returns the character represented by that NUMBER in the character set.
 For example, C<chr(65)> is C<"A"> in either ASCII or Unicode, and
-chr(0x263a) is a Unicode smiley face.  Note that characters from 128
-to 255 (inclusive) are by default not encoded in UTF-8 Unicode for
-backward compatibility reasons (but see L<encoding>).
+chr(0x263a) is a Unicode smiley face.  
 
 Negative values give the Unicode replacement character (chr(0xfffd)),
 except under the L<bytes> pragma, where low eight bits of the value
@@ -827,10 +850,10 @@ If NUMBER is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
 For the reverse, use L</ord>.
 
-Note that under the C<bytes> pragma the NUMBER is masked to
-the low eight bits.
+Note that characters from 128 to 255 (inclusive) are by default
+internally not encoded as UTF-8 for backward compatibility reasons.
 
-See L<perlunicode> and L<encoding> for more about Unicode.
+See L<perlunicode> for more about Unicode.
 
 =item chroot FILENAME
 X<chroot> X<root>
@@ -849,10 +872,11 @@ X<close>
 
 =item close
 
-Closes the file or pipe associated with the file handle, returning
-true only if IO buffers are successfully flushed and closes the system
-file descriptor.  Closes the currently selected filehandle if the
-argument is omitted.
+Closes the file or pipe associated with the file handle, flushes the IO
+buffers, and closes the system file descriptor.  Returns true if those
+operations have succeeded and if no error was reported by any PerlIO
+layer.  Closes the currently selected filehandle if the argument is
+omitted.
 
 You don't have to close FILEHANDLE if you are immediately going to do
 another C<open> on it, because C<open> will close it for you.  (See
@@ -954,7 +978,7 @@ function, or use this relation:
 
 =item crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT
 X<crypt> X<digest> X<hash> X<salt> X<plaintext> X<password>
-X<decrypt> X<cryptography> X<passwd>
+X<decrypt> X<cryptography> X<passwd> X<encrypt>
 
 Creates a digest string exactly like the crypt(3) function in the C
 library (assuming that you actually have a version there that has not
@@ -1267,13 +1291,17 @@ trapped within an eval(), $@ contains the reference.  This behavior permits
 a more elaborate exception handling implementation using objects that
 maintain arbitrary state about the nature of the exception.  Such a scheme
 is sometimes preferable to matching particular string values of $@ using
-regular expressions.  Here's an example:
+regular expressions.  Because $@ is a global variable, and eval() may be
+used within object implementations, care must be taken that analyzing the
+error object doesn't replace the reference in the global variable.  The
+easiest solution is to make a local copy of the reference before doing
+other manipulations.  Here's an example:
 
     use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
 
     eval { ... ; die Some::Module::Exception->new( FOO => "bar" ) };
-    if ($@) {
-        if (blessed($@) && $@->isa("Some::Module::Exception")) {
+    if (my $ev_err = $@) {
+        if (blessed($ev_err) && $ev_err->isa("Some::Module::Exception")) {
             # handle Some::Module::Exception
         }
         else {
@@ -1383,42 +1411,38 @@ B<WARNING>: Any files opened at the time of the dump will I<not>
 be open any more when the program is reincarnated, with possible
 resulting confusion on the part of Perl.
 
-This function is now largely obsolete, partly because it's very
-hard to convert a core file into an executable, and because the
-real compiler backends for generating portable bytecode and compilable
-C code have superseded it.  That's why you should now invoke it as
-C<CORE::dump()>, if you don't want to be warned against a possible
+This function is now largely obsolete, mostly because it's very hard to
+convert a core file into an executable. That's why you should now invoke
+it as C<CORE::dump()>, if you don't want to be warned against a possible
 typo.
 
-If you're looking to use L<dump> to speed up your program, consider
-generating bytecode or native C code as described in L<perlcc>.  If
-you're just trying to accelerate a CGI script, consider using the
-C<mod_perl> extension to B<Apache>, or the CPAN module, CGI::Fast.
-You might also consider autoloading or selfloading, which at least
-make your program I<appear> to run faster.
-
 =item each HASH
 X<each> X<hash, iterator>
 
+=item each ARRAY
+X<array, iterator>
+
 When called in list context, returns a 2-element list consisting of the
-key and value for the next element of a hash, so that you can iterate over
-it.  When called in scalar context, returns only the key for the next
-element in the hash.
+key and value for the next element of a hash, or the index and value for
+the next element of an array, so that you can iterate over it.  When called
+in scalar context, returns only the key for the next element in the hash
+(or the index for an array).
 
-Entries are returned in an apparently random order.  The actual random
+Hash entries are returned in an apparently random order.  The actual random
 order is subject to change in future versions of perl, but it is
 guaranteed to be in the same order as either the C<keys> or C<values>
 function would produce on the same (unmodified) hash.  Since Perl
-5.8.1 the ordering is different even between different runs of Perl
+5.8.2 the ordering can be different even between different runs of Perl
 for security reasons (see L<perlsec/"Algorithmic Complexity Attacks">).
 
-When the hash is entirely read, a null array is returned in list context
-(which when assigned produces a false (C<0>) value), and C<undef> in
+When the hash or array is entirely read, a null array is returned in list
+context (which when assigned produces a false (C<0>) value), and C<undef> in
 scalar context.  The next call to C<each> after that will start iterating
-again.  There is a single iterator for each hash, shared by all C<each>,
-C<keys>, and C<values> function calls in the program; it can be reset by
-reading all the elements from the hash, or by evaluating C<keys HASH> or
-C<values HASH>.  If you add or delete elements of a hash while you're
+again.  There is a single iterator for each hash or array, shared by all
+C<each>, C<keys>, and C<values> function calls in the program; it can be
+reset by reading all the elements from the hash or array, or by evaluating
+C<keys HASH>, C<values HASH>, C<keys ARRAY>, or C<values ARRAY>.  If you add
+or delete elements of a hash while you're
 iterating over it, you may get entries skipped or duplicated, so
 don't.  Exception: It is always safe to delete the item most recently
 returned by C<each()>, which means that the following code will work:
@@ -1492,6 +1516,7 @@ there was an error.
 
 =item eval EXPR
 X<eval> X<try> X<catch> X<evaluate> X<parse> X<execute>
+X<error, handling> X<exception, handling>
 
 =item eval BLOCK
 
@@ -1537,6 +1562,10 @@ determining whether a particular feature (such as C<socket> or C<symlink>)
 is implemented.  It is also Perl's exception trapping mechanism, where
 the die operator is used to raise exceptions.
 
+If you want to trap errors when loading an XS module, some problems with
+the binary interface (such as Perl version skew) may be fatal even with
+C<eval> unless C<$ENV{PERL_DL_NONLAZY}> is set. See L<perlrun>.
+
 If the code to be executed doesn't vary, you may use the eval-BLOCK
 form to trap run-time errors without incurring the penalty of
 recompiling each time.  The error, if any, is still returned in C<$@>.
@@ -1601,6 +1630,22 @@ normally you I<would> like to use double quotes, except that in this
 particular situation, you can just use symbolic references instead, as
 in case 6.
 
+The assignment to C<$@> occurs before restoration of localised variables,
+which means a temporary is required if you want to mask some but not all
+errors:
+
+    # alter $@ on nefarious repugnancy only
+    {
+       my $e;
+       {
+          local $@; # protect existing $@
+          eval { test_repugnancy() };
+          # $@ =~ /nefarious/ and die $@; # DOES NOT WORK
+          $@ =~ /nefarious/ and $e = $@;
+       }
+       die $e if defined $e
+    }
+
 C<eval BLOCK> does I<not> count as a loop, so the loop control statements
 C<next>, C<last>, or C<redo> cannot be used to leave or restart the block.
 
@@ -1690,8 +1735,7 @@ X<exists> X<autovivification>
 
 Given an expression that specifies a hash element or array element,
 returns true if the specified element in the hash or array has ever
-been initialized, even if the corresponding value is undefined.  The
-element is not autovivified if it doesn't exist.
+been initialized, even if the corresponding value is undefined.
 
     print "Exists\n" 	if exists $hash{$key};
     print "Defined\n" 	if defined $hash{$key};
@@ -1904,11 +1948,11 @@ Here's a mailbox appender for BSD systems.
 	flock(MBOX,LOCK_UN);
     }
 
-    open(MBOX, ">>/usr/spool/mail/$ENV{'USER'}")
+    open(my $mbox, ">>", "/usr/spool/mail/$ENV{'USER'}")
 	    or die "Can't open mailbox: $!";
 
     lock();
-    print MBOX $msg,"\n\n";
+    print $mbox $msg,"\n\n";
     unlock();
 
 On systems that support a real flock(), locks are inherited across fork()
@@ -1985,7 +2029,7 @@ character may be taken to mean the beginning of an array name.
 C<formline> always returns true.  See L<perlform> for other examples.
 
 =item getc FILEHANDLE
-X<getc> X<getchar>
+X<getc> X<getchar> X<character> X<file, read>
 
 =item getc
 
@@ -2216,6 +2260,18 @@ The Socket library makes this slightly easier:
     # or going the other way
     $straddr = inet_ntoa($iaddr);
 
+In the opposite way, to resolve a hostname to the IP address
+you can write this:
+
+    use Socket;
+    $packed_ip = gethostbyname("www.perl.org");
+    if (defined $packed_ip) {
+        $ip_address = inet_ntoa($packed_ip);
+    }
+
+Make sure <gethostbyname()> is called in SCALAR context and that
+its return value is checked for definedness.
+
 If you get tired of remembering which element of the return list
 contains which return value, by-name interfaces are provided
 in standard modules: C<File::stat>, C<Net::hostent>, C<Net::netent>,
@@ -2291,57 +2347,26 @@ implementing the C<< <*.c> >> operator, but you can use it directly. If
 EXPR is omitted, C<$_> is used.  The C<< <*.c> >> operator is discussed in
 more detail in L<perlop/"I/O Operators">.
 
+Note that C<glob> will split its arguments on whitespace, treating
+each segment as separate pattern.  As such, C<glob('*.c *.h')> would
+match all files with a F<.c> or F<.h> extension.  The expression
+C<glob('.* *')> would match all files in the current working directory.
+
 Beginning with v5.6.0, this operator is implemented using the standard
-C<File::Glob> extension.  See L<File::Glob> for details.
+C<File::Glob> extension.  See L<File::Glob> for details, including
+C<bsd_glob> which does not treat whitespace as a pattern separator.
 
 =item gmtime EXPR
 X<gmtime> X<UTC> X<Greenwich>
 
 =item gmtime
 
-Converts a time as returned by the time function to an 9-element list
-with the time localized for the standard Greenwich time zone.
-Typically used as follows:
-
-    #  0    1    2     3     4    5     6     7     8
-    ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) =
-					    gmtime(time);
-
-All list elements are numeric, and come straight out of the C `struct
-tm'.  $sec, $min, and $hour are the seconds, minutes, and hours of the
-specified time.  $mday is the day of the month, and $mon is the month
-itself, in the range C<0..11> with 0 indicating January and 11
-indicating December.  $year is the number of years since 1900.  That
-is, $year is C<123> in year 2023.  $wday is the day of the week, with
-0 indicating Sunday and 3 indicating Wednesday.  $yday is the day of
-the year, in the range C<0..364> (or C<0..365> in leap years).  $isdst
-is always C<0>.
-
-Note that the $year element is I<not> simply the last two digits of
-the year.  If you assume it is then you create non-Y2K-compliant
-programs--and you wouldn't want to do that, would you?
-
-The proper way to get a complete 4-digit year is simply:
-
-	$year += 1900;
-
-And to get the last two digits of the year (e.g., '01' in 2001) do:
-
-	$year = sprintf("%02d", $year % 100);
-
-If EXPR is omitted, C<gmtime()> uses the current time (C<gmtime(time)>).
+Works just like L<localtime> but the returned values are
+localized for the standard Greenwich time zone.
 
-In scalar context, C<gmtime()> returns the ctime(3) value:
-
-    $now_string = gmtime;  # e.g., "Thu Oct 13 04:54:34 1994"
-
-If you need local time instead of GMT use the L</localtime> builtin. 
-See also the C<timegm> function provided by the C<Time::Local> module,
-and the strftime(3) and mktime(3) functions available via the L<POSIX> module.
-
-This scalar value is B<not> locale dependent (see L<perllocale>), but is
-instead a Perl builtin.  To get somewhat similar but locale dependent date
-strings, see the example in L</localtime>.
+Note: when called in list context, $isdst, the last value
+returned by gmtime is always C<0>.  There is no
+Daylight Saving Time in GMT.
 
 See L<perlport/gmtime> for portability concerns.
 
@@ -2463,7 +2488,7 @@ you've set the C<$[> variable to--but don't do that).  If the substring
 is not found, C<index> returns one less than the base, ordinarily C<-1>.
 
 =item int EXPR
-X<int> X<integer> X<truncate> X<trunc>
+X<int> X<integer> X<truncate> X<trunc> X<floor>
 
 =item int
 
@@ -2527,10 +2552,12 @@ first argument.  Compare L</split>.
 =item keys HASH
 X<keys> X<key>
 
-Returns a list consisting of all the keys of the named hash.
-(In scalar context, returns the number of keys.)
+=item keys ARRAY
+
+Returns a list consisting of all the keys of the named hash, or the indices
+of an array. (In scalar context, returns the number of keys or indices.)
 
-The keys are returned in an apparently random order.  The actual
+The keys of a hash are returned in an apparently random order.  The actual
 random order is subject to change in future versions of perl, but it
 is guaranteed to be the same order as either the C<values> or C<each>
 function produces (given that the hash has not been modified).  Since
@@ -2538,7 +2565,7 @@ Perl 5.8.1 the ordering is different even between different runs of
 Perl for security reasons (see L<perlsec/"Algorithmic Complexity
 Attacks">).
 
-As a side effect, calling keys() resets the HASH's internal iterator
+As a side effect, calling keys() resets the HASH or ARRAY's internal iterator
 (see L</each>).  In particular, calling keys() in void context resets
 the iterator with no other overhead.
 
@@ -2579,7 +2606,8 @@ buckets will be retained even if you do C<%hash = ()>, use C<undef
 %hash> if you want to free the storage while C<%hash> is still in scope.
 You can't shrink the number of buckets allocated for the hash using
 C<keys> in this way (but you needn't worry about doing this by accident,
-as trying has no effect).
+as trying has no effect). C<keys @array> in an lvalue context is a syntax
+error.
 
 See also C<each>, C<values> and C<sort>.
 
@@ -2593,10 +2621,12 @@ same as the number actually killed).
     $cnt = kill 1, $child1, $child2;
     kill 9, @goners;
 
-If SIGNAL is zero, no signal is sent to the process.  This is a
-useful way to check that a child process is alive and hasn't changed
-its UID.  See L<perlport> for notes on the portability of this
-construct.
+If SIGNAL is zero, no signal is sent to the process, but the kill(2)
+system call will check whether it's possible to send a signal to it (that
+means, to be brief, that the process is owned by the same user, or we are
+the super-user).  This is a useful way to check that a child process is
+alive (even if only as a zombie) and hasn't changed its UID.  See
+L<perlport> for notes on the portability of this construct.
 
 Unlike in the shell, if SIGNAL is negative, it kills
 process groups instead of processes.  (On System V, a negative I<PROCESS>
@@ -2663,13 +2693,18 @@ X<length> X<size>
 =item length
 
 Returns the length in I<characters> of the value of EXPR.  If EXPR is
-omitted, returns length of C<$_>.  Note that this cannot be used on
-an entire array or hash to find out how many elements these have.
-For that, use C<scalar @array> and C<scalar keys %hash> respectively.
+omitted, returns length of C<$_>.  If EXPR is undefined, returns C<undef>.
+Note that this cannot be used on an entire array or hash to find out how
+many elements these have. For that, use C<scalar @array> and C<scalar keys
+%hash> respectively.
 
 Note the I<characters>: if the EXPR is in Unicode, you will get the
 number of characters, not the number of bytes.  To get the length
-in bytes, use C<do { use bytes; length(EXPR) }>, see L<bytes>.
+of the internal string in bytes, use C<bytes::length(EXPR)>, see
+L<bytes>.  Note that the internal encoding is variable, and the number
+of bytes usually meaningless.  To get the number of bytes that the
+string would have when encoded as UTF-8, use
+C<length(Encoding::encode_utf8(EXPR))>.
 
 =item link OLDFILE,NEWFILE
 X<link>
@@ -2697,7 +2732,7 @@ be placed in parentheses.  See L<perlsub/"Temporary Values via local()">
 for details, including issues with tied arrays and hashes.
 
 =item localtime EXPR
-X<localtime>
+X<localtime> X<ctime>
 
 =item localtime
 
@@ -2727,6 +2762,9 @@ to get a complete 4-digit year is simply:
 
     $year += 1900;
 
+Otherwise you create non-Y2K-compliant programs--and you wouldn't want
+to do that, would you?
+
 To get the last two digits of the year (e.g., '01' in 2001) do:
 
     $year = sprintf("%02d", $year % 100);
@@ -2738,7 +2776,8 @@ Wednesday.  C<$yday> is the day of the year, in the range C<0..364>
 C<$isdst> is true if the specified time occurs during Daylight Saving
 Time, false otherwise.
 
-If EXPR is omitted, C<localtime()> uses the current time (C<localtime(time)>).
+If EXPR is omitted, C<localtime()> uses the current time (as returned
+by time(3)).
 
 In scalar context, C<localtime()> returns the ctime(3) value:
 
@@ -2764,6 +2803,13 @@ and the month of the year, may not necessarily be three characters wide.
 
 See L<perlport/localtime> for portability concerns.
 
+The L<Time::gmtime> and L<Time::localtime> modules provides a convenient,
+by-name access mechanism to the gmtime() and localtime() functions,
+respectively.
+
+For a comprehensive date and time representation look at the
+L<DateTime> module on CPAN.
+
 =item lock THING
 X<lock>
 
@@ -2825,13 +2871,13 @@ more elements in the returned value.
 
 translates a list of numbers to the corresponding characters.  And
 
-    %hash = map { getkey($_) => $_ } @array;
+    %hash = map { get_a_key_for($_) => $_ } @array;
 
 is just a funny way to write
 
     %hash = ();
-    foreach $_ (@array) {
-	$hash{getkey($_)} = $_;
+    foreach (@array) {
+	$hash{get_a_key_for($_)} = $_;
     }
 
 Note that C<$_> is an alias to the list value, so it can be used to
@@ -2842,8 +2888,8 @@ most cases.  See also L</grep> for an array composed of those items of
 the original list for which the BLOCK or EXPR evaluates to true.
 
 If C<$_> is lexical in the scope where the C<map> appears (because it has
-been declared with C<my $_>) then, in addition to being locally aliased to
-the list elements, C<$_> keeps being lexical inside the block; i.e. it
+been declared with C<my $_>), then, in addition to being locally aliased to
+the list elements, C<$_> keeps being lexical inside the block; that is, it
 can't be seen from the outside, avoiding any potential side-effects.
 
 C<{> starts both hash references and blocks, so C<map { ...> could be either
@@ -2863,7 +2909,7 @@ such as using a unary C<+> to give perl some help:
 
     %hash = map  ( lc($_), 1 ), @array  # evaluates to (1, @array)
 
-or to force an anon hash constructor use C<+{>
+or to force an anon hash constructor use C<+{>:
 
    @hashes = map +{ lc($_), 1 }, @array # EXPR, so needs , at end
 
@@ -2894,6 +2940,9 @@ number of trailing slashes.  Some operating and filesystems do not get
 this right, so Perl automatically removes all trailing slashes to keep
 everyone happy.
 
+In order to recursively create a directory structure look at
+the C<mkpath> function of the L<File::Path> module.
+
 =item msgctl ID,CMD,ARG
 X<msgctl>
 
@@ -2993,6 +3042,8 @@ X<no>
 
 =item no Module
 
+=item no VERSION
+
 See the C<use> function, of which C<no> is the opposite.
 
 =item oct EXPR
@@ -3034,6 +3085,14 @@ X<open> X<pipe> X<file, open> X<fopen>
 Opens the file whose filename is given by EXPR, and associates it with
 FILEHANDLE.
 
+Simple examples to open a file for reading:
+
+    open(my $fh, '<', "input.txt") or die $!;
+
+and for writing:
+
+    open(my $fh, '>', "output.txt") or die $!;
+
 (The following is a comprehensive reference to open(): for a gentler
 introduction you may consider L<perlopentut>.)
 
@@ -3105,12 +3164,12 @@ You may use the three-argument form of open to specify IO "layers"
 that affect how the input and output are processed (see L<open> and
 L<PerlIO> for more details). For example
 
-  open(FH, "<:utf8", "file")
+  open(my $fh, "<:encoding(UTF-8)", "file")
 
 will open the UTF-8 encoded file containing Unicode characters,
-see L<perluniintro>. (Note that if layers are specified in the
-three-arg form then default layers set by the C<open> pragma are
-ignored.)
+see L<perluniintro>. Note that if layers are specified in the
+three-arg form then default layers stored in ${^OPEN} (see L<perlvar>;
+usually set by the B<open> pragma or the switch B<-CioD>) are ignored.
 
 Open returns nonzero upon success, the undefined value otherwise.  If
 the C<open> involved a pipe, the return value happens to be the pid of
@@ -3135,7 +3194,7 @@ working with an unopened filehandle is actually what you want to do.
 As a special case the 3-arg form with a read/write mode and the third
 argument being C<undef>:
 
-    open(TMP, "+>", undef) or die ...
+    open(my $tmp, "+>", undef) or die ...
 
 opens a filehandle to an anonymous temporary file.  Also using "+<"
 works for symmetry, but you really should consider writing something
@@ -3163,10 +3222,10 @@ Examples:
     open(LOG, '>>/usr/spool/news/twitlog');	# (log is reserved)
     # if the open fails, output is discarded
 
-    open(DBASE, '+<', 'dbase.mine')		# open for update
+    open(my $dbase, '+<', 'dbase.mine')		# open for update
 	or die "Can't open 'dbase.mine' for update: $!";
 
-    open(DBASE, '+<dbase.mine')			# ditto
+    open(my $dbase, '+<dbase.mine')			# ditto
 	or die "Can't open 'dbase.mine' for update: $!";
 
     open(ARTICLE, '-|', "caesar <$article")     # decrypt article
@@ -3379,7 +3438,7 @@ them, and automatically close whenever and however you leave that scope:
     #...
     sub read_myfile_munged {
 	my $ALL = shift;
-	my $handle = new IO::File;
+	my $handle = IO::File->new;
 	open($handle, "myfile") or die "myfile: $!";
 	$first = <$handle>
 	    or return ();     # Automatically closed here.
@@ -3401,6 +3460,8 @@ scalar variable (or array or hash element), the variable is assigned a
 reference to a new anonymous dirhandle.
 DIRHANDLEs have their own namespace separate from FILEHANDLEs.
 
+See example at C<readdir>.
+
 =item ord EXPR
 X<ord> X<encoding>
 
@@ -3411,12 +3472,12 @@ or Unicode) value of the first character of EXPR.  If EXPR is omitted,
 uses C<$_>.
 
 For the reverse, see L</chr>.
-See L<perlunicode> and L<encoding> for more about Unicode.
+See L<perlunicode> for more about Unicode.
 
 =item our EXPR
 X<our> X<global>
 
-=item our EXPR TYPE
+=item our TYPE EXPR
 
 =item our EXPR : ATTRS
 
@@ -3484,30 +3545,6 @@ from Perl 5.8.0 also via the C<Attribute::Handlers> module.  See
 L<perlsub/"Private Variables via my()"> for details, and L<fields>,
 L<attributes>, and L<Attribute::Handlers>.
 
-The only currently recognized C<our()> attribute is C<unique> which
-indicates that a single copy of the global is to be used by all
-interpreters should the program happen to be running in a
-multi-interpreter environment. (The default behaviour would be for
-each interpreter to have its own copy of the global.)  Examples:
-
-    our @EXPORT : unique = qw(foo);
-    our %EXPORT_TAGS : unique = (bar => [qw(aa bb cc)]);
-    our $VERSION : unique = "1.00";
-
-Note that this attribute also has the effect of making the global
-readonly when the first new interpreter is cloned (for example,
-when the first new thread is created).
-
-Multi-interpreter environments can come to being either through the
-fork() emulation on Windows platforms, or by embedding perl in a
-multi-threaded application.  The C<unique> attribute does nothing in
-all other environments.
-
-Warning: the current implementation of this attribute operates on the
-typeglob associated with the variable; this means that C<our $x : unique>
-also has the effect of C<our @x : unique; our %x : unique>. This may be
-subject to change.
-
 =item pack TEMPLATE,LIST
 X<pack>
 
@@ -3531,8 +3568,7 @@ of values, as follows:
     H	A hex string (high nybble first).
 
     c	A signed char (8-bit) value.
-    C	An unsigned C char (octet) even under Unicode. Should normally not
-        be used. See U and W instead.
+    C	An unsigned char (octet) value.
     W   An unsigned char value (can be greater than 255).
 
     s	A signed short (16-bit) value.
@@ -3551,7 +3587,7 @@ of values, as follows:
     I	A unsigned integer value.
 	  (This 'integer' is _at_least_ 32 bits wide.  Its exact
            size depends on what a local C compiler calls 'int'.)
- 
+
     n	An unsigned short (16-bit) in "network" (big-endian) order.
     N	An unsigned long (32-bit) in "network" (big-endian) order.
     v	An unsigned short (16-bit) in "VAX" (little-endian) order.
@@ -3573,8 +3609,8 @@ of values, as follows:
     P	A pointer to a structure (fixed-length string).
 
     u	A uuencoded string.
-    U	A Unicode character number.  Encodes to UTF-8 internally
-	(or UTF-EBCDIC in EBCDIC platforms).
+    U	A Unicode character number.  Encodes to a character in character mode
+        and UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC in EBCDIC platforms) in byte mode.
 
     w	A BER compressed integer (not an ASN.1 BER, see perlpacktut for
 	details).  Its bytes represent an unsigned integer in base 128,
@@ -3740,29 +3776,32 @@ so will result in a fatal error.
 The C</> template character allows packing and unpacking of a sequence of
 items where the packed structure contains a packed item count followed by 
 the packed items themselves.
-You write I<length-item>C</>I<sequence-item>.
 
-The I<length-item> can be any C<pack> template letter, and describes
-how the length value is packed.  The ones likely to be of most use are
-integer-packing ones like C<n> (for Java strings), C<w> (for ASN.1 or
-SNMP) and C<N> (for Sun XDR).
+For C<pack> you write I<length-item>C</>I<sequence-item> and the
+I<length-item> describes how the length value is packed. The ones likely
+to be of most use are integer-packing ones like C<n> (for Java strings),
+C<w> (for ASN.1 or SNMP) and C<N> (for Sun XDR).
 
 For C<pack>, the I<sequence-item> may have a repeat count, in which case
 the minimum of that and the number of available items is used as argument
 for the I<length-item>. If it has no repeat count or uses a '*', the number
-of available items is used. For C<unpack> the repeat count is always obtained
-by decoding the packed item count, and the I<sequence-item> must not have a
-repeat count.
+of available items is used.
+
+For C<unpack> an internal stack of integer arguments unpacked so far is
+used. You write C</>I<sequence-item> and the repeat count is obtained by
+popping off the last element from the stack. The I<sequence-item> must not
+have a repeat count.
 
 If the I<sequence-item> refers to a string type (C<"A">, C<"a"> or C<"Z">),
 the I<length-item> is a string length, not a number of strings. If there is
 an explicit repeat count for pack, the packed string will be adjusted to that
 given length.
 
-    unpack 'W/a', "\04Gurusamy";        gives ('Guru')
-    unpack 'a3/A* A*', '007 Bond  J ';  gives (' Bond', 'J')
-    pack 'n/a* w/a','hello,','world';   gives "\000\006hello,\005world"
-    pack 'a/W2', ord('a') .. ord('z');  gives '2ab'
+    unpack 'W/a', "\04Gurusamy";            gives ('Guru')
+    unpack 'a3/A A*', '007 Bond  J ';       gives (' Bond', 'J')
+    unpack 'a3 x2 /A A*', '007: Bond, J.';  gives ('Bond, J', '.')
+    pack 'n/a* w/a','hello,','world';       gives "\000\006hello,\005world"
+    pack 'a/W2', ord('a') .. ord('z');      gives '2ab'
 
 The I<length-item> is not returned explicitly from C<unpack>.
 
@@ -4049,12 +4088,6 @@ If the package name is null, the C<main> package as assumed.  That is,
 C<$::sail> is equivalent to C<$main::sail> (as well as to C<$main'sail>,
 still seen in older code).
 
-If NAMESPACE is omitted, then there is no current package, and all
-identifiers must be fully qualified or lexicals.  However, you are
-strongly advised not to make use of this feature. Its use can cause
-unexpected behaviour, even crashing some versions of Perl. It is
-deprecated, and will be removed from a future release.
-
 See L<perlmod/"Packages"> for more information about packages, modules,
 and classes.  See L<perlsub> for other scoping issues.
 
@@ -4080,9 +4113,7 @@ X<pop> X<stack>
 =item pop
 
 Pops and returns the last value of the array, shortening the array by
-one element.  Has an effect similar to
-
-    $ARRAY[$#ARRAY--]
+one element.
 
 If there are no elements in the array, returns the undefined value
 (although this may happen at other times as well).  If ARRAY is
@@ -4148,9 +4179,10 @@ X<printf>
 Equivalent to C<print FILEHANDLE sprintf(FORMAT, LIST)>, except that C<$\>
 (the output record separator) is not appended.  The first argument
 of the list will be interpreted as the C<printf> format. See C<sprintf>
-for an explanation of the format argument. If C<use locale> is in effect,
-the character used for the decimal point in formatted real numbers is
-affected by the LC_NUMERIC locale.  See L<perllocale>.
+for an explanation of the format argument.  If C<use locale> is in effect,
+and POSIX::setlocale() has been called, the character used for the decimal
+separator in formatted floating point numbers is affected by the LC_NUMERIC
+locale.  See L<perllocale> and L<POSIX>.
 
 Don't fall into the trap of using a C<printf> when a simple
 C<print> would do.  The C<print> is more efficient and less
@@ -4165,13 +4197,13 @@ the function whose prototype you want to retrieve.
 
 If FUNCTION is a string starting with C<CORE::>, the rest is taken as a
 name for Perl builtin.  If the builtin is not I<overridable> (such as
-C<qw//>) or its arguments cannot be expressed by a prototype (such as
-C<system>) returns C<undef> because the builtin does not really behave
-like a Perl function.  Otherwise, the string describing the equivalent
-prototype is returned.
+C<qw//>) or if its arguments cannot be adequately expressed by a prototype
+(such as C<system>), prototype() returns C<undef>, because the builtin
+does not really behave like a Perl function.  Otherwise, the string
+describing the equivalent prototype is returned.
 
 =item push ARRAY,LIST
-X<push>, X<stack>
+X<push> X<stack>
 
 Treats ARRAY as a stack, and pushes the values of LIST
 onto the end of ARRAY.  The length of ARRAY increases by the length of
@@ -4188,13 +4220,15 @@ the completed C<push>.
 
 =item qq/STRING/
 
-=item qr/STRING/
-
 =item qx/STRING/
 
 =item qw/STRING/
 
-Generalized quotes.  See L<perlop/"Regexp Quote-Like Operators">.
+Generalized quotes.  See L<perlop/"Quote-Like Operators">.
+
+=item qr/STRING/
+
+Regexp-like quote.  See L<perlop/"Regexp Quote-Like Operators">.
 
 =item quotemeta EXPR
 X<quotemeta> X<metacharacter>
@@ -4234,7 +4268,7 @@ large or too small, then your version of Perl was probably compiled
 with the wrong number of RANDBITS.)
 
 =item read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET
-X<read>
+X<read> X<file, read>
 
 =item read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH
 
@@ -4275,19 +4309,22 @@ If you're planning to filetest the return values out of a C<readdir>, you'd
 better prepend the directory in question.  Otherwise, because we didn't
 C<chdir> there, it would have been testing the wrong file.
 
-    opendir(DIR, $some_dir) || die "can't opendir $some_dir: $!";
-    @dots = grep { /^\./ && -f "$some_dir/$_" } readdir(DIR);
-    closedir DIR;
+    opendir(my $dh, $some_dir) || die "can't opendir $some_dir: $!";
+    @dots = grep { /^\./ && -f "$some_dir/$_" } readdir($dh);
+    closedir $dh;
 
 =item readline EXPR
+
+=item readline
 X<readline> X<gets> X<fgets>
 
-Reads from the filehandle whose typeglob is contained in EXPR.  In scalar
-context, each call reads and returns the next line, until end-of-file is
-reached, whereupon the subsequent call returns undef.  In list context,
-reads until end-of-file is reached and returns a list of lines.  Note that
-the notion of "line" used here is however you may have defined it
-with C<$/> or C<$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR>).  See L<perlvar/"$/">.
+Reads from the filehandle whose typeglob is contained in EXPR (or from
+*ARGV if EXPR is not provided).  In scalar context, each call reads and
+returns the next line, until end-of-file is reached, whereupon the
+subsequent call returns undef.  In list context, reads until end-of-file
+is reached and returns a list of lines.  Note that the notion of "line"
+used here is however you may have defined it with C<$/> or
+C<$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR>).  See L<perlvar/"$/">.
 
 When C<$/> is set to C<undef>, when readline() is in scalar
 context (i.e. file slurp mode), and when an empty file is read, it
@@ -4326,6 +4363,8 @@ error, returns the undefined value and sets C<$!> (errno).  If EXPR is
 omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
 =item readpipe EXPR
+
+=item readpipe
 X<readpipe>
 
 EXPR is executed as a system command.
@@ -4336,6 +4375,7 @@ multi-line) string.  In list context, returns a list of lines
 This is the internal function implementing the C<qx/EXPR/>
 operator, but you can use it directly.  The C<qx/EXPR/>
 operator is discussed in more detail in L<perlop/"I/O Operators">.
+If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
 =item recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS
 X<recv>
@@ -4352,10 +4392,10 @@ See L<perlipc/"UDP: Message Passing"> for examples.
 Note the I<characters>: depending on the status of the socket, either
 (8-bit) bytes or characters are received.  By default all sockets
 operate on bytes, but for example if the socket has been changed using
-binmode() to operate with the C<:utf8> I/O layer (see the C<open>
-pragma, L<open>), the I/O will operate on UTF-8 encoded Unicode
-characters, not bytes.  Similarly for the C<:encoding> pragma:
-in that case pretty much any characters can be read.
+binmode() to operate with the C<:encoding(utf8)> I/O layer (see the
+C<open> pragma, L<open>), the I/O will operate on UTF-8 encoded Unicode
+characters, not bytes.  Similarly for the C<:encoding> pragma: in that
+case pretty much any characters can be read.
 
 =item redo LABEL
 X<redo>
@@ -4414,6 +4454,10 @@ Builtin types include:
     REF
     GLOB
     LVALUE
+    FORMAT
+    IO
+    VSTRING
+    Regexp
 
 If the referenced object has been blessed into a package, then that package
 name is returned instead.  You can think of C<ref> as a C<typeof> operator.
@@ -4425,6 +4469,14 @@ name is returned instead.  You can think of C<ref> as a C<typeof> operator.
 	print "r is not a reference at all.\n";
     }
 
+The return value C<LVALUE> indicates a reference to an lvalue that is not
+a variable. You get this from taking the reference of function calls like
+C<pos()> or C<substr()>. C<VSTRING> is returned if the reference points
+to a L<version string|perldata/"Version Strings">.
+
+The result C<Regexp> indicates that the argument is a regular expression
+resulting from C<qr//>.
+
 See also L<perlref>.
 
 =item rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME
@@ -4440,6 +4492,9 @@ for this.  Other restrictions include whether it works on directories,
 open files, or pre-existing files.  Check L<perlport> and either the
 rename(2) manpage or equivalent system documentation for details.
 
+For a platform independent C<move> function look at the L<File::Copy>
+module.
+
 =item require VERSION
 X<require>
 
@@ -4467,8 +4522,9 @@ version should be used instead.
 
 Otherwise, C<require> demands that a library file be included if it
 hasn't already been included.  The file is included via the do-FILE
-mechanism, which is essentially just a variety of C<eval>.  Has
-semantics similar to the following subroutine:
+mechanism, which is essentially just a variety of C<eval> with the
+caveat that lexical variables in the invoking script will be invisible
+to the included code.  Has semantics similar to the following subroutine:
 
     sub require {
        my ($filename) = @_;
@@ -4532,14 +4588,12 @@ will complain about not finding "F<Foo::Bar>" there.  In this case you can do:
 
         eval "require $class";
 
-Now that you understand how C<require> looks for files in the case of
-a bareword argument, there is a little extra functionality going on
-behind the scenes.  Before C<require> looks for a "F<.pm>" extension,
-it will first look for a filename with a "F<.pmc>" extension.  A file
-with this extension is assumed to be Perl bytecode generated by
-L<B::Bytecode|B::Bytecode>.  If this file is found, and its modification
-time is newer than a coinciding "F<.pm>" non-compiled file, it will be
-loaded in place of that non-compiled file ending in a "F<.pm>" extension.
+Now that you understand how C<require> looks for files in the case of a
+bareword argument, there is a little extra functionality going on behind
+the scenes.  Before C<require> looks for a "F<.pm>" extension, it will
+first look for a similar filename with a "F<.pmc>" extension. If this file
+is found, it will be loaded in place of any file ending in a "F<.pm>"
+extension.
 
 You can also insert hooks into the import facility, by putting directly
 Perl code into the @INC array.  There are three forms of hooks: subroutine
@@ -4549,9 +4603,37 @@ Subroutine references are the simplest case.  When the inclusion system
 walks through @INC and encounters a subroutine, this subroutine gets
 called with two parameters, the first being a reference to itself, and the
 second the name of the file to be included (e.g. "F<Foo/Bar.pm>").  The
-subroutine should return C<undef> or a filehandle, from which the file to
-include will be read.  If C<undef> is returned, C<require> will look at
-the remaining elements of @INC.
+subroutine should return nothing, or a list of up to three values in the
+following order:
+
+=over
+
+=item 1
+
+A filehandle, from which the file will be read.  
+
+=item 2
+
+A reference to a subroutine. If there is no filehandle (previous item),
+then this subroutine is expected to generate one line of source code per
+call, writing the line into C<$_> and returning 1, then returning 0 at
+"end of file". If there is a filehandle, then the subroutine will be
+called to act a simple source filter, with the line as read in C<$_>.
+Again, return 1 for each valid line, and 0 after all lines have been
+returned.
+
+=item 3
+
+Optional state for the subroutine. The state is passed in as C<$_[1]>. A
+reference to the subroutine itself is passed in as C<$_[0]>.
+
+=back
+
+If an empty list, C<undef>, or nothing that matches the first 3 values above
+is returned then C<require> will look at the remaining elements of @INC.
+Note that this file handle must be a real file handle (strictly a typeglob,
+or reference to a typeglob, blessed or unblessed) - tied file handles will be
+ignored and return value processing will stop there.
 
 If the hook is an array reference, its first element must be a subroutine
 reference.  This subroutine is called as above, but the first parameter is
@@ -4578,8 +4660,8 @@ or:
 
 If the hook is an object, it must provide an INC method that will be
 called as above, the first parameter being the object itself.  (Note that
-you must fully qualify the sub's name, as it is always forced into package
-C<main>.)  Here is a typical code layout:
+you must fully qualify the sub's name, as unqualified C<INC> is always forced
+into package C<main>.)  Here is a typical code layout:
 
     # In Foo.pm
     package Foo;
@@ -4645,13 +4727,16 @@ of LIST in the opposite order.  In scalar context, concatenates the
 elements of LIST and returns a string value with all characters
 in the opposite order.
 
-    print reverse <>;		# line tac, last line first
+    print join(", ", reverse "world", "Hello"); # Hello, world
 
-    undef $/;			# for efficiency of <>
-    print scalar reverse <>;	# character tac, last line tsrif
+    print scalar reverse "dlrow ,", "olleH";    # Hello, world
 
 Used without arguments in scalar context, reverse() reverses C<$_>.
 
+    $_ = "dlrow ,olleH";
+    print reverse;                              # No output, list context
+    print scalar reverse;                       # Hello, world
+
 This operator is also handy for inverting a hash, although there are some
 caveats.  If a value is duplicated in the original hash, only one of those
 can be represented as a key in the inverted hash.  Also, this has to
@@ -4684,6 +4769,9 @@ Deletes the directory specified by FILENAME if that directory is
 empty.  If it succeeds it returns true, otherwise it returns false and
 sets C<$!> (errno).  If FILENAME is omitted, uses C<$_>.
 
+To remove a directory tree recursively (C<rm -rf> on unix) look at
+the C<rmtree> function of the L<File::Path> module.
+
 =item s///
 
 The substitution operator.  See L<perlop>.
@@ -4696,11 +4784,8 @@ X<say>
 =item say
 
 Just like C<print>, but implicitly appends a newline.
-C<say LIST> is simply an abbreviation for C<print LIST, "\n">,
-and C<say()> works just like C<print($_, "\n")>.
-
-That means that a call to say() appends any output record separator
-I<after> the added newline.
+C<say LIST> is simply an abbreviation for C<{ local $\ = "\n"; print
+LIST }>.
 
 This keyword is only available when the "say" feature is
 enabled: see L<feature>.
@@ -4749,7 +4834,7 @@ of the file) from the Fcntl module.  Returns C<1> upon success, C<0>
 otherwise.
 
 Note the I<in bytes>: even if the filehandle has been set to
-operate on characters (for example by using the C<:utf8> open
+operate on characters (for example by using the C<:encoding(utf8)> open
 layer), tell() will return byte offsets, not character offsets
 (because implementing that would render seek() and tell() rather slow).
 
@@ -4795,8 +4880,8 @@ X<select> X<filehandle, default>
 
 =item select
 
-Returns the currently selected filehandle.  Sets the current default
-filehandle for output, if FILEHANDLE is supplied.  This has two
+Returns the currently selected filehandle.  If FILEHANDLE is supplied,
+sets the new current default filehandle for output.  This has two
 effects: first, a C<write> or a C<print> without a filehandle will
 default to this FILEHANDLE.  Second, references to variables related to
 output will refer to this output channel.  For example, if you have to
@@ -4939,10 +5024,10 @@ L<perlipc/"UDP: Message Passing"> for examples.
 Note the I<characters>: depending on the status of the socket, either
 (8-bit) bytes or characters are sent.  By default all sockets operate
 on bytes, but for example if the socket has been changed using
-binmode() to operate with the C<:utf8> I/O layer (see L</open>, or the
-C<open> pragma, L<open>), the I/O will operate on UTF-8 encoded
-Unicode characters, not bytes.  Similarly for the C<:encoding> pragma:
-in that case pretty much any characters can be sent.
+binmode() to operate with the C<:encoding(utf8)> I/O layer (see
+L</open>, or the C<open> pragma, L<open>), the I/O will operate on UTF-8
+encoded Unicode characters, not bytes.  Similarly for the C<:encoding>
+pragma: in that case pretty much any characters can be sent.
 
 =item setpgrp PID,PGRP
 X<setpgrp> X<group>
@@ -4985,8 +5070,8 @@ array by 1 and moving everything down.  If there are no elements in the
 array, returns the undefined value.  If ARRAY is omitted, shifts the
 C<@_> array within the lexical scope of subroutines and formats, and the
 C<@ARGV> array outside of a subroutine and also within the lexical scopes
-established by the C<eval STRING>, C<BEGIN {}>, C<INIT {}>, C<CHECK {}>
-and C<END {}> constructs.
+established by the C<eval STRING>, C<BEGIN {}>, C<INIT {}>, C<CHECK {}>,
+C<UNITCHECK {}> and C<END {}> constructs.
 
 See also C<unshift>, C<push>, and C<pop>.  C<shift> and C<unshift> do the
 same thing to the left end of an array that C<pop> and C<push> do to the
@@ -5043,6 +5128,10 @@ It's also a more insistent form of close because it also
 disables the file descriptor in any forked copies in other
 processes.
 
+Returns C<1> for success. In the case of error, returns C<undef> if
+the first argument is not a valid filehandle, or returns C<0> and sets
+C<$!> for any other failure.
+
 =item sin EXPR
 X<sin> X<sine> X<asin> X<arcsine>
 
@@ -5062,10 +5151,18 @@ X<sleep> X<pause>
 =item sleep
 
 Causes the script to sleep for EXPR seconds, or forever if no EXPR.
+Returns the number of seconds actually slept.  
+
 May be interrupted if the process receives a signal such as C<SIGALRM>.
-Returns the number of seconds actually slept.  You probably cannot
-mix C<alarm> and C<sleep> calls, because C<sleep> is often implemented
-using C<alarm>.
+
+    eval {
+        local $SIG{ALARM} = sub { die "Alarm!\n" };
+        sleep;
+    };
+    die $@ unless $@ eq "Alarm!\n";
+
+You probably cannot mix C<alarm> and C<sleep> calls, because C<sleep>
+is often implemented using C<alarm>.
 
 On some older systems, it may sleep up to a full second less than what
 you requested, depending on how it counts seconds.  Most modern systems
@@ -5073,11 +5170,12 @@ always sleep the full amount.  They may appear to sleep longer than that,
 however, because your process might not be scheduled right away in a
 busy multitasking system.
 
-For delays of finer granularity than one second, you may use Perl's
-C<syscall> interface to access setitimer(2) if your system supports
-it, or else see L</select> above.  The Time::HiRes module (from CPAN,
-and starting from Perl 5.8 part of the standard distribution) may also
-help.
+For delays of finer granularity than one second, the Time::HiRes module
+(from CPAN, and starting from Perl 5.8 part of the standard
+distribution) provides usleep().  You may also use Perl's four-argument
+version of select() leaving the first three arguments undefined, or you
+might be able to use the C<syscall> interface to access setitimer(2) if
+your system supports it. See L<perlfaq8> for details.
 
 See also the POSIX module's C<pause> function.
 
@@ -5369,7 +5467,7 @@ a null pattern C<//>, which is just one member of the set of patterns
 matching a null string) will split the value of EXPR into separate
 characters at each point it matches that way.  For example:
 
-    print join(':', split(/ */, 'hi there'));
+    print join(':', split(/ */, 'hi there')), "\n";
 
 produces the output 'h:i:t:h:e:r:e'.
 
@@ -5378,18 +5476,26 @@ matches only the null string, and is not be confused with the regular use
 of C<//> to mean "the last successful pattern match".  So, for C<split>,
 the following:
 
-    print join(':', split(//, 'hi there'));
+    print join(':', split(//, 'hi there')), "\n";
 
 produces the output 'h:i: :t:h:e:r:e'.
 
-Empty leading (or trailing) fields are produced when there are positive
-width matches at the beginning (or end) of the string; a zero-width match
-at the beginning (or end) of the string does not produce an empty field.
-For example:
+Empty leading fields are produced when there are positive-width matches at
+the beginning of the string; a zero-width match at the beginning of
+the string does not produce an empty field. For example:
 
    print join(':', split(/(?=\w)/, 'hi there!'));
 
-produces the output 'h:i :t:h:e:r:e!'.
+produces the output 'h:i :t:h:e:r:e!'. Empty trailing fields, on the other
+hand, are produced when there is a match at the end of the string (and
+when LIMIT is given and is not 0), regardless of the length of the match.
+For example:
+
+   print join(':', split(//,   'hi there!', -1)), "\n";
+   print join(':', split(/\W/, 'hi there!', -1)), "\n";
+
+produce the output 'h:i: :t:h:e:r:e:!:' and 'hi:there:', respectively,
+both with an empty trailing field.
 
 The LIMIT parameter can be used to split a line partially
 
@@ -5494,6 +5600,7 @@ In addition, Perl permits the following widely-supported conversions:
    %E	like %e, but using an upper-case "E"
    %G	like %g, but with an upper-case "E" (if applicable)
    %b	an unsigned integer, in binary
+   %B	like %b, but using an upper-case "B" with the # flag
    %p	a pointer (outputs the Perl value's address in hexadecimal)
    %n	special: *stores* the number of characters output so far
         into the next variable in the parameter list
@@ -5531,21 +5638,40 @@ to take the arguments out of order, e.g.:
 =item flags
 
 one or more of:
-   space   prefix positive number with a space
-   +       prefix positive number with a plus sign
+
+   space   prefix non-negative number with a space
+   +       prefix non-negative number with a plus sign
    -       left-justify within the field
    0       use zeros, not spaces, to right-justify
-   #       prefix non-zero octal with "0", non-zero hex with "0x",
-           non-zero binary with "0b"
+   #       ensure the leading "0" for any octal,
+           prefix non-zero hexadecimal with "0x" or "0X",
+           prefix non-zero binary with "0b" or "0B"
 
 For example:
 
-  printf '<% d>', 12;   # prints "< 12>"
-  printf '<%+d>', 12;   # prints "<+12>"
-  printf '<%6s>', 12;   # prints "<    12>"
-  printf '<%-6s>', 12;  # prints "<12    >"
-  printf '<%06s>', 12;  # prints "<000012>"
-  printf '<%#x>', 12;   # prints "<0xc>"
+  printf '<% d>',  12;   # prints "< 12>"
+  printf '<%+d>',  12;   # prints "<+12>"
+  printf '<%6s>',  12;   # prints "<    12>"
+  printf '<%-6s>', 12;   # prints "<12    >"
+  printf '<%06s>', 12;   # prints "<000012>"
+  printf '<%#o>',  12;   # prints "<014>"
+  printf '<%#x>',  12;   # prints "<0xc>"
+  printf '<%#X>',  12;   # prints "<0XC>"
+  printf '<%#b>',  12;   # prints "<0b1100>"
+  printf '<%#B>',  12;   # prints "<0B1100>"
+
+When a space and a plus sign are given as the flags at once,
+a plus sign is used to prefix a positive number.
+
+  printf '<%+ d>', 12;   # prints "<+12>"
+  printf '<% +d>', 12;   # prints "<+12>"
+
+When the # flag and a precision are given in the %o conversion,
+the precision is incremented if it's necessary for the leading "0".
+
+  printf '<%#.5o>', 012;      # prints "<00012>"
+  printf '<%#.5o>', 012345;   # prints "<012345>"
+  printf '<%#.0o>', 0;        # prints "<0>"
 
 =item vector flag
 
@@ -5613,11 +5739,22 @@ including prior to the decimal point as well as after it, e.g.:
   printf '<%.4g>', 100.01; # prints "<100>"
 
 For integer conversions, specifying a precision implies that the
-output of the number itself should be zero-padded to this width:
+output of the number itself should be zero-padded to this width,
+where the 0 flag is ignored:
+
+  printf '<%.6d>', 1;      # prints "<000001>"
+  printf '<%+.6d>', 1;     # prints "<+000001>"
+  printf '<%-10.6d>', 1;   # prints "<000001    >"
+  printf '<%10.6d>', 1;    # prints "<    000001>"
+  printf '<%010.6d>', 1;   # prints "<    000001>"
+  printf '<%+10.6d>', 1;   # prints "<   +000001>"
 
   printf '<%.6x>', 1;      # prints "<000001>"
   printf '<%#.6x>', 1;     # prints "<0x000001>"
   printf '<%-10.6x>', 1;   # prints "<000001    >"
+  printf '<%10.6x>', 1;    # prints "<    000001>"
+  printf '<%010.6x>', 1;   # prints "<    000001>"
+  printf '<%#10.6x>', 1;   # prints "<  0x000001>"
 
 For string conversions, specifying a precision truncates the string
 to fit in the specified width:
@@ -5630,6 +5767,18 @@ You can also get the precision from the next argument using C<.*>:
   printf '<%.6x>', 1;       # prints "<000001>"
   printf '<%.*x>', 6, 1;    # prints "<000001>"
 
+If a precision obtained through C<*> is negative, it has the same
+effect as no precision.
+
+  printf '<%.*s>',  7, "string";   # prints "<string>"
+  printf '<%.*s>',  3, "string";   # prints "<str>"
+  printf '<%.*s>',  0, "string";   # prints "<>"
+  printf '<%.*s>', -1, "string";   # prints "<string>"
+
+  printf '<%.*d>',  1, 0;   # prints "<0>"
+  printf '<%.*d>',  0, 0;   # prints "<>"
+  printf '<%.*d>', -1, 0;   # prints "<0>"
+
 You cannot currently get the precision from a specified number,
 but it is intended that this will be possible in the future using
 e.g. C<.*2$>:
@@ -5704,7 +5853,7 @@ So:
 would use C<$a> for the width, C<$b> for the precision and C<$c>
 as the value to format, while:
 
-  print '<%*1$.*s>', $a, $b;
+  printf '<%*1$.*s>', $a, $b;
 
 would use C<$a> for the width and the precision, and C<$b> as the
 value to format.
@@ -5719,9 +5868,10 @@ index, the C<$> may need to be escaped:
 
 =back
 
-If C<use locale> is in effect, the character used for the decimal
-point in formatted real numbers is affected by the LC_NUMERIC locale.
-See L<perllocale>.
+If C<use locale> is in effect, and POSIX::setlocale() has been called,
+the character used for the decimal separator in formatted floating
+point numbers is affected by the LC_NUMERIC locale.  See L<perllocale>
+and L<POSIX>.
 
 =item sqrt EXPR
 X<sqrt> X<root> X<square root>
@@ -5782,7 +5932,7 @@ than the default seed.  Checksumming the compressed output of one or more
 rapidly changing operating system status programs is the usual method.  For
 example:
 
-    srand (time ^ $$ ^ unpack "%L*", `ps axww | gzip`);
+    srand (time ^ $$ ^ unpack "%L*", `ps axww | gzip -f`);
 
 If you're particularly concerned with this, see the C<Math::TrulyRandom>
 module in CPAN.
@@ -5798,16 +5948,18 @@ for a seed can fall prey to the mathematical property that
 one-third of the time.  So don't do that.
 
 =item stat FILEHANDLE
-X<stat> X<file, status>
+X<stat> X<file, status> X<ctime>
 
 =item stat EXPR
 
+=item stat DIRHANDLE
+
 =item stat
 
 Returns a 13-element list giving the status info for a file, either
-the file opened via FILEHANDLE, or named by EXPR.  If EXPR is omitted,
-it stats C<$_>.  Returns a null list if the stat fails.  Typically used
-as follows:
+the file opened via FILEHANDLE or DIRHANDLE, or named by EXPR.  If EXPR is 
+omitted, it stats C<$_>.  Returns a null list if the stat fails.  Typically
+used as follows:
 
     ($dev,$ino,$mode,$nlink,$uid,$gid,$rdev,$size,
        $atime,$mtime,$ctime,$blksize,$blocks)
@@ -5858,7 +6010,7 @@ In scalar context, C<stat> returns a boolean value indicating success
 or failure, and, if successful, sets the information associated with
 the special filehandle C<_>.
 
-The File::stat module provides a convenient, by-name access mechanism:
+The L<File::stat> module provides a convenient, by-name access mechanism:
 
     use File::stat;
     $sb = stat($filename);
@@ -5880,7 +6032,7 @@ You can import symbolic mode constants (C<S_IF*>) and functions
     printf "Permissions are %04o\n", S_IMODE($mode), "\n";
 
     $is_setuid     =  $mode & S_ISUID;
-    $is_setgid     =  S_ISDIR($mode);
+    $is_directory  =  S_ISDIR($mode);
 
 You could write the last two using the C<-u> and C<-d> operators.
 The commonly available C<S_IF*> constants are
@@ -5898,7 +6050,7 @@ The commonly available C<S_IF*> constants are
 
     # File types.  Not necessarily all are available on your system.
 
-    S_IFREG S_IFDIR S_IFLNK S_IFBLK S_ISCHR S_IFIFO S_IFSOCK S_IFWHT S_ENFMT
+    S_IFREG S_IFDIR S_IFLNK S_IFBLK S_IFCHR S_IFIFO S_IFSOCK S_IFWHT S_ENFMT
 
     # The following are compatibility aliases for S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, S_IXUSR.
 
@@ -5928,6 +6080,23 @@ See your native chmod(2) and stat(2) documentation for more details
 about the C<S_*> constants.  To get status info for a symbolic link
 instead of the target file behind the link, use the C<lstat> function.
 
+=item state EXPR
+X<state>
+
+=item state TYPE EXPR
+
+=item state EXPR : ATTRS
+
+=item state TYPE EXPR : ATTRS
+
+C<state> declares a lexically scoped variable, just like C<my> does.
+However, those variables will never be reinitialized, contrary to
+lexical variables that are reinitialized each time their enclosing block
+is entered.
+
+C<state> variables are only enabled when the C<feature 'state'> pragma is
+in effect.  See L<feature>.
+
 =item study SCALAR
 X<study>
 
@@ -6020,6 +6189,13 @@ that far from the end of the string.  If LENGTH is omitted, returns
 everything to the end of the string.  If LENGTH is negative, leaves that
 many characters off the end of the string.
 
+    my $s = "The black cat climbed the green tree";
+    my $color  = substr $s, 4, 5;	# black
+    my $middle = substr $s, 4, -11;	# black cat climbed the
+    my $end    = substr $s, 14;		# climbed the green tree
+    my $tail   = substr $s, -4;		# tree
+    my $z      = substr $s, -4, 2;	# tr
+
 You can use the substr() function as an lvalue, in which case EXPR
 must itself be an lvalue.  If you assign something shorter than LENGTH,
 the string will shrink, and if you assign something longer than LENGTH,
@@ -6044,6 +6220,10 @@ replacement string as the 4th argument.  This allows you to replace
 parts of the EXPR and return what was there before in one operation,
 just as you can with splice().
 
+    my $s = "The black cat climbed the green tree";
+    my $z = substr $s, 14, 7, "jumped from";	# climbed
+    # $s is now "The black cat jumped from the green tree"
+
 Note that the lvalue returned by the 3-arg version of substr() acts as
 a 'magic bullet'; each time it is assigned to, it remembers which part
 of the original string is being modified; for example:
@@ -6056,7 +6236,6 @@ of the original string is being modified; for example:
         $_ = 'pq';  print $x,"\n";	# prints 5pq9
     }
 
-
 Prior to Perl version 5.9.1, the result of using an lvalue multiple times was
 unspecified.
 
@@ -6211,9 +6390,9 @@ POSITION, and C<2> to set it to EOF plus POSITION (typically
 negative).
 
 Note the I<in bytes>: even if the filehandle has been set to operate
-on characters (for example by using the C<:utf8> I/O layer), tell()
-will return byte offsets, not character offsets (because implementing
-that would render sysseek() very slow).
+on characters (for example by using the C<:encoding(utf8)> I/O layer),
+tell() will return byte offsets, not character offsets (because
+implementing that would render sysseek() very slow).
 
 sysseek() bypasses normal buffered IO, so mixing this with reads (other
 than C<sysread>, for example C<< <> >> or read()) C<print>, C<write>,
@@ -6338,9 +6517,9 @@ the actual filehandle.  If FILEHANDLE is omitted, assumes the file
 last read.
 
 Note the I<in bytes>: even if the filehandle has been set to
-operate on characters (for example by using the C<:utf8> open
-layer), tell() will return byte offsets, not character offsets
-(because that would render seek() and tell() rather slow).
+operate on characters (for example by using the C<:encoding(utf8)> open
+layer), tell() will return byte offsets, not character offsets (because
+that would render seek() and tell() rather slow).
 
 The return value of tell() for the standard streams like the STDIN
 depends on the operating system: it may return -1 or something else.
@@ -6470,11 +6649,15 @@ a prominent exception being Mac OS Classic which uses 00:00:00, January 1,
 1904 in the current local time zone for its epoch.
 
 For measuring time in better granularity than one second,
-you may use either the Time::HiRes module (from CPAN, and starting from
+you may use either the L<Time::HiRes> module (from CPAN, and starting from
 Perl 5.8 part of the standard distribution), or if you have
 gettimeofday(2), you may be able to use the C<syscall> interface of Perl.
 See L<perlfaq8> for details.
 
+For date and time processing look at the many related modules on CPAN.
+For a comprehensive date and time representation look at the
+L<DateTime> module.
+
 =item times
 X<times>
 
@@ -6485,6 +6668,8 @@ seconds, for this process and the children of this process.
 
 In scalar context, C<times> returns C<$user>.
 
+Note that times for children are included only after they terminate.
+
 =item tr///
 
 The transliteration operator.  Same as C<y///>.  See L<perlop>.
@@ -6502,6 +6687,9 @@ otherwise.
 The behavior is undefined if LENGTH is greater than the length of the
 file.
 
+The position in the file of FILEHANDLE is left unchanged.  You may want to
+call L<seek> before writing to the file.
+
 =item uc EXPR
 X<uc> X<uppercase> X<toupper>
 
@@ -6595,7 +6783,7 @@ parameter.  Examples:
 Note that this is a unary operator, not a list operator.
 
 =item unlink LIST
-X<unlink> X<delete> X<remove> X<rm>
+X<unlink> X<delete> X<remove> X<rm> X<del>
 
 =item unlink
 
@@ -6709,29 +6897,35 @@ Imports some semantics into the current package from the named module,
 generally by aliasing certain subroutine or variable names into your
 package.  It is exactly equivalent to
 
-    BEGIN { require Module; import Module LIST; }
+    BEGIN { require Module; Module->import( LIST ); }
 
 except that Module I<must> be a bareword.
 
-VERSION may be either a numeric argument such as 5.006, which will be
-compared to C<$]>, or a literal of the form v5.6.1, which will be compared
-to C<$^V> (aka $PERL_VERSION.  A fatal error is produced if VERSION is
-greater than the version of the current Perl interpreter; Perl will not
-attempt to parse the rest of the file.  Compare with L</require>, which can
-do a similar check at run time.
+In the peculiar C<use VERSION> form, VERSION may be either a numeric
+argument such as 5.006, which will be compared to C<$]>, or a literal of
+the form v5.6.1, which will be compared to C<$^V> (aka $PERL_VERSION).  A
+fatal error is produced if VERSION is greater than the version of the
+current Perl interpreter; Perl will not attempt to parse the rest of the
+file.  Compare with L</require>, which can do a similar check at run time.
+Symmetrically, C<no VERSION> allows you to specify that you want a version
+of perl older than the specified one.
 
 Specifying VERSION as a literal of the form v5.6.1 should generally be
 avoided, because it leads to misleading error messages under earlier
-versions of Perl that do not support this syntax.  The equivalent numeric
-version should be used instead.
+versions of Perl (that is, prior to 5.6.0) that do not support this
+syntax.  The equivalent numeric version should be used instead.
 
     use v5.6.1;		# compile time version check
     use 5.6.1;		# ditto
     use 5.006_001;	# ditto; preferred for backwards compatibility
 
 This is often useful if you need to check the current Perl version before
-C<use>ing library modules that have changed in incompatible ways from
-older versions of Perl.  (We try not to do this more than we have to.)
+C<use>ing library modules that won't work with older versions of Perl.
+(We try not to do this more than we have to.)
+
+Also, if the specified perl version is greater than or equal to 5.9.5,
+C<use VERSION> will also load the C<feature> pragma and enable all
+features available in the requested version.  See L<feature>.
 
 The C<BEGIN> forces the C<require> and C<import> to happen at compile time.  The
 C<require> makes sure the module is loaded into memory if it hasn't been
@@ -6830,13 +7024,17 @@ uninitialized warning.
 
 On systems that support futimes, you might pass file handles among the
 files.  On systems that don't support futimes, passing file handles
-produces a fatal error at run time.
+produces a fatal error at run time.  The file handles must be passed
+as globs or references to be recognized.  Barewords are considered
+file names.
 
 =item values HASH
 X<values>
 
-Returns a list consisting of all the values of the named hash.
-(In a scalar context, returns the number of values.)
+=item values ARRAY
+
+Returns a list consisting of all the values of the named hash, or the values
+of an array. (In a scalar context, returns the number of values.)
 
 The values are returned in an apparently random order.  The actual
 random order is subject to change in future versions of perl, but it
@@ -6845,9 +7043,15 @@ function would produce on the same (unmodified) hash.  Since Perl
 5.8.1 the ordering is different even between different runs of Perl
 for security reasons (see L<perlsec/"Algorithmic Complexity Attacks">).
 
-As a side effect, calling values() resets the HASH's internal iterator,
+As a side effect, calling values() resets the HASH or ARRAY's internal
+iterator,
 see L</each>. (In particular, calling values() in void context resets
-the iterator with no other overhead.)
+the iterator with no other overhead. Apart from resetting the iterator,
+C<values @array> in list context is no different to plain C<@array>.
+We recommend that you use void context C<keys @array> for this, but reasoned
+that it taking C<values @array> out would require more documentation than
+leaving it in.)
+
 
 Note that the values are not copied, which means modifying them will
 modify the contents of the hash:
@@ -6891,13 +7095,10 @@ If an element off the end of the string is written to, Perl will first
 extend the string with sufficiently many zero bytes.   It is an error
 to try to write off the beginning of the string (i.e. negative OFFSET).
 
-The string should not contain any character with the value > 255 (which
-can only happen if you're using UTF-8 encoding).  If it does, it will be
-treated as something that is not UTF-8 encoded.  When the C<vec> was
-assigned to, other parts of your program will also no longer consider the
-string to be UTF-8 encoded.  In other words, if you do have such characters
-in your string, vec() will operate on the actual byte string, and not the
-conceptual character string.
+If the string happens to be encoded as UTF-8 internally (and thus has
+the UTF8 flag set), this is ignored by C<vec>, and it operates on the
+internal byte string, not the conceptual character string, even if you
+only have characters with values less than 256. 
 
 Strings created with C<vec> can also be manipulated with the logical
 operators C<|>, C<&>, C<^>, and C<~>.  These operators will assume a bit
@@ -7120,7 +7321,7 @@ The status is returned in C<$?> and C<{^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}>.  If you say
     #...
     do {
 	$kid = waitpid(-1, WNOHANG);
-    } until $kid > 0;
+    } while $kid > 0;
 
 then you can do a non-blocking wait for all pending zombie processes.
 Non-blocking wait is available on machines supporting either the
@@ -7146,16 +7347,17 @@ looking for no value (void context).
     return wantarray ? @a : "@a";
 
 C<wantarray()>'s result is unspecified in the top level of a file,
-in a C<BEGIN>, C<CHECK>, C<INIT> or C<END> block, or in a C<DESTROY>
-method.
+in a C<BEGIN>, C<UNITCHECK>, C<CHECK>, C<INIT> or C<END> block, or
+in a C<DESTROY> method.
 
 This function should have been named wantlist() instead.
 
 =item warn LIST
 X<warn> X<warning> X<STDERR>
 
-Produces a message on STDERR just like C<die>, but doesn't exit or throw
-an exception.
+Prints the value of LIST to STDERR.  If the last element of LIST does
+not end in a newline, it appends the same file/line number text as C<die>
+does.
 
 If LIST is empty and C<$@> already contains a value (typically from a
 previous eval) that value is used after appending C<"\t...caught">