X-Git-Url: http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?a=blobdiff_plain;f=lib%2FDBIx%2FClass%2FManual%2FCookbook.pod;h=d2656934ca00d433a71eb4df35693a8424b465d2;hb=d76788de371574f1ece78ee652d2d4c4f1a8b8ea;hp=83a633d5552269246d0e81441bebf85325fb4681;hpb=51458a6a7df2286aad25006cba5ed73061775f3f;p=dbsrgits%2FDBIx-Class.git

diff --git a/lib/DBIx/Class/Manual/Cookbook.pod b/lib/DBIx/Class/Manual/Cookbook.pod
index 83a633d..d265693 100644
--- a/lib/DBIx/Class/Manual/Cookbook.pod
+++ b/lib/DBIx/Class/Manual/Cookbook.pod
@@ -19,19 +19,8 @@ paged resultset, which will fetch only a defined number of records at a time:
 
   return $rs->all(); # all records for page 1
 
-The C<page> attribute does not have to be specified in your search:
-
-  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
-    undef,
-    {
-      rows => 10,
-    }
-  );
-
-  return $rs->page(1); # DBIx::Class::ResultSet containing first 10 records
-
-In either of the above cases, you can get a L<Data::Page> object for the
-resultset (suitable for use in e.g. a template) using the C<pager> method:
+You can get a L<Data::Page> object for the resultset (suitable for use
+in e.g. a template) using the C<pager> method:
 
   return $rs->pager();
 
@@ -68,6 +57,41 @@ This results in the following C<WHERE> clause:
 For more information on generating complex queries, see
 L<SQL::Abstract/WHERE CLAUSES>.
 
+=head2 Retrieve one and only one row from a resultset
+
+Sometimes you need only the first "top" row of a resultset. While this can be
+easily done with L<< $rs->first|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/first >>, it is suboptimal,
+as a full blown cursor for the resultset will be created and then immediately
+destroyed after fetching the first row object. 
+L<< $rs->single|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/single >> is
+designed specifically for this case - it will grab the first returned result
+without even instantiating a cursor. 
+
+Before replacing all your calls to C<first()> with C<single()> please observe the 
+following CAVEATS:
+
+=over
+
+=item *
+While single() takes a search condition just like search() does, it does
+_not_ accept search attributes. However one can always chain a single() to
+a search():
+
+  my $top_cd = $cd_rs -> search({}, { order_by => 'rating' }) -> single;
+
+
+=item *
+Since single() is the engine behind find(), it is designed to fetch a
+single row per database query. Thus a warning will be issued when the
+underlying SELECT returns more than one row. Sometimes however this usage
+is valid: i.e. we have an arbitrary number of cd's but only one of them is
+at the top of the charts at any given time. If you know what you are doing,
+you can silence the warning by explicitly limiting the resultset size:
+
+  my $top_cd = $cd_rs -> search ({}, { order_by => 'rating', rows => 1 }) -> single;
+
+=back
+
 =head2 Arbitrary SQL through a custom ResultSource
 
 Sometimes you have to run arbitrary SQL because your query is too complex
@@ -81,7 +105,7 @@ reference (this is a feature of L<SQL::Abstract>).
 Say you want to run a complex custom query on your user data, here's what
 you have to add to your User class:
 
-  package My::Schema::User;
+  package My::Schema::Result::User;
   
   use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
   
@@ -106,7 +130,7 @@ you have to add to your User class:
   SQL 
 
   # Finally, register your new ResultSource with your Schema
-  My::Schema->register_source( 'UserFriendsComplex' => $new_source );
+  My::Schema->register_extra_source( 'UserFriendsComplex' => $new_source );
 
 Next, you can execute your complex query using bind parameters like this:
 
@@ -116,7 +140,36 @@ Next, you can execute your complex query using bind parameters like this:
     }
   ) ];
   
-... and you'll get back a perfect L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>.
+... and you'll get back a perfect L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> (except, of course,
+that you cannot modify the rows it contains, ie. cannot call L</update>,
+L</delete>, ...  on it).
+
+If you prefer to have the definitions of these custom ResultSources in separate
+files (instead of stuffing all of them into the same resultset class), you can
+achieve the same with subclassing the resultset class and defining the
+ResultSource there:
+
+  package My::Schema::Result::UserFriendsComplex;
+
+  use My::Schema::Result::User;
+  use base qw/My::Schema::Result::User/;
+
+  __PACKAGE__->table('dummy');  # currently must be called before anything else
+
+  # Hand in your query as a scalar reference
+  # It will be added as a sub-select after FROM,
+  # so pay attention to the surrounding brackets!
+  __PACKAGE__->name( \<<SQL );
+  ( SELECT u.* FROM user u
+  INNER JOIN user_friends f ON u.id = f.user_id
+  WHERE f.friend_user_id = ?
+  UNION
+  SELECT u.* FROM user u
+  INNER JOIN user_friends f ON u.id = f.friend_user_id
+  WHERE f.user_id = ? )
+  SQL
+
+TIMTOWDI.
 
 =head2 Using specific columns
 
@@ -231,6 +284,58 @@ Please see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/ATTRIBUTES> documentation if you
 are in any way unsure about the use of the attributes above (C< join
 >, C< select >, C< as > and C< group_by >).
 
+=head2 Subqueries (EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+You can write subqueries relatively easily in DBIC.
+
+  my $inside_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search({
+    name => [ 'Billy Joel', 'Brittany Spears' ],
+  });
+
+  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
+    artist_id => { 'IN' => $inside_rs->get_column('id')->as_query },
+  });
+
+The usual operators ( =, !=, IN, NOT IN, etc) are supported.
+
+B<NOTE>: You have to explicitly use '=' when doing an equality comparison.
+The following will B<not> work:
+
+  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search({
+    artist_id => $inside_rs->get_column('id')->as_query,
+  });
+
+=head3 Support
+
+Subqueries are supported in the where clause (first hashref), and in the
+from, select, and +select attributes.
+
+=head3 Correlated subqueries
+
+  my $cdrs = $schema->resultset('CD');
+  my $rs = $cdrs->search({
+    year => {
+      '=' => $cdrs->search(
+        { artistid => { '=' => \'me.artistid' } },
+        { alias => 'inner' }
+      )->get_column('year')->max_rs->as_query,
+    },
+  });
+
+That creates the following SQL:
+
+  SELECT me.cdid, me.artist, me.title, me.year, me.genreid, me.single_track
+    FROM cd me
+   WHERE year = (
+      SELECT MAX(inner.year)
+        FROM cd inner
+       WHERE artistid = me.artistid
+      )
+
+=head3 EXPERIMENTAL
+
+Please note that subqueries are considered an experimental feature.
+
 =head2 Predefined searches
 
 You can write your own L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> class by inheriting from it
@@ -392,9 +497,6 @@ L<DBIx::Class> has now prefetched all matching data from the C<artist> table,
 so no additional SQL statements are executed. You now have a much more
 efficient query.
 
-Note that as of L<DBIx::Class> 0.05999_01, C<prefetch> I<can> be used with
-C<has_many> relationships.
-
 Also note that C<prefetch> should only be used when you know you will
 definitely use data from a related table. Pre-fetching related tables when you
 only need columns from the main table will make performance worse!
@@ -512,7 +614,7 @@ CD and Concert, and join CD to LinerNotes:
 
 =head2 Multi-step prefetch
 
-From 0.04999_05 onwards, C<prefetch> can be nested more than one relationship
+C<prefetch> can be nested more than one relationship
 deep using the same syntax as a multi-step join:
 
   my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
@@ -552,8 +654,7 @@ method.
 
 AKA getting last_insert_id
 
-If you are using PK::Auto (which is a core component as of 0.07), this is 
-straightforward:
+Thanks to the core component PK::Auto, this is straightforward:
 
   my $foo = $rs->create(\%blah);
   # do more stuff
@@ -568,7 +669,7 @@ Employ the standard stringification technique by using the C<overload>
 module.
 
 To make an object stringify itself as a single column, use something
-like this (replace C<foo> with the column/method of your choice):
+like this (replace C<name> with the column/method of your choice):
 
   use overload '""' => sub { shift->name}, fallback => 1;
 
@@ -635,16 +736,16 @@ below:
  
 B<Schema Definition> 
  
-    package DB::Schema; 
+    package My::Schema; 
      
     use base qw/DBIx::Class::Schema/; 
  
-    __PACKAGE__->load_classes(qw/User/); 
+    __PACKAGE__->load_namespaces; 
  
  
 B<Proxy-Class definitions> 
  
-    package DB::Schema::User; 
+    package My::Schema::Result::User; 
      
     use strict; 
     use warnings; 
@@ -679,11 +780,11 @@ B<Proxy-Class definitions>
     } 
      
      
-    package DB::Schema::User::Admin; 
+    package My::Schema::Result::User::Admin; 
      
     use strict; 
     use warnings; 
-    use base qw/DB::Schema::User/; 
+    use base qw/My::Schema::Result::User/; 
      
     sub hello 
     { 
@@ -701,7 +802,7 @@ B<Test File> test.pl
  
     use warnings; 
     use strict; 
-    use DB::Schema; 
+    use My::Schema; 
      
     my $user_data = { email    => 'someguy@place.com',  
                       password => 'pass1',  
@@ -711,7 +812,7 @@ B<Test File> test.pl
                        password => 'pass2',  
                        admin    => 1 }; 
                            
-    my $schema = DB::Schema->connection('dbi:Pg:dbname=test'); 
+    my $schema = My::Schema->connection('dbi:Pg:dbname=test'); 
      
     $schema->resultset('User')->create( $user_data ); 
     $schema->resultset('User')->create( $admin_data ); 
@@ -733,7 +834,7 @@ B<Test File> test.pl
     ### The statement below will print 
     print "I can do admin stuff\n" if $admin->can('do_admin_stuff'); 
 
-=head2 Skip object creation for faster results
+=head2 Skip row object creation for faster results
 
 DBIx::Class is not built for speed, it's built for convenience and
 ease of use, but sometimes you just need to get the data, and skip the
@@ -746,17 +847,22 @@ To do this simply use L<DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator>.
  $rs->result_class('DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator');
  
  my $hash_ref = $rs->find(1);
-  
+
 Wasn't that easy?
-  
+
+Beware, changing the Result class using
+L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/result_class> will replace any existing class
+completely including any special components loaded using
+load_components, eg L<DBIx::Class::InflateColumn::DateTime>.
+
 =head2 Get raw data for blindingly fast results
 
 If the L<HashRefInflator|DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator> solution
 above is not fast enough for you, you can use a DBIx::Class to return values
-exactly as they come out of the data base with none of the convenience methods
+exactly as they come out of the database with none of the convenience methods
 wrapped round them.
 
-This is used like so:-
+This is used like so:
 
   my $cursor = $rs->cursor
   while (my @vals = $cursor->next) {
@@ -764,13 +870,13 @@ This is used like so:-
   }
 
 You will need to map the array offsets to particular columns (you can
-use the I<select> attribute of C<search()> to force ordering).
+use the L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/select> attribute of L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search> to force ordering).
 
 =head1 RESULTSET OPERATIONS
 
 =head2 Getting Schema from a ResultSet
 
-To get the schema object from a result set, do the following:
+To get the L<DBIx::Class::Schema> object from a ResultSet, do the following:
 
  $rs->result_source->schema
 
@@ -870,6 +976,12 @@ as follows:
 
   __PACKAGE__->has_many('pages' => 'Page', 'book', { order_by => \'page_number DESC'} );
 
+=head2 Filtering a relationship result set
+
+If you want to get a filtered result set, you can just add add to $attr as follows:
+
+ __PACKAGE__->has_many('pages' => 'Page', 'book', { where => { scrap => 0 } } );
+
 =head2 Many-to-many relationships
 
 This is straightforward using L<ManyToMany|DBIx::Class::Relationship/many_to_many>:
@@ -904,6 +1016,98 @@ This is straightforward using L<ManyToMany|DBIx::Class::Relationship/many_to_man
   $rs = $user->addresses(); # get all addresses for a user
   $rs = $address->users(); # get all users for an address
 
+=head2 Relationships across DB schemas
+
+Mapping relationships across L<DB schemas|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/DB schema>
+is easy as long as the schemas themselves are all accessible via the same DBI
+connection. In most cases, this means that they are on the same database host
+as each other and your connecting database user has the proper permissions to them.
+
+To accomplish this one only needs to specify the DB schema name in the table
+declaration, like so...
+
+  package MyDatabase::Main::Artist;
+  use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
+  __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/PK::Auto Core/);
+  
+  __PACKAGE__->table('database1.artist'); # will use "database1.artist" in FROM clause
+  
+  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ artistid name /);
+  __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('artistid');
+  __PACKAGE__->has_many('cds' => 'MyDatabase::Main::Cd');
+
+  1;
+
+Whatever string you specify there will be used to build the "FROM" clause in SQL
+queries.
+
+The big drawback to this is you now have DB schema names hardcoded in your
+class files. This becomes especially troublesome if you have multiple instances
+of your application to support a change lifecycle (e.g. DEV, TEST, PROD) and
+the DB schemas are named based on the environment (e.g. database1_dev).
+
+However, one can dynamically "map" to the proper DB schema by overriding the
+L<connection|DBIx::Class::Schama/connection> method in your Schema class and
+building a renaming facility, like so:
+
+  package MyDatabase::Schema;
+  use Moose;
+  
+  extends 'DBIx::Class::Schema';
+  
+  around connection => sub {
+    my ( $inner, $self, $dsn, $username, $pass, $attr ) = ( shift, @_ );
+   
+    my $postfix = delete $attr->{schema_name_postfix};
+    
+    $inner->(@_);
+    
+    if ( $postfix ) {
+        $self->append_db_name($postfix);
+    }
+  };
+
+  sub append_db_name {
+    my ( $self, $postfix ) = @_;
+    
+    my @sources_with_db 
+        = grep 
+            { $_->name =~ /^\w+\./mx } 
+            map 
+                { $self->source($_) } 
+                $self->sources;
+    
+    foreach my $source (@sources_with_db) {
+        my $name = $source->name;
+        $name =~ s{^(\w+)\.}{${1}${postfix}\.}mx;
+        
+        $source->name($name);
+    }
+  }
+
+  1;
+
+By overridding the L<connection|DBIx::Class::Schama/connection>
+method and extracting a custom option from the provided \%attr hashref one can
+then simply iterate over all the Schema's ResultSources, renaming them as
+needed.
+
+To use this facility, simply add or modify the \%attr hashref that is passed to 
+L<connection|DBIx::Class::Schama/connect>, as follows:
+
+  my $schema 
+    = MyDatabase::Schema->connect(
+      $dsn, 
+      $user, 
+      $pass,
+      {
+        schema_name_postfix => '_dev'
+        # ... Other options as desired ... 
+      })
+
+Obviously, one could accomplish even more advanced mapping via a hash map or a
+callback routine.
+
 =head1 TRANSACTIONS
 
 As of version 0.04001, there is improved transaction support in
@@ -1056,6 +1260,18 @@ Or use C<cursor>
   while (my @vals = $cursor->next) {
     print $vals[0]."\n";
   }
+
+In case you're going to use this "trick" together with L<DBIx::Class::Schema/deploy> or
+L<DBIx::Class::Schema/create_ddl_dir> a table called "dual" will be created in your
+current schema. This would overlap "sys.dual" and you could not fetch "sysdate" or
+"sequence.nextval" anymore from dual. To avoid this problem, just tell
+L<SQL::Translator> to not create table dual:
+
+    my $sqlt_args = {
+        add_drop_table => 1,
+        parser_args    => { sources => [ grep $_ ne 'Dual', schema->sources ] },
+    };
+    $schema->create_ddl_dir( [qw/Oracle/], undef, './sql', undef, $sqlt_args );
  
 Or use L<DBIx::Class::ResultClass::HashRefInflator>
  
@@ -1097,9 +1313,11 @@ C<oracles.heavily(nested(functions_can('take', 'lots'), OF), 'args')>
 
 Often you will want indexes on columns on your table to speed up searching. To
 do this, create a method called C<sqlt_deploy_hook> in the relevant source 
-class:
+class (refer to the advanced 
+L<callback system|DBIx::Class::ResultSource/sqlt_deploy_callback> if you wish
+to share a hook between multiple sources):
 
- package My::Schema::Artist;
+ package My::Schema::Result::Artist;
 
  __PACKAGE__->table('artist');
  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(id => { ... }, name => { ... })
@@ -1131,9 +1349,11 @@ created:
    $sqlt_schema->drop_table('table_name');
  }
 
-You could also add views or procedures to the output using 
-L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_view> or 
-L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_procedure>.
+You could also add views, procedures or triggers to the output using
+L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_view>,
+L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_procedure> or
+L<SQL::Translator::Schema/add_trigger>.
+
 
 =head2 Schema versioning
 
@@ -1227,7 +1447,7 @@ characters to use. C<name_sep> needs to be set to allow the SQL
 generator to put the quotes the correct place.
 
 In most cases you should set these as part of the arguments passed to 
-L<DBIx::Class::Schema/conect>:
+L<DBIx::Class::Schema/connect>:
 
  my $schema = My::Schema->connect(
   'dbi:mysql:my_db',
@@ -1257,6 +1477,44 @@ that Microsoft doesn't deliver native client libraries for. (e.g. Linux)
 The limit dialect can also be set at connect time by specifying a 
 C<limit_dialect> key in the final hash as shown above.
 
+=head2 Working with PostgreSQL array types
+
+You can also assign values to PostgreSQL array columns by passing array
+references in the C<\%columns> (C<\%vals>) hashref of the
+L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/create> and L<DBIx::Class::Row/update> family of
+methods:
+
+  $resultset->create({
+    numbers => [1, 2, 3]
+  });
+
+  $row->update(
+    {
+      numbers => [1, 2, 3]
+    },
+    {
+      day => '2008-11-24'
+    }
+  );
+
+In conditions (eg. C<\%cond> in the L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search> family of
+methods) you cannot directly use array references (since this is interpreted as
+a list of values to be C<OR>ed), but you can use the following syntax to force
+passing them as bind values:
+
+  $resultset->search(
+    {
+      numbers => \[ '= ?', [numbers => [1, 2, 3]] ]
+    }
+  );
+
+See L<SQL::Abstract/array_datatypes> and L<SQL::Abstract/Literal SQL with
+placeholders and bind values (subqueries)> for more explanation. Note that
+L<DBIx::Class> sets L<SQL::Abstract/bindtype> to C<columns>, so you must pass
+the bind values (the C<[1, 2, 3]> arrayref in the above example) wrapped in
+arrayrefs together with the column name, like this: C<< [column_name => value]
+>>.
+
 =head1 BOOTSTRAPPING/MIGRATING 
 
 =head2 Easy migration from class-based to schema-based setup
@@ -1510,5 +1768,96 @@ You could then create average, high and low execution times for an SQL
 statement and dig down to see if certain parameters cause aberrant behavior.
 You might want to check out L<DBIx::Class::QueryLog> as well.
 
+=head1 STARTUP SPEED
+
+L<DBIx::Class|DBIx::Class> programs can have a significant startup delay
+as the ORM loads all the relevant classes. This section examines
+techniques for reducing the startup delay.
+
+These tips are are listed in order of decreasing effectiveness - so the
+first tip, if applicable, should have the greatest effect on your
+application.
+
+=head2 Statically Define Your Schema
+
+If you are using
+L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> to build the
+classes dynamically based on the database schema then there will be a
+significant startup delay.
+
+For production use a statically defined schema (which can be generated
+using L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> to dump
+the database schema once - see
+L<make_schema_at|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader/make_schema_at> and
+L<dump_directory|DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader/dump_directory> for more
+details on creating static schemas from a database).
+
+=head2 Move Common Startup into a Base Class
+
+Typically L<DBIx::Class> result classes start off with
+
+    use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
+    __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/InflateColumn::DateTime Core/);
+
+If this preamble is moved into a common base class:-
+
+    package MyDBICbase;
+    
+    use base qw/DBIx::Class/;
+    __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/InflateColumn::DateTime Core/);
+    1;
+
+and each result class then uses this as a base:-
+
+    use base qw/MyDBICbase/;
+
+then the load_components is only performed once, which can result in a
+considerable startup speedup for schemas with many classes.
+
+=head2 Explicitly List Schema Result Classes
+
+The schema class will normally contain
+
+    __PACKAGE__->load_classes();
+
+to load the result classes. This will use L<Module::Find|Module::Find>
+to find and load the appropriate modules. Explicitly defining the
+classes you wish to load will remove the overhead of
+L<Module::Find|Module::Find> and the related directory operations:-
+
+    __PACKAGE__->load_classes(qw/ CD Artist Track /);
+
+If you are instead using the L<load_namespaces|DBIx::Class::Schema/load_namespaces>
+syntax to load the appropriate classes there is not a direct alternative
+avoiding L<Module::Find|Module::Find>.
+
+=head1 MEMORY USAGE
+
+=head2 Cached statements
+
+L<DBIx::Class> normally caches all statements with L<< prepare_cached()|DBI/prepare_cached >>.
+This is normally a good idea, but if too many statements are cached, the database may use too much
+memory and may eventually run out and fail entirely.  If you suspect this may be the case, you may want
+to examine DBI's L<< CachedKids|DBI/CachedKidsCachedKids_(hash_ref) >> hash:
+
+    # print all currently cached prepared statements
+    print for keys %{$schema->storage->dbh->{CachedKids}};
+    # get a count of currently cached prepared statements
+    my $count = scalar keys %{$schema->storage->dbh->{CachedKids}};
+
+If it's appropriate, you can simply clear these statements, automatically deallocating them in the
+database:
+
+    my $kids = $schema->storage->dbh->{CachedKids};
+    delete @{$kids}{keys %$kids} if scalar keys %$kids > 100;
+
+But what you probably want is to expire unused statements and not those that are used frequently.
+You can accomplish this with L<Tie::Cache> or L<Tie::Cache::LRU>:
+
+    use Tie::Cache;
+    use DB::Main;
+    my $schema = DB::Main->connect($dbi_dsn, $user, $pass, {
+        on_connect_do => sub { tie %{shift->_dbh->{CachedKids}}, 'Tie::Cache', 100 },
+    });
 
 =cut