a base character and modifiers is called a I<combining character
sequence>.
-Whether to call these combining character sequences, as a whole,
-"characters" depends on your point of view. If you are a programmer, you
-probably would tend towards seeing each element in the sequences as one
-unit, one "character", but from the user viewpoint, the sequence as a
-whole is probably considered one "character", since that's probably what
-it looks like in the context of the user's language.
+Whether to call these combining character sequences, as a whole,
+"characters" depends on your point of view. If you are a programmer,
+you probably would tend towards seeing each element in the sequences
+as one unit, one "character", but from the user viewpoint, the
+sequence as a whole is probably considered one "character", since
+that's probably what it looks like in the context of the user's
+language.
With this "as a whole" view of characters, the number of characters is
-open-ended. But in the programmer's "one unit is one character" point of
-view, the concept of "characters" is more deterministic, and so we take
-that point of view in this document: one "character" is one Unicode
-code point, be it a base character or a combining character.
+open-ended. But in the programmer's "one unit is one character" point
+of view, the concept of "characters" is more deterministic, and so we
+take that point of view in this document: one "character" is one
+Unicode code point, be it a base character or a combining character.
For some of the combinations there are I<precomposed> characters,
for example C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE> is defined as
Unicode defines several I<character encoding forms>, of which I<UTF-8>
is perhaps the most popular. UTF-8 is a variable length encoding that
encodes Unicode characters as 1 to 6 bytes (only 4 with the currently
-defined characters). Other encodings are UTF-16 and UTF-32 and their
+defined characters). Other encodings include UTF-16 and UTF-32 and their
big and little endian variants (UTF-8 is byteorder independent).
The ISO/IEC 10646 defines the UCS-2 and UCS-4 encoding forms.
This model was found to be wrong, or at least clumsy: the Unicodeness
is now carried with the data, not attached to the operations. (There
is one remaining case where an explicit C<use utf8> is needed: if your
-Perl script is in UTF-8, you can use UTF-8 in your variable and
-subroutine names, and in your string and regular expression literals,
-by saying C<use utf8>. This is not the default because that would
-break existing scripts having legacy 8-bit data in them.)
+Perl script itself is encoded in UTF-8, you can use UTF-8 in your
+variable and subroutine names, and in your string and regular
+expression literals, by saying C<use utf8>. This is not the default
+because that would break existing scripts having legacy 8-bit data in
+them.)
=head2 Perl's Unicode Model
possible, but as soon as Unicodeness cannot be avoided, the data is
transparently upgraded to Unicode.
-The internal encoding of Unicode in Perl is UTF-8. The internal
-encoding is normally hidden, however, and one need not and should not
-worry about the internal encoding at all: it is all just characters.
+Internally, Perl currently uses either whatever the native eight-bit
+character set of the platform (for example Latin-1) or UTF-8 to encode
+Unicode strings. Specifically, if all code points in the string are
+0xFF or less, Perl uses the native eight-bit character set.
+Otherwise, it uses UTF-8.
-Perl 5.8.0 will also support Unicode on EBCDIC platforms. There the
+A user of Perl does not normally need to know nor care how Perl
+happens to encode its internal strings, but it becomes relevant when
+outputting Unicode strings to a stream without a discipline (one with
+the "default default"). In such a case, the raw bytes used internally
+(the native character set or UTF-8, as appropriate for each string)
+will be used, and a "Wide character" warning will be issued if those
+strings contain a character beyond 0x00FF.
+
+For example,
+
+ perl -e 'print "\x{DF}\n", "\x{0100}\x{DF}\n"'
+
+produces a fairly useless mixture of native bytes and UTF-8, as well
+as a warning.
+
+To output UTF-8 always, use the ":utf8" output discipline. Prepending
+
+ binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
+
+to this sample program ensures the output is completely UTF-8, and
+of course, removes the warning.
+
+Perl 5.8.0 also supports Unicode on EBCDIC platforms. There, the
support is somewhat harder to implement since additional conversions
-are needed at every step. Because of these difficulties the Unicode
-support won't be quite as full as in other, mainly ASCII-based,
-platforms (the Unicode support will be better than in the 5.6 series,
-which didn't work much at all for EBCDIC platform). On EBCDIC
-platforms the internal encoding form used is UTF-EBCDIC.
+are needed at every step. Because of these difficulties, the Unicode
+support isn't quite as full as in other, mainly ASCII-based, platforms
+(the Unicode support is better than in the 5.6 series, which didn't
+work much at all for EBCDIC platform). On EBCDIC platforms, the
+internal Unicode encoding form is UTF-EBCDIC instead of UTF-8 (the
+difference is that as UTF-8 is "ASCII-safe" in that ASCII characters
+encode to UTF-8 as-is, UTF-EBCDIC is "EBCDIC-safe").
=head2 Creating Unicode
-To create Unicode literals, use the C<\x{...}> notation in
-doublequoted strings:
+To create Unicode characters in literals for code points above 0xFF,
+use the C<\x{...}> notation in doublequoted strings:
my $smiley = "\x{263a}";
-Similarly for regular expression literals
+Similarly in regular expression literals
$smiley =~ /\x{263a}/;
Naturally, C<ord()> will do the reverse: turn a character to a code point.
-Note that C<\x..>, C<\x{..}> and C<chr(...)> for arguments less than
-0x100 (decimal 256) will generate an eight-bit character for backward
-compatibility with older Perls. For arguments of 0x100 or more,
-Unicode will always be produced. If you want UTF-8 always, use
-C<pack("U", ...)> instead of C<\x..>, C<\x{..}>, or C<chr()>.
+Note that C<\x..> (no C<{}> and only two hexadecimal digits),
+C<\x{...}>, and C<chr(...)> for arguments less than 0x100 (decimal
+256) generate an eight-bit character for backward compatibility with
+older Perls. For arguments of 0x100 or more, Unicode characters are
+always produced. If you want to force the production of Unicode
+characters regardless of the numeric value, use C<pack("U", ...)>
+instead of C<\x..>, C<\x{...}>, or C<chr()>.
You can also use the C<charnames> pragma to invoke characters
by name in doublequoted strings:
my $georgian_an = pack("U", 0x10a0);
+Note that both C<\x{...}> and C<\N{...}> are compile-time string
+constants: you cannot use variables in them. if you want similar
+run-time functionality, use C<chr()> and C<charnames::vianame()>.
+
+Also note that if all the code points for pack "U" are below 0x100,
+bytes will be generated, just like if you were using C<chr()>.
+
+ my $bytes = pack("U*", 0x80, 0xFF);
+
+If you want to force the result to Unicode characters, use the special
+C<"U0"> prefix. It consumes no arguments but forces the result to be
+in Unicode characters, instead of bytes.
+
+ my $chars = pack("U0U*", 0x80, 0xFF);
+
=head2 Handling Unicode
Handling Unicode is for the most part transparent: just use the
=head2 Unicode I/O
-Normally writing out Unicode data
+Normally, writing out Unicode data
- print FH chr(0x100), "\n";
+ print FH $some_string_with_unicode, "\n";
-will print out the raw UTF-8 bytes, but you will get a warning
-out of that if you use C<-w> or C<use warnings>. To avoid the
-warning open the stream explicitly in UTF-8:
+produces raw bytes that Perl happens to use to internally encode the
+Unicode string (which depends on the system, as well as what
+characters happen to be in the string at the time). If any of the
+characters are at code points 0x100 or above, you will get a warning.
+To ensure that the output is explicitly rendered in the encoding you
+desire (and to avoid the warning), open the stream with the desired
+encoding. Some examples:
- open FH, ">:utf8", "file";
+ open FH, ">:ucs2", "file"
+ open FH, ">:utf8", "file";
+ open FH, ">:Shift-JIS", "file";
and on already open streams use C<binmode()>:
+ binmode(STDOUT, ":ucs2");
binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
+ binmode(STDOUT, ":Shift-JIS");
-Reading in correctly formed UTF-8 data will not magically turn
-the data into Unicode in Perl's eyes.
+See documentation for the C<Encode> module for many supported encodings.
-You can use either the C<':utf8'> I/O discipline when opening files
+Reading in a file that you know happens to be encoded in one of the
+Unicode encodings does not magically turn the data into Unicode in
+Perl's eyes. To do that, specify the appropriate discipline when
+opening files
open(my $fh,'<:utf8', 'anything');
- my $line_of_utf8 = <$fh>;
+ my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>;
+
+ open(my $fh,'<:Big5', 'anything');
+ my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>;
The I/O disciplines can also be specified more flexibly with
the C<open> pragma; see L<open>:
With the C<open> pragma you can use the C<:locale> discipline
- $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R';
- # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LANG
+ $ENV{LC_ALL} = $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R';
+ # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LC_ALL
use open OUT => ':locale'; # russki parusski
open(O, ">koi8");
print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1
or you can also use the C<':encoding(...)'> discipline
open(my $epic,'<:encoding(iso-8859-7)','iliad.greek');
- my $line_of_iliad = <$epic>;
+ my $line_of_unicode = <$epic>;
-Both of these methods install a transparent filter on the I/O stream that
-will convert data from the specified encoding when it is read in from the
-stream. In the first example the F<anything> file is assumed to be UTF-8
-encoded Unicode, in the second example the F<iliad.greek> file is assumed
-to be ISO-8858-7 encoded Greek, but the lines read in will be in both
-cases Unicode.
+These methods install a transparent filter on the I/O stream that
+converts data from the specified encoding when it is read in from the
+stream. The result is always Unicode.
The L<open> pragma affects all the C<open()> calls after the pragma by
setting default disciplines. If you want to affect only certain
streams, use explicit disciplines directly in the C<open()> call.
You can switch encodings on an already opened stream by using
-C<binmode()>, see L<perlfunc/binmode>.
+C<binmode()>; see L<perlfunc/binmode>.
-The C<:locale> does not currently work with C<open()> and
-C<binmode()>, only with the C<open> pragma. The C<:utf8> and
-C<:encoding(...)> do work with all of C<open()>, C<binmode()>,
-and the C<open> pragma.
+The C<:locale> does not currently (as of Perl 5.8.0) work with
+C<open()> and C<binmode()>, only with the C<open> pragma. The
+C<:utf8> and C<:encoding(...)> methods do work with all of C<open()>,
+C<binmode()>, and the C<open> pragma.
-Similarly, you may use these I/O disciplines on input streams to
-automatically convert data from the specified encoding when it is
-written to the stream.
+Similarly, you may use these I/O disciplines on output streams to
+automatically convert Unicode to the specified encoding when it is
+written to the stream. For example, the following snippet copies the
+contents of the file "text.jis" (encoded as ISO-2022-JP, aka JIS) to
+the file "text.utf8", encoded as UTF-8:
- open(my $unicode, '<:utf8', 'japanese.uni');
- open(my $nihongo, '>:encoding(iso2022-jp)', 'japanese.jp');
- while (<$unicode>) { print $nihongo }
+ open(my $nihongo, '<:encoding(iso2022-jp)', 'text.jis');
+ open(my $unicode, '>:utf8', 'text.utf8');
+ while (<$nihongo>) { print $unicode }
The naming of encodings, both by the C<open()> and by the C<open>
pragma, is similarly understanding as with the C<encoding> pragma:
C<koi8-r> and C<KOI8R> will both be understood.
Common encodings recognized by ISO, MIME, IANA, and various other
-standardisation organisations are recognised, for a more detailed
+standardisation organisations are recognised; for a more detailed
list see L<Encode>.
C<read()> reads characters and returns the number of characters.
C<seek()> and C<tell()> operate on byte counts, as do C<sysread()>
and C<sysseek()>.
-Notice that because of the default behaviour "input is not UTF-8"
+Notice that because of the default behaviour of not doing any
+conversion upon input if there is no default discipline,
it is easy to mistakenly write code that keeps on expanding a file
-by repeatedly encoding it in UTF-8:
+by repeatedly encoding:
# BAD CODE WARNING
open F, "file";
- local $/; # read in the whole file
+ local $/; ## read in the whole file of 8-bit characters
$t = <F>;
close F;
open F, ">:utf8", "file";
- print F $t;
+ print F $t; ## convert to UTF-8 on output
close F;
If you run this code twice, the contents of the F<file> will be twice
UTF-8 encoded. A C<use open ':utf8'> would have avoided the bug, or
explicitly opening also the F<file> for input as UTF-8.
+B<NOTE>: the C<:utf8> and C<:encoding> features work only if your
+Perl has been built with the new "perlio" feature. Almost all
+Perl 5.8 platforms do use "perlio", though: you can see whether
+yours is by running "perl -V" and looking for C<useperlio=define>.
+
+=head2 Displaying Unicode As Text
+
+Sometimes you might want to display Perl scalars containing Unicode as
+simple ASCII (or EBCDIC) text. The following subroutine converts
+its argument so that Unicode characters with code points greater than
+255 are displayed as "\x{...}", control characters (like "\n") are
+displayed as "\x..", and the rest of the characters as themselves:
+
+ sub nice_string {
+ join("",
+ map { $_ > 255 ? # if wide character...
+ sprintf("\\x{%04X}", $_) : # \x{...}
+ chr($_) =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ ? # else if control character ...
+ sprintf("\\x%02X", $_) : # \x..
+ chr($_) # else as themselves
+ } unpack("U*", $_[0])); # unpack Unicode characters
+ }
+
+For example,
+
+ nice_string("foo\x{100}bar\n")
+
+returns:
+
+ "foo\x{0100}bar\x0A"
+
=head2 Special Cases
=over 4
Bit Complement Operator ~ And vec()
-The bit complement operator C<~> will produce surprising results if
-used on strings containing Unicode characters. The results are
-consistent with the internal UTF-8 encoding of the characters, but not
-with much else. So don't do that. Similarly for vec(): you will be
-operating on the UTF-8 bit patterns of the Unicode characters, not on
-the bytes, which is very probably not what you want.
+The bit complement operator C<~> may produce surprising results if used on
+strings containing characters with ordinal values above 255. In such a
+case, the results are consistent with the internal encoding of the
+characters, but not with much else. So don't do that. Similarly for vec():
+you will be operating on the internally encoded bit patterns of the Unicode
+characters, not on the code point values, which is very probably not what
+you want.
=item *
-Peeking At UTF-8
+Peeking At Perl's Internal Encoding
+
+Normal users of Perl should never care how Perl encodes any particular
+Unicode string (because the normal ways to get at the contents of a
+string with Unicode -- via input and output -- should always be via
+explicitly-defined I/O disciplines). But if you must, there are two
+ways of looking behind the scenes.
One way of peeking inside the internal encoding of Unicode characters
is to use C<unpack("C*", ...> to get the bytes, or C<unpack("H*", ...)>
to display the bytes:
- # this will print c4 80 for the UTF-8 bytes 0xc4 0x80
+ # this prints c4 80 for the UTF-8 bytes 0xc4 0x80
print join(" ", unpack("H*", pack("U", 0x100))), "\n";
Yet another way would be to use the Devel::Peek module:
perl -MDevel::Peek -e 'Dump(chr(0x100))'
-That will show the UTF8 flag in FLAGS and both the UTF-8 bytes
+That shows the UTF8 flag in FLAGS and both the UTF-8 bytes
and Unicode characters in PV. See also later in this document
the discussion about the C<is_utf8> function of the C<Encode> module.
(Is C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE> equal to
C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A>?)
-The short answer is that by default Perl compares equivalence
-(C<eq>, C<ne>) based only on code points of the characters.
-In the above case, no (because 0x00C1 != 0x0041). But sometimes any
+The short answer is that by default Perl compares equivalence (C<eq>,
+C<ne>) based only on code points of the characters. In the above
+case, the answer is no (because 0x00C1 != 0x0041). But sometimes any
CAPITAL LETTER As being considered equal, or even any As of any case,
would be desirable.
Mappings>, http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/
http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/
-As of Perl 5.8.0, the's regular expression case-ignoring matching
+As of Perl 5.8.0, regular expression case-ignoring matching
implements only 1:1 semantics: one character matches one character.
In I<Case Mappings> both 1:N and N:1 matches are defined.
(Does C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE> come before or after
C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE>?)
-The short answer is that by default Perl compares strings (C<lt>,
+The short answer is that by default, Perl compares strings (C<lt>,
C<le>, C<cmp>, C<ge>, C<gt>) based only on the code points of the
-characters. In the above case, after, since 0x00C1 > 0x00C0.
+characters. In the above case, the answer is "after", since 0x00C1 > 0x00C0.
The long answer is that "it depends", and a good answer cannot be
given without knowing (at the very least) the language context.
=item *
-Character Ranges
+Character Ranges and Classes
Character ranges in regular expression character classes (C</[a-z]/>)
and in the C<tr///> (also known as C<y///>) operator are not magically
-Unicode-aware. What this means that C<[a-z]> will not magically start
+Unicode-aware. What this means that C<[A-Za-z]> will not magically start
to mean "all alphabetic letters" (not that it does mean that even for
-8-bit characters, you should be using C</[[:alpha]]/> for that).
+8-bit characters, you should be using C</[[:alpha:]]/> for that).
-For specifying things like that in regular expressions you can use the
-various Unicode properties, C<\pL> in this particular case. You can
-use Unicode code points as the end points of character ranges, but
-that means that particular code point range, nothing more. For
-further information, see L<perlunicode>.
+For specifying things like that in regular expressions, you can use
+the various Unicode properties, C<\pL> or perhaps C<\p{Alphabetic}>,
+in this particular case. You can use Unicode code points as the end
+points of character ranges, but that means that particular code point
+range, nothing more. For further information (there are dozens
+of Unicode character classes), see L<perlunicode>.
=item *
Unicode does define several other decimal (and numeric) characters
than just the familiar 0 to 9, such as the Arabic and Indic digits.
Perl does not support string-to-number conversion for digits other
-than the 0 to 9 (and a to f for hexadecimal).
+than ASCII 0 to 9 (and ASCII a to f for hexadecimal).
=back
=over 4
-=item Will My Old Scripts Break?
+=item
+
+Will My Old Scripts Break?
Very probably not. Unless you are generating Unicode characters
somehow, any old behaviour should be preserved. About the only
than 255 produced a character modulo 255 (for example, C<chr(300)>
was equal to C<chr(45)>).
-=item How Do I Make My Scripts Work With Unicode?
+=item
+
+How Do I Make My Scripts Work With Unicode?
Very little work should be needed since nothing changes until you
somehow generate Unicode data. The greatest trick will be getting
input as Unicode, and for that see the earlier I/O discussion.
-=item How Do I Know Whether My String Is In Unicode?
+=item
+
+How Do I Know Whether My String Is In Unicode?
You shouldn't care. No, you really shouldn't. If you have
to care (beyond the cases described above), it means that we
use bytes;
print length($unicode), "\n"; # will print 2 (the 0xC4 0x80 of the UTF-8)
-=item How Do I Detect Invalid UTF-8?
+=item
+
+How Do I Detect Data That's Not Valid In a Particular Encoding?
-Either
+Use the C<Encode> package to try converting it.
+For example,
use Encode 'encode_utf8';
- if (encode_utf8($string)) {
+ if (encode_utf8($string_of_bytes_that_I_think_is_utf8)) {
# valid
} else {
# invalid
}
-or
+For UTF-8 only, you can use:
use warnings;
- @chars = unpack("U0U*", "\xFF"); # will warn
+ @chars = unpack("U0U*", $string_of_bytes_that_I_think_is_utf8);
+
+If invalid, a C<Malformed UTF-8 character (byte 0x##) in
+unpack> is produced. The "U0" means "expect strictly UTF-8
+encoded Unicode". Without that the C<unpack("U*", ...)>
+would accept also data like C<chr(0xFF>), similarly to the
+C<pack> as we saw earlier.
+
+=item
-The warning will be C<Malformed UTF-8 character (byte 0xff) in
-unpack>. The "U0" means "expect strictly UTF-8 encoded Unicode".
-Without that the C<unpack("U*", ...)> would accept also data like
-C<chr(0xFF>).
+How Do I Convert Binary Data Into a Particular Encoding, Or Vice Versa?
-=item How Do I Convert Data Into UTF-8? Or Vice Versa?
+This probably isn't as useful as you might think.
+Normally, you shouldn't need to.
-This probably isn't as useful (or simple) as you might think.
-Also, normally you shouldn't need to.
+In one sense, what you are asking doesn't make much sense: Encodings
+are for characters, and binary data is not "characters", so converting
+"data" into some encoding isn't meaningful unless you know in what
+character set and encoding the binary data is in, in which case it's
+not binary data, now is it?
-In one sense what you are asking doesn't make much sense: UTF-8 is
-(intended as an) Unicode encoding, so converting "data" into UTF-8
-isn't meaningful unless you know in what character set and encoding
-the binary data is in, and in this case you can use C<Encode>.
+If you have a raw sequence of bytes that you know should be interpreted via
+a particular encoding, you can use C<Encode>:
use Encode 'from_to';
from_to($data, "iso-8859-1", "utf-8"); # from latin-1 to utf-8
-If you have ASCII (really 7-bit US-ASCII), you already have valid
-UTF-8, the lowest 128 characters of UTF-8 encoded Unicode and US-ASCII
-are equivalent.
+The call to from_to() changes the bytes in $data, but nothing material
+about the nature of the string has changed as far as Perl is concerned.
+Both before and after the call, the string $data contains just a bunch of
+8-bit bytes. As far as Perl is concerned, the encoding of the string (as
+Perl sees it) remains as "system-native 8-bit bytes".
-If you have Latin-1 (or want Latin-1), you can just use pack/unpack:
+You might relate this to a fictional 'Translate' module:
- $latin1 = pack("C*", unpack("U*", $utf8));
- $utf8 = pack("U*", unpack("C*", $latin1));
+ use Translate;
+ my $phrase = "Yes";
+ Translate::from_to($phrase, 'english', 'deutsch');
+ ## phrase now contains "Ja"
-(The same works for EBCDIC.)
+The contents of the string changes, but not the nature of the string.
+Perl doesn't know any more after the call than before that the contents
+of the string indicates the affirmative.
+
+Back to converting data, if you have (or want) data in your system's
+native 8-bit encoding (e.g. Latin-1, EBCDIC, etc.), you can use
+pack/unpack to convert to/from Unicode.
+
+ $native_string = pack("C*", unpack("U*", $Unicode_string));
+ $Unicode_string = pack("U*", unpack("C*", $native_string));
If you have a sequence of bytes you B<know> is valid UTF-8,
but Perl doesn't know it yet, you can make Perl a believer, too:
use Encode 'decode_utf8';
- $utf8 = decode_utf8($bytes);
+ $Unicode = decode_utf8($bytes);
You can convert well-formed UTF-8 to a sequence of bytes, but if
you just want to convert random binary data into UTF-8, you can't.
Any random collection of bytes isn't well-formed UTF-8. You can
use C<unpack("C*", $string)> for the former, and you can create
-well-formed Unicode/UTF-8 data by C<pack("U*", 0xff, ...)>.
+well-formed Unicode data by C<pack("U*", 0xff, ...)>.
+
+=item
-=item How Do I Display Unicode? How Do I Input Unicode?
+How Do I Display Unicode? How Do I Input Unicode?
See http://www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/unicode/ and
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html
-=item How Does Unicode Work With Traditional Locales?
+=item
+
+How Does Unicode Work With Traditional Locales?
In Perl, not very well. Avoid using locales through the C<locale>
pragma. Use only one or the other.
four bits, or half a byte. C<print 0x..., "\n"> will show a
hexadecimal number in decimal, and C<printf "%x\n", $decimal> will
show a decimal number in hexadecimal. If you have just the
-"hexdigits" of a hexadecimal number, you can use the C<hex()>
-function.
+"hexdigits" of a hexadecimal number, you can use the C<hex()> function.
print 0x0009, "\n"; # 9
print 0x000a, "\n"; # 10
in the Perl 5.6 series. (The renaming to F<lib/unicore> was done to
avoid naming conflicts with lib/Unicode in case-insensitive filesystems.)
-The main Unicode data file is F<Unicode.txt> (or F<Unicode.301> in
+The main Unicode data file is F<UnicodeData.txt> (or F<Unicode.301> in
Perl 5.6.1.) You can find the C<$Config{installprivlib}> by
perl "-V:installprivlib"
=back
+=head1 UNICODE IN OLDER PERLS
+
+If you cannot upgrade your Perl to 5.8.0 or later, you can still
+do some Unicode processing by using the modules C<Unicode::String>,
+C<Unicode::Map8>, and C<Unicode::Map>, available from CPAN.
+If you have the GNU recode installed, you can also use the
+Perl frontend C<Convert::Recode> for character conversions.
+
+The following are fast conversions from ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) bytes
+to UTF-8 bytes, the code works even with older Perl 5 versions.
+
+ # ISO 8859-1 to UTF-8
+ s/([\x80-\xFF])/chr(0xC0|ord($1)>>6).chr(0x80|ord($1)&0x3F)/eg;
+
+ # UTF-8 to ISO 8859-1
+ s/([\xC2\xC3])([\x80-\xBF])/chr(ord($1)<<6&0xC0|ord($2)&0x3F)/eg;
+
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<perlunicode>, L<Encode>, L<encoding>, L<open>, L<utf8>, L<bytes>,
=head1 AUTHOR, COPYRIGHT, AND LICENSE
-Copyright 2001 Jarkko Hietaniemi <jhi@iki.fi>
+Copyright 2001-2002 Jarkko Hietaniemi <jhi@iki.fi>
This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.
projects / p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git / blobdiff