=back
+=head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
+
+=over
+
+=item SYNOPSIS
+
+=item DESCRIPTION
+
+=over
+
+=item Private Variables via my()
+
+=item Persistent Private Variables
+
+=item Temporary Values via local()
+
+=item Lvalue subroutines
+
+=item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
+
+=item When to Still Use local()
+
+1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
+You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
+You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
+
+=item Pass by Reference
+
+=item Prototypes
+
+=item Constant Functions
+
+=item Overriding Built-in Functions
+
+=item Autoloading
+
+=item Subroutine Attributes
+
+=back
+
+=item SEE ALSO
+
+=back
+
+=head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
+
+=over
+
+=item DESCRIPTION
+
+=over
+
+=item Perl Functions by Category
+
+Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
+Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
+Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
+length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
+Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
+to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
+groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
+object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
+communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
+info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
+in perl5
+
+=item Portability
+
+=item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
+
+I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
+NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
+binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
+bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
+chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
+chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
+connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
+dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
+EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
+each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
+exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
+FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
+fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
+getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
+NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
+NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
+ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
+getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
+getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
+STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
+endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
+getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
+goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
+import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
+FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
+last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
+link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
+lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK
+LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl
+ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd
+ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module
+LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open
+FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack
+TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop
+ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print,
+printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION,
+push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/,
+quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
+FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir
+DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv
+SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename
+OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset,
+return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
+STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
+EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
+FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
+ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
+SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
+WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
+shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
+shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
+EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
+SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
+sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
+splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
+/PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
+sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
+study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
+EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
+EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
+FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
+FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
+FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
+FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
+syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
+VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
+FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
+ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
+TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
+use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
+values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
+LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
+
+=back
+
+=back
+
=head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
=over
=back
-=head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
-
-=over
-
-=item DESCRIPTION
-
-=item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
-
-=item Growing Your Own
-
-=item Access and Printing
-
-=item Slices
-
-=item SEE ALSO
-
-=item AUTHOR
-
-=back
-
=head2 perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start
=over
=back
-=head2 perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
+=head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
=over
=item DESCRIPTION
-=item Part 1: The basics
-
=over
-=item Simple word matching
+=item Verbatim Paragraph
-=item Using character classes
+=item Command Paragraph
-\d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
-represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
-represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
-but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
-character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
-[^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n", no modifiers (//):
-Default behavior. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^>
-matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
-end or before a newline at the end, s modifier (//s): Treat string as a
-single long line. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. C<^>
-matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
-end or before a newline at the end, m modifier (//m): Treat string as a set
-of multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> and
-C<$> are able to match at the start or end of I<any> line within the
-string, both s and m modifiers (//sm): Treat string as a single long line,
-but detect multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">.
-C<^> and C<$>, however, are able to match at the start or end of I<any>
-line within the string
+=item Ordinary Block of Text
-=item Matching this or that
+=item The Intent
-=item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
+=item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
-0 Start with the first letter in the string 'a', 1 Try the first
-alternative in the first group 'abd', 2 Match 'a' followed by 'b'. So far
-so good, 3 'd' in the regexp doesn't match 'c' in the string - a dead end.
-So backtrack two characters and pick the second alternative in the first
-group 'abc', 4 Match 'a' followed by 'b' followed by 'c'. We are on a roll
-and have satisfied the first group. Set $1 to 'abc', 5 Move on to the
-second group and pick the first alternative 'df', 6 Match the 'd', 7 'f' in
-the regexp doesn't match 'e' in the string, so a dead end. Backtrack one
-character and pick the second alternative in the second group 'd', 8 'd'
-matches. The second grouping is satisfied, so set $2 to 'd', 9 We are at
-the end of the regexp, so we are done! We have matched 'abcd' out of the
-string "abcde"
+=item Common Pod Pitfalls
-=item Extracting matches
+=back
-=item Matching repetitions
+=item SEE ALSO
-C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
-any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
-once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
-C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
-times, Principle 0: Taken as a whole, any regexp will be matched at the
-earliest possible position in the string, Principle 1: In an alternation
-C<a|b|c...>, the leftmost alternative that allows a match for the whole
-regexp will be the one used, Principle 2: The maximal matching quantifiers
-C<?>, C<*>, C<+> and C<{n,m}> will in general match as much of the string
-as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to match, Principle 3: If
-there are two or more elements in a regexp, the leftmost greedy quantifier,
-if any, will match as much of the string as possible while still allowing
-the whole regexp to match. The next leftmost greedy quantifier, if any,
-will try to match as much of the string remaining available to it as
-possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
-all the regexp elements are satisfied, C<a??> = match 'a' 0 or 1 times. Try
-0 first, then 1, C<a*?> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of
-times, but as few times as possible, C<a+?> = match 'a' 1 or more times,
-i.e., at least once, but as few times as possible, C<a{n,m}?> = match at
-least C<n> times, not more than C<m> times, as few times as possible,
-C<a{n,}?> = match at least C<n> times, but as few times as possible,
-C<a{n}?> = match exactly C<n> times. Because we match exactly C<n> times,
-C<a{n}?> is equivalent to C<a{n}> and is just there for notational
-consistency, Principle 3: If there are two or more elements in a regexp,
-the leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will match as much
-(little) of the string as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to
-match. The next leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will try
-to match as much (little) of the string remaining available to it as
-possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
-all the regexp elements are satisfied, 0 Start with the first letter in the
-string 't', 1 The first quantifier '.*' starts out by matching the whole
-string 'the cat in the hat', 2 'a' in the regexp element 'at' doesn't match
-the end of the string. Backtrack one character, 3 'a' in the regexp
-element 'at' still doesn't match the last letter of the string 't', so
-backtrack one more character, 4 Now we can match the 'a' and the 't', 5
-Move on to the third element '.*'. Since we are at the end of the string
-and '.*' can match 0 times, assign it the empty string, 6 We are done!
+=item AUTHOR
-=item Building a regexp
+=back
-specifying the task in detail,, breaking down the problem into smaller
-parts,, translating the small parts into regexps,, combining the regexps,,
-and optimizing the final combined regexp
+=head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
-=item Using regular expressions in Perl
+=over
+
+=item DESCRIPTION
=back
-=item Part 2: Power tools
+=head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
=over
-=item More on characters, strings, and character classes
+=item DESCRIPTION
-=item Compiling and saving regular expressions
+=over
-=item Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
+=item Awk Traps
-=item Non-capturing groupings
+=item C Traps
-=item Looking ahead and looking behind
+=item Sed Traps
-=item Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
+=item Shell Traps
-=item Conditional expressions
+=item Perl Traps
-=item A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
+=item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
-=item Pragmas and debugging
+Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
+Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
+Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
+Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
+
+=item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
+
+Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
+Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
+Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance
+
+=item Parsing Traps
+
+Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
+
+=item Numerical Traps
+
+Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
+
+=item General data type traps
+
+(Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
+(Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
+
+=item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
+
+(list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
+
+=item Precedence Traps
+
+Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
+Precedence
+
+=item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
+
+Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
+Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
+Regular Expression
+
+=item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
+
+(Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
+
+=item OS Traps
+
+(SysV), (SysV)
+
+=item Interpolation Traps
+
+Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
+Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
+
+=item DBM Traps
+
+DBM, DBM
+
+=item Unclassified Traps
+
+C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
+LIMIT specified
=back
-=item BUGS
+=back
-=item SEE ALSO
+=head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
-=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
+=over
+
+=item SYNOPSIS
+
+=item DESCRIPTION
=over
-=item Acknowledgments
+=item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
+
+OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
+
+=item Location of Perl
+
+=item Command Switches
+
+B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo>,
+B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
+B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
+B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
+B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
+B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
+B<-x> I<directory>
=back
+=item ENVIRONMENT
+
+HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
+(specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
+PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
+
+=back
+
+=head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
+
+=over
+
+=item DESCRIPTION
+
=back
=head2 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
=back
-=head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
+=head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
=over
-=item SYNOPSIS
-
=item DESCRIPTION
=over
-=item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
+=item Predefined Names
-OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
+$ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
+$LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
+input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
+input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
+autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
+EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
+EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
+$SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
+EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
+$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
+$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
+C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
+- $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
+as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
+C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
+$-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
+format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
+format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
+$:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
+$CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
+$EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
+$EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
+$EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
+$DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
+$OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
+0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
+$BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
+${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
+%ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
-=item Location of Perl
+=item Error Indicators
-=item Command Switches
+=item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
-B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo>,
-B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
-B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
-B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
-B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
-B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
-B<-x> I<directory>
+=back
+
+=item BUGS
=back
-=item ENVIRONMENT
+=head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
-HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
-(specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
-PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
+=over
+
+=item DESCRIPTION
+
+=item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
+
+=item Growing Your Own
+
+=item Access and Printing
+
+=item Slices
+
+=item SEE ALSO
+
+=item AUTHOR
=back
-=head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
+=head2 perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
=over
=item DESCRIPTION
+=item Open E<agrave> la shell
+
=over
-=item Perl Functions by Category
+=item Simple Opens
-Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
-Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
-Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
-length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
-Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
-to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
-groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
-object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
-communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
-info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
-in perl5
+=item Pipe Opens
-=item Portability
+=item The Minus File
-=item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
-
-I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
-NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
-binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
-bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
-chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
-chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
-connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
-dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
-EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
-each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
-exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
-FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
-fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
-getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
-NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
-NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
-ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
-getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
-getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
-STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
-endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
-getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
-goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
-import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
-FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
-last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
-link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
-lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK
-LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl
-ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd
-ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module
-LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open
-FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack
-TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop
-ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print,
-printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION,
-push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/,
-quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
-FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir
-DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv
-SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename
-OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset,
-return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
-STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
-EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
-FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
-ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
-SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
-WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
-shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
-shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
-EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
-SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
-sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
-splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
-/PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
-sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
-study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
-EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
-EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
-FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
-FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
-FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
-FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
-syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
-VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
-FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
-ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
-TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
-use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
-values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
-LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
-
-=back
-
-=back
-
-=head2 perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
-
-=over
-
-=item DESCRIPTION
-
-=item Open E<agrave> la shell
-
-=over
-
-=item Simple Opens
-
-=item Pipe Opens
-
-=item The Minus File
-
-=item Mixing Reads and Writes
+=item Mixing Reads and Writes
=item Filters
=back
-=head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
+=head2 perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
=over
=item DESCRIPTION
-=over
-
-=item Predefined Names
-
-$ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
-$LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
-input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
-input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
-autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
-EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
-EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
-$SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
-EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
-$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
-$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
-C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
-- $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
-as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
-C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
-$-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
-format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
-format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
-$:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
-$CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
-$EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
-$EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
-$EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
-$DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
-$OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
-0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
-$BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
-${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
-%ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
+=item Part 1: The basics
-=item Error Indicators
+=over
-=item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
+=item Simple word matching
-=back
+=item Using character classes
-=item BUGS
+\d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
+represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
+represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
+but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
+character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
+[^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n", no modifiers (//):
+Default behavior. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^>
+matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
+end or before a newline at the end, s modifier (//s): Treat string as a
+single long line. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. C<^>
+matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
+end or before a newline at the end, m modifier (//m): Treat string as a set
+of multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> and
+C<$> are able to match at the start or end of I<any> line within the
+string, both s and m modifiers (//sm): Treat string as a single long line,
+but detect multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">.
+C<^> and C<$>, however, are able to match at the start or end of I<any>
+line within the string
-=back
+=item Matching this or that
-=head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
+=item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
-=over
+0 Start with the first letter in the string 'a', 1 Try the first
+alternative in the first group 'abd', 2 Match 'a' followed by 'b'. So far
+so good, 3 'd' in the regexp doesn't match 'c' in the string - a dead end.
+So backtrack two characters and pick the second alternative in the first
+group 'abc', 4 Match 'a' followed by 'b' followed by 'c'. We are on a roll
+and have satisfied the first group. Set $1 to 'abc', 5 Move on to the
+second group and pick the first alternative 'df', 6 Match the 'd', 7 'f' in
+the regexp doesn't match 'e' in the string, so a dead end. Backtrack one
+character and pick the second alternative in the second group 'd', 8 'd'
+matches. The second grouping is satisfied, so set $2 to 'd', 9 We are at
+the end of the regexp, so we are done! We have matched 'abcd' out of the
+string "abcde"
-=item SYNOPSIS
+=item Extracting matches
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item Matching repetitions
-=over
+C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
+any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
+once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
+C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
+times, Principle 0: Taken as a whole, any regexp will be matched at the
+earliest possible position in the string, Principle 1: In an alternation
+C<a|b|c...>, the leftmost alternative that allows a match for the whole
+regexp will be the one used, Principle 2: The maximal matching quantifiers
+C<?>, C<*>, C<+> and C<{n,m}> will in general match as much of the string
+as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to match, Principle 3: If
+there are two or more elements in a regexp, the leftmost greedy quantifier,
+if any, will match as much of the string as possible while still allowing
+the whole regexp to match. The next leftmost greedy quantifier, if any,
+will try to match as much of the string remaining available to it as
+possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
+all the regexp elements are satisfied, C<a??> = match 'a' 0 or 1 times. Try
+0 first, then 1, C<a*?> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of
+times, but as few times as possible, C<a+?> = match 'a' 1 or more times,
+i.e., at least once, but as few times as possible, C<a{n,m}?> = match at
+least C<n> times, not more than C<m> times, as few times as possible,
+C<a{n,}?> = match at least C<n> times, but as few times as possible,
+C<a{n}?> = match exactly C<n> times. Because we match exactly C<n> times,
+C<a{n}?> is equivalent to C<a{n}> and is just there for notational
+consistency, Principle 3: If there are two or more elements in a regexp,
+the leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will match as much
+(little) of the string as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to
+match. The next leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will try
+to match as much (little) of the string remaining available to it as
+possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
+all the regexp elements are satisfied, 0 Start with the first letter in the
+string 't', 1 The first quantifier '.*' starts out by matching the whole
+string 'the cat in the hat', 2 'a' in the regexp element 'at' doesn't match
+the end of the string. Backtrack one character, 3 'a' in the regexp
+element 'at' still doesn't match the last letter of the string 't', so
+backtrack one more character, 4 Now we can match the 'a' and the 't', 5
+Move on to the third element '.*'. Since we are at the end of the string
+and '.*' can match 0 times, assign it the empty string, 6 We are done!
-=item Private Variables via my()
+=item Building a regexp
-=item Persistent Private Variables
+specifying the task in detail,, breaking down the problem into smaller
+parts,, translating the small parts into regexps,, combining the regexps,,
+and optimizing the final combined regexp
-=item Temporary Values via local()
+=item Using regular expressions in Perl
-=item Lvalue subroutines
+=back
-=item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
+=item Part 2: Power tools
-=item When to Still Use local()
+=over
-1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
-You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
-You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
+=item More on characters, strings, and character classes
-=item Pass by Reference
+=item Compiling and saving regular expressions
-=item Prototypes
+=item Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
-=item Constant Functions
+=item Non-capturing groupings
-=item Overriding Built-in Functions
+=item Looking ahead and looking behind
-=item Autoloading
+=item Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
-=item Subroutine Attributes
+=item Conditional expressions
-=back
+=item A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
-=item SEE ALSO
+=item Pragmas and debugging
=back
-=head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
+=item BUGS
-=over
+=item SEE ALSO
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
=over
-=item Packages
-
-=item Symbol Tables
-
-=item Package Constructors and Destructors
-
-=item Perl Classes
-
-=item Perl Modules
+=item Acknowledgments
=back
-=item SEE ALSO
-
=back
-=head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
+=head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
=over
+=item NOTE
+
=item DESCRIPTION
=over
-=item Verbatim Paragraph
+=item Making References
-=item Command Paragraph
+=item Using References
-=item Ordinary Block of Text
+=item Symbolic references
-=item The Intent
+=item Not-so-symbolic references
-=item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
+=item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
-=item Common Pod Pitfalls
+=item Function Templates
=back
-=item SEE ALSO
+=item WARNING
-=item AUTHOR
+=item SEE ALSO
=back
-=head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
+=head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
=over
=item DESCRIPTION
-=back
-
-=head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
+i, m, s, x
=over
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item Regular Expressions
-=item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
+cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
-=over
+=item Extended Patterns
-=item Pragmatic Modules
+C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
+C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
+code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
+C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
-attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant,
-diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, locale, open, ops, overload,
-re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
+=item Backtracking
-=item Standard Modules
+=item Version 8 Regular Expressions
-AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
-B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
-B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
-CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
-CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
-Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue,
-English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command,
-ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
-ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
-ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
-ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
-ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
-File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path,
-File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
-File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp,
-File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
-I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt,
-Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent,
-Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find,
-Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::LaTeX, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils,
-Pod::Parser, Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color,
-Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver,
-SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap,
-Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev,
-Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
-Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local,
-Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent,
-User::pwent
+=item Warning on \1 vs $1
-=item Extension Modules
+=item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
+
+=item Combining pieces together
+
+C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
+C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
+C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
+C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
+
+=item Creating custom RE engines
=back
-=item CPAN
+=item BUGS
-Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
-System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
-Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
-User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
-File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
-Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
-Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
-Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
-World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
-Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
-and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
-exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
-Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
-North America, South America
+=item SEE ALSO
-=item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
+=back
+
+=head2 perlform - Perl formats
=over
-=item Guidelines for Module Creation
+=item DESCRIPTION
-Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
-module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
-what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
-README and other Additional Files, A description of the
-module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
-- what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
-Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
-especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
-the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
-version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
-care when changing a released module
+=over
-=item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
+=item Format Variables
-There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
-Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
-Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
-to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
+=back
-=item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
+=item NOTES
-Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
-applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
-reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
-to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
-can then be reduced to a small
+=over
+
+=item Footers
+
+=item Accessing Formatting Internals
=back
-=item NOTE
+=item WARNINGS
=back
-=head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
+=head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
+localization)
=over
=item DESCRIPTION
+=item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
+
+=item USING LOCALES
+
=over
-=item PREAMBLE
+=item The use locale pragma
-B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
-module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
+=item The setlocale function
-=back
+=item Finding locales
-=item HEY
+=item LOCALE PROBLEMS
-=item AUTHOR
+=item Temporarily fixing locale problems
-=item COPYRIGHT
+=item Permanently fixing locale problems
+
+=item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
+
+=item Fixing system locale configuration
+
+=item The localeconv function
=back
-=head2 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
+=item LOCALE CATEGORIES
=over
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
-=over
+=item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
-=item Warning
+=item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
-=item What should I make into a module?
+=item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
-=item Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
+=item LC_TIME
-Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again
+=item Other categories
-=item Step-by-step: Making the module
+=back
-Start with F<h2xs>, Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>, Use
-L<Carp|Carp>, Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!, Use L<plain old
-documentation|perlpod>, Write tests, Write the README
+=item SECURITY
-=item Step-by-step: Distributing your module
+B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
+B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
+B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
+B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
+functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
+functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
+character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
+islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
-Get a CPAN user ID, C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist>, Upload the
-tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!
+=item ENVIRONMENT
-=back
+PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
+LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
-=item AUTHOR
+=item NOTES
-=item SEE ALSO
+=over
+
+=item Backward compatibility
+
+=item I18N:Collate obsolete
+
+=item Sort speed and memory use impacts
+
+=item write() and LC_NUMERIC
+
+=item Freely available locale definitions
+
+=item I18n and l10n
+
+=item An imperfect standard
=back
-=head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
+=item BUGS
=over
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item Broken systems
-=over
+=back
-=item Awk Traps
+=item SEE ALSO
-=item C Traps
+=item HISTORY
-=item Sed Traps
+=back
-=item Shell Traps
+=head2 perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
-=item Perl Traps
+=over
-=item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
+=item DESCRIPTION
-Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
-Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
-Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
-Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
+=over
-=item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
+=item Important Caveat
-Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
-Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
-Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance
+Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, C<use utf8> still needed
+to enable a few features
-=item Parsing Traps
+=item Byte and Character semantics
-Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
+=item Effects of character semantics
-=item Numerical Traps
+=item Character encodings for input and output
-Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
+=back
-=item General data type traps
+=item CAVEATS
-(Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
-(Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
+=item SEE ALSO
-=item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
+=back
-(list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
+=head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
+safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
-=item Precedence Traps
+=over
-Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
-Precedence
+=item DESCRIPTION
-=item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
+=item Signals
-Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
-Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
-Regular Expression
+=item Named Pipes
-=item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
+=over
-(Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
+=item WARNING
-=item OS Traps
+=back
-(SysV), (SysV)
+=item Using open() for IPC
-=item Interpolation Traps
+=over
-Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
-Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
+=item Filehandles
-=item DBM Traps
+=item Background Processes
-DBM, DBM
+=item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
-=item Unclassified Traps
+=item Safe Pipe Opens
-C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
-LIMIT specified
+=item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
-=back
+=item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
=back
-=head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
+=item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
=over
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item Internet Line Terminators
-Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
-portable
+=item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
-=item ISSUES
+=item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
+
+=back
+
+=item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
=over
-=item Newlines
+=item A Simple Client
-=item Numbers endianness and Width
+C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
-=item Files and Filesystems
+=item A Webget Client
-=item System Interaction
+=item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
-=item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
+=back
-=item External Subroutines (XS)
+=item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
-=item Standard Modules
+Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
-=item Time and Date
+=item UDP: Message Passing
-=item Character sets and character encoding
+=item SysV IPC
-=item Internationalisation
+=item NOTES
-=item System Resources
+=item BUGS
-=item Security
+=item AUTHOR
-=item Style
+=item SEE ALSO
=back
-=item CPAN Testers
+=head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
-Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
-http://testers.cpan.org/
+=over
-=item PLATFORMS
+=item SYNOPSIS
+
+=item DESCRIPTION
=over
-=item Unix
+=item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
-=item DOS and Derivatives
+$$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
+filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
+files, directories and network sockets
-Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
+=item Resource limits
-=item S<Mac OS>
+=item Killing the parent process
-=item VMS
+=item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
-=item VOS
+=item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
-=item EBCDIC Platforms
+BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
+Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
+application, Thread-safety of extensions
-=item Acorn RISC OS
+=back
-=item Other perls
+=item BUGS
+
+=item AUTHOR
+
+=item SEE ALSO
=back
-=item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
+=head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
=over
-=item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
-
--I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
-FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
-PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
-LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
-getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
-getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
-ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
-getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
-setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
-setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
-endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
-ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
-lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
-msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
-open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
-select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
-KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
-setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
-SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
-shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
-SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
-symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
-FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
-FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
-wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
+=item SYNOPSIS
-=back
+=item DESCRIPTION
-=item CHANGES
+=item Storing numbers
-v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
-v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
-1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
-1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
-1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
-v1.23, 10 July 1998
+=item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
-=item Supported Platforms
+=item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
-=item SEE ALSO
+Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
+C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
+integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
+string
-=item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
+=item AUTHOR
-=item VERSION
+=item SEE ALSO
=back
-=head2 perlsec - Perl security
+=head2 perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
=over
=item DESCRIPTION
-=over
-
-=item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
-
-=item Switches On the "#!" Line
+=item What Is A Thread Anyway?
-=item Cleaning Up Your Path
+=item Threaded Program Models
-=item Security Bugs
+=over
-=item Protecting Your Programs
+=item Boss/Worker
-=back
+=item Work Crew
-=item SEE ALSO
+=item Pipeline
=back
-=head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
+=item Native threads
-=over
+=item What kind of threads are perl threads?
-=item NOTE
+=item Threadsafe Modules
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item Thread Basics
=over
-=item Making References
-
-=item Using References
-
-=item Symbolic references
-
-=item Not-so-symbolic references
+=item Basic Thread Support
-=item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
+=item Creating Threads
-=item Function Templates
+=item Giving up control
-=back
+=item Waiting For A Thread To Exit
-=item WARNING
+=item Errors In Threads
-=item SEE ALSO
+=item Ignoring A Thread
=back
-=head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
+=item Threads And Data
=over
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item Shared And Unshared Data
-i, m, s, x
+=item Thread Pitfall: Races
-=over
+=item Controlling access: lock()
-=item Regular Expressions
+=item Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
-cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
+=item Queues: Passing Data Around
-=item Extended Patterns
+=back
-C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
-C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
-code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
-C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
+=item Threads And Code
-=item Backtracking
+=over
-=item Version 8 Regular Expressions
+=item Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
-=item Warning on \1 vs $1
+Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
-=item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
+=item Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines
-=item Combining pieces together
+=item Subroutine Locks
-C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
-C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
-C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
-C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
+=item Methods
-=item Creating custom RE engines
+=item Locking A Subroutine
=back
-=item BUGS
+=item General Thread Utility Routines
-=item SEE ALSO
+=over
-=back
+=item What Thread Am I In?
-=head2 perlform - Perl formats
+=item Thread IDs
-=over
+=item Are These Threads The Same?
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item What Threads Are Running?
-=over
+=back
-=item Format Variables
+=item A Complete Example
-=back
+=item Conclusion
-=item NOTES
+=item Bibliography
=over
-=item Footers
-
-=item Accessing Formatting Internals
+=item Introductory Texts
-=back
+=item OS-Related References
-=item WARNINGS
+=item Other References
=back
-=head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
-localization)
+=item Acknowledgements
-=over
+=item AUTHOR
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item Copyrights
-=item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
+=back
-=item USING LOCALES
+=head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
=over
-=item The use locale pragma
-
-=item The setlocale function
+=item DESCRIPTION
-=item Finding locales
+Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
+portable
-=item LOCALE PROBLEMS
+=item ISSUES
-=item Temporarily fixing locale problems
+=over
-=item Permanently fixing locale problems
+=item Newlines
-=item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
+=item Numbers endianness and Width
-=item Fixing system locale configuration
+=item Files and Filesystems
-=item The localeconv function
+=item System Interaction
-=back
+=item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
-=item LOCALE CATEGORIES
+=item External Subroutines (XS)
-=over
+=item Standard Modules
-=item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
+=item Time and Date
-=item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
+=item Character sets and character encoding
-=item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
+=item Internationalisation
-=item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
+=item System Resources
-=item LC_TIME
+=item Security
-=item Other categories
+=item Style
=back
-=item SECURITY
+=item CPAN Testers
-B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
-B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
-B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
-B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
-functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
-functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
-character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
-islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
+Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
+http://testers.cpan.org/
-=item ENVIRONMENT
+=item PLATFORMS
-PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
-LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
+=over
-=item NOTES
+=item Unix
-=over
+=item DOS and Derivatives
-=item Backward compatibility
+Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
-=item I18N:Collate obsolete
+=item S<Mac OS>
-=item Sort speed and memory use impacts
+=item VMS
-=item write() and LC_NUMERIC
+=item VOS
-=item Freely available locale definitions
+=item EBCDIC Platforms
-=item I18n and l10n
+=item Acorn RISC OS
-=item An imperfect standard
+=item Other perls
=back
-=item BUGS
+=item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
=over
-=item Broken systems
+=item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
+
+-I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
+FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
+PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
+LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
+getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
+getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
+ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
+getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
+setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
+setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
+endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
+ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
+lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
+msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
+open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
+select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
+KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
+setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
+SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
+shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
+SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
+symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
+FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
+FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
+wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
=back
+=item CHANGES
+
+v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
+v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
+1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
+1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
+1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
+v1.23, 10 July 1998
+
+=item Supported Platforms
+
=item SEE ALSO
-=item HISTORY
+=item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
+
+=item VERSION
=back
-=head2 perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
+=head2 perlsec - Perl security
=over
=over
-=item Important Caveat
+=item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
-Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, C<use utf8> still needed
-to enable a few features
+=item Switches On the "#!" Line
-=item Byte and Character semantics
+=item Cleaning Up Your Path
-=item Effects of character semantics
+=item Security Bugs
-=item Character encodings for input and output
+=item Protecting Your Programs
=back
-=item CAVEATS
-
=item SEE ALSO
=back
=item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
-=item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
-
-=item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
-
-=item DELEGATION
-
-=back
-
-=head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
-
-=over
-
-=item SYNOPSIS
-
-=item DESCRIPTION
-
-=over
-
-=item Tying Scalars
-
-TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
-
-=item Tying Arrays
-
-TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
-DESTROY this
-
-=item Tying Hashes
-
-USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
-this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
-this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
-
-=item Tying FileHandles
-
-TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
-LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
-
-=item The C<untie> Gotcha
-
-=back
-
-=item SEE ALSO
-
-=item BUGS
-
-=item AUTHOR
-
-=back
-
-=head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
-safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
-
-=over
-
-=item DESCRIPTION
-
-=item Signals
-
-=item Named Pipes
-
-=over
-
-=item WARNING
-
-=back
-
-=item Using open() for IPC
-
-=over
-
-=item Filehandles
-
-=item Background Processes
-
-=item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
-
-=item Safe Pipe Opens
-
-=item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
-
-=item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
-
-=back
-
-=item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
-
-=over
-
-=item Internet Line Terminators
-
-=item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
-
-=item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
-
-=back
-
-=item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
-
-=over
-
-=item A Simple Client
-
-C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
-
-=item A Webget Client
-
-=item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
-
-=back
-
-=item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
-
-Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
-
-=item UDP: Message Passing
-
-=item SysV IPC
-
-=item NOTES
-
-=item BUGS
-
-=item AUTHOR
-
-=item SEE ALSO
-
-=back
-
-=head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
-
-=over
-
-=item SYNOPSIS
-
-=item DESCRIPTION
-
-=item Storing numbers
-
-=item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
-
-=item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
-
-Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
-C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
-integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
-string
-
-=item AUTHOR
+=item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
-=item SEE ALSO
+=item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
+
+=item DELEGATION
=back
-=head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
+=head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
=over
=over
-=item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
+=item Tying Scalars
-$$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
-filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
-files, directories and network sockets
+TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
-=item Resource limits
+=item Tying Arrays
-=item Killing the parent process
+TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
+DESTROY this
-=item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
+=item Tying Hashes
-=item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
+USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
+this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
+this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
-BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
-Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
-application, Thread-safety of extensions
+=item Tying FileHandles
+
+TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
+LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
+
+=item The C<untie> Gotcha
=back
+=item SEE ALSO
+
=item BUGS
=item AUTHOR
-=item SEE ALSO
-
=back
-=head2 perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
+=head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
=over
=item DESCRIPTION
-=item What Is A Thread Anyway?
+=over
-=item Threaded Program Models
+=item Packages
-=over
+=item Symbol Tables
-=item Boss/Worker
+=item Package Constructors and Destructors
-=item Work Crew
+=item Perl Classes
-=item Pipeline
+=item Perl Modules
=back
-=item Native threads
-
-=item What kind of threads are perl threads?
+=item SEE ALSO
-=item Threadsafe Modules
+=back
-=item Thread Basics
+=head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
=over
-=item Basic Thread Support
+=item DESCRIPTION
-=item Creating Threads
+=item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
-=item Giving up control
+=over
-=item Waiting For A Thread To Exit
+=item Pragmatic Modules
-=item Errors In Threads
+attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant,
+diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, locale, open, ops, overload,
+re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
-=item Ignoring A Thread
+=item Standard Modules
-=back
+AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
+B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
+B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
+CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
+CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
+Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue,
+English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command,
+ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
+ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
+ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
+ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
+ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
+File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path,
+File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
+File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp,
+File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
+I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt,
+Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent,
+Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find,
+Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::LaTeX, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils,
+Pod::Parser, Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color,
+Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver,
+SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap,
+Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev,
+Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
+Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local,
+Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent,
+User::pwent
-=item Threads And Data
+=item Extension Modules
-=over
+=back
-=item Shared And Unshared Data
+=item CPAN
-=item Thread Pitfall: Races
+Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
+System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
+Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
+User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
+File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
+Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
+Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
+Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
+World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
+Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
+and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
+exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
+Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
+North America, South America
-=item Controlling access: lock()
+=item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
-=item Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
+=over
-=item Queues: Passing Data Around
+=item Guidelines for Module Creation
-=back
+Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
+module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
+what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
+README and other Additional Files, A description of the
+module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
+- what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
+Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
+especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
+the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
+version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
+care when changing a released module
-=item Threads And Code
+=item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
-=over
+There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
+Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
+Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
+to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
-=item Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
+=item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
-Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
+Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
+applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
+reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
+to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
+can then be reduced to a small
-=item Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines
+=back
-=item Subroutine Locks
+=item NOTE
-=item Methods
+=back
-=item Locking A Subroutine
+=head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
-=back
+=over
-=item General Thread Utility Routines
+=item DESCRIPTION
=over
-=item What Thread Am I In?
+=item PREAMBLE
-=item Thread IDs
+B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
+module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
-=item Are These Threads The Same?
+=back
-=item What Threads Are Running?
+=item HEY
+
+=item AUTHOR
+
+=item COPYRIGHT
=back
-=item A Complete Example
+=head2 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
-=item Conclusion
+=over
-=item Bibliography
+=item DESCRIPTION
=over
-=item Introductory Texts
+=item Warning
-=item OS-Related References
+=item What should I make into a module?
-=item Other References
+=item Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
-=back
+Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again
-=item Acknowledgements
+=item Step-by-step: Making the module
-=item AUTHOR
+Start with F<h2xs>, Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>, Use
+L<Carp|Carp>, Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!, Use L<plain old
+documentation|perlpod>, Write tests, Write the README
-=item Copyrights
+=item Step-by-step: Distributing your module
-=back
+Get a CPAN user ID, C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist>, Upload the
+tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!
-=head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
+=back
-=over
+=item AUTHOR
-=item DESCRIPTION
+=item SEE ALSO
=back
argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY
element or slice, %s argument is not a subroutine name, %s package
attribute may clash with future reserved word: %s, (in cleanup) %s, <>
-should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled substitution pattern,
-Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional, Binary number >
+should be quotes, Ambiguous range in transliteration operator, Attempt to
+join self, Bad evalled substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored,
+Bareword found in conditional, Binary number >
0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector size > 32
non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check filesystem
of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s", Can't
Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
|%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
-%s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
-separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
-subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
-returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
-%sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
-No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
-No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
-is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
-panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
-around "%s" list, Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use
-"sub NAME : ATTRS" instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count
-in pack overflows, Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed
-memory ignored, Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments,
-Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not
-implemented, This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl
-can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown
-open() mode '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s,
-Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter
-in attribute list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute
-parameter in subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute
-list, Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant
-number
+%s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, invalid []
+range "%s" in transliteration operator, Invalid separator character %s in
+attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in subroutine attribute
+list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs returning %s not implemented
+yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in
+piped open, Missing name in "my sub", No %s specified for -%c, No package
+name allowed for variable %s in "our", No space allowed after -%c, no UTC
+offset information; assuming local time is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777
+non-portable, panic: del_backref, panic: kid popen errno read, panic:
+magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing around "%s" list, Possible Y2K bug:
+%s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS" instead, Premature
+end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows, Repeat count in
+unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored, Reference is already
+weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on zero-length
+expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This Perl can't
+reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL environ elements
+(%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode '%s', Unknown
+process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized escape \\%c
+passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list,
+Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in subroutine
+attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of CLI symbol
+"%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
=item New tests
=back
+=head2 perlposix-bc, README.posix-bc - building and installing Perl for
+BS2000 POSIX.
+
+=over
+
+=item SYNOPSIS
+
+=item DESCRIPTION
+
+=over
+
+=item gzip
+
+=item bison
+
+=item Unpacking
+
+=item Compiling
+
+=item Testing
+
+=item Install
+
+=item Using Perl
+
+=back
+
+=item AUTHORS
+
+=item SEE ALSO
+
+=over
+
+=item Mailing list
+
+=back
+
+=item HISTORY
+
+=back
+
=head2 perlvms - VMS-specific documentation for Perl
=over
projects / p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git / blobdiff