=head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
-A number of modules are included the Perl distribution. These are
-described below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may also discover files in
-the library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are old
-libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still run. The
-F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard modules, and
-the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up as extension modules
-made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may already be available through the
-POSIX module.) The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your
-conversion, but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from
-bulletproof.
+Many modules are included the Perl distribution. These are described
+below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library
+file (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be
+autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated
+by the installation process. You may also discover files in the
+library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are
+old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still
+run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard
+modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up
+as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may
+already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.)
+The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion,
+but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof.
=head2 Pragmatic Modules
-They work somewhat like pragmas in that they tend to affect the compilation of
-your program, and thus will usually work well only when used within a
-C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these are locally scoped, so an inner BLOCK
-may countermand any of these by saying:
+They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they
+tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually
+work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these
+are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them
+by saying:
no integer;
no strict 'refs';
+ no warnings;
which lasts until the end of that BLOCK.
-Unlike the pragmas that effect the C<$^H> hints variable, the C<use
-vars> and C<use subs> declarations are not BLOCK-scoped. They allow
-you to predeclare a variables or subroutines within a particular
-I<file> rather than just a block. Such declarations are effective
-for the entire file for which they were declared. You cannot rescind
-them with C<no vars> or C<no subs>.
+Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the
+C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead,
+like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a
+variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than
+just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file
+for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no
+vars> or C<no subs>.
The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation).
=over 12
-=item use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3)
+=item attributes
-Defers C<require MODULE> until someone calls one of the specified
-subroutines (which must be exported by MODULE). This pragma should be
-used with caution, and only when necessary.
+Get/set subroutine or variable attributes
+
+=item attrs
+
+Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
+
+=item autouse
+
+Postpone load of modules until a function is used
+
+=item base
+
+Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
=item blib
-manipulate @INC at compile time to use MakeMaker's uninstalled version
-of a package
+Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
+
+=item caller
+
+Inherit pragmatic attributes from caller's context
+
+=item charnames
+
+Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escape.
+
+=item constant
+
+Declare constants
=item diagnostics
-force verbose warning diagnostics
+Force verbose warning diagnostics
+
+=item fields
+
+Declare a class's attribute fields at compile-time
+
+=item filetest
+
+Control the filetest operators like C<-r>, C<-w> for AFS, etc.
=item integer
-compute arithmetic in integer instead of double
+Compute arithmetic in integer instead of double
=item less
-request less of something from the compiler
+Request less of something from the compiler (unimplemented)
=item lib
-manipulate @INC at compile time
+Manipulate @INC at compile time
=item locale
-use or ignore current locale for builtin operations (see L<perllocale>)
+Use or avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations
=item ops
-restrict named opcodes when compiling or running Perl code
+Restrict unsafe operations when compiling
=item overload
-overload basic Perl operations
+Overload Perl operations
+
+=item re
+
+Alter regular expression behavior
=item sigtrap
-enable simple signal handling
+Enable simple signal handling
=item strict
-restrict unsafe constructs
+Restrict unsafe constructs
=item subs
-predeclare sub names
+Predeclare subroutine names
-=item vmsish
+=item utf8
-adopt certain VMS-specific behaviors
+Turn on UTF-8 and Unicode support
=item vars
-predeclare global variable names
+Predeclare global variable names (obsoleted by our())
+
+=item warnings
+
+Control optional warnings
=back
=item AnyDBM_File
-provide framework for multiple DBMs
+Provide framework for multiple DBM libraries
=item AutoLoader
-load functions only on demand
+Load subroutines only on demand
=item AutoSplit
-split a package for autoloading
+Split a package for autoloading
+
+=item B
+
+Guts of the Perl code generator (aka compiler)
+
+=item B::Asmdata
+
+Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode
+
+=item B::Assembler
+
+Assemble Perl bytecode
+
+=item B::Bblock
+
+Walk basic blocks
+
+=item B::Bytecode
+
+Perl compiler's bytecode backend
+
+=item B::C
+
+Perl compiler's C backend
+
+=item B::CC
+
+Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
+
+=item B::Debug
+
+Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
+
+=item B::Deparse
+
+Perl compiler backend to produce Perl code
+
+=item B::Disassembler
+
+Disassemble Perl bytecode
+
+=item B::Lint
+
+Module to catch dubious constructs
+
+=item B::Showlex
+
+Show lexical variables used in functions or files
+
+=item B::Stackobj
+
+Helper module for CC backend
+
+B::Stash -- XXX NFI XXX
+
+=item B::Terse
+
+Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
+
+=item B::Xref
+
+Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
=item Benchmark
-benchmark running times of code
+Benchmark running times of code
+
+=item ByteLoader
+
+Load byte-compiled Perl code
+
+=item CGI
+
+Simple Common Gateway Interface class
+
+=item CGI::Apache
+
+Make things work with CGI.pm against Perl-Apache API
+
+=item CGI::Carp
+
+CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log
+
+=item CGI::Cookie
+
+Interface to Netscape Cookies
+
+=item CGI::Fast
+
+CGI Interface for Fast CGI
+
+=item CGI::Pretty
+
+Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
+
+=item CGI::Push
+
+Simple Interface to Server Push
+
+=item CGI::Switch
+
+Try more than one constructors and return the first object available
=item CPAN
-interface to Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
+Query, download, and build Perl modules from CPAN sites
=item CPAN::FirstTime
-create a CPAN configuration file
+Utility for CPAN::Config file initialization
=item CPAN::Nox
-run CPAN while avoiding compiled extensions
+Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module
=item Carp
-warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
+Act like warn/die from perspective of caller
+
+=item Carp::Heavy
+
+Carp guts
=item Class::Struct
-declare struct-like datatypes
+Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
=item Config
-access Perl configuration information
+Access Perl configuration information
=item Cwd
-get pathname of current working directory
+Get pathname of current working directory
+
+=item DB
+
+Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (experimental)
=item DB_File
-access to Berkeley DB
+Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
+
+=item Data::Dumper
+
+Serialize Perl data structures
+
+=item Devel::DProf
+
+A Perl execution profiler
+
+=item Devel::Peek
+
+A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
=item Devel::SelfStubber
-generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
+Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
=item DirHandle
-supply object methods for directory handles
+Supply object methods for directory handles
+
+=item Dumpvalue
+
+Provide screen dump of Perl data
=item DynaLoader
-dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
+Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
=item English
-use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
+Use English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
=item Env
-import environment variables
+Access environment variables as regular ones
+
+=item Errno
+
+Load the libc errno.h defines
=item Exporter
-implements default import method for modules
+Implement default import method for modules
+
+=item Exporter::Heavy
+
+Exporter guts
+
+=item ExtUtils::Command
+
+Utilities to replace common Unix commands in Makefiles etc.
=item ExtUtils::Embed
-utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
+Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ programs
=item ExtUtils::Install
-install files from here to there
+Install files from here to there
+
+=item ExtUtils::Installed
+
+Inventory management of installed modules
=item ExtUtils::Liblist
-determine libraries to use and how to use them
+Determine libraries to use and how to use them
+
+=item ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin
+
+Methods to override Unix behavior in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MM_OS2
-methods to override Unix behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+Methods to override Unix behavior in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MM_Unix
-methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MM_VMS
-methods to override Unix behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+Methods to override Unix behavior in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+
+=item ExtUtils::MM_Win32
+
+Methods to override Unix behavior in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker
-create an extension Makefile
+Create an extension Makefile
=item ExtUtils::Manifest
-utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
+Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
+
+ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - Write the C code for perlmain.c
=item ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap
-make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
+Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
=item ExtUtils::Mksymlists
-write linker options files for dynamic extension
+Write linker options files for dynamic extension
+
+=item ExtUtils::Packlist
+
+Manage .packlist files
=item ExtUtils::testlib
-add blib/* directories to @INC
+Add blib/* directories to @INC
=item Fatal
-make errors in builtins or Perl functions fatal
+Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
=item Fcntl
-load the C Fcntl.h defines
+Load the libc fcntl.h defines
=item File::Basename
-split a pathname into pieces
+Split a pathname into pieces
=item File::CheckTree
-run many filetest checks on a tree
+Run many filetest checks on a tree
=item File::Compare
-compare files or filehandles
+Compare files or filehandles
=item File::Copy
-copy files or filehandles
+Copy files or filehandles
+
+=item File::DosGlob
+
+DOS-like globbing and then some
=item File::Find
-traverse a file tree
+Traverse a file tree
+
+=item File::Glob
+
+Perl extension for BSD filename globbing
=item File::Path
-create or remove a series of directories
+Create or remove a series of directories
+
+=item File::Spec
+
+Portably perform operations on file names
+
+=item File::Spec::Functions
+
+Portably perform operations on file names
+
+=item File::Spec::Mac
+
+File::Spec for MacOS
+
+=item File::Spec::OS2
+
+Methods for OS/2 file specs
+
+=item File::Spec::Unix
+
+Methods used by File::Spec
+
+=item File::Spec::VMS
+
+Methods for VMS file specs
+
+=item File::Spec::Win32
+
+Methods for Win32 file specs
=item File::stat
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin stat() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
=item FileCache
-keep more files open than the system permits
+Keep more files open than the system permits
=item FileHandle
-supply object methods for filehandles
+Supply object methods for filehandles
=item FindBin
-locate directory of original Perl script
+Locate installation directory of running Perl program
=item GDBM_File
-access to the gdbm library
+Access to the gdbm library
=item Getopt::Long
-extended processing of command line options
+Extended processing of command line options
=item Getopt::Std
-process single-character switches with switch clustering
+Process single-character switches with switch clustering
=item I18N::Collate
-compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale
+Compare 8-bit scalar data according to current locale
=item IO
-load various IO modules
+Front-end to load various IO modules
+
+=item IO::Dir
+
+Supply object methods for directory handles
=item IO::File
-supply object methods for filehandles
+Supply object methods for filehandles
=item IO::Handle
-supply object methods for I/O handles
+Supply object methods for I/O handles
=item IO::Pipe
-supply object methods for pipes
+Supply object methods for pipes
+
+=item IO::Poll
+
+Object interface to system poll call
=item IO::Seekable
-supply seek based methods for I/O objects
+Supply seek based methods for I/O objects
=item IO::Select
=item IO::Socket
-object interface to socket communications
+Object interface to socket communications
+
+=item IO::Socket::INET
+
+Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
+
+=item IO::Socket::UNIX
+
+Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
+
+=item IPC::Msg
+
+SysV Msg IPC object class
=item IPC::Open2
-open a process for both reading and writing
+Open a process for both reading and writing
=item IPC::Open3
-open a process for reading, writing, and error handling
+Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling
+
+=item IPC::Semaphore
+
+SysV Semaphore IPC object class
+
+=item IPC::SysV
+
+SysV IPC constants
=item Math::BigFloat
-arbitrary length float math package
+Arbitrary length float math package
=item Math::BigInt
-arbitrary size integer math package
+Arbitrary size integer math package
=item Math::Complex
-complex numbers and associated mathematical functions
+Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions
=item Math::Trig
-simple interface to parts of Math::Complex for those who
-need trigonometric functions only for real numbers
-
-=item NDBM_File
-
-tied access to ndbm files
+Trigonometric functions
=item Net::Ping
-Hello, anybody home?
+Check a remote host for reachability
=item Net::hostent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin gethost*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions
=item Net::netent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getnet*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions
=item Net::protoent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getproto*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions
=item Net::servent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getserv*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions
+
+=item O
+
+Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
=item Opcode
-disable named opcodes when compiling or running Perl code
+Disable named opcodes when compiling Perl code
+
+=item POSIX
+
+Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
+
+=item Pod::Checker
+
+Check pod documents for syntax errors
+
+=item Pod::Html
+
+Module to convert pod files to HTML
+
+=item Pod::InputObjects
+
+Manage POD objects
+
+=item Pod::Man
+
+Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
+
+=item Pod::Parser
+
+Base class for creating POD filters and translators
+
+=item Pod::Select
+
+Extract selected sections of POD from input
=item Pod::Text
-convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
+Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
-=item POSIX
+=item Pod::Text::Color
-interface to IEEE Standard 1003.1
+Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
+
+=item Pod::Usage
+
+Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation
=item SDBM_File
-tied access to sdbm files
+Tied access to sdbm files
=item Safe
-compile and execute code in restricted compartments
+Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
=item Search::Dict
-search for key in dictionary file
+Search for key in dictionary file
=item SelectSaver
-save and restore selected file handle
+Save and restore selected file handle
=item SelfLoader
-load functions only on demand
+Load functions only on demand
=item Shell
-run shell commands transparently within Perl
+Run shell commands transparently within Perl
=item Socket
-load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators
+Load the libc socket.h defines and structure manipulators
=item Symbol
-manipulate Perl symbols and their names
+Manipulate Perl symbols and their names
=item Sys::Hostname
-try every conceivable way to get hostname
+Try every conceivable way to get hostname
=item Sys::Syslog
-interface to the Unix syslog(3) calls
+Interface to the libc syslog(3) calls
=item Term::Cap
-termcap interface
+Termcap interface
=item Term::Complete
-word completion module
+Word completion module
=item Term::ReadLine
-interface to various C<readline> packages
+Interface to various `readline' packages.
+
+=item Test
+
+Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
=item Test::Harness
-run Perl standard test scripts with statistics
+Run Perl standard test scripts with statistics
=item Text::Abbrev
-create an abbreviation table from a list
+Create an abbreviation table from a list
=item Text::ParseWords
-parse text into an array of tokens
+Parse text into a list of tokens or array of arrays
=item Text::Soundex
-implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as described by Knuth
-
-=item Text::Tabs
+Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as described by Knuth
-expand and unexpand tabs per the Unix expand(1) and unexpand(1)
+Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per expand(1) and unexpand(1)
=item Text::Wrap
-line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
+Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
+
+=item Tie::Array
+
+Base class for tied arrays
+
+=item Tie::Handle
+
+Base class definitions for tied handles
=item Tie::Hash
-base class definitions for tied hashes
+Base class definitions for tied hashes
=item Tie::RefHash
-base class definitions for tied hashes with references as keys
+Use references as hash keys
=item Tie::Scalar
-base class definitions for tied scalars
+Base class definitions for tied scalars
=item Tie::SubstrHash
-fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
+Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
=item Time::Local
-efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
+Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
=item Time::gmtime
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin gmtime() function
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function
=item Time::localtime
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin localtime() function
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function
=item Time::tm
-internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
+Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
=item UNIVERSAL
-base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
+Base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
=item User::grent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getgr*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions
=item User::pwent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getpw*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions
=back
-To find out I<all> the modules installed on your system, including
-those without documentation or outside the standard release, do this:
+To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including
+those without documentation or outside the standard release,
+jus tdo this:
% find `perl -e 'print "@INC"'` -name '*.pm' -print
-They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible via
-your system man(1) command. If that fails, try the I<perldoc> program.
+They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible
+via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find>
+program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which
+generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you
+have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have
+to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no
+system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program.
=head2 Extension Modules
-Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C) and may be
-statically linked or in general are
-dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them. Supported
-extension modules include the Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX modules.
+Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They
+are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them,
+but may also be be linked in statically. Supported extension modules
+include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX.
Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not
-completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time for
-adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of platforms on
-which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to look for them in
-archie(1L), the Perl FAQ or Meta-FAQ, the WWW page, and even with their
-authors before randomly posting asking for their present condition and
-disposition.
+completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time
+for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of
+platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to
+look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines
+like Alta Vista or Deja News.
=head1 CPAN
-CPAN stands for the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. This is a globally
-replicated collection of all known Perl materials, including hundreds
-of unbundled modules. Here are the major categories of modules:
+CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally
+replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style
+guides, tricks and trap, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and
+occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for
+CPAN can be found at http://cpan.perl.com/ and at
+http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_perl/cpan-search.pl .
+
+Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules,
+some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of
+modules are:
=over
=back
-The registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following.
+Registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following.
You should try to choose one close to you:
=over
-=item *
-Africa
-
- South Africa ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/
-
-=item *
-Asia
-
- Hong Kong ftp://ftp.hkstar.com/pub/CPAN/
- Japan ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.lab.kdd.co.jp/lang/perl/CPAN/
- South Korea ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/
- Taiwan ftp://dongpo.math.ncu.edu.tw/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.wownet.net/pub2/PERL/
-
-=item *
-Australasia
-
- Australia ftp://ftp.netinfo.com.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
- New Zealand ftp://ftp.tekotago.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/
-
-=item *
-Europe
-
- Austria ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
- Belgium ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/
- Czech Republic ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/Languages/Perl/CPAN/
- Denmark ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
- Finland ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
- France ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/unix/perl/CPAN/
- Germany ftp://ftp.gmd.de/packages/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/programming/languages/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/Perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/
- Greece ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
- Hungary ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
- Italy ftp://cis.utovrm.it/CPAN/
- the Netherlands ftp://ftp.cs.ruu.nl/pub/PERL/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.EU.net/packages/cpan/
- Norway ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/
- Poland ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/
- Portugal ftp://ftp.ci.uminho.pt/pub/lang/perl/
- ftp://ftp.telepac.pt/pub/CPAN/
- Russia ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- Slovenia ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/
- Spain ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/mirror/perl/
- ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/
- Sweden ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- UK ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/
- ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/perl-CPAN/
-
-=item *
-North America
-
- Ontario ftp://ftp.utilis.com/public/CPAN/
- ftp://enterprise.ic.gc.ca/pub/perl/CPAN/
- Manitoba ftp://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
- California ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/plan/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/perl/CPAN/
- Colorado ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
- Florida ftp://ftp.cis.ufl.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
- Illinois ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- Massachusetts ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/
- New York ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
- North Carolina ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/
- Oklahoma ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/
- Oregon http://www.perl.org/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/packages/CPAN/
- Pennsylvania ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/
- Texas ftp://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.metronet.com/pub/perl/
-
-=item *
-South America
-
- Chile ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/Lang/perl/CPAN/
+=item Africa
+
+ South Africa ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftpza.co.za/pub/mirrors/cpan/
+
+=item Asia
+
+ China ftp://freesoft.cei.gov.cn/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Hong Kong ftp://ftp.hkstar.com/pub/CPAN/
+ Israel ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/
+ Japan ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.lab.kdd.co.jp/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.meisei-u.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/
+ Singapore ftp://ftp.nus.edu.sg/pub/unix/perl/CPAN/
+ South Korea ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/
+ Taiwan ftp://ftp.wownet.net/pub2/PERL/
+ ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/
+ Thailand ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
+
+=item Australasia
+
+ Australia ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.labyrinth.net.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.sage-au.org.au/pub/compilers/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ New Zealand ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://sunsite.net.nz/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+
+Central America
+
+ Costa Rica ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/
+
+=item Europe
+
+ Austria ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Belgium ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/
+ Bulgaria ftp://ftp.ntrl.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
+ Croatia ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/
+ Czech Republic ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/perl/
+ ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/Languages/Perl/CPAN/
+ Denmark ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Estonia ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Finland ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ France ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/
+ Germany ftp://ftp.archive.de.uu.net/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.gmd.de/packages/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/programming/languages/script/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Greece ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
+ Hungary ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
+ Ireland ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/
+ Italy ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/
+ Netherlands ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.EU.net/packages/cpan/
+ ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Norway ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/
+ ftp://sunsite.uio.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Poland ftp://ftp.man.szczecin.pl/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/
+ Portugal ftp://ftp.ci.uminho.pt/pub/mirrors/cpan/
+ ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/
+ Romania ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/mirrors/perl-cpan/
+ ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/
+ Russia ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Slovakia ftp://ftp.entry.sk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Slovenia ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/
+ Spain ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/
+ ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/
+ Sweden ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Switzerland ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/
+ Turkey ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/
+ United Kingdom ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/
+ ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/perl-CPAN/
+
+=item North America
+
+ Alberta ftp://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/
+ California ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/plan/perl/CPAN/
+ Colorado ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ Florida ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ Illinois ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Indiana ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ Manitoba ftp://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
+ Massachusetts ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/
+ Mexico ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/
+ Minnesota ftp://ftp.midearthbbs.com/CPAN/
+ New York ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
+ North Carolina ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/
+ Oklahoma ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/
+ Ontario ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/packages/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Oregon ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/packages/CPAN/
+ Pennsylvania ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/
+ Texas ftp://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
+ Utah ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/
+ Virginia ftp://ftp.perl.org/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ruff.cs.jmu.edu/pub/CPAN/
+ Washington ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.spu.edu/pub/CPAN/
+
+=item South America
+
+ Brazil ftp://cpan.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/CPAN/
+ Chile ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/Lang/perl/CPAN/
=back
For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites,
-see F<http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN> or F<ftp://ftp.perl.com/perl/>.
+see http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN or ftp://www.perl.com/perl/ .
=head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
=item Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse.
+Always use B<-w>.
+
Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless
into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor,
e.g.,:
Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate.
Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>.
-Generally you can delete the "C<eq 'FOO'>" part with no harm at all.
+Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all.
Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired
class names as far as possible.
eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller();
Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say
-"C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);>" your applications should be able
+C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able
to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example,
does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;>
into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ?
difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state
information in objects.
-Always use B<-w>. Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>).
+Always use B<-w>.
+
+Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>).
Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks
-of code that need less strictness. Always use B<-w>. Always use B<-w>!
+of code that need less strictness.
+
+Always use B<-w>.
+
Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual.
+Always use B<-w>.
+
=item Some simple style guidelines
The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points.
variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point
number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths,
e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version.
-See Exporter.pm in Perl5.001m or later for details.
+See L<Exporter> for details.
It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number.
Use the number in announcements and archive file names when
Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off
distribution.
-If possible you should place the module into a major ftp archive and
+If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should
include details of its location in your announcement.
Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file
Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions.
Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the
-old behaviour if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes.
+old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes.
=back
=item Make the most of the opportunity.
If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the
-opportunity to redesign the interface. The 'Guidelines for Module
-Creation' above include many of the issues you should consider.
+opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module
+creation above include many of the issues you should consider.
=item The pl2pm utility will get you started.
projects / p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git / blobdiff