=head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
-A number of modules are included the Perl distribution. These are
-described below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may also discover files in
-the library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are old
-libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still run. The
-F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard modules, and
-the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up as extension modules
-made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may already be available through the
-POSIX module.) The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your
-conversion, but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from
-bulletproof.
+Many modules are included the Perl distribution. These are described
+below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library
+file (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be
+autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated
+by the installation process. You may also discover files in the
+library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are
+old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still
+run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard
+modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up
+as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may
+already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.)
+The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion,
+but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof.
=head2 Pragmatic Modules
-They work somewhat like pragmas in that they tend to affect the compilation of
-your program, and thus will usually work well only when used within a
-C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK
-may countermand any of these by saying:
+They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they
+tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually
+work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these
+are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them
+by saying:
no integer;
no strict 'refs';
+ no warnings;
which lasts until the end of that BLOCK.
-Unlike the pragmas that effect the C<$^H> hints variable, the C<use
-vars> and C<use subs> declarations are not BLOCK-scoped. They allow
-you to predeclare a variables or subroutines within a particular
-I<file> rather than just a block. Such declarations are effective
-for the entire file for which they were declared. You cannot rescind
-them with C<no vars> or C<no subs>.
+Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the
+C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead,
+like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a
+variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than
+just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file
+for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no
+vars> or C<no subs>.
The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation).
=over 12
-=item use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3)
+=item attributes
-Defers C<require MODULE> until someone calls one of the specified
-subroutines (which must be exported by MODULE). This pragma should be
-used with caution, and only when necessary.
+Get/set subroutine or variable attributes
+
+=item attrs
+
+Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
+
+=item autouse
+
+Postpone load of modules until a function is used
+
+=item base
+
+Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
=item blib
-manipulate @INC at compile time to use MakeMaker's uninstalled version
-of a package
+Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
+
+=item caller
+
+Inherit pragmatic attributes from caller's context
+
+=item charnames
+
+Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escape.
+
+=item constant
+
+Declare constants
=item diagnostics
-force verbose warning diagnostics
+Force verbose warning diagnostics
+
+=item fields
+
+Declare a class's attribute fields at compile-time
+
+=item filetest
+
+Control the filetest operators like C<-r>, C<-w> for AFS, etc.
=item integer
-compute arithmetic in integer instead of double
+Compute arithmetic in integer instead of double
=item less
-request less of something from the compiler
+Request less of something from the compiler (unimplemented)
=item lib
-manipulate @INC at compile time
+Manipulate @INC at compile time
=item locale
-use or ignore current locale for builtin operations (see L<perllocale>)
+Use or avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations
=item ops
-restrict named opcodes when compiling or running Perl code
+Restrict unsafe operations when compiling
=item overload
-overload basic Perl operations
+Overload Perl operations
=item re
-alter behaviour of regular expressions
+Alter regular expression behavior
=item sigtrap
-enable simple signal handling
+Enable simple signal handling
=item strict
-restrict unsafe constructs
+Restrict unsafe constructs
=item subs
-predeclare sub names
+Predeclare subroutine names
-=item vmsish
+=item utf8
-adopt certain VMS-specific behaviors
+Turn on UTF-8 and Unicode support
=item vars
-predeclare global variable names
+Predeclare global variable names (obsoleted by our())
+
+=item warnings
+
+Control optional warnings
=back
=item AnyDBM_File
-provide framework for multiple DBMs
+Provide framework for multiple DBM libraries
=item AutoLoader
-load functions only on demand
+Load subroutines only on demand
=item AutoSplit
-split a package for autoloading
+Split a package for autoloading
+
+=item B
+
+Guts of the Perl code generator (aka compiler)
+
+=item B::Asmdata
+
+Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode
+
+=item B::Assembler
+
+Assemble Perl bytecode
+
+=item B::Bblock
+
+Walk basic blocks
+
+=item B::Bytecode
+
+Perl compiler's bytecode backend
+
+=item B::C
+
+Perl compiler's C backend
+
+=item B::CC
+
+Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
+
+=item B::Debug
+
+Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
+
+=item B::Deparse
+
+Perl compiler backend to produce Perl code
+
+=item B::Disassembler
+
+Disassemble Perl bytecode
+
+=item B::Lint
+
+Module to catch dubious constructs
+
+=item B::Showlex
+
+Show lexical variables used in functions or files
+
+=item B::Stackobj
+
+Helper module for CC backend
+
+B::Stash -- XXX NFI XXX
+
+=item B::Terse
+
+Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
+
+=item B::Xref
+
+Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
=item Benchmark
-benchmark running times of code
+Benchmark running times of code
+
+=item ByteLoader
+
+Load byte-compiled Perl code
+
+=item CGI
+
+Simple Common Gateway Interface class
+
+=item CGI::Apache
+
+Make things work with CGI.pm against Perl-Apache API
+
+=item CGI::Carp
+
+CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log
+
+=item CGI::Cookie
+
+Interface to Netscape Cookies
+
+=item CGI::Fast
+
+CGI Interface for Fast CGI
+
+=item CGI::Pretty
+
+Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
+
+=item CGI::Push
+
+Simple Interface to Server Push
+
+=item CGI::Switch
+
+Try more than one constructors and return the first object available
=item CPAN
-interface to Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
+Query, download, and build Perl modules from CPAN sites
=item CPAN::FirstTime
-create a CPAN configuration file
+Utility for CPAN::Config file initialization
=item CPAN::Nox
-run CPAN while avoiding compiled extensions
+Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module
=item Carp
-warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
+Act like warn/die from perspective of caller
+
+=item Carp::Heavy
+
+Carp guts
=item Class::Struct
-declare struct-like datatypes
+Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
=item Config
-access Perl configuration information
+Access Perl configuration information
=item Cwd
-get pathname of current working directory
+Get pathname of current working directory
+
+=item DB
+
+Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (experimental)
=item DB_File
-access to Berkeley DB
+Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
+
+=item Data::Dumper
+
+Serialize Perl data structures
+
+=item Devel::DProf
+
+A Perl execution profiler
+
+=item Devel::Peek
+
+A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
=item Devel::SelfStubber
-generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
+Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
=item DirHandle
-supply object methods for directory handles
+Supply object methods for directory handles
+
+=item Dumpvalue
+
+Provide screen dump of Perl data
=item DynaLoader
-dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
+Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
=item English
-use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
+Use English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
=item Env
-import environment variables
+Access environment variables as regular ones
+
+=item Errno
+
+Load the libc errno.h defines
=item Exporter
-implements default import method for modules
+Implement default import method for modules
+
+=item Exporter::Heavy
+
+Exporter guts
+
+=item ExtUtils::Command
+
+Utilities to replace common Unix commands in Makefiles etc.
=item ExtUtils::Embed
-utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
+Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ programs
=item ExtUtils::Install
-install files from here to there
+Install files from here to there
+
+=item ExtUtils::Installed
+
+Inventory management of installed modules
=item ExtUtils::Liblist
-determine libraries to use and how to use them
+Determine libraries to use and how to use them
+
+=item ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin
+
+Methods to override Unix behavior in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MM_OS2
-methods to override Unix behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+Methods to override Unix behavior in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MM_Unix
-methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MM_VMS
-methods to override Unix behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+Methods to override Unix behavior in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+
+=item ExtUtils::MM_Win32
+
+Methods to override Unix behavior in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker
-create an extension Makefile
+Create an extension Makefile
=item ExtUtils::Manifest
-utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
+Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
+
+ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - Write the C code for perlmain.c
=item ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap
-make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
+Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
=item ExtUtils::Mksymlists
-write linker options files for dynamic extension
+Write linker options files for dynamic extension
+
+=item ExtUtils::Packlist
+
+Manage .packlist files
=item ExtUtils::testlib
-add blib/* directories to @INC
+Add blib/* directories to @INC
=item Fatal
-make errors in builtins or Perl functions fatal
+Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
=item Fcntl
-load the C Fcntl.h defines
+Load the libc fcntl.h defines
=item File::Basename
-split a pathname into pieces
+Split a pathname into pieces
=item File::CheckTree
-run many filetest checks on a tree
+Run many filetest checks on a tree
=item File::Compare
-compare files or filehandles
+Compare files or filehandles
=item File::Copy
-copy files or filehandles
+Copy files or filehandles
+
+=item File::DosGlob
+
+DOS-like globbing and then some
=item File::Find
-traverse a file tree
+Traverse a file tree
+
+=item File::Glob
+
+Perl extension for BSD filename globbing
=item File::Path
-create or remove a series of directories
+Create or remove a series of directories
+
+=item File::Spec
+
+Portably perform operations on file names
+
+=item File::Spec::Functions
+
+Portably perform operations on file names
+
+=item File::Spec::Mac
+
+File::Spec for MacOS
+
+=item File::Spec::OS2
+
+Methods for OS/2 file specs
+
+=item File::Spec::Unix
+
+Methods used by File::Spec
+
+=item File::Spec::VMS
+
+Methods for VMS file specs
+
+=item File::Spec::Win32
+
+Methods for Win32 file specs
=item File::stat
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin stat() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
=item FileCache
-keep more files open than the system permits
+Keep more files open than the system permits
=item FileHandle
-supply object methods for filehandles
+Supply object methods for filehandles
=item FindBin
-locate directory of original Perl script
+Locate installation directory of running Perl program
=item GDBM_File
-access to the gdbm library
+Access to the gdbm library
=item Getopt::Long
-extended processing of command line options
+Extended processing of command line options
=item Getopt::Std
-process single-character switches with switch clustering
+Process single-character switches with switch clustering
=item I18N::Collate
-compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale
+Compare 8-bit scalar data according to current locale
=item IO
-load various IO modules
+Front-end to load various IO modules
+
+=item IO::Dir
+
+Supply object methods for directory handles
=item IO::File
-supply object methods for filehandles
+Supply object methods for filehandles
=item IO::Handle
-supply object methods for I/O handles
+Supply object methods for I/O handles
=item IO::Pipe
-supply object methods for pipes
+Supply object methods for pipes
+
+=item IO::Poll
+
+Object interface to system poll call
=item IO::Seekable
-supply seek based methods for I/O objects
+Supply seek based methods for I/O objects
=item IO::Select
=item IO::Socket
-object interface to socket communications
+Object interface to socket communications
+
+=item IO::Socket::INET
+
+Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
+
+=item IO::Socket::UNIX
+
+Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
+
+=item IPC::Msg
+
+SysV Msg IPC object class
=item IPC::Open2
-open a process for both reading and writing
+Open a process for both reading and writing
=item IPC::Open3
-open a process for reading, writing, and error handling
+Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling
+
+=item IPC::Semaphore
+
+SysV Semaphore IPC object class
+
+=item IPC::SysV
+
+SysV IPC constants
=item Math::BigFloat
-arbitrary length float math package
+Arbitrary length float math package
=item Math::BigInt
-arbitrary size integer math package
+Arbitrary size integer math package
=item Math::Complex
-complex numbers and associated mathematical functions
+Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions
=item Math::Trig
-simple interface to parts of Math::Complex for those who
-need trigonometric functions only for real numbers
-
-=item NDBM_File
-
-tied access to ndbm files
+Trigonometric functions
=item Net::Ping
-Hello, anybody home?
+Check a remote host for reachability
=item Net::hostent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin gethost*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions
=item Net::netent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getnet*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions
=item Net::protoent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getproto*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions
=item Net::servent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getserv*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions
+
+=item O
+
+Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
=item Opcode
-disable named opcodes when compiling or running Perl code
+Disable named opcodes when compiling Perl code
+
+=item POSIX
+
+Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
+
+=item Pod::Checker
+
+Check pod documents for syntax errors
+
+=item Pod::Html
+
+Module to convert pod files to HTML
+
+=item Pod::InputObjects
+
+Manage POD objects
+
+=item Pod::Man
+
+Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
+
+=item Pod::Parser
+
+Base class for creating POD filters and translators
+
+=item Pod::Select
+
+Extract selected sections of POD from input
=item Pod::Text
-convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
+Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
-=item POSIX
+=item Pod::Text::Color
-interface to IEEE Standard 1003.1
+Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
+
+=item Pod::Usage
+
+Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation
=item SDBM_File
-tied access to sdbm files
+Tied access to sdbm files
=item Safe
-compile and execute code in restricted compartments
+Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
=item Search::Dict
-search for key in dictionary file
+Search for key in dictionary file
=item SelectSaver
-save and restore selected file handle
+Save and restore selected file handle
=item SelfLoader
-load functions only on demand
+Load functions only on demand
=item Shell
-run shell commands transparently within Perl
+Run shell commands transparently within Perl
=item Socket
-load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators
+Load the libc socket.h defines and structure manipulators
=item Symbol
-manipulate Perl symbols and their names
+Manipulate Perl symbols and their names
=item Sys::Hostname
-try every conceivable way to get hostname
+Try every conceivable way to get hostname
=item Sys::Syslog
-interface to the Unix syslog(3) calls
+Interface to the libc syslog(3) calls
=item Term::Cap
-termcap interface
+Termcap interface
=item Term::Complete
-word completion module
+Word completion module
=item Term::ReadLine
-interface to various C<readline> packages
+Interface to various `readline' packages.
+
+=item Test
+
+Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
=item Test::Harness
-run Perl standard test scripts with statistics
+Run Perl standard test scripts with statistics
=item Text::Abbrev
-create an abbreviation table from a list
+Create an abbreviation table from a list
=item Text::ParseWords
-parse text into an array of tokens
+Parse text into a list of tokens or array of arrays
=item Text::Soundex
-implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as described by Knuth
-
-=item Text::Tabs
+Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as described by Knuth
-expand and unexpand tabs per the Unix expand(1) and unexpand(1)
+Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per expand(1) and unexpand(1)
=item Text::Wrap
-line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
+Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
+
+=item Tie::Array
+
+Base class for tied arrays
+
+=item Tie::Handle
+
+Base class definitions for tied handles
=item Tie::Hash
-base class definitions for tied hashes
+Base class definitions for tied hashes
=item Tie::RefHash
-base class definitions for tied hashes with references as keys
+Use references as hash keys
=item Tie::Scalar
-base class definitions for tied scalars
+Base class definitions for tied scalars
=item Tie::SubstrHash
-fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
+Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
=item Time::Local
-efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
+Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
=item Time::gmtime
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin gmtime() function
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function
=item Time::localtime
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin localtime() function
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function
=item Time::tm
-internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
+Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
=item UNIVERSAL
-base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
+Base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
=item User::grent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getgr*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions
=item User::pwent
-by-name interface to Perl's builtin getpw*() functions
+By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions
=back
-To find out I<all> the modules installed on your system, including
-those without documentation or outside the standard release, do this:
+To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including
+those without documentation or outside the standard release,
+jus tdo this:
% find `perl -e 'print "@INC"'` -name '*.pm' -print
-They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible via
-your system man(1) command. If that fails, try the I<perldoc> program.
+They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible
+via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find>
+program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which
+generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you
+have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have
+to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no
+system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program.
=head2 Extension Modules
-Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C) and may be
-statically linked or in general are
-dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them. Supported
-extension modules include the Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX modules.
+Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They
+are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them,
+but may also be be linked in statically. Supported extension modules
+include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX.
Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not
-completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time for
-adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of platforms on
-which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to look for them in
-archie(1L), the Perl FAQ or Meta-FAQ, the WWW page, and even with their
-authors before randomly posting asking for their present condition and
-disposition.
+completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time
+for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of
+platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to
+look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines
+like Alta Vista or Deja News.
=head1 CPAN
-CPAN stands for the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. This is a globally
-replicated collection of all known Perl materials, including hundreds
-of unbundled modules. Here are the major categories of modules:
+CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally
+replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style
+guides, tricks and trap, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and
+occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for
+CPAN can be found at http://cpan.perl.com/ and at
+http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_perl/cpan-search.pl .
+
+Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules,
+some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of
+modules are:
=over
=back
-The registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following.
+Registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following.
You should try to choose one close to you:
=over
-=item *
-Africa
-
- South Africa ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/
-
-=item *
-Asia
-
- Hong Kong ftp://ftp.hkstar.com/pub/CPAN/
- Japan ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.lab.kdd.co.jp/lang/perl/CPAN/
- South Korea ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/
- Taiwan ftp://dongpo.math.ncu.edu.tw/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.wownet.net/pub2/PERL/
-
-=item *
-Australasia
-
- Australia ftp://ftp.netinfo.com.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
- New Zealand ftp://ftp.tekotago.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/
-
-=item *
-Europe
-
- Austria ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
- Belgium ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/
- Czech Republic ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/Languages/Perl/CPAN/
- Denmark ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
- Finland ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
- France ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/unix/perl/CPAN/
- Germany ftp://ftp.gmd.de/packages/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/programming/languages/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/Perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/
- Greece ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
- Hungary ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
- Italy ftp://cis.utovrm.it/CPAN/
- the Netherlands ftp://ftp.cs.ruu.nl/pub/PERL/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.EU.net/packages/cpan/
- Norway ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/
- Poland ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/
- Portugal ftp://ftp.ci.uminho.pt/pub/lang/perl/
- ftp://ftp.telepac.pt/pub/CPAN/
- Russia ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- Slovenia ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/
- Spain ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/mirror/perl/
- ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/
- Sweden ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- UK ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/
- ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/perl-CPAN/
-
-=item *
-North America
-
- Ontario ftp://ftp.utilis.com/public/CPAN/
- ftp://enterprise.ic.gc.ca/pub/perl/CPAN/
- Manitoba ftp://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
- California ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/plan/perl/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/perl/CPAN/
- Colorado ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
- Florida ftp://ftp.cis.ufl.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
- Illinois ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
- Massachusetts ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/
- New York ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
- North Carolina ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/
- Oklahoma ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/
- Oregon http://www.perl.org/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/packages/CPAN/
- Pennsylvania ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/
- Texas ftp://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
- ftp://ftp.metronet.com/pub/perl/
-
-=item *
-South America
-
- Chile ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/Lang/perl/CPAN/
+=item Africa
+
+ South Africa ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftpza.co.za/pub/mirrors/cpan/
+
+
+=item Asia
+
+ China ftp://freesoft.cei.gov.cn/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Hong Kong ftp://ftp.pacific.net.hk/pub/mirror/CPAN/
+ Indonesia ftp://malone.piksi.itb.ac.id/pub/CPAN/
+ Israel ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/
+ Japan ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.lab.kdd.co.jp/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.meisei-u.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/
+ Saudi-Arabia ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/
+ Singapore ftp://ftp.nus.edu.sg/pub/unix/perl/CPAN/
+ South Korea ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/
+ Taiwan ftp://coda.nctu.edu.tw/computer-languages/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.ee.ncku.edu.tw/pub3/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/
+ Thailand ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
+
+
+=item Australasia
+
+ Australia ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.labyrinth.net.au/pub/perl-CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.sage-au.org.au/pub/compilers/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ New Zealand ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://sunsite.net.nz/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+
+
+=item Central America
+
+ Costa Rica ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/
+
+
+=item Europe
+
+ Austria ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Belgium ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/
+ Bulgaria ftp://ftp.ntrl.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
+ Croatia ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/
+ Czech Republic ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/perl/
+ ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/Languages/Perl/CPAN/
+ Denmark ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Estonia ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Finland ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ France ftp://ftp.grolier.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ German ftp://ftp.gigabell.net/pub/CPAN/
+ Germany ftp://ftp.archive.de.uu.net/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/
+ ftp://ftp.gmd.de/packages/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/general/programming/languages/script/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Germany ftp://ftp.archive.de.uu.net/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/
+ ftp://ftp.gmd.de/packages/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/general/programming/languages/script/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Greece ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
+ Hungary ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
+ Iceland ftp://ftp.gm.is/pub/CPAN/
+ Ireland ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/
+ Italy ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/
+ Netherlands ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Norway ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/
+ ftp://sunsite.uio.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Poland ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/
+ Portugal ftp://ftp.ci.uminho.pt/pub/mirrors/cpan/
+ ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/
+ Romania ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/
+ Russia ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Slovakia ftp://ftp.entry.sk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ Slovenia ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/
+ Spain ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/
+ ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/
+ Sweden ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Switzerland ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/
+ Turkey ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/
+ United Kingdom ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/
+
+
+=item North America
+
+ Alberta ftp://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/
+ California ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ http://download.sourceforge.net/mirrors/CPAN/
+ Colorado ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ Florida ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ Georgia ftp://ftp.twoguys.org/CPAN/
+ Illinois ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Indiana ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ Kentucky ftp://ftp.uky.edu/CPAN/
+ Manitoba ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
+ Massachusetts ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/
+ Mexico ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/
+ New York ftp://ftp.deao.net/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
+ North Carolina ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/
+ Nova Scotia ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/
+ Oklahoma ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/
+ Ontario ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/packages/lang/perl/CPAN/
+ Oregon ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/packages/CPAN/
+ Pennsylvania ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/
+ Tennessee ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/
+ Texas ftp://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
+ ftp://jhcloos.com/pub/mirror/CPAN/
+ Utah ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/
+ Virginia ftp://ftp.perl.org/pub/perl/CPAN/
+ ftp://ruff.cs.jmu.edu/pub/CPAN/
+ Washington ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.spu.edu/pub/CPAN/
+
+
+=item South America
+
+ Brazil ftp://cpan.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/CPAN/
+ ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/
+ Chile ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/Lang/PERL/
=back
For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites,
-see F<http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN> or F<ftp://ftp.perl.com/perl/>.
+see http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN/SITES or ftp://www.perl.com/CPAN/SITES .
=head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
=item Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse.
+Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>).
+Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks
+of code that need less warnings.
+
Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless
into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor,
e.g.,:
Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate.
Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>.
-Generally you can delete the "C<eq 'FOO'>" part with no harm at all.
+Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all.
Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired
class names as far as possible.
-Avoid C<$r-E<gt>Class::func()> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and
-C<$r-E<gt>func()> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details).
+Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and
+C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details).
Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a
burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to
eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller();
Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say
-"C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);>" your applications should be able
+C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able
to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example,
does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;>
into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ?
difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state
information in objects.
-Always use B<-w>. Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>).
+Always use B<-w>.
+
+Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>).
Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks
-of code that need less strictness. Always use B<-w>. Always use B<-w>!
+of code that need less strictness.
+
+Always use B<-w>.
+
Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual.
+Always use B<-w>.
+
=item Some simple style guidelines
The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points.
$no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables
Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase.
-e.g., C<$obj-E<gt>as_string()>.
+e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>.
You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or
function should not be used outside the package that defined it.
short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes.
Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the
-module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<$blessed_ref-E<gt>method>)
+module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>)
syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to
indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use.
variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point
number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths,
e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version.
-See Exporter.pm in Perl5.001m or later for details.
+See L<Exporter> for details.
It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number.
Use the number in announcements and archive file names when
Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off
distribution.
-If possible you should place the module into a major ftp archive and
+If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should
include details of its location in your announcement.
Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file
FTP Archives for Perl Modules:
-Follow the instructions and links on
+Follow the instructions and links on:
- http://franz.ww.tu-berlin.de/modulelist
+ http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/00modlist.long.html
+ http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/04pause.html
or upload to one of these sites:
- ftp://franz.ww.tu-berlin.de/incoming
- ftp://ftp.cis.ufl.edu/incoming
+ https://pause.kbx.de/pause/
+ http://pause.perl.org/pause/
-and notify <F<upload@franz.ww.tu-berlin.de>>.
+and notify <modules@perl.org>.
By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror
your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on
Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions.
Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the
-old behaviour if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes.
+old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes.
=back
=item Make the most of the opportunity.
If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the
-opportunity to redesign the interface. The 'Guidelines for Module
-Creation' above include many of the issues you should consider.
+opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module
+creation above include many of the issues you should consider.
=item The pl2pm utility will get you started.
projects / p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git / blobdiff