ls /usr/lib/nls
+ ls /usr/share/locale
+
and see whether they list something resembling these
en_US.ISO8859-1 de_DE.ISO8859-1 ru_RU.ISO8859-5
english.iso88591 german.iso88591 russian.iso88595
english.roman8 russian.koi8r
-Sadly, even though the calling interface for setlocale() has
-been standardized, names of locales and the directories where the
+Sadly, even though the calling interface for setlocale() has been
+standardized, names of locales and the directories where the
configuration resides have not been. The basic form of the name is
-I<language_country/territory>B<.>I<codeset>, but the latter parts after
-I<language> are not always present. The I<language> and I<country> are
-usually from the standards B<ISO 3166> and B<ISO 639>, the two-letter
-abbreviations for the countries and the languages of the world,
-respectively. The I<codeset> part often mentions some B<ISO 8859>
-character set, the Latin codesets. For example, C<ISO 8859-1> is the
-so-called "Western codeset" that can be used to encode most Western
-European languages. Again, there are several ways to write even the
-name of that one standard. Lamentably.
+I<language_territory>B<.>I<codeset>, but the latter parts after
+I<language> are not always present. The I<language> and I<country>
+are usually from the standards B<ISO 3166> and B<ISO 639>, the
+two-letter abbreviations for the countries and the languages of the
+world, respectively. The I<codeset> part often mentions some B<ISO
+8859> character set, the Latin codesets. For example, C<ISO 8859-1>
+is the so-called "Western European codeset" that can be used to encode
+most Western European languages adequately. Again, there are several
+ways to write even the name of that one standard. Lamentably.
Two special locales are worth particular mention: "C" and "POSIX".
Currently these are effectively the same locale: the difference is
locale inconsistencies or to run Perl under the default locale "C".
Perl's moaning about locale problems can be silenced by setting the
-environment variable PERL_BADLANG to a non-zero value, for example
-"1". This method really just sweeps the problem under the carpet: you
-tell Perl to shut up even when Perl sees that something is wrong. Do
-not be surprised if later something locale-dependent misbehaves.
+environment variable PERL_BADLANG to a zero value, for example "0".
+This method really just sweeps the problem under the carpet: you tell
+Perl to shut up even when Perl sees that something is wrong. Do not
+be surprised if later something locale-dependent misbehaves.
Perl can be run under the "C" locale by setting the environment
variable LC_ALL to "C". This method is perhaps a bit more civilized
(prefix matches do not count and case usually counts) like "En_US"
without the quotes, then you should be okay because you are using a
locale name that should be installed and available in your system.
-In this case, see L<Fixing system locale configuration>.
+In this case, see L<Permanently fixing system locale configuration>.
=head2 Permanently fixing your locale configuration
standardization is weak in this area. See again the L<Finding
locales> about general rules.
-=head2 Permanently fixing system locale configuration
+=head2 Fixing system locale configuration
Contact a system administrator (preferably your own) and report the exact
error message you get, and ask them to read this same documentation you
The remaining locale category, C<LC_MESSAGES> (possibly supplemented
by others in particular implementations) is not currently used by
-Perl--except possibly to affect the behavior of library functions called
-by extensions outside the standard Perl distribution.
+Perl--except possibly to affect the behavior of library functions
+called by extensions outside the standard Perl distribution and by the
+operating system and its utilities. Note especially that the string
+value of C<$!> and the error messages given by external utilities may
+be changed by C<LC_MESSAGES>. If you want to have portable error
+codes, use C<%!>. See L<Errno>.
=head1 SECURITY
A string that can suppress Perl's warning about failed locale settings
at startup. Failure can occur if the locale support in the operating
system is lacking (broken) in some way--or if you mistyped the name of
-a locale when you set up your environment. If this environment variable
-is absent, or has a value that does not evaluate to integer zero--that
-is, "0" or ""--Perl will complain about locale setting failures.
+a locale when you set up your environment. If this environment
+variable is absent, or has a value that does not evaluate to integer
+zero--that is, "0" or ""-- Perl will complain about locale setting
+failures.
B<NOTE>: PERL_BADLANG only gives you a way to hide the warning message.
The message tells about some problem in your system's locale support,
C<LC_ALL> is the "override-all" locale environment variable. If
set, it overrides all the rest of the locale environment variables.
+=item LANGUAGE
+
+B<NOTE>: C<LANGUAGE> is a GNU extension, it affects you only if you
+are using the GNU libc. This is the case if you are using e.g. Linux.
+If you are using "commercial" UNIXes you are most probably I<not>
+using GNU libc and you can ignore C<LANGUAGE>.
+
+However, in the case you are using C<LANGUAGE>: it affects the
+language of informational, warning, and error messages output by
+commands (in other words, it's like C<LC_MESSAGES>) but it has higher
+priority than L<LC_ALL>. Moreover, it's not a single value but
+instead a "path" (":"-separated list) of I<languages> (not locales).
+See the GNU C<gettext> library documentation for more information.
+
=item LC_CTYPE
In the absence of C<LC_ALL>, C<LC_CTYPE> chooses the character type
(see L<The setlocale function>). By default, Perl still behaves this
way for backward compatibility. If you want a Perl application to pay
attention to locale information, you B<must> use the S<C<use locale>>
-pragma (see L<The use locale Pragma>) to instruct it to do so.
+pragma (see L<The use locale pragma>) to instruct it to do so.
Versions of Perl from 5.002 to 5.003 did use the C<LC_CTYPE>
information if available; that is, C<\w> did understand what