=head1 Signals
-Perl uses a simple signal handling model: the %SIG hash contains names or
-references of user-installed signal handlers. These handlers will be called
-with an argument which is the name of the signal that triggered it. A
-signal may be generated intentionally from a particular keyboard sequence like
-control-C or control-Z, sent to you from another process, or
-triggered automatically by the kernel when special events transpire, like
-a child process exiting, your process running out of stack space, or
-hitting file size limit.
-
-For example, to trap an interrupt signal, set up a handler like this.
-Do as little as you possibly can in your handler; notice how all we do is
-set a global variable and then raise an exception. That's because on most
-systems, libraries are not re-entrant; particularly, memory allocation and
-I/O routines are not. That means that doing nearly I<anything> in your
-handler could in theory trigger a memory fault and subsequent core dump.
+Perl uses a simple signal handling model: the %SIG hash contains names
+or references of user-installed signal handlers. These handlers will
+be called with an argument which is the name of the signal that
+triggered it. A signal may be generated intentionally from a
+particular keyboard sequence like control-C or control-Z, sent to you
+from another process, or triggered automatically by the kernel when
+special events transpire, like a child process exiting, your process
+running out of stack space, or hitting file size limit.
+
+For example, to trap an interrupt signal, set up a handler like this:
sub catch_zap {
my $signame = shift;
$SIG{INT} = 'catch_zap'; # could fail in modules
$SIG{INT} = \&catch_zap; # best strategy
+Prior to Perl 5.7.3 it was necessary to do as little as you possibly
+could in your handler; notice how all we do is set a global variable
+and then raise an exception. That's because on most systems,
+libraries are not re-entrant; particularly, memory allocation and I/O
+routines are not. That meant that doing nearly I<anything> in your
+handler could in theory trigger a memory fault and subsequent core
+dump - see L<Deferred Signals> below.
+
The names of the signals are the ones listed out by C<kill -l> on your
system, or you can retrieve them from the Config module. Set up an
@signame list indexed by number to get the name and a %signo table
$SIG{CHLD} = \&REAPER;
# now do something that forks...
-or even the more elaborate:
+or better still:
use POSIX ":sys_wait_h";
sub REAPER {
my $child;
+ # If a second child dies while in the signal handler caused by the
+ # first death, we won't get another signal. So must loop here else
+ # we will leave the unreaped child as a zombie. And the next time
+ # two children die we get another zombie. And so on.
while (($child = waitpid(-1,WNOHANG)) > 0) {
$Kid_Status{$child} = $?;
}
the F<t/lib/posix.t> file from the Perl source distribution has some
examples in it.
+=head2 Handling the SIGHUP Signal in Daemons
+
+A process that usually starts when the system boots and shuts down
+when the system is shut down is called a daemon (Disk And Execution
+MONitor). If a daemon process has a configuration file which is
+modified after the process has been started, there should be a way to
+tell that process to re-read its configuration file, without stopping
+the process. Many daemons provide this mechanism using the C<SIGHUP>
+signal handler. When you want to tell the daemon to re-read the file
+you simply send it the C<SIGHUP> signal.
+
+Not all platforms automatically reinstall their (native) signal
+handlers after a signal delivery. This means that the handler works
+only the first time the signal is sent. The solution to this problem
+is to use C<POSIX> signal handlers if available, their behaviour
+is well-defined.
+
+The following example implements a simple daemon, which restarts
+itself every time the C<SIGHUP> signal is received. The actual code is
+located in the subroutine C<code()>, which simply prints some debug
+info to show that it works and should be replaced with the real code.
+
+ #!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+ use POSIX ();
+ use FindBin ();
+ use File::Basename ();
+ use File::Spec::Functions;
+
+ $|=1;
+
+ # make the daemon cross-platform, so exec always calls the script
+ # itself with the right path, no matter how the script was invoked.
+ my $script = File::Basename::basename($0);
+ my $SELF = catfile $FindBin::Bin, $script;
+
+ # POSIX unmasks the sigprocmask properly
+ my $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new();
+ my $action = POSIX::SigAction->new('sigHUP_handler',
+ $sigset,
+ &POSIX::SA_NODEFER);
+ POSIX::sigaction(&POSIX::SIGHUP, $action);
+
+ sub sigHUP_handler {
+ print "got SIGHUP\n";
+ exec($SELF, @ARGV) or die "Couldn't restart: $!\n";
+ }
+
+ code();
+
+ sub code {
+ print "PID: $$\n";
+ print "ARGV: @ARGV\n";
+ my $c = 0;
+ while (++$c) {
+ sleep 2;
+ print "$c\n";
+ }
+ }
+ __END__
+
+
=head1 Named Pipes
A named pipe (often referred to as a FIFO) is an old Unix IPC
sleep 2; # to avoid dup signals
}
-=head2 WARNING
+=head2 Deferred Signals
-By installing Perl code to deal with signals, you're exposing yourself
-to danger from two things. First, few system library functions are
-re-entrant. If the signal interrupts while Perl is executing one function
-(like malloc(3) or printf(3)), and your signal handler then calls the
-same function again, you could get unpredictable behavior--often, a
-core dump. Second, Perl isn't itself re-entrant at the lowest levels.
-If the signal interrupts Perl while Perl is changing its own internal
-data structures, similarly unpredictable behaviour may result.
+In Perls before Perl 5.7.3 by installing Perl code to deal with
+signals, you were exposing yourself to danger from two things. First,
+few system library functions are re-entrant. If the signal interrupts
+while Perl is executing one function (like malloc(3) or printf(3)),
+and your signal handler then calls the same function again, you could
+get unpredictable behavior--often, a core dump. Second, Perl isn't
+itself re-entrant at the lowest levels. If the signal interrupts Perl
+while Perl is changing its own internal data structures, similarly
+unpredictable behaviour may result.
-There are two things you can do, knowing this: be paranoid or be
-pragmatic. The paranoid approach is to do as little as possible in your
+There were two things you could do, knowing this: be paranoid or be
+pragmatic. The paranoid approach was to do as little as possible in your
signal handler. Set an existing integer variable that already has a
value, and return. This doesn't help you if you're in a slow system call,
which will just restart. That means you have to C<die> to longjump(3) out
of the handler. Even this is a little cavalier for the true paranoiac,
who avoids C<die> in a handler because the system I<is> out to get you.
-The pragmatic approach is to say ``I know the risks, but prefer the
-convenience'', and to do anything you want in your signal handler,
-prepared to clean up core dumps now and again.
+The pragmatic approach was to say ``I know the risks, but prefer the
+convenience'', and to do anything you wanted in your signal handler,
+and be prepared to clean up core dumps now and again.
+
+In Perl 5.7.3 and later to avoid these problems signals are
+"deferred"-- that is when the signal is delivered to the process by
+the system (to the C code that implements Perl) a flag is set, and the
+handler returns immediately. Then at strategic "safe" points in the
+Perl interpreter (e.g. when it is about to execute a new opcode) the
+flags are checked and the Perl level handler from %SIG is
+executed. The "deferred" scheme allows much more flexibility in the
+coding of signal handler as we know Perl interpreter is in a safe
+state, and that we are not in a system library function when the
+handler is called. However the implementation does differ from
+previous Perls in the following ways:
-To forbid signal handlers altogether would bars you from
-many interesting programs, including virtually everything in this manpage,
-since you could no longer even write SIGCHLD handlers.
+=over 4
+=item Long running opcodes
+
+As Perl interpreter only looks at the signal flags when it about to
+execute a new opcode if a signal arrives during a long running opcode
+(e.g. a regular expression operation on a very large string) then
+signal will not be seen until operation completes.
+
+=item Interrupting IO
+
+When a signal is delivered (e.g. INT control-C) the operating system
+breaks into IO operations like C<read> (used to implement Perls
+E<lt>E<gt> operator). On older Perls the handler was called
+immediately (and as C<read> is not "unsafe" this worked well). With
+the "deferred" scheme the handler is not called immediately, and if
+Perl is using system's C<stdio> library that library may re-start the
+C<read> without returning to Perl and giving it a chance to call the
+%SIG handler. If this happens on your system the solution is to use
+C<:perlio> layer to do IO - at least on those handles which you want
+to be able to break into with signals. (The C<:perlio> layer checks
+the signal flags and calls %SIG handlers before resuming IO operation.)
+
+Note that the default in Perl 5.7.3 and later is to automatically use
+the C<:perlio> layer.
+
+=item Signals as "faults"
+
+Certain signals e.g. SEGV, ILL, BUS are generated as a result of
+virtual memory or other "faults". These are normally fatal and there
+is little a Perl-level handler can do with them. (In particular the
+old signal scheme was particularly unsafe in such cases.) However if
+a %SIG handler is set the new scheme simply sets a flag and returns as
+described above. This may cause the operating system to try the
+offending machine instruction again and - as nothing has changed - it
+will generate the signal again. The result of this is a rather odd
+"loop". In future Perl's signal mechanism may be changed to avoid this
+- perhaps by simply disallowing %SIG handlers on signals of that
+type. Until then the work-round is not to set a %SIG handler on those
+signals. (Which signals they are is operating system dependant.)
+
+=item Signals triggered by operating system state
+
+On some operating systems certain signal handlers are supposed to "do
+something" before returning. One example can be CHLD or CLD which
+indicates a child process has completed. On some operating systems the
+signal handler is expected to C<wait> for the completed child
+process. On such systems the deferred signal scheme will not work for
+those signals (it does not do the C<wait>). Again the failure will
+look like a loop as the operating system will re-issue the signal as
+there are un-waited-for completed child processes.
+
+=back
=head1 Using open() for IPC
-Perl's basic open() statement can also be used for unidirectional interprocess
-communication by either appending or prepending a pipe symbol to the second
-argument to open(). Here's how to start something up in a child process you
-intend to write to:
+Perl's basic open() statement can also be used for unidirectional
+interprocess communication by either appending or prepending a pipe
+symbol to the second argument to open(). Here's how to start
+something up in a child process you intend to write to:
open(SPOOLER, "| cat -v | lpr -h 2>/dev/null")
|| die "can't fork: $!";
STDIN. If you open a pipe I<from> minus, you can read from the filehandle
you opened whatever your kid writes to his STDOUT.
- use English;
+ use English '-no_match_vars';
my $sleep_count = 0;
do {
The newer Expect.pm module from CPAN also addresses this kind of thing.
This module requires two other modules from CPAN: IO::Pty and IO::Stty.
It sets up a pseudo-terminal to interact with programs that insist on
-using talking to the terminal device driver. If your system is
+using talking to the terminal device driver. If your system is
amongst those supported, this may be your best bet.
=head2 Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
exit;
}
-But you don't actually have to make two pipe calls. If you
+But you don't actually have to make two pipe calls. If you
have the socketpair() system call, it will do this all for you.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
BEGIN { $ENV{PATH} = '/usr/ucb:/bin' }
use Socket;
use Carp;
- $EOL = "\015\012";
+ my $EOL = "\015\012";
sub logmsg { print "$0 $$: @_ at ", scalar localtime, "\n" }
my $port = shift || 2345;
my $proto = getprotobyname('tcp');
- ($port) = $port =~ /^(\d+)$/ || die "invalid port";
+ ($port) = $port =~ /^(\d+)$/ or die "invalid port";
socket(Server, PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, $proto) || die "socket: $!";
setsockopt(Server, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
BEGIN { $ENV{PATH} = '/usr/ucb:/bin' }
use Socket;
use Carp;
- $EOL = "\015\012";
+ my $EOL = "\015\012";
sub spawn; # forward declaration
sub logmsg { print "$0 $$: @_ at ", scalar localtime, "\n" }
my $port = shift || 2345;
my $proto = getprotobyname('tcp');
- ($port) = $port =~ /^(\d+)$/ || die "invalid port";
+ ($port) = $port =~ /^(\d+)$/ or die "invalid port";
socket(Server, PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, $proto) || die "socket: $!";
setsockopt(Server, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
my $waitedpid = 0;
my $paddr;
+ use POSIX ":sys_wait_h";
sub REAPER {
- $waitedpid = wait;
+ my $child;
+ while (($waitedpid = waitpid(-1,WNOHANG)) > 0) {
+ logmsg "reaped $waitedpid" . ($? ? " with exit $?" : '');
+ }
$SIG{CHLD} = \&REAPER; # loathe sysV
- logmsg "reaped $waitedpid" . ($? ? " with exit $?" : '');
}
$SIG{CHLD} = \&REAPER;
use Carp;
BEGIN { $ENV{PATH} = '/usr/ucb:/bin' }
+ sub spawn; # forward declaration
sub logmsg { print "$0 $$: @_ at ", scalar localtime, "\n" }
my $NAME = '/tmp/catsock';
my $waitedpid;
+ use POSIX ":sys_wait_h";
sub REAPER {
- $waitedpid = wait;
+ my $child;
+ while (($waitedpid = waitpid(-1,WNOHANG)) > 0) {
+ logmsg "reaped $waitedpid" . ($? ? " with exit $?" : '');
+ }
$SIG{CHLD} = \&REAPER; # loathe sysV
- logmsg "reaped $waitedpid" . ($? ? " with exit $?" : '');
}
$SIG{CHLD} = \&REAPER;
};
}
+ sub spawn {
+ my $coderef = shift;
+
+ unless (@_ == 0 && $coderef && ref($coderef) eq 'CODE') {
+ confess "usage: spawn CODEREF";
+ }
+
+ my $pid;
+ if (!defined($pid = fork)) {
+ logmsg "cannot fork: $!";
+ return;
+ } elsif ($pid) {
+ logmsg "begat $pid";
+ return; # I'm the parent
+ }
+ # else I'm the child -- go spawn
+
+ open(STDIN, "<&Client") || die "can't dup client to stdin";
+ open(STDOUT, ">&Client") || die "can't dup client to stdout";
+ ## open(STDERR, ">&STDOUT") || die "can't dup stdout to stderr";
+ exit &$coderef();
+ }
+
As you see, it's remarkably similar to the Internet domain TCP server, so
much so, in fact, that we've omitted several duplicate functions--spawn(),
logmsg(), ctime(), and REAPER()--which are exactly the same as in the
Once the generic server socket has been created using the parameters
listed above, the server then waits for a new client to connect
-to it. The server blocks in the C<accept> method, which eventually an
-bidirectional connection to the remote client. (Make sure to autoflush
+to it. The server blocks in the C<accept> method, which eventually accepts a
+bidirectional connection from the remote client. (Make sure to autoflush
this handle to circumvent buffering.)
To add to user-friendliness, our server prompts the user for commands.
already exists; or, if locked into a slow (restarting) system call,
using die() to raise an exception and longjmp(3) out. In fact, even
these may in some cases cause a core dump. It's probably best to avoid
-signals except where they are absolutely inevitable. This
+signals except where they are absolutely inevitable. This
will be addressed in a future release of Perl.
=head1 AUTHOR
projects / p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git / blobdiff