sub tan { sin($_[0]) / cos($_[0]) }
-Note that atan2(0, 0) is not well-defined.
+The return value for C<atan2(0,0)> is implementation-defined; consult
+your atan2(3) manpage for more information.
=item bind SOCKET,NAME
X<bind>
is implemented. It is also Perl's exception trapping mechanism, where
the die operator is used to raise exceptions.
+If you want to trap errors when loading an XS module, some problems with
+the binary interface (such as Perl version skew) may be fatal even with
+C<eval> unless C<$ENV{PERL_DL_NONLAZY}> is set. See L<perlrun>.
+
If the code to be executed doesn't vary, you may use the eval-BLOCK
form to trap run-time errors without incurring the penalty of
recompiling each time. The error, if any, is still returned in C<$@>.
particular situation, you can just use symbolic references instead, as
in case 6.
+The assignment to C<$@> occurs before restoration of localised variables,
+which means a temporary is required if you want to mask some but not all
+errors:
+
+ # alter $@ on nefarious repugnancy only
+ {
+ my $e;
+ {
+ local $@; # protect existing $@
+ eval { test_repugnancy() };
+ # $@ =~ /nefarious/ and die $@; # DOES NOT WORK
+ $@ =~ /nefarious/ and $e = $@;
+ }
+ die $e if defined $e
+ }
+
C<eval BLOCK> does I<not> count as a loop, so the loop control statements
C<next>, C<last>, or C<redo> cannot be used to leave or restart the block.
Given an expression that specifies a hash element or array element,
returns true if the specified element in the hash or array has ever
-been initialized, even if the corresponding value is undefined. The
-element is not autovivified if it doesn't exist.
+been initialized, even if the corresponding value is undefined.
print "Exists\n" if exists $hash{$key};
print "Defined\n" if defined $hash{$key};
EXPR is omitted, C<$_> is used. The C<< <*.c> >> operator is discussed in
more detail in L<perlop/"I/O Operators">.
+Note that C<glob> will split its arguments on whitespace, treating
+each segment as separate pattern. As such, C<glob('*.c *.h')> would
+match all files with a F<.c> or F<.h> extension. The expression
+C<glob('.* *')> would match all files in the current working directory.
+
Beginning with v5.6.0, this operator is implemented using the standard
-C<File::Glob> extension. See L<File::Glob> for details.
+C<File::Glob> extension. See L<File::Glob> for details, including
+C<bsd_glob> which does not treat whitespace as a pattern separator.
=item gmtime EXPR
X<gmtime> X<UTC> X<Greenwich>
=item length
Returns the length in I<characters> of the value of EXPR. If EXPR is
-omitted, returns length of C<$_>. Note that this cannot be used on
-an entire array or hash to find out how many elements these have.
-For that, use C<scalar @array> and C<scalar keys %hash> respectively.
+omitted, returns length of C<$_>. If EXPR is undefined, returns C<undef>.
+Note that this cannot be used on an entire array or hash to find out how
+many elements these have. For that, use C<scalar @array> and C<scalar keys
+%hash> respectively.
Note the I<characters>: if the EXPR is in Unicode, you will get the
number of characters, not the number of bytes. To get the length
C<$isdst> is true if the specified time occurs during Daylight Saving
Time, false otherwise.
-If EXPR is omitted, C<localtime()> uses the current time (C<localtime(time)>).
+If EXPR is omitted, C<localtime()> uses the current time (as returned
+by time(3)).
In scalar context, C<localtime()> returns the ctime(3) value:
C<$::sail> is equivalent to C<$main::sail> (as well as to C<$main'sail>,
still seen in older code).
-If NAMESPACE is omitted, then there is no current package, and all
-identifiers must be fully qualified or lexicals. However, you are
-strongly advised not to make use of this feature. Its use can cause
-unexpected behaviour, even crashing some versions of Perl. It is
-deprecated, and will be removed from a future release.
-
See L<perlmod/"Packages"> for more information about packages, modules,
and classes. See L<perlsub> for other scoping issues.
=item qq/STRING/
-=item qr/STRING/
-
=item qx/STRING/
=item qw/STRING/
-Generalized quotes. See L<perlop/"Regexp Quote-Like Operators">.
+Generalized quotes. See L<perlop/"Quote-Like Operators">.
+
+=item qr/STRING/
+
+Regexp-like quote. See L<perlop/"Regexp Quote-Like Operators">.
=item quotemeta EXPR
X<quotemeta> X<metacharacter>
elements of LIST and returns a string value with all characters
in the opposite order.
- print reverse <>; # line tac, last line first
+ print join(", ", reverse "world", "Hello"); # Hello, world
- undef $/; # for efficiency of <>
- print scalar reverse <>; # character tac, last line tsrif
+ print scalar reverse "dlrow ,", "olleH"; # Hello, world
Used without arguments in scalar context, reverse() reverses C<$_>.
+ $_ = "dlrow ,olleH";
+ print reverse; # No output, list context
+ print scalar reverse; # Hello, world
+
This operator is also handy for inverting a hash, although there are some
caveats. If a value is duplicated in the original hash, only one of those
can be represented as a key in the inverted hash. Also, this has to
disables the file descriptor in any forked copies in other
processes.
+Returns C<1> for success. In the case of error, returns C<undef> if
+the first argument is not a valid filehandle, or returns C<0> and sets
+C<$!> for any other failure.
+
=item sin EXPR
X<sin> X<sine> X<asin> X<arcsine>
=item sleep
Causes the script to sleep for EXPR seconds, or forever if no EXPR.
+Returns the number of seconds actually slept.
+
May be interrupted if the process receives a signal such as C<SIGALRM>.
-Returns the number of seconds actually slept. You probably cannot
-mix C<alarm> and C<sleep> calls, because C<sleep> is often implemented
-using C<alarm>.
+
+ eval {
+ local $SIG{ALARM} = sub { die "Alarm!\n" };
+ sleep;
+ };
+ die $@ unless $@ eq "Alarm!\n";
+
+You probably cannot mix C<alarm> and C<sleep> calls, because C<sleep>
+is often implemented using C<alarm>.
On some older systems, it may sleep up to a full second less than what
you requested, depending on how it counts seconds. Most modern systems
matching a null string) will split the value of EXPR into separate
characters at each point it matches that way. For example:
- print join(':', split(/ */, 'hi there'));
+ print join(':', split(/ */, 'hi there')), "\n";
produces the output 'h:i:t:h:e:r:e'.
of C<//> to mean "the last successful pattern match". So, for C<split>,
the following:
- print join(':', split(//, 'hi there'));
+ print join(':', split(//, 'hi there')), "\n";
produces the output 'h:i: :t:h:e:r:e'.
when LIMIT is given and is not 0), regardless of the length of the match.
For example:
- print join(':', split(//, 'hi there!', -1));
- print join(':', split(/\W/, 'hi there!', -1));
+ print join(':', split(//, 'hi there!', -1)), "\n";
+ print join(':', split(/\W/, 'hi there!', -1)), "\n";
produce the output 'h:i: :t:h:e:r:e:!:' and 'hi:there:', respectively,
both with an empty trailing field.
one or more of:
- space prefix positive number with a space
- + prefix positive number with a plus sign
+ space prefix non-negative number with a space
+ + prefix non-negative number with a plus sign
- left-justify within the field
0 use zeros, not spaces, to right-justify
# ensure the leading "0" for any octal,
projects / p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git / blobdiff