=head1 NAME
-perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date: 2003/01/26 17:45:46 $)
+perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 2005/10/13 19:49:13 $)
=head1 DESCRIPTION
formats, and footers.
=head2 How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
+X<flush> X<buffer> X<unbuffer> X<autoflush>
Perl does not support truly unbuffered output (except
insofar as you can C<syswrite(OUT, $char, 1)>), although it
$sock->autoflush();
=head2 How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
+X<file, editing>
Use the Tie::File module, which is included in the standard
distribution since Perl 5.8.0.
=head2 How do I count the number of lines in a file?
+X<file, counting lines> X<lines> X<line>
One fairly efficient way is to count newlines in the file. The
following program uses a feature of tr///, as documented in L<perlop>.
This assumes no funny games with newline translations.
=head2 How can I use Perl's C<-i> option from within a program?
+X<-i> X<in-place>
C<-i> sets the value of Perl's C<$^I> variable, which in turn affects
the behavior of C<< <> >>; see L<perlrun> for more details. By
leaving a backup of the original data from each file in a new
C<.c.orig> file.
+=head2 How can I copy a file?
+X<copy> X<file, copy>
+
+(contributed by brian d foy)
+
+Use the File::Copy module. It comes with Perl and can do a
+true copy across file systems, and it does its magic in
+a portable fashion.
+
+ use File::Copy;
+
+ copy( $original, $new_copy ) or die "Copy failed: $!";
+
+If you can't use File::Copy, you'll have to do the work yourself:
+open the original file, open the destination file, then print
+to the destination file as you read the original.
+
=head2 How do I make a temporary file name?
+X<file, temporary>
+
+If you don't need to know the name of the file, you can use C<open()>
+with C<undef> in place of the file name. The C<open()> function
+creates an anonymous temporary file.
-Use the File::Temp module, see L<File::Temp> for more information.
+ open my $tmp, '+>', undef or die $!;
+
+Otherwise, you can use the File::Temp module.
use File::Temp qw/ tempfile tempdir /;
my $count = 0;
until (defined(fileno(FH)) || $count++ > 100) {
$base_name =~ s/-(\d+)$/"-" . (1 + $1)/e;
+ # O_EXCL is required for security reasons.
sysopen(FH, $base_name, O_WRONLY|O_EXCL|O_CREAT);
}
if (defined(fileno(FH))
}
=head2 How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
+X<fixed-length> X<file, fixed-length records>
-The most efficient way is using pack() and unpack(). This is faster than
-using substr() when taking many, many strings. It is slower for just a few.
+The most efficient way is using L<pack()|perlfunc/"pack"> and
+L<unpack()|perlfunc/"unpack">. This is faster than using
+L<substr()|perlfunc/"substr"> when taking many, many strings. It is
+slower for just a few.
Here is a sample chunk of code to break up and put back together again
some fixed-format input lines, in this case from the output of a normal,
# sample input line:
# 15158 p5 T 0:00 perl /home/tchrist/scripts/now-what
- $PS_T = 'A6 A4 A7 A5 A*';
- open(PS, "ps|");
- print scalar <PS>;
- while (<PS>) {
- ($pid, $tt, $stat, $time, $command) = unpack($PS_T, $_);
- for $var (qw!pid tt stat time command!) {
- print "$var: <$$var>\n";
+ my $PS_T = 'A6 A4 A7 A5 A*';
+ open my $ps, '-|', 'ps';
+ print scalar <$ps>;
+ my @fields = qw( pid tt stat time command );
+ while (<$ps>) {
+ my %process;
+ @process{@fields} = unpack($PS_T, $_);
+ for my $field ( @fields ) {
+ print "$field: <$process{$field}>\n";
}
- print 'line=', pack($PS_T, $pid, $tt, $stat, $time, $command),
- "\n";
+ print 'line=', pack($PS_T, @process{@fields} ), "\n";
}
-We've used C<$$var> in a way that forbidden by C<use strict 'refs'>.
-That is, we've promoted a string to a scalar variable reference using
-symbolic references. This is okay in small programs, but doesn't scale
-well. It also only works on global variables, not lexicals.
+We've used a hash slice in order to easily handle the fields of each row.
+Storing the keys in an array means it's easy to operate on them as a
+group or loop over them with for. It also avoids polluting the program
+with global variables and using symbolic references.
=head2 How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
+X<filehandle, local> X<filehandle, passing> X<filehandle, reference>
As of perl5.6, open() autovivifies file and directory handles
as references if you pass it an uninitialized scalar variable.
check out the Symbol or IO::Handle modules.
=head2 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
+X<filehandle, indirect>
An indirect filehandle is using something other than a symbol
in a place that a filehandle is expected. Here are ways
game doesn't help you at all here.
=head2 How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
+X<footer>
There's no builtin way to do this, but L<perlform> has a couple of
techniques to make it possible for the intrepid hacker.
=head2 How can I write() into a string?
+X<write, into a string>
See L<perlform/"Accessing Formatting Internals"> for an swrite() function.
=head2 How can I output my numbers with commas added?
+X<number, commify>
+
+(contributed by brian d foy and Benjamin Goldberg)
+
+You can use L<Number::Format> to separate places in a number.
+It handles locale information for those of you who want to insert
+full stops instead (or anything else that they want to use,
+really).
This subroutine will add commas to your number:
s/(
^[-+]? # beginning of number.
- \d{1,3}? # first digits before first comma
+ \d+? # first digits before first comma
(?= # followed by, (but not included in the match) :
(?>(?:\d{3})+) # some positive multiple of three digits.
(?!\d) # an *exact* multiple, not x * 3 + 1 or whatever.
)/$1,/xg;
=head2 How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
+X<tilde> X<tilde expansion>
Use the <> (glob()) operator, documented in L<perlfunc>. Older
versions of Perl require that you have a shell installed that groks
}ex;
=head2 How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
+X<clobber> X<read-write> X<clobbering> X<truncate> X<truncating>
Because you're using something like this, which truncates the file and
I<then> gives you read-write access:
To open a file without blocking, creating if necessary:
- sysopen(FH, "/tmp/somefile", O_WRONLY|O_NDELAY|O_CREAT)
- or die "can't open /tmp/somefile: $!":
+ sysopen(FH, "/foo/somefile", O_WRONLY|O_NDELAY|O_CREAT)
+ or die "can't open /foo/somefile: $!":
Be warned that neither creation nor deletion of files is guaranteed to
be an atomic operation over NFS. That is, two processes might both
See also the new L<perlopentut> if you have it (new for 5.6).
=head2 Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use E<lt>*E<gt>?
+X<argument list too long>
The C<< <> >> operator performs a globbing operation (see above).
In Perl versions earlier than v5.6.0, the internal glob() operator forks
one that doesn't use the shell to do globbing.
=head2 Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
+X<glob>
Due to the current implementation on some operating systems, when you
use the glob() function or its angle-bracket alias in a scalar
best therefore to use glob() only in list context.
=head2 How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
+X<filename, special characters>
-Normally perl ignores trailing blanks in filenames, and interprets
-certain leading characters (or a trailing "|") to mean something
-special.
+(contributed by Brian McCauley)
-The three argument form of open() lets you specify the mode
-separately from the filename. The open() function treats
-special mode characters and whitespace in the filename as
-literals
+The special two argument form of Perl's open() function ignores
+trailing blanks in filenames and infers the mode from certain leading
+characters (or a trailing "|"). In older versions of Perl this was the
+only version of open() and so it is prevalent in old code and books.
+Unless you have a particular reason to use the two argument form you
+should use the three argument form of open() which does not treat any
+charcters in the filename as special.
+
open FILE, "<", " file "; # filename is " file "
open FILE, ">", ">file"; # filename is ">file"
-It may be a lot clearer to use sysopen(), though:
-
- use Fcntl;
- $badpath = "<<<something really wicked ";
- sysopen (FH, $badpath, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC)
- or die "can't open $badpath: $!";
-
=head2 How can I reliably rename a file?
+X<rename> X<mv> X<move> X<file, rename> X<ren>
If your operating system supports a proper mv(1) utility or its
functional equivalent, this works:
Newer versions of File::Copy export a move() function.
=head2 How can I lock a file?
+X<lock> X<file, lock> X<flock>
Perl's builtin flock() function (see L<perlfunc> for details) will call
flock(2) if that exists, fcntl(2) if it doesn't (on perl version 5.004 and
=back
=head2 Why can't I just open(FH, "E<gt>file.lock")?
+X<lock, lockfile race condition>
A common bit of code B<NOT TO USE> is this:
atomic test-and-set instruction. In theory, this "ought" to work:
sysopen(FH, "file.lock", O_WRONLY|O_EXCL|O_CREAT)
- or die "can't open file.lock: $!":
+ or die "can't open file.lock: $!";
except that lamentably, file creation (and deletion) is not atomic
over NFS, so this won't work (at least, not every time) over the net.
these tend to involve busy-wait, which is also subdesirable.
=head2 I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?
+X<counter> X<file, counter>
Didn't anyone ever tell you web-page hit counters were useless?
They don't count number of hits, they're a waste of time, and they serve
If the count doesn't impress your friends, then the code might. :-)
=head2 All I want to do is append a small amount of text to the end of a file. Do I still have to use locking?
+X<append> X<file, append>
If you are on a system that correctly implements flock() and you use the
example appending code from "perldoc -f flock" everything will be OK
systems where this probability is reduced to zero.
=head2 How do I randomly update a binary file?
+X<file, binary patch>
If you're just trying to patch a binary, in many cases something as
simple as this works:
Don't forget them or you'll be quite sorry.
=head2 How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
+X<timestamp> X<file, timestamp>
If you want to retrieve the time at which the file was last
read, written, or had its meta-data (owner, etc) changed,
for details.
=head2 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
+X<timestamp> X<file, timestamp>
You use the utime() function documented in L<perlfunc/utime>.
By way of example, here's a little program that copies the
Error checking is, as usual, left as an exercise for the reader.
-Note that utime() currently doesn't work correctly with Win95/NT
-ports. A bug has been reported. Check it carefully before using
-utime() on those platforms.
+The perldoc for utime also has an example that has the same
+effect as touch(1) on files that I<already exist>.
+
+Certain file systems have a limited ability to store the times
+on a file at the expected level of precision. For example, the
+FAT and HPFS filesystem are unable to create dates on files with
+a finer granularity than two seconds. This is a limitation of
+the filesystems, not of utime().
=head2 How do I print to more than one file at once?
+X<print, to multiple files>
To connect one filehandle to several output filehandles,
you can use the IO::Tee or Tie::FileHandle::Multiplex modules.
for $fh (FH1, FH2, FH3) { print $fh "whatever\n" }
=head2 How can I read in an entire file all at once?
+X<slurp> X<file, slurping>
You can use the File::Slurp module to do it in one step.
and reads that many bytes into the buffer $var.
=head2 How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
+X<file, reading by paragraphs>
Use the C<$/> variable (see L<perlvar> for details). You can either
set it to C<""> to eliminate empty paragraphs (C<"abc\n\n\n\ndef">,
S<C<"fred\n \nstuff\n\n">> is one paragraph, but C<"fred\n\nstuff\n\n"> is two.
=head2 How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
+X<getc> X<file, reading one character at a time>
You can use the builtin C<getc()> function for most filehandles, but
it won't (easily) work on a terminal device. For STDIN, either use
pipes, and tty devices work, but I<not> files.
=head2 How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
+X<tail>
First try
There's also a File::Tail module from CPAN.
=head2 How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
+X<dup>
If you check L<perlfunc/open>, you'll see that several of the ways
to call open() should do the trick. For example:
- open(LOG, ">>/tmp/logfile");
+ open(LOG, ">>/foo/logfile");
open(STDERR, ">&LOG");
Or even with a literal numeric descriptor:
Error checking, as always, has been left as an exercise for the reader.
=head2 How do I close a file descriptor by number?
+X<file, closing file descriptors>
This should rarely be necessary, as the Perl close() function is to be
used for things that Perl opened itself, even if it was a dup of a
}
=head2 Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? Why doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
+X<filename, DOS issues>
Whoops! You just put a tab and a formfeed into that filename!
Remember that within double quoted strings ("like\this"), the
are more portable, too.
=head2 Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
+X<glob>
Because even on non-Unix ports, Perl's glob function follows standard
Unix globbing semantics. You'll need C<glob("*")> to get all (non-hidden)
the permissions of the file govern whether you're allowed to.
=head2 How do I select a random line from a file?
+X<file, selecting a random line>
Here's an algorithm from the Camel Book:
=head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-Copyright (c) 1997-2002 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington.
-All rights reserved.
+Copyright (c) 1997-2005 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and
+other authors as noted. All rights reserved.
This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
projects / p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git / blobdiff