=head1 DESCRIPTION
-This document is structured into the following sections:
+The perlfaq is structured into the following documents:
-=over
-=item perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ.
+=head2 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ.
This document.
-=item L<perlfaq1>: General Questions About Perl
+=head2 L<perlfaq1>: General Questions About Perl
Very general, high-level information about Perl.
=over 4
-=item * What is Perl?
+=item *
-=item * Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
+What is Perl?
-=item * Which version of Perl should I use?
+=item *
-=item * What are perl4 and perl5?
+Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
-=item * What is perl6?
+=item *
-=item * How stable is Perl?
+Which version of Perl should I use?
-=item * Is Perl difficult to learn?
+=item *
-=item * How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?
+What are perl4 and perl5?
-=item * Can I do [task] in Perl?
+=item *
-=item * When shouldn't I program in Perl?
+What is perl6?
-=item * What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
+=item *
-=item * Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
+How stable is Perl?
-=item * What is a JAPH?
+=item *
-=item * Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
+Is Perl difficult to learn?
-=item * How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
+=item *
+
+How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?
+
+=item *
+
+Can I do [task] in Perl?
+
+=item *
+
+When shouldn't I program in Perl?
+
+=item *
+
+What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
+
+=item *
+
+Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
+
+=item *
+
+What is a JAPH?
+
+=item *
+
+Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version 5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language?
=back
-=item L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and Learning about Perl
+=head2 L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and Learning about Perl
Where to find source and documentation to Perl, support,
and related matters.
=over 4
-=item * What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
+=item *
+
+What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I get a binary version of Perl?
+
+=item *
-=item * How can I get a binary version of Perl?
+I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
-=item * I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
+=item *
-=item * I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work.
+I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work.
-=item * I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
+=item *
-=item * What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?
+I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
-=item * Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
+=item *
-=item * Where can I get information on Perl?
+What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?
-=item * What are the Perl newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?
+=item *
-=item * Where should I post source code?
+Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
-=item * Perl Books
+=item *
-=item * Perl in Magazines
+Where can I get information on Perl?
-=item * Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
+=item *
-=item * What mailing lists are there for perl?
+What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
-=item * Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
+=item *
-=item * Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
+Where should I post source code?
-=item * Where do I send bug reports?
+=item *
-=item * What is perl.com?
+Perl Books
+
+=item *
+
+Perl in Magazines
+
+=item *
+
+Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
+
+=item *
+
+What mailing lists are there for Perl?
+
+=item *
+
+Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
+
+=item *
+
+Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
+
+=item *
+
+Where do I send bug reports?
+
+=item *
+
+What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
=back
-=item L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools
+=head2 L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools
Programmer tools and programming support.
=over 4
-=item * How do I do (anything)?
+=item *
+
+How do I do (anything)?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I use Perl interactively?
+
+=item *
+
+Is there a Perl shell?
-=item * How can I use Perl interactively?
+=item *
-=item * Is there a Perl shell?
+How do I debug my Perl programs?
-=item * How do I debug my Perl programs?
+=item *
-=item * How do I profile my Perl programs?
+How do I profile my Perl programs?
-=item * How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
+=item *
-=item * Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
+How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
-=item * Is there a ctags for Perl?
+=item *
-=item * Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
+Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
-=item * Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
+=item *
-=item * Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
+Is there a ctags for Perl?
-=item * How can I use curses with Perl?
+=item *
-=item * How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
+Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
-=item * How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
+=item *
-=item * What is undump?
+Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
-=item * How can I make my Perl program run faster?
+=item *
-=item * How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
+Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
-=item * Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
+=item *
-=item * How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
+How can I use curses with Perl?
-=item * How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
+=item *
-=item * How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
+How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
-=item * How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
+=item *
-=item * How can I compile Perl into Java?
+How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
-=item * How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
+=item *
-=item * Can I write useful perl programs on the command line?
+What is undump?
-=item * Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
+=item *
-=item * Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
+How can I make my Perl program run faster?
-=item * Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
+=item *
-=item * Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
+How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
-=item * I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
-my C program, what am I doing wrong?
+=item *
-=item * When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
+Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I compile Perl into Java?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
+
+=item *
+
+Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
+
+=item *
+
+Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
+
+=item *
+
+Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
+
+=item *
+
+Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
+
+=item *
+
+Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
+
+=item *
+
+I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
+my C program; what am I doing wrong?
+
+=item *
+
+When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
mean?
-=item * What's MakeMaker?
+=item *
+
+What's MakeMaker?
=back
-=item L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation
+=head2 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation
Manipulating numbers, dates, strings, arrays, hashes, and
miscellaneous data issues.
=over 4
-=item * Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
+=item *
+
+Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
+
+=item *
+
+Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
+
+=item *
+
+Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I convert bits into ints?
+
+=item *
+
+Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I multiply matrices?
-=item * Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
+=item *
-=item * Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?
+How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
-=item * How do I convert bits into ints?
+=item *
-=item * Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
+How can I output Roman numerals?
-=item * How do I multiply matrices?
+=item *
-=item * How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
+Why aren't my random numbers random?
-=item * How can I output Roman numerals?
+=item *
-=item * Why aren't my random numbers random?
+How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
-=item * How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
+=item *
-=item * How do I find the current century or millennium?
+How do I find the current century or millennium?
-=item * How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
+=item *
-=item * How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
+How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
-=item * How can I find the Julian Day?
+=item *
-=item * How do I find yesterday's date?
+How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
-=item * Does Perl have a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
+=item *
-=item * How do I validate input?
+How can I find the Julian Day?
-=item * How do I unescape a string?
+=item *
-=item * How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
+How do I find yesterday's date?
-=item * How do I expand function calls in a string?
+=item *
-=item * How do I find matching/nesting anything?
+Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
-=item * How do I reverse a string?
+=item *
-=item * How do I expand tabs in a string?
+How do I validate input?
-=item * How do I reformat a paragraph?
+=item *
-=item * How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
+How do I unescape a string?
-=item * How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
+=item *
-=item * How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?
+How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
-=item * How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
+=item *
-=item * How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
+How do I expand function calls in a string?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I find matching/nesting anything?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I reverse a string?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I expand tabs in a string?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I reformat a paragraph?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
[character]? (Comma-separated files)
-=item * How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
+=item *
+
+How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I extract selected columns from a string?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I find the soundex value of a string?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I expand variables in text strings?
+
+=item *
+
+What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
+
+=item *
+
+Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
+
+=item *
+
+What is the difference between a list and an array?
+
+=item *
+
+What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
+
+=item *
-=item * How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
+How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
-=item * How do I extract selected columns from a string?
+=item *
-=item * How do I find the soundex value of a string?
+How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the intersection of two arrays?
-=item * How can I expand variables in text strings?
+=item *
-=item * What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
+How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
-=item * Why don't my E<lt>E<lt>HERE documents work?
+=item *
-=item * What is the difference between a list and an array?
+How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
-=item * What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
+=item *
-=item * How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
+How do I handle linked lists?
-=item * How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
+=item *
-=item * How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the intersection of two arrays?
+How do I handle circular lists?
-=item * How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
+=item *
-=item * How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
+How do I shuffle an array randomly?
-=item * How do I handle linked lists?
+=item *
-=item * How do I handle circular lists?
+How do I process/modify each element of an array?
-=item * How do I shuffle an array randomly?
+=item *
-=item * How do I process/modify each element of an array?
+How do I select a random element from an array?
-=item * How do I select a random element from an array?
+=item *
-=item * How do I permute N elements of a list?
+How do I permute N elements of a list?
-=item * How do I sort an array by (anything)?
+=item *
-=item * How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
+How do I sort an array by (anything)?
-=item * Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
+=item *
-=item * How do I process an entire hash?
+How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
-=item * What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?
+=item *
-=item * How do I look up a hash element by value?
+Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
-=item * How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
+=item *
-=item * How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
+How do I process an entire hash?
-=item * How can I always keep my hash sorted?
+=item *
-=item * What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
+What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?
-=item * Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
+=item *
-=item * How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
+How do I look up a hash element by value?
-=item * How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
+=item *
-=item * How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
+How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
-=item * How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
+=item *
-=item * Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?
+How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
-=item * How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array of hashes or arrays?
+=item *
-=item * How can I use a reference as a hash key?
+How can I always keep my hash sorted?
-=item * How do I handle binary data correctly?
+=item *
-=item * How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
+What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
-=item * How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
+=item *
-=item * How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
+Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
-=item * How do I define methods for every class/object?
+=item *
-=item * How do I verify a credit card checksum?
+How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
-=item * How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
+=item *
+
+How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
+
+=item *
+
+Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array of hashes or arrays?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I use a reference as a hash key?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I handle binary data correctly?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I define methods for every class/object?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I verify a credit card checksum?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
=back
-=item L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats
+=head2 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats
I/O and the "f" issues: filehandles, flushing, formats and footers.
=over 4
-=item * How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
+=item *
+
+How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I count the number of lines in a file?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I make a temporary file name?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
+
+=item *
-=item * How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
+How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
-=item * How do I count the number of lines in a file?
+=item *
-=item * How do I make a temporary file name?
+How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
-=item * How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
+=item *
-=item * How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
+How can I write() into a string?
-=item * How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
+=item *
-=item * How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
+How can I output my numbers with commas added?
-=item * How can I write() into a string?
+=item *
-=item * How can I output my numbers with commas added?
+How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
-=item * How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
+=item *
-=item * How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
+How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
-=item * Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use E<lt>*E<gt>?
+=item *
-=item * Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
+Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
-=item * How can I open a file with a leading "E<gt>" or trailing blanks?
+=item *
-=item * How can I reliably rename a file?
+Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
-=item * How can I lock a file?
+=item *
-=item * Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
+How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
-=item * I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?
+=item *
-=item * How do I randomly update a binary file?
+How can I reliably rename a file?
-=item * How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
+=item *
-=item * How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
+How can I lock a file?
-=item * How do I print to more than one file at once?
+=item *
-=item * How can I read in an entire file all at once?
+Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
-=item * How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
+=item *
-=item * How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
+I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?
-=item * How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
+=item *
-=item * How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
+All I want to do is append a small amount of text to the end of a file. Do I still have to use locking?
-=item * How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
+=item *
-=item * How do I close a file descriptor by number?
+How do I randomly update a binary file?
-=item * Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
+=item *
-=item * Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
+How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
-=item * Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
+=item *
-=item * How do I select a random line from a file?
+How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
-=item * Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
+=item *
+
+How do I print to more than one file at once?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I read in an entire file all at once?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I close a file descriptor by number?
+
+=item *
+
+Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
+
+=item *
+
+Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
+
+=item *
+
+Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I select a random line from a file?
+
+=item *
+
+Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
=back
-=item L<perlfaq6>: Regexps
+=head2 L<perlfaq6>: Regexps
Pattern matching and regular expressions.
=over 4
-=item * How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and unmaintainable code?
+=item *
+
+How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and unmaintainable code?
+
+=item *
+
+I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on different lines?
+
+=item *
+
+I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS while preserving case on the RHS?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
-=item * I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
+=item *
-=item * How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on different lines?
+How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
-=item * I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
+=item *
-=item * How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?
+What is C</o> really for?
-=item * How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
+=item *
-=item * How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
+How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?
-=item * How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
+=item *
-=item * What is C</o> really for?
+Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
-=item * How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?
+=item *
-=item * Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
+What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
-=item * What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
+=item *
-=item * How do I process each word on each line?
+How do I process each word on each line?
-=item * How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
+=item *
-=item * How can I do approximate matching?
+How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
-=item * How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
+=item *
-=item * Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
+How can I do approximate matching?
-=item * Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
+=item *
-=item * What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
+How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
-=item * Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
+=item *
-=item * What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
+Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
-=item * How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
+=item *
-=item * How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
+Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
+
+=item *
+
+What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
+
+=item *
+
+Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
+
+=item *
+
+What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
=back
-=item L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues
+=head2 L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues
General Perl language issues that don't clearly fit into any of the
other sections.
=over 4
-=item * Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
+=item *
+
+Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
+
+=item *
+
+What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to use them?
+
+=item *
+
+Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and commas?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I skip some return values?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I temporarily block warnings?
+
+=item *
+
+What's an extension?
+
+=item *
+
+Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I declare/create a structure?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I create a module?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I create a class?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
+
+=item *
+
+What's a closure?
+
+=item *
+
+What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?
+
+=item *
-=item * What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to use them?
+How do I create a static variable?
-=item * Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and commas?
+=item *
-=item * How do I skip some return values?
+What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between local() and my()?
-=item * How do I temporarily block warnings?
+=item *
-=item * What's an extension?
+How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical is in scope?
-=item * Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
+=item *
-=item * How do I declare/create a structure?
+What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
-=item * How do I create a module?
+=item *
-=item * How do I create a class?
+Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
-=item * How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
+=item *
-=item * What's a closure?
+How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
-=item * What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
+=item *
-=item * How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?
+What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
-=item * How do I create a static variable?
+=item *
-=item * What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between local() and my()?
+How do I create a switch or case statement?
-=item * How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical is in scope?
+=item *
-=item * What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
+How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
-=item * Why doesn't "my($foo) = E<lt>FILEE<gt>;" work right?
+=item *
-=item * How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
+Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
-=item * What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
+=item *
-=item * How do I create a switch or case statement?
+How can I find out my current package?
-=item * How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
+=item *
-=item * Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
+How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
-=item * How can I find out my current package?
+=item *
-=item * How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
+How do I clear a package?
-=item * How do I clear a package?
+=item *
-=item * How can I use a variable as a variable name?
+How can I use a variable as a variable name?
=back
-=item L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction
+=head2 L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction
Interprocess communication (IPC), control over the user-interface
(keyboard, screen and pointing devices).
=over 4
-=item * How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
+=item *
-=item * How come exec() doesn't return?
+How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
-=item * How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
+=item *
-=item * How do I print something out in color?
+How come exec() doesn't return?
-=item * How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
+=item *
-=item * How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
+How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
-=item * How do I clear the screen?
+=item *
-=item * How do I get the screen size?
+How do I print something out in color?
-=item * How do I ask the user for a password?
+=item *
-=item * How do I read and write the serial port?
+How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
-=item * How do I decode encrypted password files?
+=item *
-=item * How do I start a process in the background?
+How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
-=item * How do I trap control characters/signals?
+=item *
-=item * How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
+How do I clear the screen?
-=item * How do I set the time and date?
+=item *
-=item * How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
+How do I get the screen size?
-=item * How can I measure time under a second?
+=item *
-=item * How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
+How do I ask the user for a password?
-=item * Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
+=item *
-=item * How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
+How do I read and write the serial port?
-=item * Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
+=item *
-=item * Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
+How do I decode encrypted password files?
-=item * How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
+=item *
-=item * Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
+How do I start a process in the background?
-=item * How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
+=item *
-=item * Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
+How do I trap control characters/signals?
-=item * What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
+=item *
-=item * How can I call backticks without shell processing?
+How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
-=item * Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?
+=item *
-=item * How can I convert my shell script to perl?
+How do I set the time and date?
-=item * Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
+=item *
-=item * How can I write expect in Perl?
+How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
-=item * Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as "ps"?
+=item *
-=item * I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?
+How can I measure time under a second?
-=item * How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?
+=item *
-=item * How do I fork a daemon process?
+How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
-=item * How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
+=item *
-=item * How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
+Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
-=item * How do I timeout a slow event?
+=item *
-=item * How do I set CPU limits?
+How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
-=item * How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
+=item *
-=item * How do I use an SQL database?
+Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
-=item * How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
+=item *
-=item * How do I open a file without blocking?
+Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
-=item * How do I install a module from CPAN?
+=item *
-=item * What's the difference between require and use?
+How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
-=item * How do I keep my own module/library directory?
+=item *
-=item * How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library search path?
+Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
-=item * How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
+=item *
-=item * What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
+How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
+
+=item *
+
+Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
+
+=item *
+
+What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I call backticks without shell processing?
+
+=item *
+
+Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I convert my shell script to perl?
+
+=item *
+
+Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I write expect in Perl?
+
+=item *
+
+Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as "ps"?
+
+=item *
+
+I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I fork a daemon process?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I timeout a slow event?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I set CPU limits?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I use an SQL database?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I open a file without blocking?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I install a module from CPAN?
+
+=item *
+
+What's the difference between require and use?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I keep my own module/library directory?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library search path?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
+
+=item *
+
+What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
=back
-=item L<perlfaq9>: Networking
+=head2 L<perlfaq9>: Networking
Networking, the Internet, and a few on the web.
=over 4
-=item * My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500 Server Error)
+=item *
-=item * How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
+My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500 Server Error)
-=item * How do I remove HTML from a string?
+=item *
-=item * How do I extract URLs?
+How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
-=item * How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on another machine?
+=item *
-=item * How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
+How do I remove HTML from a string?
-=item * How do I fetch an HTML file?
+=item *
-=item * How do I automate an HTML form submission?
+How do I extract URLs?
-=item * How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
+=item *
-=item * How do I redirect to another page?
+How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on another machine?
-=item * How do I put a password on my web pages?
+=item *
-=item * How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
+How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
-=item * How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?
+=item *
-=item * How do I parse a mail header?
+How do I fetch an HTML file?
-=item * How do I decode a CGI form?
+=item *
-=item * How do I check a valid mail address?
+How do I automate an HTML form submission?
-=item * How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
+=item *
-=item * How do I return the user's mail address?
+How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
-=item * How do I send mail?
+=item *
-=item * How do I read mail?
+How do I redirect to another page?
-=item * How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
+=item *
-=item * How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
+How do I put a password on my web pages?
-=item * How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
+=item *
-=item * How can I do RPC in Perl?
+How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
-=back
+=item *
+
+How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I parse a mail header?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I decode a CGI form?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I check a valid mail address?
+
+=item *
+How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I return the user's mail address?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I send mail?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I read mail?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
+
+=item *
+
+How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
+
+=item *
+
+How can I do RPC in Perl?
=back
-=head2 Where to get this document
+
+=head1 About the perlfaq documents
+
+=head2 Where to get the perlfaq
This document is posted regularly to comp.lang.perl.announce and
several other related newsgroups. It is available in a variety of
-formats from CPAN in the /CPAN/doc/FAQs/FAQ/ directory, or on the web
+formats from CPAN in the /CPAN/doc/FAQs/FAQ/ directory or on the web
at http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/ .
-=head2 How to contribute to this document
+=head2 How to contribute to the perlfaq
You may mail corrections, additions, and suggestions to
perlfaq-suggestions@perl.com . This alias should not be
=head2 Bundled Distributions
-When included as part of the Standard Version of Perl, or as part of
+When included as part of the Standard Version of Perl or as part of
its complete documentation whether printed or otherwise, this work
may be distributed only under the terms of Perl's Artistic License.
Any distribution of this file or derivatives thereof I<outside>
-of that package require that special arrangements be made with
+of that package requires that special arrangements be made with
copyright holder.
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples in these files
=over 4
+=item 1/November/2000
+
+A few grammatical fixes and updates implemented by John Borwick.
+
=item 23/May/99
Extensive updates from the net in preparation for 5.6 release.
projects / p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git / blobdiff