# C.pm
#
-# Copyright (c) 1996, 1997 Malcolm Beattie
+# Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998 Malcolm Beattie
#
# You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
# License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
#
+package B::C::Section;
+use B ();
+use base B::Section;
+
+sub new
+{
+ my $class = shift;
+ my $o = $class->SUPER::new(@_);
+ push(@$o,[]);
+ return $o;
+}
+
+sub add
+{
+ my $section = shift;
+ push(@{$section->[-1]},@_);
+}
+
+sub index
+{
+ my $section = shift;
+ return scalar(@{$section->[-1]})-1;
+}
+
+sub output
+{
+ my ($section, $fh, $format) = @_;
+ my $sym = $section->symtable || {};
+ my $default = $section->default;
+ foreach (@{$section->[-1]})
+ {
+ s{(s\\_[0-9a-f]+)}{ exists($sym->{$1}) ? $sym->{$1} : $default; }ge;
+ printf $fh $format, $_;
+ }
+}
+
package B::C;
use Exporter ();
@ISA = qw(Exporter);
-@EXPORT_OK = qw(output_all output_boilerplate output_main
- init_sections set_callback save_unused_subs objsym);
+@EXPORT_OK = qw(output_all output_boilerplate output_main mark_unused
+ init_sections set_callback save_unused_subs objsym save_context);
use B qw(minus_c sv_undef walkoptree walksymtable main_root main_start peekop
class cstring cchar svref_2object compile_stats comppadlist hash
- threadsv_names);
+ threadsv_names main_cv init_av opnumber amagic_generation
+ AVf_REAL HEf_SVKEY);
use B::Asmdata qw(@specialsv_name);
use FileHandle;
use Carp;
use strict;
+use Config;
+my $handle_VC_problem = "";
+$handle_VC_problem="{0}," if $^O eq 'MSWin32' and $Config{cc} =~ /^cl/i;
my $hv_index = 0;
my $gv_index = 0;
my $re_index = 0;
my $pv_index = 0;
my $anonsub_index = 0;
+my $initsub_index = 0;
my %symtable;
+my %xsub;
my $warn_undefined_syms;
my $verbose;
-my @unused_sub_packages;
+my %unused_sub_packages;
my $nullop_count;
-my $pv_copy_on_grow;
+my $pv_copy_on_grow = 0;
my ($debug_cops, $debug_av, $debug_cv, $debug_mg);
my @threadsv_names;
}
# Code sections
-my ($init, $decl, $symsect, $binopsect, $condopsect, $copsect, $cvopsect,
+my ($init, $decl, $symsect, $binopsect, $condopsect, $copsect,
$gvopsect, $listopsect, $logopsect, $loopsect, $opsect, $pmopsect,
$pvopsect, $svopsect, $unopsect, $svsect, $xpvsect, $xpvavsect,
$xpvhvsect, $xpvcvsect, $xpvivsect, $xpvnvsect, $xpvmgsect, $xpvlvsect,
- $xrvsect, $xpvbmsect, $xpviosect);
+ $xrvsect, $xpvbmsect, $xpviosect );
sub walk_and_save_optree;
my $saveoptree_callback = \&walk_and_save_optree;
# to "know" that op_seq is a U16 and use 65535. Ugh.
my $op_seq = 65535;
-sub AVf_REAL () { 1 }
-
-# XXX This shouldn't really be hardcoded here but it saves
-# looking up the name of every BASEOP in B::OP
-sub OP_THREADSV () { 345 }
+# Look this up here so we can do just a number compare
+# rather than looking up the name of every BASEOP in B::OP
+my $OP_THREADSV = opnumber('threadsv');
sub savesym {
my ($obj, $value) = @_;
}
sub savepv {
- my $pv = shift;
+ my $pv = shift;
+ $pv = '' unless defined $pv; # Is this sane ?
my $pvsym = 0;
my $pvmax = 0;
- if ($pv_copy_on_grow) {
+ if ($pv_copy_on_grow) {
my $cstring = cstring($pv);
if ($cstring ne "0") { # sic
$pvsym = sprintf("pv%d", $pv_index++);
sub B::OP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
my $type = $op->type;
$nullop_count++ unless $type;
- if ($type == OP_THREADSV) {
+ if ($type == $OP_THREADSV) {
# saves looking up ppaddr but it's a bit naughty to hard code this
$init->add(sprintf("(void)find_threadsv(%s);",
cstring($threadsv_names[$op->targ])));
}
- $opsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x",
+ $opsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr, $op->targ,
$type, $op_seq, $op->flags, $op->private));
savesym($op, sprintf("&op_list[%d]", $opsect->index));
sub B::FAKEOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
- $opsect->add(sprintf("%s, %s, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x",
+ $opsect->add(sprintf("%s, %s, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x",
$op->next, $op->sibling, $op->ppaddr, $op->targ,
$op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags, $op->private));
return sprintf("&op_list[%d]", $opsect->index);
sub B::UNOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
- $unopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x",
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
+ $unopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
$op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
$op->private, ${$op->first}));
sub B::BINOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
- $binopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x",
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
+ $binopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
$op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
$op->private, ${$op->first}, ${$op->last}));
sub B::LISTOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
- $listopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %u",
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
+ $listopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %u",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
$op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
$op->private, ${$op->first}, ${$op->last},
sub B::LOGOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
- $logopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x",
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
+ $logopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
$op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
$op->private, ${$op->first}, ${$op->other}));
savesym($op, sprintf("(OP*)&logop_list[%d]", $logopsect->index));
}
-sub B::CONDOP::save {
- my ($op, $level) = @_;
- $condopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x",
- ${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
- $op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
- $op->private, ${$op->first}, ${$op->true},
- ${$op->false}));
- savesym($op, sprintf("(OP*)&condop_list[%d]", $condopsect->index));
-}
-
sub B::LOOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
#warn sprintf("LOOP: redoop %s, nextop %s, lastop %s\n",
# peekop($op->redoop), peekop($op->nextop),
# peekop($op->lastop)); # debug
- $loopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %u, s\\_%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x",
+ $loopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %u, s\\_%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
$op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
$op->private, ${$op->first}, ${$op->last},
sub B::PVOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
- $pvopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, %s",
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
+ $pvopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, $handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, %s",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
$op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
$op->private, cstring($op->pv)));
sub B::SVOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
my $svsym = $op->sv->save;
- $svopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, %s",
+ $svopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, %s",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
$op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
$op->private, "(SV*)$svsym"));
sub B::GVOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
my $gvsym = $op->gv->save;
- $gvopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, Nullgv",
+ $gvopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, Nullgv",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
$op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
$op->private));
sub B::COP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
my $gvsym = $op->filegv->save;
my $stashsym = $op->stash->save;
warn sprintf("COP: line %d file %s\n", $op->line, $op->filegv->SV->PV)
if $debug_cops;
- $copsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, %s, Nullhv, Nullgv, %u, %d, %u",
+ $copsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, %s, Nullhv, Nullgv, %u, %d, %u",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $op->ppaddr,
$op->targ, $op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags,
$op->private, cstring($op->label), $op->cop_seq,
sub B::PMOP::save {
my ($op, $level) = @_;
+ my $sym = objsym($op);
+ return $sym if defined $sym;
my $replroot = $op->pmreplroot;
my $replstart = $op->pmreplstart;
my $replrootfield = sprintf("s\\_%x", $$replroot);
# OP_PUSHRE (a mutated version of OP_MATCH for the regexp
# argument to a split) stores a GV in op_pmreplroot instead
# of a substitution syntax tree. We don't want to walk that...
- if ($ppaddr eq "pp_pushre") {
+ if ($op->name eq "pushre") {
$gvsym = $replroot->save;
# warn "PMOP::save saving a pp_pushre with GV $gvsym\n"; # debug
$replrootfield = 0;
# pmnext handling is broken in perl itself, I think. Bad op_pmnext
# fields aren't noticed in perl's runtime (unless you try reset) but we
# segfault when trying to dereference it to find op->op_pmnext->op_type
- $pmopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s, %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %u, %s, %s, 0, 0, 0x%x, 0x%x",
+ $pmopsect->add(sprintf("s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %s,$handle_VC_problem %u, %u, %u, 0x%x, 0x%x, s\\_%x, s\\_%x, %u, %s, %s, 0, 0, 0x%x, 0x%x",
${$op->next}, ${$op->sibling}, $ppaddr, $op->targ,
$op->type, $op_seq, $op->flags, $op->private,
${$op->first}, ${$op->last}, $op->children,
#if ($$sv == 0) {
# warn "NULL::save for sv = 0 called from @{[(caller(1))[3]]}\n";
#}
- $svsect->add(sprintf("0, %u, 0x%x", $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $svsect->add(sprintf("0, %u, 0x%x", $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
return savesym($sv, sprintf("&sv_list[%d]", $svsect->index));
}
return $sym if defined $sym;
$xpvivsect->add(sprintf("0, 0, 0, %d", $sv->IVX));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpviv_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpvivsect->index, $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $xpvivsect->index, $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
return savesym($sv, sprintf("&sv_list[%d]", $svsect->index));
}
my ($sv) = @_;
my $sym = objsym($sv);
return $sym if defined $sym;
- $xpvnvsect->add(sprintf("0, 0, 0, %d, %s", $sv->IVX, $sv->NVX));
+ my $val= $sv->NVX;
+ $val .= '.00' if $val =~ /^-?\d+$/;
+ $xpvnvsect->add(sprintf("0, 0, 0, %d, %s", $sv->IVX, $val));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpvnv_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpvnvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $xpvnvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
return savesym($sv, sprintf("&sv_list[%d]", $svsect->index));
}
$pvsym, $len, $pvmax, $sv->IVX, $sv->NVX,
$sv->TARGOFF, $sv->TARGLEN, cchar($sv->TYPE)));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpvlv_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpvlvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $xpvlvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
if (!$pv_copy_on_grow) {
$init->add(sprintf("xpvlv_list[%d].xpv_pv = savepvn(%s, %u);",
$xpvlvsect->index, cstring($pv), $len));
my ($pvsym, $pvmax) = savepv($pv);
$xpvivsect->add(sprintf("%s, %u, %u, %d", $pvsym, $len, $pvmax, $sv->IVX));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpviv_list[%d], %u, 0x%x",
- $xpvivsect->index, $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $xpvivsect->index, $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
if (!$pv_copy_on_grow) {
$init->add(sprintf("xpviv_list[%d].xpv_pv = savepvn(%s, %u);",
$xpvivsect->index, cstring($pv), $len));
my ($sv) = @_;
my $sym = objsym($sv);
return $sym if defined $sym;
- my $pv = $sv->PV;
+ my $pv = $sv->PV;
+ $pv = '' unless defined $pv;
my $len = length($pv);
my ($pvsym, $pvmax) = savepv($pv);
+ my $val= $sv->NVX;
+ $val .= '.00' if $val =~ /^-?\d+$/;
$xpvnvsect->add(sprintf("%s, %u, %u, %d, %s",
- $pvsym, $len, $pvmax, $sv->IVX, $sv->NVX));
+ $pvsym, $len, $pvmax, $sv->IVX, $val));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpvnv_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpvnvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $xpvnvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
if (!$pv_copy_on_grow) {
$init->add(sprintf("xpvnv_list[%d].xpv_pv = savepvn(%s,%u);",
$xpvnvsect->index, cstring($pv), $len));
$len, $len + 258, $sv->IVX, $sv->NVX,
$sv->USEFUL, $sv->PREVIOUS, $sv->RARE));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpvbm_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpvbmsect->index, $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $xpvbmsect->index, $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
$sv->save_magic;
$init->add(sprintf("xpvbm_list[%d].xpv_pv = savepvn(%s, %u);",
$xpvbmsect->index, cstring($pv), $len),
my ($pvsym, $pvmax) = savepv($pv);
$xpvsect->add(sprintf("%s, %u, %u", $pvsym, $len, $pvmax));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpv_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $xpvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
if (!$pv_copy_on_grow) {
$init->add(sprintf("xpv_list[%d].xpv_pv = savepvn(%s, %u);",
$xpvsect->index, cstring($pv), $len));
$xpvmgsect->add(sprintf("%s, %u, %u, %d, %s, 0, 0",
$pvsym, $len, $pvmax, $sv->IVX, $sv->NVX));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpvmg_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpvmgsect->index, $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $xpvmgsect->index, $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
if (!$pv_copy_on_grow) {
$init->add(sprintf("xpvmg_list[%d].xpv_pv = savepvn(%s, %u);",
$xpvmgsect->index, cstring($pv), $len));
my ($sv) = @_;
#warn sprintf("saving magic for %s (0x%x)\n", class($sv), $$sv); # debug
my $stash = $sv->SvSTASH;
+ $stash->save;
if ($$stash) {
warn sprintf("xmg_stash = %s (0x%x)\n", $stash->NAME, $$stash)
if $debug_mg;
$init->add(sprintf("SvSTASH(s\\_%x) = s\\_%x;", $$sv, $$stash));
}
my @mgchain = $sv->MAGIC;
- my ($mg, $type, $obj, $ptr);
+ my ($mg, $type, $obj, $ptr,$len,$ptrsv);
foreach $mg (@mgchain) {
$type = $mg->TYPE;
$obj = $mg->OBJ;
$ptr = $mg->PTR;
- my $len = defined($ptr) ? length($ptr) : 0;
+ $len=$mg->LENGTH;
if ($debug_mg) {
warn sprintf("magic %s (0x%x), obj %s (0x%x), type %s, ptr %s\n",
class($sv), $$sv, class($obj), $$obj,
cchar($type), cstring($ptr));
}
- $init->add(sprintf("sv_magic((SV*)s\\_%x, (SV*)s\\_%x, %s, %s, %d);",
+ $obj->save;
+ if ($len == HEf_SVKEY){
+ #The pointer is an SV*
+ $ptrsv=svref_2object($ptr)->save;
+ $init->add(sprintf("sv_magic((SV*)s\\_%x, (SV*)s\\_%x, %s,(char *) %s, %d);",
+ $$sv, $$obj, cchar($type),$ptrsv,$len));
+ }else{
+ $init->add(sprintf("sv_magic((SV*)s\\_%x, (SV*)s\\_%x, %s, %s, %d);",
$$sv, $$obj, cchar($type),cstring($ptr),$len));
+ }
}
}
my ($sv) = @_;
my $sym = objsym($sv);
return $sym if defined $sym;
- $xrvsect->add($sv->RV->save);
+ my $rv = $sv->RV->save;
+ $rv =~ s/^\([AGHS]V\s*\*\)\s*(\&sv_list.*)$/$1/;
+ $xrvsect->add($rv);
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xrv_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xrvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT + 1, $sv->FLAGS));
+ $xrvsect->index, $sv->REFCNT , $sv->FLAGS));
return savesym($sv, sprintf("&sv_list[%d]", $svsect->index));
}
}
}
}
-
+sub Dummy_initxs{};
sub B::CV::save {
my ($cv) = @_;
my $sym = objsym($cv);
return $sym;
}
# Reserve a place in svsect and xpvcvsect and record indices
+ my $gv = $cv->GV;
+ my $cvstashname = $gv->STASH->NAME;
+ my $cvname = $gv->NAME;
+ my $root = $cv->ROOT;
+ my $cvxsub = $cv->XSUB;
+ #INIT is removed from the symbol table, so this call must come
+ # from PL_initav->save. Re-bootstrapping will push INIT back in
+ # so nullop should be sent.
+ if ($cvxsub && ($cvname ne "INIT")) {
+ my $egv = $gv->EGV;
+ my $stashname = $egv->STASH->NAME;
+ if ($cvname eq "bootstrap")
+ {
+ my $file = $cv->FILEGV->SV->PV;
+ $decl->add("/* bootstrap $file */");
+ warn "Bootstrap $stashname $file\n";
+ $xsub{$stashname}='Dynamic';
+ # $xsub{$stashname}='Static' unless $xsub{$stashname};
+ return qq/NULL/;
+ }
+ warn sprintf("stub for XSUB $cvstashname\:\:$cvname CV 0x%x\n", $$cv) if $debug_cv;
+ return qq/(perl_get_cv("$stashname\:\:$cvname",TRUE))/;
+ }
+ if ($cvxsub && $cvname eq "INIT") {
+ no strict 'refs';
+ return svref_2object(\&Dummy_initxs)->save;
+ }
my $sv_ix = $svsect->index + 1;
$svsect->add("svix$sv_ix");
my $xpvcv_ix = $xpvcvsect->index + 1;
$xpvcvsect->add("xpvcvix$xpvcv_ix");
# Save symbol now so that GvCV() doesn't recurse back to us via CvGV()
$sym = savesym($cv, "&sv_list[$sv_ix]");
- warn sprintf("saving CV 0x%x as $sym\n", $$cv) if $debug_cv;
- my $gv = $cv->GV;
- my $cvstashname = $gv->STASH->NAME;
- my $cvname = $gv->NAME;
- my $root = $cv->ROOT;
- my $cvxsub = $cv->XSUB;
+ warn sprintf("saving $cvstashname\:\:$cvname CV 0x%x as $sym\n", $$cv) if $debug_cv;
if (!$$root && !$cvxsub) {
if (try_autoload($cvstashname, $cvname)) {
# Recalculate root and xsub
$ppname .= ($stashname eq "main") ?
$gvname : "$stashname\::$gvname";
$ppname =~ s/::/__/g;
+ if ($gvname eq "INIT"){
+ $ppname .= "_$initsub_index";
+ $initsub_index++;
+ }
}
}
if (!$ppname) {
$$padlist, $$cv) if $debug_cv;
}
}
- elsif ($cvxsub) {
- $xsubany = sprintf("ANYINIT((void*)0x%x)", $cv->XSUBANY);
- # Try to find out canonical name of XSUB function from EGV.
- # XXX Doesn't work for XSUBs with PREFIX set (or anyone who
- # calls newXS() manually with weird arguments).
- my $egv = $gv->EGV;
- my $stashname = $egv->STASH->NAME;
- $stashname =~ s/::/__/g;
- $xsub = sprintf("XS_%s_%s", $stashname, $egv->NAME);
- $decl->add("void $xsub _((CV*));");
- }
else {
warn sprintf("No definition for sub %s::%s (unable to autoload)\n",
$cvstashname, $cvname); # debug
- }
- $symsect->add(sprintf("xpvcvix%d\t%s, %u, 0, %d, %s, 0, Nullhv, Nullhv, %s, s\\_%x, $xsub, $xsubany, Nullgv, Nullgv, %d, s\\_%x, (CV*)s\\_%x, 0",
+ }
+ $pv = '' unless defined $pv; # Avoid use of undef warnings
+ $symsect->add(sprintf("xpvcvix%d\t%s, %u, 0, %d, %s, 0, Nullhv, Nullhv, %s, s\\_%x, $xsub, $xsubany, Nullgv, Nullgv, %d, s\\_%x, (CV*)s\\_%x, 0x%x",
$xpvcv_ix, cstring($pv), length($pv), $cv->IVX,
$cv->NVX, $startfield, ${$cv->ROOT}, $cv->DEPTH,
- $$padlist, ${$cv->OUTSIDE}));
+ $$padlist, ${$cv->OUTSIDE}, $cv->CvFLAGS));
+
+ if (${$cv->OUTSIDE} == ${main_cv()}){
+ $init->add(sprintf("CvOUTSIDE(s\\_%x)=PL_main_cv;",$$cv));
+ $init->add(sprintf("SvREFCNT_inc(PL_main_cv);"));
+ }
+
if ($$gv) {
$gv->save;
$init->add(sprintf("CvGV(s\\_%x) = s\\_%x;",$$cv,$$gv));
$$stash, $$cv) if $debug_cv;
}
$symsect->add(sprintf("svix%d\t(XPVCV*)&xpvcv_list[%u], %lu, 0x%x",
- $sv_ix, $xpvcv_ix, $cv->REFCNT + 1, $cv->FLAGS));
+ $sv_ix, $xpvcv_ix, $cv->REFCNT +1 , $cv->FLAGS));
return $sym;
}
# warn "GV::save saving subfields\n"; # debug
my $gvsv = $gv->SV;
if ($$gvsv) {
+ $gvsv->save;
$init->add(sprintf("GvSV($sym) = s\\_%x;", $$gvsv));
# warn "GV::save \$$name\n"; # debug
- $gvsv->save;
}
my $gvav = $gv->AV;
if ($$gvav) {
+ $gvav->save;
$init->add(sprintf("GvAV($sym) = s\\_%x;", $$gvav));
# warn "GV::save \@$name\n"; # debug
- $gvav->save;
}
my $gvhv = $gv->HV;
if ($$gvhv) {
+ $gvhv->save;
$init->add(sprintf("GvHV($sym) = s\\_%x;", $$gvhv));
# warn "GV::save \%$name\n"; # debug
- $gvhv->save;
}
my $gvcv = $gv->CV;
- if ($$gvcv) {
- $init->add(sprintf("GvCV($sym) = (CV*)s\\_%x;", $$gvcv));
-# warn "GV::save &$name\n"; # debug
- $gvcv->save;
- }
+ if ($$gvcv) {
+ my $origname=cstring($gvcv->GV->EGV->STASH->NAME .
+ "::" . $gvcv->GV->EGV->NAME);
+ if (0 && $gvcv->XSUB && $name ne $origname) { #XSUB alias
+ # must save as a 'stub' so newXS() has a CV to populate
+ $init->add("{ CV *cv;");
+ $init->add("\tcv=perl_get_cv($origname,TRUE);");
+ $init->add("\tGvCV($sym)=cv;");
+ $init->add("\tSvREFCNT_inc((SV *)cv);");
+ $init->add("}");
+ } else {
+ $init->add(sprintf("GvCV($sym) = (CV*)(%s);", $gvcv->save));
+# warn "GV::save &$name\n"; # debug
+ }
+ }
my $gvfilegv = $gv->FILEGV;
if ($$gvfilegv) {
- $init->add(sprintf("GvFILEGV($sym) = s\\_%x;",$$gvfilegv));
-# warn "GV::save GvFILEGV(*$name)\n"; # debug
$gvfilegv->save;
+ $init->add(sprintf("GvFILEGV($sym) = (GV*)s\\_%x;",$$gvfilegv));
+# warn "GV::save GvFILEGV(*$name)\n"; # debug
}
my $gvform = $gv->FORM;
if ($$gvform) {
+ $gvform->save;
$init->add(sprintf("GvFORM($sym) = (CV*)s\\_%x;", $$gvform));
# warn "GV::save GvFORM(*$name)\n"; # debug
- $gvform->save;
}
my $gvio = $gv->IO;
if ($$gvio) {
+ $gvio->save;
$init->add(sprintf("GvIOp($sym) = s\\_%x;", $$gvio));
# warn "GV::save GvIO(*$name)\n"; # debug
- $gvio->save;
}
}
return $sym;
$xpvavsect->add(sprintf("0, -1, -1, 0, 0.0, 0, Nullhv, 0, 0, 0x%x",
$avflags));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpvav_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpvavsect->index, $av->REFCNT + 1, $av->FLAGS));
+ $xpvavsect->index, $av->REFCNT , $av->FLAGS));
my $sv_list_index = $svsect->index;
my $fill = $av->FILL;
$av->save_magic;
$xpvhvsect->add(sprintf("0, 0, %d, 0, 0.0, 0, Nullhv, %d, 0, 0, 0",
$hv->MAX, $hv->RITER));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpvhv_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpvhvsect->index, $hv->REFCNT + 1, $hv->FLAGS));
+ $xpvhvsect->index, $hv->REFCNT , $hv->FLAGS));
my $sv_list_index = $svsect->index;
my @contents = $hv->ARRAY;
if (@contents) {
my ($key, $value) = splice(@contents, 0, 2);
$init->add(sprintf("\thv_store(hv, %s, %u, %s, %s);",
cstring($key),length($key),$value, hash($key)));
+# $init->add(sprintf("\thv_store(hv, %s, %u, %s, %s);",
+# cstring($key),length($key),$value, 0));
}
$init->add("}");
}
+ $hv->save_magic();
return savesym($hv, "(HV*)&sv_list[$sv_list_index]");
}
my $sym = objsym($io);
return $sym if defined $sym;
my $pv = $io->PV;
+ $pv = '' unless defined $pv;
my $len = length($pv);
$xpviosect->add(sprintf("0, %u, %u, %d, %s, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, %d, %d, %d, %d, %s, Nullgv, %s, Nullgv, %s, Nullgv, %d, %s, 0x%x",
$len, $len+1, $io->IVX, $io->NVX, $io->LINES,
cstring($io->BOTTOM_NAME), $io->SUBPROCESS,
cchar($io->IoTYPE), $io->IoFLAGS));
$svsect->add(sprintf("&xpvio_list[%d], %lu, 0x%x",
- $xpviosect->index, $io->REFCNT + 1, $io->FLAGS));
+ $xpviosect->index, $io->REFCNT , $io->FLAGS));
$sym = savesym($io, sprintf("(IO*)&sv_list[%d]", $svsect->index));
my ($field, $fsym);
foreach $field (qw(TOP_GV FMT_GV BOTTOM_GV)) {
my $section;
my @sections = ($opsect, $unopsect, $binopsect, $logopsect, $condopsect,
$listopsect, $pmopsect, $svopsect, $gvopsect, $pvopsect,
- $cvopsect, $loopsect, $copsect, $svsect, $xpvsect,
+ $loopsect, $copsect, $svsect, $xpvsect,
$xpvavsect, $xpvhvsect, $xpvcvsect, $xpvivsect, $xpvnvsect,
$xpvmgsect, $xpvlvsect, $xrvsect, $xpvbmsect, $xpviosect);
$symsect->output(\*STDOUT, "#define %s\n");
static int $init_name()
{
dTHR;
+ dTARG;
+ djSP;
EOT
$init->output(\*STDOUT, "\t%s\n");
print "\treturn 0;\n}\n";
HV * xcv_stash;
OP * xcv_start;
OP * xcv_root;
- void (*xcv_xsub) _((CV*));
+ void (*xcv_xsub) (CV*);
void * xcv_xsubany;
GV * xcv_gv;
GV * xcv_filegv;
print <<'EOT';
#include "EXTERN.h"
#include "perl.h"
-#ifndef PATCHLEVEL
-#include "patchlevel.h"
-#endif
/* Workaround for mapstart: the only op which needs a different ppaddr */
-#undef pp_mapstart
-#define pp_mapstart pp_grepstart
+#undef Perl_pp_mapstart
+#define Perl_pp_mapstart Perl_pp_grepstart
+#define XS_DynaLoader_boot_DynaLoader boot_DynaLoader
+EXTERN_C void boot_DynaLoader (CV* cv);
-static void xs_init _((void));
+static void xs_init (void);
+static void dl_init (void);
static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
EOT
}
perl_init_i18nl10n(1);
- if (!do_undump) {
+ if (!PL_do_undump) {
my_perl = perl_alloc();
if (!my_perl)
exit(1);
}
#ifdef CSH
- if (!cshlen)
- cshlen = strlen(cshname);
+ if (!PL_cshlen)
+ PL_cshlen = strlen(PL_cshname);
#endif
#ifdef ALLOW_PERL_OPTIONS
exit( exitstatus );
sv_setpv(GvSV(gv_fetchpv("0", TRUE, SVt_PV)), argv[0]);
- main_cv = compcv;
- compcv = 0;
+ PL_main_cv = PL_compcv;
+ PL_compcv = 0;
exitstatus = perl_init();
if (exitstatus)
exit( exitstatus );
+ dl_init();
exitstatus = perl_run( my_perl );
exit( exitstatus );
}
+/* yanked from perl.c */
static void
xs_init()
{
-}
+ char *file = __FILE__;
+ dTARG;
+ djSP;
EOT
+ print "\n#ifdef USE_DYNAMIC_LOADING";
+ print qq/\n\tnewXS("DynaLoader::boot_DynaLoader", boot_DynaLoader, file);/;
+ print "\n#endif\n" ;
+ # delete $xsub{'DynaLoader'};
+ delete $xsub{'UNIVERSAL'};
+ print("/* bootstrapping code*/\n\tSAVETMPS;\n");
+ print("\ttarg=sv_newmortal();\n");
+ print "#ifdef DYNALOADER_BOOTSTRAP\n";
+ print "\tPUSHMARK(sp);\n";
+ print qq/\tXPUSHp("DynaLoader",strlen("DynaLoader"));\n/;
+ print qq/\tPUTBACK;\n/;
+ print "\tboot_DynaLoader(NULL);\n";
+ print qq/\tSPAGAIN;\n/;
+ print "#endif\n";
+ foreach my $stashname (keys %xsub){
+ if ($xsub{$stashname} ne 'Dynamic') {
+ my $stashxsub=$stashname;
+ $stashxsub =~ s/::/__/g;
+ print "\tPUSHMARK(sp);\n";
+ print qq/\tXPUSHp("$stashname",strlen("$stashname"));\n/;
+ print qq/\tPUTBACK;\n/;
+ print "\tboot_$stashxsub(NULL);\n";
+ print qq/\tSPAGAIN;\n/;
+ }
+ }
+ print("\tFREETMPS;\n/* end bootstrapping code */\n");
+ print "}\n";
+
+print <<'EOT';
+static void
+dl_init()
+{
+ char *file = __FILE__;
+ dTARG;
+ djSP;
+EOT
+ print("/* Dynamicboot strapping code*/\n\tSAVETMPS;\n");
+ print("\ttarg=sv_newmortal();\n");
+ foreach my $stashname (@DynaLoader::dl_modules) {
+ warn "Loaded $stashname\n";
+ if (exists($xsub{$stashname}) && $xsub{$stashname} eq 'Dynamic') {
+ my $stashxsub=$stashname;
+ $stashxsub =~ s/::/__/g;
+ print "\tPUSHMARK(sp);\n";
+ print qq/\tXPUSHp("$stashname",/,length($stashname),qq/);\n/;
+ print qq/\tPUTBACK;\n/;
+ print "#ifdef DYNALOADER_BOOTSTRAP\n";
+ warn "bootstrapping $stashname added to xs_init\n";
+ print qq/\tperl_call_method("bootstrap",G_DISCARD);\n/;
+ print "\n#else\n";
+ print "\tboot_$stashxsub(NULL);\n";
+ print "#endif\n";
+ print qq/\tSPAGAIN;\n/;
+ }
+ }
+ print("\tFREETMPS;\n/* end Dynamic bootstrapping code */\n");
+ print "}\n";
}
-
sub dump_symtable {
# For debugging
my ($sym, $val);
foreach $sv (@_) {
svref_2object($sv)->save;
}
+}
+
+sub Dummy_BootStrap { }
+
+sub B::GV::savecv
+{
+ my $gv = shift;
+ my $package=$gv->STASH->NAME;
+ my $name = $gv->NAME;
+ my $cv = $gv->CV;
+ my $sv = $gv->SV;
+ my $av = $gv->AV;
+ my $hv = $gv->HV;
+
+ # We may be looking at this package just because it is a branch in the
+ # symbol table which is on the path to a package which we need to save
+ # e.g. this is 'Getopt' and we need to save 'Getopt::Long'
+ #
+ return unless ($unused_sub_packages{$package});
+ return unless ($$cv || $$av || $$sv || $$hv);
+ $gv->save;
}
-sub B::GV::savecv {
- my $gv = shift;
- my $cv = $gv->CV;
- my $name = $gv->NAME;
- if ($$cv && !objsym($cv) && !($name eq "bootstrap" && $cv->XSUB)) {
- if ($debug_cv) {
- warn sprintf("saving extra CV &%s::%s (0x%x) from GV 0x%x\n",
- $gv->STASH->NAME, $name, $$cv, $$gv);
- }
- $gv->save;
+sub mark_package
+{
+ my $package = shift;
+ unless ($unused_sub_packages{$package})
+ {
+ no strict 'refs';
+ $unused_sub_packages{$package} = 1;
+ if (@{$package.'::ISA'})
+ {
+ foreach my $isa (@{$package.'::ISA'})
+ {
+ if ($isa eq 'DynaLoader')
+ {
+ unless (defined(&{$package.'::bootstrap'}))
+ {
+ warn "Forcing bootstrap of $package\n";
+ eval { $package->bootstrap };
+ }
+ }
+# else
+ {
+ unless ($unused_sub_packages{$isa})
+ {
+ warn "$isa saved (it is in $package\'s \@ISA)\n";
+ mark_package($isa);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return 1;
+}
+
+sub should_save
+{
+ no strict qw(vars refs);
+ my $package = shift;
+ $package =~ s/::$//;
+ return $unused_sub_packages{$package} = 0 if ($package =~ /::::/); # skip ::::ISA::CACHE etc.
+ # warn "Considering $package\n";#debug
+ foreach my $u (grep($unused_sub_packages{$_},keys %unused_sub_packages))
+ {
+ # If this package is a prefix to something we are saving, traverse it
+ # but do not mark it for saving if it is not already
+ # e.g. to get to Getopt::Long we need to traverse Getopt but need
+ # not save Getopt
+ return 1 if ($u =~ /^$package\:\:/);
+ }
+ if (exists $unused_sub_packages{$package})
+ {
+ # warn "Cached $package is ".$unused_sub_packages{$package}."\n";
+ delete_unsaved_hashINC($package) unless $unused_sub_packages{$package} ;
+ return $unused_sub_packages{$package};
+ }
+ # Omit the packages which we use (and which cause grief
+ # because of fancy "goto &$AUTOLOAD" stuff).
+ # XXX Surely there must be a nicer way to do this.
+ if ($package eq "FileHandle" || $package eq "Config" ||
+ $package eq "SelectSaver" || $package =~/^(B|IO)::/)
+ {
+ delete_unsaved_hashINC($package);
+ return $unused_sub_packages{$package} = 0;
+ }
+ # Now see if current package looks like an OO class this is probably too strong.
+ foreach my $m (qw(new DESTROY TIESCALAR TIEARRAY TIEHASH TIEHANDLE))
+ {
+ if ($package->can($m))
+ {
+ warn "$package has method $m: saving package\n";#debug
+ return mark_package($package);
}
+ }
+ delete_unsaved_hashINC($package);
+ return $unused_sub_packages{$package} = 0;
+}
+sub delete_unsaved_hashINC{
+ my $packname=shift;
+ $packname =~ s/\:\:/\//g;
+ $packname .= '.pm';
+# warn "deleting $packname" if $INC{$packname} ;# debug
+ delete $INC{$packname};
+}
+sub walkpackages
+{
+ my ($symref, $recurse, $prefix) = @_;
+ my $sym;
+ my $ref;
+ no strict 'vars';
+ local(*glob);
+ $prefix = '' unless defined $prefix;
+ while (($sym, $ref) = each %$symref)
+ {
+ *glob = $ref;
+ if ($sym =~ /::$/)
+ {
+ $sym = $prefix . $sym;
+ if ($sym ne "main::" && &$recurse($sym))
+ {
+ walkpackages(\%glob, $recurse, $sym);
+ }
+ }
+ }
}
-sub save_unused_subs {
- my %search_pack;
- map { $search_pack{$_} = 1 } @_;
- no strict qw(vars refs);
- walksymtable(\%{"main::"}, "savecv", sub {
- my $package = shift;
- $package =~ s/::$//;
- #warn "Considering $package\n";#debug
- return 1 if exists $search_pack{$package};
- #warn " (nothing explicit)\n";#debug
- # Omit the packages which we use (and which cause grief
- # because of fancy "goto &$AUTOLOAD" stuff).
- # XXX Surely there must be a nicer way to do this.
- if ($package eq "FileHandle"
- || $package eq "Config"
- || $package eq "SelectSaver") {
- return 0;
- }
- my $m;
- foreach $m (qw(new DESTROY TIESCALAR TIEARRAY TIEHASH)) {
- if (defined(&{$package."::$m"})) {
- warn "$package has method $m: -u$package assumed\n";#debug
- return 1;
- }
- }
- return 0;
- });
+
+sub save_unused_subs
+{
+ no strict qw(refs);
+ &descend_marked_unused;
+ warn "Prescan\n";
+ walkpackages(\%{"main::"}, sub { should_save($_[0]); return 1 });
+ warn "Saving methods\n";
+ walksymtable(\%{"main::"}, "savecv", \&should_save);
}
+sub save_context
+{
+ my $curpad_nam = (comppadlist->ARRAY)[0]->save;
+ my $curpad_sym = (comppadlist->ARRAY)[1]->save;
+ my $inc_hv = svref_2object(\%INC)->save;
+ my $inc_av = svref_2object(\@INC)->save;
+ my $amagic_generate= amagic_generation;
+ $init->add( "PL_curpad = AvARRAY($curpad_sym);",
+ "GvHV(PL_incgv) = $inc_hv;",
+ "GvAV(PL_incgv) = $inc_av;",
+ "av_store(CvPADLIST(PL_main_cv),0,SvREFCNT_inc($curpad_nam));",
+ "av_store(CvPADLIST(PL_main_cv),1,SvREFCNT_inc($curpad_sym));",
+ "PL_amagic_generation= $amagic_generate;" );
+}
+
+sub descend_marked_unused {
+ foreach my $pack (keys %unused_sub_packages)
+ {
+ mark_package($pack);
+ }
+}
+
sub save_main {
- my $curpad_sym = (comppadlist->ARRAY)[1]->save;
+ warn "Starting compile\n";
+ warn "Walking tree\n";
+ seek(STDOUT,0,0); #exclude print statements in BEGIN{} into output
walkoptree(main_root, "save");
warn "done main optree, walking symtable for extras\n" if $debug_cv;
- save_unused_subs(@unused_sub_packages);
-
- $init->add(sprintf("main_root = s\\_%x;", ${main_root()}),
- sprintf("main_start = s\\_%x;", ${main_start()}),
- "curpad = AvARRAY($curpad_sym);");
+ save_unused_subs();
+ my $init_av = init_av->save;
+ $init->add(sprintf("PL_main_root = s\\_%x;", ${main_root()}),
+ sprintf("PL_main_start = s\\_%x;", ${main_start()}),
+ "PL_initav = (AV *) $init_av;");
+ save_context();
+ warn "Writing output\n";
output_boilerplate();
print "\n";
output_all("perl_init");
sub init_sections {
my @sections = (init => \$init, decl => \$decl, sym => \$symsect,
binop => \$binopsect, condop => \$condopsect,
- cop => \$copsect, cvop => \$cvopsect, gvop => \$gvopsect,
+ cop => \$copsect, gvop => \$gvopsect,
listop => \$listopsect, logop => \$logopsect,
loop => \$loopsect, op => \$opsect, pmop => \$pmopsect,
pvop => \$pvopsect, svop => \$svopsect, unop => \$unopsect,
xpvio => \$xpviosect);
my ($name, $sectref);
while (($name, $sectref) = splice(@sections, 0, 2)) {
- $$sectref = new B::Section $name, \%symtable, 0;
+ $$sectref = new B::C::Section $name, \%symtable, 0;
}
+}
+
+sub mark_unused
+{
+ my ($arg,$val) = @_;
+ $unused_sub_packages{$arg} = $val;
}
sub compile {
$verbose = 1;
} elsif ($opt eq "u") {
$arg ||= shift @options;
- push(@unused_sub_packages, $arg);
+ mark_unused($arg,undef);
} elsif ($opt eq "f") {
$arg ||= shift @options;
if ($arg eq "cog") {
=head1 DESCRIPTION
-See F<ext/B/README>.
+This compiler backend takes Perl source and generates C source code
+corresponding to the internal structures that perl uses to run
+your program. When the generated C source is compiled and run, it
+cuts out the time which perl would have taken to load and parse
+your program into its internal semi-compiled form. That means that
+compiling with this backend will not help improve the runtime
+execution speed of your program but may improve the start-up time.
+Depending on the environment in which your program runs this may be
+either a help or a hindrance.
+
+=head1 OPTIONS
+
+If there are any non-option arguments, they are taken to be
+names of objects to be saved (probably doesn't work properly yet).
+Without extra arguments, it saves the main program.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-ofilename>
+
+Output to filename instead of STDOUT
+
+=item B<-v>
+
+Verbose compilation (currently gives a few compilation statistics).
+
+=item B<-->
+
+Force end of options
+
+=item B<-uPackname>
+
+Force apparently unused subs from package Packname to be compiled.
+This allows programs to use eval "foo()" even when sub foo is never
+seen to be used at compile time. The down side is that any subs which
+really are never used also have code generated. This option is
+necessary, for example, if you have a signal handler foo which you
+initialise with C<$SIG{BAR} = "foo">. A better fix, though, is just
+to change it to C<$SIG{BAR} = \&foo>. You can have multiple B<-u>
+options. The compiler tries to figure out which packages may possibly
+have subs in which need compiling but the current version doesn't do
+it very well. In particular, it is confused by nested packages (i.e.
+of the form C<A::B>) where package C<A> does not contain any subs.
+
+=item B<-D>
+
+Debug options (concatenated or separate flags like C<perl -D>).
+
+=item B<-Do>
+
+OPs, prints each OP as it's processed
+
+=item B<-Dc>
+
+COPs, prints COPs as processed (incl. file & line num)
+
+=item B<-DA>
+
+prints AV information on saving
+
+=item B<-DC>
+
+prints CV information on saving
+
+=item B<-DM>
+
+prints MAGIC information on saving
+
+=item B<-f>
+
+Force optimisations on or off one at a time.
+
+=item B<-fcog>
+
+Copy-on-grow: PVs declared and initialised statically.
+
+=item B<-fno-cog>
+
+No copy-on-grow.
+
+=item B<-On>
+
+Optimisation level (n = 0, 1, 2, ...). B<-O> means B<-O1>. Currently,
+B<-O1> and higher set B<-fcog>.
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+ perl -MO=C,-ofoo.c foo.pl
+ perl cc_harness -o foo foo.c
+
+Note that C<cc_harness> lives in the C<B> subdirectory of your perl
+library directory. The utility called C<perlcc> may also be used to
+help make use of this compiler.
+
+ perl -MO=C,-v,-DcA bar.pl > /dev/null
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+Plenty. Current status: experimental.
=head1 AUTHOR