=pod

=head1 NAME

Moose::Manual::BestPractices - Get the most out of Moose

=head1 RECOMMENDATIONS

Moose has a lot of features, and there's definitely more than one way
to do it. However, we think that picking a subset of these features
and using them consistently makes everyone's life easier.

Of course, as with any list of "best practices", these are really just
opinions. Feel free to ignore us.

=head2 C<no Moose> and immutabilize

We recommend that you end your Moose class definitions by removing the
Moose sugar and making your class immutable.

  package Person;

  use Moose;

  # extends, roles, attributes, etc.

  # methods

  no Moose;

  __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;

  1;

The C<no Moose> bit is simply good code hygiene, as it removes all the
Moose keywords from your class's namespace. Once the class has been
built, these keywords are not needed needed. The C<make_immutable>
call allows Moose to speed up a lot of things, most notably object
construction. The trade-off is that you can no longer change the class
definition.

A more generic way to unimport not only L<Moose>'s exports but also
those from type libraries and other modules is to use
L<namespace::clean> or L<namespace::autoclean>.

=head2 Never override C<new>

Overriding C<new> is a very bad practice. Instead, you should use a
C<BUILD> or C<BUILDARGS> methods to do the same thing. When you
override C<new>, Moose can no longer inline a constructor when your
class is immutabilized.

There are two good reasons to override C<new>. One, you are writing a
MooseX extension that provides its own L<Moose::Object> subclass
I<and> a subclass of L<Moose::Meta::Method::Constructor> to inline the
constructor. Two, you are subclassing a non-Moose parent.

If you know how to do that, you know when to ignore this best practice
;)

=head2 Always call C<SUPER::BUILDARGS>

If you override the C<BUILDARGS> method in your class, make sure to
play nice and call C<SUPER::BUILDARGS> to handle cases you're not
checking for explicitly.

The default C<BUILDARGS> method in L<Moose::Object> handles both a
list and hashref of named parameters correctly, and also checks for a
I<non-hashref> single argument.

=head2 Provide defaults whenever possible, otherwise use C<required>

When your class provides defaults, this makes constructing new objects
simpler. If you cannot provide a default, consider making the
attribute C<required>.

If you don't do either, an attribute can simply be left unset,
increasing the complexity of your object, because it has more possible
states that you or the user of your class must account for.

=head2 Use C<builder> instead of C<default> most of the time

Builders can be inherited, they have explicit names, and they're just
plain cleaner.

However, I<do> use a default when the default is a non-reference,
I<or> when the default is simply an empty reference of some sort.

Also, keep your builder methods private.

=head2 Use C<lazy_build>

Lazy is good, and often solves initialization ordering problems. It's
also good for deferring work that may never have to be done. If you're
going to be lazy, use C<lazy_build> to save yourself some typing and
standardize names.

=head2 Consider keeping clearers and predicates private

Does everyone I<really> need to be able to clear an attribute?
Probably not. Don't expose this functionality outside your class
by default.

Predicates are less problematic, but there's no reason to make your
public API bigger than it has to be.

=head2 Default to read-only, and consider keeping writers private

Making attributes mutable just means more complexity to account for in
your program. The alternative to mutable state is to encourage users
of your class to simply make new objects as needed.

If you I<must> make an attribute read-write, consider making the
writer a separate private method. Narrower APIs are easy to maintain,
and mutable state is trouble.

In order to declare such attributes, provide a private C<writer>
parameter:

    has pizza => (
        is     => 'ro',
        isa    => 'Pizza',
        writer => '_pizza',
    );

=head2 Think twice before changing an attribute's type in a subclass

Down this path lies great confusion. If the attribute is an object
itself, at least make sure that it has the same interface as the type
of object in the parent class.

=head2 Don't use the C<initializer> feature

Don't know what we're talking about? That's fine.

=head2 Use L<MooseX::AttributeHelpers> instead of C<auto_deref>

The C<auto_deref> feature is a bit troublesome. Directly exposing a
complex attribute is ugly. Instead, consider using
L<MooseX::AttributeHelpers> to define an API that exposes those pieces
of functionality that need exposing. Then you can expose just the
functionality that you want.

=head2 Always call C<inner> in the most specific subclass

When using C<augment> and C<inner>, we recommend that you call
C<inner> in the most specific subclass of your hierarchy. This makes
it possible to subclass further and extend the hierarchy without
changing the parents.

=head2 Namespace your types

Use some sort of namespacing convention for type names. We recommend
something like "MyApp::Type::Foo".

If you're intending to package your types up for re-use using
L<MooseX::Types> later, avoid using characters that are invalid in
perl identifiers such as a space or period.

=head2 Do not coerce Moose built-ins directly

If you define a coercion for a Moose built-in like C<ArrayRef>, this
will affect every application in the Perl interpreter that uses this
type.

    # very naughty!
    coerce 'ArrayRef'
        => from Str
        => via { [ split /,/ ] };

Instead, create a subtype and coerce that:

    subtype 'My::ArrayRef' => as 'ArrayRef';

    coerce 'My::ArrayRef'
        => from 'Str'
        => via { [ split /,/ ] };

=head2 Do not coerce class names directly

Just as with Moose built-in types, a class type is global for the
entire interpreter. If you add a coercion for that class name, it can
have magical side effects elsewhere:

    # also very naughty!
    coerce 'HTTP::Headers'
        => from 'HashRef'
        => via { HTTP::Headers->new( %{$_} ) };

Instead, we can create an "empty" subtype for the coercion:

    subtype 'My::HTTP::Headers' => as class_type('HTTP::Headers');

    coerce 'My::HTTP::Headers'
        => from 'HashRef'
        => via { HTTP::Headers->new( %{$_} ) };

=head2 Use coercion instead of unions

Consider using a type coercion instead of a type union. This was
covered at length in L<Moose::Manual::Types>.

=head2 Define all your types in one module

Define all your types and coercions in one module. This was also
covered in L<Moose::Manual::Types>.

=head1 BENEFITS OF BEST PRACTICES

Following these practices has a number of benefits.

It helps ensure that your code will play nice with others, making it
more reusable and easier to extend.

Following an accepted set of idioms will make maintenance easier,
especially when someone else has to maintain your code. It will also
make it easier to get support from other Moose users, since your code
will be easier to digest quickly.

Some of these practices are designed to help Moose do the right thing,
especially when it comes to immutabilization. This means your code
will be faster when immutabilized.

Many of these practices also help get the most out of meta
programming. If you used an overridden C<new> to do type coercion by
hand, rather than defining a real coercion, there is no introspectable
metadata. This sort of thing is particularly problematic for MooseX
extensions which rely on introspection to do the right thing.

=head1 AUTHOR

Yuval (nothingmuch) Kogman

Dave Rolsky E<lt>autarch@urth.orgE<gt>

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright 2009 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.

L<http://www.iinteractive.com>

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself.

=cut