3 a2p - Awk to Perl translator
7 B<a2p [options] filename>
11 I<A2p> takes an awk script specified on the command line (or from
12 standard input) and produces a comparable I<perl> script on the
21 =item B<-DE<lt>numberE<gt>>
25 =item B<-FE<lt>characterE<gt>>
27 tells a2p that this awk script is always invoked with this B<-F>
30 =item B<-nE<lt>fieldlistE<gt>>
32 specifies the names of the input fields if input does not have to be
33 split into an array. If you were translating an awk script that
34 processes the password file, you might say:
36 a2p -7 -nlogin.password.uid.gid.gcos.shell.home
38 Any delimiter can be used to separate the field names.
40 =item B<-E<lt>numberE<gt>>
42 causes a2p to assume that input will always have that many fields.
46 tells a2p to use old awk behavior. The only current differences are:
52 Old awk always has a line loop, even if there are no line
53 actions, whereas new awk does not.
57 In old awk, sprintf is extremely greedy about its arguments.
58 For example, given the statement
60 print sprintf(some_args), extra_args;
62 old awk considers I<extra_args> to be arguments to C<sprintf>; new awk
63 considers them arguments to C<print>.
67 =head2 "Considerations"
69 A2p cannot do as good a job translating as a human would, but it
70 usually does pretty well. There are some areas where you may want to
71 examine the perl script produced and tweak it some. Here are some of
72 them, in no particular order.
74 There is an awk idiom of putting int() around a string expression to
75 force numeric interpretation, even though the argument is always
76 integer anyway. This is generally unneeded in perl, but a2p can't
77 tell if the argument is always going to be integer, so it leaves it
78 in. You may wish to remove it.
80 Perl differentiates numeric comparison from string comparison. Awk
81 has one operator for both that decides at run time which comparison to
82 do. A2p does not try to do a complete job of awk emulation at this
83 point. Instead it guesses which one you want. It's almost always
84 right, but it can be spoofed. All such guesses are marked with the
85 comment "C<#???>". You should go through and check them. You might
86 want to run at least once with the B<-w> switch to perl, which will
87 warn you if you use == where you should have used eq.
89 Perl does not attempt to emulate the behavior of awk in which
90 nonexistent array elements spring into existence simply by being
91 referenced. If somehow you are relying on this mechanism to create
92 null entries for a subsequent for...in, they won't be there in perl.
94 If a2p makes a split line that assigns to a list of variables that
95 looks like (Fld1, Fld2, Fld3...) you may want to rerun a2p using the
96 B<-n> option mentioned above. This will let you name the fields
97 throughout the script. If it splits to an array instead, the script
98 is probably referring to the number of fields somewhere.
100 The exit statement in awk doesn't necessarily exit; it goes to the END
101 block if there is one. Awk scripts that do contortions within the END
102 block to bypass the block under such circumstances can be simplified
103 by removing the conditional in the END block and just exiting directly
104 from the perl script.
106 Perl has two kinds of array, numerically-indexed and associative.
107 Perl associative arrays are called "hashes". Awk arrays are usually
108 translated to hashes, but if you happen to know that the index is
109 always going to be numeric you could change the {...} to [...].
110 Iteration over a hash is done using the keys() function, but iteration
111 over an array is NOT. You might need to modify any loop that iterates
114 Awk starts by assuming OFMT has the value %.6g. Perl starts by
115 assuming its equivalent, $#, to have the value %.20g. You'll want to
116 set $# explicitly if you use the default value of OFMT.
118 Near the top of the line loop will be the split operation that is
119 implicit in the awk script. There are times when you can move this
120 down past some conditionals that test the entire record so that the
121 split is not done as often.
123 For aesthetic reasons you may wish to change the array base $[ from 1
124 back to perl's default of 0, but remember to change all array
125 subscripts AND all substr() and index() operations to match.
127 Cute comments that say "# Here is a workaround because awk is dumb"
128 are passed through unmodified.
130 Awk scripts are often embedded in a shell script that pipes stuff into
131 and out of awk. Often the shell script wrapper can be incorporated
132 into the perl script, since perl can start up pipes into and out of
133 itself, and can do other things that awk can't do by itself.
135 Scripts that refer to the special variables RSTART and RLENGTH can
136 often be simplified by referring to the variables $`, $& and $', as
137 long as they are within the scope of the pattern match that sets them.
139 The produced perl script may have subroutines defined to deal with
140 awk's semantics regarding getline and print. Since a2p usually picks
141 correctness over efficiency. it is almost always possible to rewrite
142 such code to be more efficient by discarding the semantic sugar.
144 For efficiency, you may wish to remove the keyword from any return
145 statement that is the last statement executed in a subroutine. A2p
146 catches the most common case, but doesn't analyze embedded blocks for
149 ARGV[0] translates to $ARGV0, but ARGV[n] translates to $ARGV[$n]. A
150 loop that tries to iterate over ARGV[0] won't find it.
154 A2p uses no environment variables.
158 Larry Wall E<lt>F<larry@wall.org>E<gt>
164 perl The perl compiler/interpreter
166 s2p sed to perl translator
172 It would be possible to emulate awk's behavior in selecting string
173 versus numeric operations at run time by inspection of the operands,
174 but it would be gross and inefficient. Besides, a2p almost always
177 Storage for the awk syntax tree is currently static, and can run out.